@cubis/foundry 0.3.10

package/Ai Agent Workflow/skills/python-pro/references/async-patterns.md

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+# Async Programming Patterns
+
+## Basic Async/Await
+
+```python
+import asyncio
+from collections.abc import Coroutine
+
+# Basic async function
+async def fetch_data(url: str) -> dict[str, str]:
+    await asyncio.sleep(1)  # Simulate I/O
+    return {"url": url, "status": "ok"}
+
+# Running async code
+async def main() -> None:
+    result = await fetch_data("https://api.example.com")
+    print(result)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    asyncio.run(main())
+
+# Multiple concurrent operations
+async def fetch_all(urls: list[str]) -> list[dict[str, str]]:
+    tasks = [fetch_data(url) for url in urls]
+    return await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
+
+# Error handling with gather
+async def safe_fetch_all(urls: list[str]) -> list[dict[str, str] | None]:
+    tasks = [fetch_data(url) for url in urls]
+    results = await asyncio.gather(*tasks, return_exceptions=True)
+    return [r if not isinstance(r, Exception) else None for r in results]
+```
+
+## Task Groups (Python 3.11+)
+
+```python
+from asyncio import TaskGroup
+
+# Task groups for structured concurrency
+async def process_batch(items: list[int]) -> list[int]:
+    results: list[int] = []
+
+    async with TaskGroup() as tg:
+        tasks = [tg.create_task(process_item(item)) for item in items]
+
+    # All tasks complete before this line
+    return [task.result() for task in tasks]
+
+# Error handling with TaskGroup
+async def robust_processing(items: list[str]) -> tuple[list[str], list[Exception]]:
+    results: list[str] = []
+    errors: list[Exception] = []
+
+    try:
+        async with TaskGroup() as tg:
+            for item in items:
+                tg.create_task(process_item_safe(item))
+    except ExceptionGroup as eg:
+        for exc in eg.exceptions:
+            errors.append(exc)
+
+    return results, errors
+```
+
+## Async Context Managers
+
+```python
+from typing import Self
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterator
+
+class AsyncDatabaseConnection:
+    def __init__(self, url: str) -> None:
+        self.url = url
+        self._conn: Connection | None = None
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> Self:
+        self._conn = await connect(self.url)
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        if self._conn:
+            await self._conn.close()
+
+    async def query(self, sql: str) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+        if not self._conn:
+            raise RuntimeError("Not connected")
+        return await self._conn.execute(sql)
+
+# Usage
+async def get_users() -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+    async with AsyncDatabaseConnection("postgresql://...") as db:
+        return await db.query("SELECT * FROM users")
+
+# Async context manager with contextlib
+from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
+
+@asynccontextmanager
+async def get_db_session() -> AsyncIterator[Session]:
+    session = await create_session()
+    try:
+        yield session
+        await session.commit()
+    except Exception:
+        await session.rollback()
+        raise
+    finally:
+        await session.close()
+```
+
+## Async Generators
+
+```python
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterator
+
+# Async generator for streaming data
+async def read_lines(filepath: str) -> AsyncIterator[str]:
+    async with aiofiles.open(filepath) as f:
+        async for line in f:
+            yield line.strip()
+
+# Process stream
+async def process_file(filepath: str) -> int:
+    count = 0
+    async for line in read_lines(filepath):
+        await process_line(line)
+        count += 1
+    return count
+
+# Async generator with cleanup
+async def fetch_paginated(url: str) -> AsyncIterator[dict[str, Any]]:
+    page = 1
+    session = await create_session()
+    try:
+        while True:
+            data = await session.get(f"{url}?page={page}")
+            if not data:
+                break
+            yield data
+            page += 1
+    finally:
+        await session.close()
+```
+
+## Async Comprehensions
+
+```python
+# Async list comprehension
+async def fetch_all_users(user_ids: list[int]) -> list[User]:
+    return [user async for user in fetch_users(user_ids)]
+
+# Async dict comprehension
+async def build_user_map(user_ids: list[int]) -> dict[int, User]:
+    return {
+        user.id: user
+        async for user in fetch_users(user_ids)
+    }
+
+# Conditional async comprehension
+async def get_active_users(user_ids: list[int]) -> list[User]:
+    return [
+        user
+        async for user in fetch_users(user_ids)
+        if user.is_active
+    ]
+```
+
+## Synchronization Primitives
+
+```python
+import asyncio
+
+# Lock for critical sections
+class SharedResource:
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._lock = asyncio.Lock()
