wasmtime 22.0.0 → 23.0.2

data/ext/cargo-vendor/wasmtime-22.0.0/src/runtime/types.rs

@@ -1,2580 +0,0 @@
-use crate::prelude::*;
-use anyhow::{bail, ensure, Result};
-use core::fmt::{self, Display, Write};
-use wasmtime_environ::{
-    EngineOrModuleTypeIndex, EntityType, Global, Memory, ModuleTypes, Table, TypeTrace,
-    VMSharedTypeIndex, WasmArrayType, WasmCompositeType, WasmFieldType, WasmFuncType, WasmHeapType,
-    WasmRefType, WasmStorageType, WasmStructType, WasmSubType, WasmValType,
-};
-
-use crate::{type_registry::RegisteredType, Engine};
-
-pub(crate) mod matching;
-
-// Type Representations
-
-// Type attributes
-
-/// Indicator of whether a global value, struct's field, or array type's
-/// elements are mutable or not.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Hash, Eq, PartialEq)]
-pub enum Mutability {
-    /// The global value, struct field, or array elements are constant and the
-    /// value does not change.
-    Const,
-    /// The value of the global, struct field, or array elements can change over
-    /// time.
-    Var,
-}
-
-impl Mutability {
-    /// Is this constant?
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_const(&self) -> bool {
-        *self == Self::Const
-    }
-
-    /// Is this variable?
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_var(&self) -> bool {
-        *self == Self::Var
-    }
-}
-
-/// Indicator of whether a type is final or not.
-///
-/// Final types may not be the supertype of other types.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Hash, Eq, PartialEq)]
-pub enum Finality {
-    /// The associated type is final.
-    Final,
-    /// The associated type is not final.
-    NonFinal,
-}
-
-impl Finality {
-    /// Is this final?
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_final(&self) -> bool {
-        *self == Self::Final
-    }
-
-    /// Is this non-final?
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_non_final(&self) -> bool {
-        *self == Self::NonFinal
-    }
-}
-
-// Value Types
-
-/// A list of all possible value types in WebAssembly.
-///
-/// # Subtyping and Equality
-///
-/// `ValType` does not implement `Eq`, because reference types have a subtyping
-/// relationship, and so 99.99% of the time you actually want to check whether
-/// one type matches (i.e. is a subtype of) another type. You can use the
-/// [`ValType::matches`] and [`Val::matches_ty`][crate::Val::matches_ty] methods
-/// to perform these types of checks. If, however, you are in that 0.01%
-/// scenario where you need to check precise equality between types, you can use
-/// the [`ValType::eq`] method.
-#[derive(Clone, Hash)]
-pub enum ValType {
-    // NB: the ordering of variants here is intended to match the ordering in
-    // `wasmtime_types::WasmType` to help improve codegen when converting.
-    //
-    /// Signed 32 bit integer.
-    I32,
-    /// Signed 64 bit integer.
-    I64,
-    /// Floating point 32 bit integer.
-    F32,
-    /// Floating point 64 bit integer.
-    F64,
-    /// A 128 bit number.
-    V128,
-    /// An opaque reference to some type on the heap.
-    Ref(RefType),
-}
-
-impl fmt::Debug for ValType {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        fmt::Display::fmt(self, f)
-    }
-}
-
-impl Display for ValType {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        match self {
-            ValType::I32 => write!(f, "i32"),
-            ValType::I64 => write!(f, "i64"),
-            ValType::F32 => write!(f, "f32"),
-            ValType::F64 => write!(f, "f64"),
-            ValType::V128 => write!(f, "v128"),
-            ValType::Ref(r) => Display::fmt(r, f),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<RefType> for ValType {
-    #[inline]
-    fn from(r: RefType) -> Self {
-        ValType::Ref(r)
-    }
-}
-
-impl ValType {
-    /// The `externref` type, aka `(ref null extern)`.
-    pub const EXTERNREF: Self = ValType::Ref(RefType::EXTERNREF);
-
-    /// The `funcref` type, aka `(ref null func)`.
-    pub const FUNCREF: Self = ValType::Ref(RefType::FUNCREF);
-
-    /// The `nullfuncref` type, aka `(ref null nofunc)`.
-    pub const NULLFUNCREF: Self = ValType::Ref(RefType::NULLFUNCREF);
-
-    /// The `anyref` type, aka `(ref null any)`.
