@crossbind/port-gdal-wasi 2.0.0-beta.50

package/dist/prebuilt/wasi-wasm32-st-release/share/man/man1/gdal_viewshed.1

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+.TH "GDAL_VIEWSHED" "1" "Aug 18, 2026" "" "GDAL"
+.SH NAME
+gdal_viewshed \- Calculates a viewshed raster from an input raster DEM for a user defined point
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.INDENT 0.0
+.INDENT 3.5
+.sp
+.EX
+Usage: gdal_viewshed [\-\-help] [\-\-long\-usage] [\-\-help\-general]
+                     [\-of <output_format>] [\-ox <value>] [\-oy <value>]
+                     [\-oz <value>] [\-vv <value>] [\-iv <value>] [\-ov <value>]
+                     [\-co <NAME>=<VALUE>]... [\-a_nodata <value>] [\-tz <value>]
+                     [\-md <value>] [\-j <value>] [\-cc <value>] [\-b <value>]
+                     [\-om NORMAL|DEM|GROUND|ACCUM] [\-os <value>] [\-sd <value>]
+                     [\-\-quiet]
+                     <src_filename> <dst_filename>
+.EE
+.UNINDENT
+.UNINDENT
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.sp
+By default the \fBgdal_viewshed\fP generates a binary visibility raster from one band
+of the input raster elevation model (DEM). The output raster will be of type
+Byte. With the \-mode flag can also return a minimum visible height raster of type Float64.
+.sp
+\fBNOTE:\fP
+.INDENT 0.0
+.INDENT 3.5
+The algorithm as implemented currently will only output meaningful results
+if the georeferencing is in a projected coordinate reference system.
+.UNINDENT
+.UNINDENT
+.sp
+\fBTIP:\fP
+.INDENT 0.0
+.INDENT 3.5
+Equivalent in new \(dqgdal\(dq command line interface:
+.sp
+See \fI\%gdal raster viewshed\fP
+.UNINDENT
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
+.TP
+.B \-\-help
+Show this help message and exit
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
+.TP
+.B \-\-help\-general
+Gives a brief usage message for the generic GDAL commandline options and exit.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
+.TP
+.B \-q, \-\-quiet
+Suppress progress messages and other non\-error output.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
+.TP
+.B \-co <NAME>=<VALUE>
+Many formats have one or more optional creation options that can be
+used to control particulars about the file created. For instance,
+the GeoTIFF driver supports creation options to control compression,
+and whether the file should be tiled.
+.sp
+The creation options available vary by format driver, and some
+simple formats have no creation options at all. A list of options
+supported for a format can be listed with the
+\fI\%\-\-format\fP
+command line option but the documentation for the format is the
+definitive source of information on driver creation options.
+See \fI\%Raster drivers\fP format
+specific documentation for legal creation options for each format.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
+.TP
+.B \-b <band>
+Select an input band \fBband\fP containing the DEM data. Bands are numbered from 1.
+Only a single band can be used. Only the part of the raster within the specified
+maximum distance around the observer point is processed.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
+.TP
+.B \-a_nodata <value>
+The value to be set for the cells in the output raster that have no data.
+.sp
+\fBNOTE:\fP
+.INDENT 7.0
+.INDENT 3.5
+Currently, no special processing of input cells at a nodata
+value is done (which may result in erroneous results).
+.UNINDENT
+.UNINDENT
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
+.TP
+.B \-ox <value>
+The X position of the observer (in SRS units).  If the coordinate is outside of the
+raster, all space between the observer and the raster is assumed not to occlude
+visibility of the raster. (Not supported in cumulative mode.)
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
+.TP
+.B \-oy <value>
+The Y position of the observer (in SRS units).  If the coordinate is outside of the
+raster, all space between the observer and the raster is assumed not to occlude
+visibility of the raster. (Not supported in cumulative mode.)
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
+.TP
+.B \-oz <value>
+The height of the observer above the DEM surface in the height unit of the DEM. Default: 2
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
+.TP
+.B \-tz <value>
+The height of the target above the DEM surface in the height unit of the DEM. Default: 0
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
+.TP
+.B \-md <value>
+Maximum distance from observer to compute visibility.
+It is also used to clamp the extent of the output raster.
+(Not supported in cumulative mode)
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
+.TP
+.B \-cc <value>
+Coefficient to consider the effect of the curvature and refraction.
+When calculating visibility between two points (i.e. Line Of Sight or Viewshed),
+The magnitude of this effect varies with atmospheric conditions and depends on the wavelength.
+.sp
+Different applications for calculating visibility use different interchangeable notation to describe this phenomena:
+Refraction Coefficient, Curvature Coefficient, and Sphere Diameter Factor.
+gdal_viewshed uses the Curvature Coefficient notation.
+.sp
+.ce
+{CurvCoeff}=1\-{RefractionCoeff}
+.ce 0
+.sp
+Changes in air density curve the light downward causing an observer to see further and the earth to appear less curved,
+as if the sphere (earth) diameter is larger then it actually is.