+        self._data: dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+    async def update(self, key: str, value: Any) -> None:
+        async with self._lock:
+            # Critical section
+            current = self._data.get(key, 0)
+            await asyncio.sleep(0.1)  # Simulate processing
+            self._data[key] = current + value
+
+# Semaphore for rate limiting
+class RateLimiter:
+    def __init__(self, max_concurrent: int) -> None:
+        self._semaphore = asyncio.Semaphore(max_concurrent)
+
+    async def process(self, item: str) -> str:
+        async with self._semaphore:
+            return await expensive_operation(item)
+
+# Event for coordination
+class AsyncWorker:
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._ready = asyncio.Event()
+        self._shutdown = asyncio.Event()
+
+    async def start(self) -> None:
+        # Initialization
+        await self._initialize()
+        self._ready.set()
+
+        # Wait for shutdown
+        await self._shutdown.wait()
+
+    async def wait_ready(self) -> None:
+        await self._ready.wait()
+
+    def stop(self) -> None:
+        self._shutdown.set()
+```
+
+## Async Queue Patterns
+
+```python
+from asyncio import Queue
+
+# Producer-consumer pattern
+async def producer(queue: Queue[int], n: int) -> None:
+    for i in range(n):
+        await queue.put(i)
+        await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
+
+async def consumer(queue: Queue[int], name: str) -> None:
+    while True:
+        item = await queue.get()
+        try:
+            await process_item(item)
+        finally:
+            queue.task_done()
+
+async def run_pipeline(num_items: int, num_workers: int) -> None:
+    queue: Queue[int] = Queue(maxsize=10)
+
+    # Start producer and consumers
+    async with TaskGroup() as tg:
+        tg.create_task(producer(queue, num_items))
+        for i in range(num_workers):
+            tg.create_task(consumer(queue, f"worker-{i}"))
+
+        # Wait for all items to be processed
+        await queue.join()
+```
+
+## Async Timeouts
+
+```python
+# Timeout for single operation
+async def fetch_with_timeout(url: str, timeout: float) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    try:
+        async with asyncio.timeout(timeout):
+            return await fetch_data(url)
+    except TimeoutError:
+        return {"error": "timeout"}
+
+# Timeout for multiple operations
+async def fetch_all_with_timeout(
+    urls: list[str],
+    timeout: float
+) -> list[dict[str, Any] | None]:
+    try:
+        async with asyncio.timeout(timeout):
+            return await fetch_all(urls)
+    except TimeoutError:
+        return [None] * len(urls)
+```
+
+## Background Tasks
+
+```python
+from asyncio import create_task, Task
+
+class BackgroundTaskManager:
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._tasks: set[Task[None]] = set()
+
+    def create_task(self, coro: Coroutine[None, None, None]) -> Task[None]:
+        task = create_task(coro)
+        self._tasks.add(task)
+        task.add_done_callback(self._tasks.discard)
+        return task
+
+    async def shutdown(self) -> None:
+        # Cancel all background tasks
+        for task in self._tasks:
+            task.cancel()
+        # Wait for cancellation
+        await asyncio.gather(*self._tasks, return_exceptions=True)
+
+# Usage
+manager = BackgroundTaskManager()
+manager.create_task(background_job())
+```
+
+## Async Iteration Protocol
+
+```python
+class AsyncRange:
+    def __init__(self, start: int, end: int) -> None:
+        self.start = start
+        self.end = end
+        self.current = start
+
+    def __aiter__(self) -> Self:
+        return self
+
+    async def __anext__(self) -> int:
+        if self.current >= self.end:
+            raise StopAsyncIteration
+        await asyncio.sleep(0.1)  # Simulate async work
+        value = self.current
+        self.current += 1
+        return value
+
+# Usage
+async for i in AsyncRange(0, 5):
+    print(i)
+```
+
+## Mixing Sync and Async
+
+```python
+from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
+import functools
+
+# Run sync code in executor
+async def run_in_executor(func: Callable[..., T], *args: Any) -> T:
+    loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+    return await loop.run_in_executor(None, func, *args)
+
+# Run async code from sync context
+def sync_wrapper(coro: Coroutine[None, None, T]) -> T:
+    loop = asyncio.new_event_loop()
+    try:
+        return loop.run_until_complete(coro)
+    finally:
+        loop.close()
+
+# Async wrapper for sync function
+def to_async(func: Callable[..., T]) -> Callable[..., Coroutine[None, None, T]]:
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    async def wrapper(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> T:
+        loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+        return await loop.run_in_executor(
+            None,
+            functools.partial(func, *args, **kwargs)
+        )
+    return wrapper
+```