-    pub const ANYREF: Self = ValType::Ref(RefType::ANYREF);
-
-    /// The `i31ref` type, aka `(ref null i31)`.
-    pub const I31REF: Self = ValType::Ref(RefType::I31REF);
-
-    /// The `nullref` type, aka `(ref null none)`.
-    pub const NULLREF: Self = ValType::Ref(RefType::NULLREF);
-
-    /// Returns true if `ValType` matches any of the numeric types. (e.g. `I32`,
-    /// `I64`, `F32`, `F64`).
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_num(&self) -> bool {
-        match self {
-            ValType::I32 | ValType::I64 | ValType::F32 | ValType::F64 => true,
-            _ => false,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Is this the `i32` type?
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_i32(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, ValType::I32)
-    }
-
-    /// Is this the `i64` type?
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_i64(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, ValType::I64)
-    }
-
-    /// Is this the `f32` type?
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_f32(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, ValType::F32)
-    }
-
-    /// Is this the `f64` type?
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_f64(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, ValType::F64)
-    }
-
-    /// Is this the `v128` type?
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_v128(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, ValType::V128)
-    }
-
-    /// Returns true if `ValType` is any kind of reference type.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_ref(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, ValType::Ref(_))
-    }
-
-    /// Is this the `funcref` (aka `(ref null func)`) type?
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_funcref(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(
-            self,
-            ValType::Ref(RefType {
-                is_nullable: true,
-                heap_type: HeapType::Func
-            })
-        )
-    }
-
-    /// Is this the `externref` (aka `(ref null extern)`) type?
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_externref(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(
-            self,
-            ValType::Ref(RefType {
-                is_nullable: true,
-                heap_type: HeapType::Extern
-            })
-        )
-    }
-
-    /// Is this the `anyref` (aka `(ref null any)`) type?
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_anyref(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(
-            self,
-            ValType::Ref(RefType {
-                is_nullable: true,
-                heap_type: HeapType::Any
-            })
-        )
-    }
-
-    /// Get the underlying reference type, if this value type is a reference
-    /// type.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn as_ref(&self) -> Option<&RefType> {
-        match self {
-            ValType::Ref(r) => Some(r),
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Get the underlying reference type, panicking if this value type is not a
-    /// reference type.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn unwrap_ref(&self) -> &RefType {
-        self.as_ref()
-            .expect("ValType::unwrap_ref on a non-reference type")
-    }
-
-    /// Does this value type match the other type?
-    ///
-    /// That is, is this value type a subtype of the other?
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if either type is associated with a different engine from the
-    /// other.
-    pub fn matches(&self, other: &ValType) -> bool {
-        match (self, other) {
-            (Self::I32, Self::I32) => true,
-            (Self::I64, Self::I64) => true,
-            (Self::F32, Self::F32) => true,
-            (Self::F64, Self::F64) => true,
-            (Self::V128, Self::V128) => true,
-            (Self::Ref(a), Self::Ref(b)) => a.matches(b),
-            (Self::I32, _)
-            | (Self::I64, _)
-            | (Self::F32, _)
-            | (Self::F64, _)
-            | (Self::V128, _)
-            | (Self::Ref(_), _) => false,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Is value type `a` precisely equal to value type `b`?
-    ///
-    /// Returns `false` even if `a` is a subtype of `b` or vice versa, if they
-    /// are not exactly the same value type.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if either type is associated with a different engine.
-    pub fn eq(a: &Self, b: &Self) -> bool {
-        a.matches(b) && b.matches(a)
-    }
-
-    /// Is this a `VMGcRef` type that is not i31 and is not an uninhabited
-    /// bottom type?