+The ratio between that imaginary sphere diameter and the actual sphere diameter is given by the formula:
+.sp
+.ce
+{SphereDiameterFactor}=1/{CurvCoeff}=1/(1\-{RefractionCoeff})
+
+
+.ce 0
+.sp
+For visible light, the standard atmospheric refraction coefficient that is generally used is 1/7.
+Thus the default value (since GDAL 3.4) for CurvCoeff that gdal_viewshed uses is 0.85714 (=~ 1\-1/7)
+for Earth CRS. Starting with GDAL 3.6, for non\-Earth CRS (those whole semi\-major axis differs
+by more than 5% with the one of WGS 84), CurvCoeff default value is 1.0, to account for
+the no refraction use case.
+.sp
+The height of the DEM is corrected according to the following formula:
+.sp
+.ce
+Height_{Corrected}=Height_{DEM}\-{CurvCoeff}\efrac{{TargetDistance}^2}{SphereDiameter}
+.ce 0
+.sp
+Typical coefficient values are given in the table below (use Curvature Coeff value for the cc option)
+.TS
+box center;
+l|l|l|l.
+T{
+Use Case
+T}	T{
+Refraction Coeff
+T}	T{
+\fBCurvature Coeff\fP
+T}	T{
+Sphere Diameter Factor
+T}
+_
+T{
+No Refraction
+T}	T{
+0
+T}	T{
+1
+T}	T{
+1
+T}
+_
+T{
+Visible Light
+T}	T{
+1/7
+T}	T{
+6/7 (=~0.85714)
+T}	T{
+7/6 (=~1.1666)
+T}
+_
+T{
+Radio Waves
+T}	T{
+0.25 ~ 0.325
+T}	T{
+0.75 ~ 0.675
+T}	T{
+1.33 ~ 1.48
+T}
+_
+T{
+Flat Earth
+T}	T{
+1
+T}	T{
+0
+T}	T{
+inf
+T}
+.TE
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
+.TP
+.B \-iv <value>
+Pixel value to set for invisible areas. (Not supported in cumulative mode) Default: 0
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
+.TP
+.B \-ov <value>
+Pixel value to set for the cells that fall outside of the range specified by
+the observer location and the maximum distance. (Not supported in cumulative mode) Default: 0
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
+.TP
+.B \-vv <value>
+Pixel value to set for visible areas. (Not supported in cumulative mode) Default: 255
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
+.TP
+.B \-om <output mode>
+Sets what information the output contains.
+.sp
+Possible values: NORMAL, DEM, GROUND, ACCUM
+.sp
+NORMAL returns a raster of type Byte containing visible locations.
+.sp
+DEM and GROUND will return a raster of type Float64 containing the minimum target
+height for target to be visible from the DEM surface or ground level respectively.
+That is to say, if the minimum target height for the target to be visible at a
+point is \fBh\fP and the value of the input raster at that point is \fBE\fP,
+for \fBDEM\fP, \fBE + h\fP will be the output value.
+For \fBground\fP, \fBh\fP will be output value.
+Flags \-tz, \-iv and \-vv will be ignored.
+.sp
+Cumulative (ACCUM) mode will create an eight bit raster the same size as the input raster
+where each cell represents the relative observability from a grid of observer points.
+See the \-os option.
+.sp
+Default NORMAL
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
+.TP
+.B \-os <value>
+Cell Spacing between observers (only supported in cumulative mode) Default: 10
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
+.TP
+.B \-j <value>
+Number of jobs to run at once. (only supported in cumulative mode) Default: 3
+.UNINDENT
+.SH RETURN STATUS CODE
+.sp
+The program returns status code 0 in case of success, and non\-zero in case of
+error (non\-blocking errors emitted as warnings are considered as a successful
+execution).
+.SH C API
+.sp
+Functionality of this utility can be done from C with \fI\%GDALViewshedGenerate()\fP\&.
+.SH EXAMPLES
+.SS Example 1
+.sp
+Screenshot of 2 combined viewshed analysis, with the yellow pixels showing the area that is
+visible from the both observation locations (the green dots), while the small green area is
+only visible from one location.
+.INDENT 0.0
+.INDENT 2.5
+[image]
+.UNINDENT
+.UNINDENT
+.sp
+Create a viewshed raster with a radius of 500 for a person standing at location (\-10147017, 5108065).
+.INDENT 0.0
+.INDENT 3.5
+.sp
+.EX
+gdal_viewshed \-md 500 \-ox \-10147017 \-oy 5108065 source.tif destination.tif
+.EE
+.UNINDENT
+.UNINDENT
+.SH REFERENCE
+.IP [Wang2000] 5
+Generating Viewsheds without Using Sightlines. Wang, Jianjun,
+Robinson, Gary J., and White, Kevin. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote
+Sensing. p81. \X'tty: link https://www.asprs.org/wp-content/uploads/pers/2000journal/january/2000_jan_87-90.pdf'\fI\%https://www.asprs.org/wp\-content/uploads/pers/2000journal/january/2000_jan_87\-90.pdf\fP\X'tty: link'
+.SH AUTHOR
+Tamas Szekeres <szekerest@gmail.com>
+.SH COPYRIGHT
+1998-2026
+.\" Generated by docutils manpage writer.
+.