-    #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn is_vmgcref_type_and_points_to_object(&self) -> bool {
-        match self {
-            ValType::Ref(r) => r.is_vmgcref_type_and_points_to_object(),
-            ValType::I32 | ValType::I64 | ValType::F32 | ValType::F64 | ValType::V128 => false,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn ensure_matches(&self, engine: &Engine, other: &ValType) -> Result<()> {
-        if !self.comes_from_same_engine(engine) || !other.comes_from_same_engine(engine) {
-            bail!("type used with wrong engine");
-        }
-        if self.matches(other) {
-            Ok(())
-        } else {
-            bail!("type mismatch: expected {other}, found {self}")
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn comes_from_same_engine(&self, engine: &Engine) -> bool {
-        match self {
-            Self::I32 | Self::I64 | Self::F32 | Self::F64 | Self::V128 => true,
-            Self::Ref(r) => r.comes_from_same_engine(engine),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn to_wasm_type(&self) -> WasmValType {
-        match self {
-            Self::I32 => WasmValType::I32,
-            Self::I64 => WasmValType::I64,
-            Self::F32 => WasmValType::F32,
-            Self::F64 => WasmValType::F64,
-            Self::V128 => WasmValType::V128,
-            Self::Ref(r) => WasmValType::Ref(r.to_wasm_type()),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn from_wasm_type(engine: &Engine, ty: &WasmValType) -> Self {
-        match ty {
-            WasmValType::I32 => Self::I32,
-            WasmValType::I64 => Self::I64,
-            WasmValType::F32 => Self::F32,
-            WasmValType::F64 => Self::F64,
-            WasmValType::V128 => Self::V128,
-            WasmValType::Ref(r) => Self::Ref(RefType::from_wasm_type(engine, r)),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Opaque references to data in the Wasm heap or to host data.
-///
-/// # Subtyping and Equality
-///
-/// `RefType` does not implement `Eq`, because reference types have a subtyping
-/// relationship, and so 99.99% of the time you actually want to check whether
-/// one type matches (i.e. is a subtype of) another type. You can use the
-/// [`RefType::matches`] and [`Ref::matches_ty`][crate::Ref::matches_ty] methods
-/// to perform these types of checks. If, however, you are in that 0.01%
-/// scenario where you need to check precise equality between types, you can use
-/// the [`RefType::eq`] method.
-#[derive(Clone, Hash)]
-pub struct RefType {
-    is_nullable: bool,
-    heap_type: HeapType,
-}
-
-impl fmt::Debug for RefType {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        Display::fmt(self, f)
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for RefType {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "(ref ")?;
-        if self.is_nullable() {
-            write!(f, "null ")?;
-        }
-        write!(f, "{})", self.heap_type())
-    }
-}
-
-impl RefType {
-    /// The `externref` type, aka `(ref null extern)`.
-    pub const EXTERNREF: Self = RefType {
-        is_nullable: true,
-        heap_type: HeapType::Extern,
-    };
-
-    /// The `funcref` type, aka `(ref null func)`.
-    pub const FUNCREF: Self = RefType {
-        is_nullable: true,
-        heap_type: HeapType::Func,
-    };
-
-    /// The `nullfuncref` type, aka `(ref null nofunc)`.
-    pub const NULLFUNCREF: Self = RefType {
-        is_nullable: true,
-        heap_type: HeapType::NoFunc,
-    };
-
-    /// The `anyref` type, aka `(ref null any)`.
-    pub const ANYREF: Self = RefType {
-        is_nullable: true,
-        heap_type: HeapType::Any,
-    };
-
-    /// The `i31ref` type, aka `(ref null i31)`.
-    pub const I31REF: Self = RefType {
-        is_nullable: true,
-        heap_type: HeapType::I31,
-    };
-
-    /// The `nullref` type, aka `(ref null none)`.
-    pub const NULLREF: Self = RefType {
-        is_nullable: true,
-        heap_type: HeapType::None,
-    };
-
-    /// Construct a new reference type.
-    pub fn new(is_nullable: bool, heap_type: HeapType) -> RefType {
-        RefType {
-            is_nullable,
-            heap_type,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Can this type of reference be null?
-    pub fn is_nullable(&self) -> bool {
-        self.is_nullable
-    }
-
-    /// The heap type that this is a reference to.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn heap_type(&self) -> &HeapType {
-        &self.heap_type
-    }
-
-    /// Does this reference type match the other?
-    ///
-    /// That is, is this reference type a subtype of the other?
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if either type is associated with a different engine from the
-    /// other.
-    pub fn matches(&self, other: &RefType) -> bool {
-        if self.is_nullable() && !other.is_nullable() {
-            return false;
-        }
-        self.heap_type().matches(other.heap_type())
-    }
-
-    /// Is reference type `a` precisely equal to reference type `b`?
-    ///
-    /// Returns `false` even if `a` is a subtype of `b` or vice versa, if they
-    /// are not exactly the same reference type.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if either type is associated with a different engine.
-    pub fn eq(a: &RefType, b: &RefType) -> bool {
-        a.matches(b) && b.matches(a)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn ensure_matches(&self, engine: &Engine, other: &RefType) -> Result<()> {
-        if !self.comes_from_same_engine(engine) || !other.comes_from_same_engine(engine) {
-            bail!("type used with wrong engine");
-        }
-        if self.matches(other) {
-            Ok(())
-        } else {
-            bail!("type mismatch: expected {other}, found {self}")
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn comes_from_same_engine(&self, engine: &Engine) -> bool {
-        self.heap_type().comes_from_same_engine(engine)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn to_wasm_type(&self) -> WasmRefType {
-        WasmRefType {
-            nullable: self.is_nullable(),
-            heap_type: self.heap_type().to_wasm_type(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn from_wasm_type(engine: &Engine, ty: &WasmRefType) -> RefType {
-        RefType {
-            is_nullable: ty.nullable,
-            heap_type: HeapType::from_wasm_type(engine, &ty.heap_type),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn is_vmgcref_type_and_points_to_object(&self) -> bool {
-        self.heap_type().is_vmgcref_type_and_points_to_object()
-    }
-}
-
-/// The heap types that can Wasm can have references to.
-///
-/// # Subtyping Hierarchy
-///
-/// Wasm has three different heap type hierarchies:
-///
-/// 1. Function types
-/// 2. External types
-/// 3. Internal types
-///
-/// Each hierarchy has a top type (the common supertype of which everything else
-/// in its hierarchy is a subtype of) and a bottom type (the common subtype of
-/// which everything else in its hierarchy is supertype of).
-///
-/// ## Function Types Hierarchy
-///
-/// The top of the function types hierarchy is `func`; the bottom is
-/// `nofunc`. In between are all the concrete function types.
-///
-/// ```text
-///                          func
-///                       /  /  \  \
-///      ,----------------  /    \  -------------------------.
-///     /                  /      \                           \
-///    |              ,----        -----------.                |
-///    |              |                       |                |
-///    |              |                       |                |
-/// (func)    (func (param i32))    (func (param i32 i32))    ...
-///    |              |                       |                |
-///    |              |                       |                |
-///    |              `---.        ,----------'                |
-///     \                  \      /                           /
-///      `---------------.  \    /  ,------------------------'
-///                       \  \  /  /
-///                         nofunc
-/// ```
-///
-/// Additionally, some concrete function types are sub- or supertypes of other
-/// concrete function types, if that was declared in their definition. For
-/// simplicity, this isn't depicted in the diagram above.
-///
-/// ## External
-///
-/// The top of the external types hierarchy is `extern`; the bottom is
-/// `noextern`. There are no concrete types in this hierarchy.
-///
-/// ```text
-///  extern
-///    |
-/// noextern
-/// ```
-///
-/// ## Internal
-///
-/// The top of the internal types hierarchy is `any`; the bottom is `none`. The
-/// `eq` type is the common supertype of all types that can be compared for
-/// equality. The `struct` and `array` types are the common supertypes of all
-/// concrete struct and array types respectively. The `i31` type represents
-/// unboxed 31-bit integers.
-///
-/// ```text
-///                                   any
-///                                  / | \
-///    ,----------------------------'  |  `--------------------------.
-///   /                                |                              \
-///  |                        .--------'                               |
-///  |                        |                                        |
-///  |                      struct                                   array
-///  |                     /  |   \                                 /  |   \
-/// i31             ,-----'   |    '-----.                   ,-----'   |    `-----.
-///  |             /          |           \                 /          |           \
-///  |            |           |            |               |           |            |
-///  |        (struct)    (struct i32)    ...        (array i32)    (array i64)    ...
-///  |            |           |            |               |           |            |
-///  |             \          |           /                 \          |           /
-///   \             `-----.   |    ,-----'                   `-----.   |    ,-----'
-///    \                   \  |   /                                 \  |   /
-///     \                   \ |  /                                   \ |  /
-///      \                   \| /                                     \| /
-///       \                   |/                                       |/
-///        \                  |                                        |
-///         \                 |                                       /
-///          \                '--------.                             /
-///           \                        |                            /
-///            `--------------------.  |   ,-----------------------'
-///                                  \ |  /
-///                                   none
-/// ```
-///
-/// Additionally, concrete struct and array types can be subtypes of other
-/// concrete struct and array types respectively, if that was declared in their
-/// definitions. Once again, this is omitted from the above diagram for
-/// simplicity.
-///
-/// # Subtyping and Equality
-///
-/// `HeapType` does not implement `Eq`, because heap types have a subtyping
-/// relationship, and so 99.99% of the time you actually want to check whether
-/// one type matches (i.e. is a subtype of) another type. You can use the
-/// [`HeapType::matches`] method to perform these types of checks. If, however,
-/// you are in that 0.01% scenario where you need to check precise equality
-/// between types, you can use the [`HeapType::eq`] method.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash)]
-pub enum HeapType {
-    /// The abstract `extern` heap type represents external host data.
-    ///
-    /// This is the top type for the external type hierarchy, and therefore is
-    /// the common supertype of all external reference types.
-    Extern,
-
-    /// The abstract `noextern` heap type represents the null external
-    /// reference.
-    ///
-    /// This is the bottom type for the external type hierarchy, and therefore
-    /// is the common subtype of all external reference types.
-    NoExtern,
-
-    /// The abstract `func` heap type represents a reference to any kind of
-    /// function.
-    ///
-    /// This is the top type for the function references type hierarchy, and is
-    /// therefore a supertype of every function reference.
-    Func,
-
-    /// A reference to a function of a specific, concrete type.
-    ///
-    /// These are subtypes of `func` and supertypes of `nofunc`.
-    ConcreteFunc(FuncType),
-
-    /// The abstract `nofunc` heap type represents the null function reference.
-    ///
-    /// This is the bottom type for the function references type hierarchy, and
-    /// therefore `nofunc` is a subtype of all function reference types.
-    NoFunc,
-
-    /// The abstract `any` heap type represents all internal Wasm data.
-    ///
-    /// This is the top type of the internal type hierarchy, and is therefore a
-    /// supertype of all internal types (such as `eq`, `i31`, `struct`s, and
-    /// `array`s).
-    Any,
-
-    /// The abstract `eq` heap type represenets all internal Wasm references
-    /// that can be compared for equality.
-    ///
-    /// This is a subtype of `any` and a supertype of `i31`, `array`, `struct`,
-    /// and `none` heap types.
-    Eq,
-
-    /// The `i31` heap type represents unboxed 31-bit integers.
-    ///
-    /// This is a subtype of `any` and `eq`, and a supertype of `none`.
-    I31,
-
-    /// The abstract `array` heap type represents a reference to any kind of
-    /// array.
-    ///
-    /// This is a subtype of `any` and `eq`, and a supertype of all concrete
-    /// array types, as well as a supertype of the abstract `none` heap type.
-    Array,
-
-    /// A reference to an array of a specific, concrete type.
-    ///
-    /// These are subtypes of the `array` heap type (therefore also a subtype of
-    /// `any` and `eq`) and supertypes of the `none` heap type.
-    ConcreteArray(ArrayType),
-
-    /// The abstract `struct` heap type represents a reference to any kind of
-    /// struct.
-    ///
-    /// This is a subtype of `any` and `eq`, and a supertype of all concrete
-    /// struct types, as well as a supertype of the abstract `none` heap type.
-    Struct,
-
-    /// A reference to an struct of a specific, concrete type.
-    ///
-    /// These are subtypes of the `struct` heap type (therefore also a subtype
-    /// of `any` and `eq`) and supertypes of the `none` heap type.
-    ConcreteStruct(StructType),
-
-    /// The abstract `none` heap type represents the null internal reference.
-    ///
-    /// This is the bottom type for the internal type hierarchy, and therefore
-    /// `none` is a subtype of internal types.
-    None,
-}
-
-impl Display for HeapType {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        match self {
-            HeapType::Extern => write!(f, "extern"),
-            HeapType::NoExtern => write!(f, "noextern"),
-            HeapType::Func => write!(f, "func"),
-            HeapType::NoFunc => write!(f, "nofunc"),
-            HeapType::Any => write!(f, "any"),
-            HeapType::Eq => write!(f, "eq"),
-            HeapType::I31 => write!(f, "i31"),
-            HeapType::Array => write!(f, "array"),
-            HeapType::Struct => write!(f, "struct"),
-            HeapType::None => write!(f, "none"),
-            HeapType::ConcreteFunc(ty) => write!(f, "(concrete func {:?})", ty.type_index()),
-            HeapType::ConcreteArray(ty) => write!(f, "(concrete array {:?})", ty.type_index()),
-            HeapType::ConcreteStruct(ty) => write!(f, "(concrete struct {:?})", ty.type_index()),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<FuncType> for HeapType {
-    #[inline]
-    fn from(f: FuncType) -> Self {
-        HeapType::ConcreteFunc(f)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<ArrayType> for HeapType {
-    #[inline]
-    fn from(a: ArrayType) -> Self {
-        HeapType::ConcreteArray(a)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<StructType> for HeapType {
-    #[inline]
-    fn from(s: StructType) -> Self {
-        HeapType::ConcreteStruct(s)
-    }
-}
-
-impl HeapType {
-    /// Is this the abstract `extern` heap type?
-    pub fn is_extern(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, HeapType::Extern)
-    }
-
-    /// Is this the abstract `func` heap type?
-    pub fn is_func(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, HeapType::Func)
-    }
-
-    /// Is this the abstract `nofunc` heap type?
-    pub fn is_no_func(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, HeapType::NoFunc)
-    }
-
-    /// Is this the abstract `any` heap type?
-    pub fn is_any(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, HeapType::Any)
-    }
-
-    /// Is this the abstract `i31` heap type?
-    pub fn is_i31(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, HeapType::I31)
-    }
-
-    /// Is this the abstract `none` heap type?
-    pub fn is_none(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, HeapType::None)
-    }
-
-    /// Is this an abstract type?
-    ///
-    /// Types that are not abstract are concrete, user-defined types.
-    pub fn is_abstract(&self) -> bool {
-        !self.is_concrete()
-    }
-
-    /// Is this a concrete, user-defined heap type?
-    ///
-    /// Types that are not concrete, user-defined types are abstract types.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_concrete(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, HeapType::ConcreteFunc(_) | HeapType::ConcreteArray(_))
-    }
-
-    /// Is this a concrete, user-defined function type?
-    pub fn is_concrete_func(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, HeapType::ConcreteFunc(_))
-    }
-
-    /// Get the underlying concrete, user-defined function type, if any.
-    ///
-    /// Returns `None` if this is not a concrete function type.
-    pub fn as_concrete_func(&self) -> Option<&FuncType> {
-        match self {
-            HeapType::ConcreteFunc(f) => Some(f),
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Get the underlying concrete, user-defined type, panicking if this is not
-    /// a concrete function type.
-    pub fn unwrap_concrete_func(&self) -> &FuncType {
-        self.as_concrete_func().unwrap()
-    }
-
-    /// Is this a concrete, user-defined array type?
-    pub fn is_concrete_array(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, HeapType::ConcreteArray(_))
-    }
-
-    /// Get the underlying concrete, user-defined array type, if any.
-    ///
-    /// Returns `None` for if this is not a concrete array type.
-    pub fn as_concrete_array(&self) -> Option<&ArrayType> {
-        match self {
-            HeapType::ConcreteArray(f) => Some(f),
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Get the underlying concrete, user-defined type, panicking if this is not
-    /// a concrete array type.
-    pub fn unwrap_concrete_array(&self) -> &ArrayType {
-        self.as_concrete_array().unwrap()
-    }
-
-    /// Get the top type of this heap type's type hierarchy.
-    ///
-    /// The returned heap type is a supertype of all types in this heap type's
-    /// type hierarchy.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn top(&self) -> HeapType {
-        match self {
-            HeapType::Func | HeapType::ConcreteFunc(_) | HeapType::NoFunc => HeapType::Func,
-
-            HeapType::Extern | HeapType::NoExtern => HeapType::Extern,
-
-            HeapType::Any
-            | HeapType::Eq
-            | HeapType::I31
-            | HeapType::Array
-            | HeapType::ConcreteArray(_)
-            | HeapType::Struct
-            | HeapType::ConcreteStruct(_)
-            | HeapType::None => HeapType::Any,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Is this the top type within its type hierarchy?
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_top(&self) -> bool {
-        match self {
-            HeapType::Any | HeapType::Extern | HeapType::Func => true,
-            _ => false,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Get the bottom type of this heap type's type hierarchy.
-    ///
-    /// The returned heap type is a subtype of all types in this heap type's
-    /// type hierarchy.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn bottom(&self) -> HeapType {
-        match self {
-            HeapType::Extern | HeapType::NoExtern => HeapType::NoExtern,
-
-            HeapType::Func | HeapType::ConcreteFunc(_) | HeapType::NoFunc => HeapType::NoFunc,
-
-            HeapType::Any
-            | HeapType::Eq
-            | HeapType::I31
-            | HeapType::Array
-            | HeapType::ConcreteArray(_)
-            | HeapType::Struct
-            | HeapType::ConcreteStruct(_)
-            | HeapType::None => HeapType::None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Is this the bottom type within its type hierarchy?
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_bottom(&self) -> bool {
-        match self {
-            HeapType::None | HeapType::NoExtern | HeapType::NoFunc => true,
-            _ => false,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Does this heap type match the other heap type?
-    ///
-    /// That is, is this heap type a subtype of the other?
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if either type is associated with a different engine from the
-    /// other.
-    pub fn matches(&self, other: &HeapType) -> bool {
-        match (self, other) {
-            (HeapType::Extern, HeapType::Extern) => true,
-            (HeapType::Extern, _) => false,
-
-            (HeapType::NoExtern, HeapType::NoExtern | HeapType::Extern) => true,
-            (HeapType::NoExtern, _) => false,
-
-            (HeapType::NoFunc, HeapType::NoFunc | HeapType::ConcreteFunc(_) | HeapType::Func) => {
-                true
-            }
-            (HeapType::NoFunc, _) => false,
-
-            (HeapType::ConcreteFunc(_), HeapType::Func) => true,
-            (HeapType::ConcreteFunc(a), HeapType::ConcreteFunc(b)) => {
-                assert!(a.comes_from_same_engine(b.engine()));
-                a.engine()
-                    .signatures()
-                    .is_subtype(a.type_index(), b.type_index())
-            }
-            (HeapType::ConcreteFunc(_), _) => false,
-
-            (HeapType::Func, HeapType::Func) => true,
-            (HeapType::Func, _) => false,
-
-            (
-                HeapType::None,
-                HeapType::None
-                | HeapType::ConcreteArray(_)
-                | HeapType::Array
-                | HeapType::ConcreteStruct(_)
-                | HeapType::Struct
-                | HeapType::I31
-                | HeapType::Eq
-                | HeapType::Any,
-            ) => true,
-            (HeapType::None, _) => false,
-
-            (HeapType::ConcreteArray(_), HeapType::Array | HeapType::Eq | HeapType::Any) => true,
-            (HeapType::ConcreteArray(a), HeapType::ConcreteArray(b)) => {
-                assert!(a.comes_from_same_engine(b.engine()));
-                a.engine()
-                    .signatures()
-                    .is_subtype(a.type_index(), b.type_index())
-            }
-            (HeapType::ConcreteArray(_), _) => false,
-
-            (HeapType::Array, HeapType::Array | HeapType::Eq | HeapType::Any) => true,
-            (HeapType::Array, _) => false,
-
-            (HeapType::ConcreteStruct(_), HeapType::Struct | HeapType::Eq | HeapType::Any) => true,
-            (HeapType::ConcreteStruct(a), HeapType::ConcreteStruct(b)) => {
-                assert!(a.comes_from_same_engine(b.engine()));
-                a.engine()
-                    .signatures()
-                    .is_subtype(a.type_index(), b.type_index())
-            }
-            (HeapType::ConcreteStruct(_), _) => false,
-
-            (HeapType::Struct, HeapType::Struct | HeapType::Eq | HeapType::Any) => true,
-            (HeapType::Struct, _) => false,
-
-            (HeapType::I31, HeapType::I31 | HeapType::Eq | HeapType::Any) => true,
-            (HeapType::I31, _) => false,
-
-            (HeapType::Eq, HeapType::Eq | HeapType::Any) => true,
-            (HeapType::Eq, _) => false,
-
-            (HeapType::Any, HeapType::Any) => true,
-            (HeapType::Any, _) => false,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Is heap type `a` precisely equal to heap type `b`?
-    ///
-    /// Returns `false` even if `a` is a subtype of `b` or vice versa, if they
-    /// are not exactly the same heap type.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if either type is associated with a different engine from the
-    /// other.
-    pub fn eq(a: &HeapType, b: &HeapType) -> bool {
-        a.matches(b) && b.matches(a)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn ensure_matches(&self, engine: &Engine, other: &HeapType) -> Result<()> {
-        if !self.comes_from_same_engine(engine) || !other.comes_from_same_engine(engine) {
-            bail!("type used with wrong engine");
-        }
-        if self.matches(other) {
-            Ok(())
-        } else {
-            bail!("type mismatch: expected {other}, found {self}");
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn comes_from_same_engine(&self, engine: &Engine) -> bool {
-        match self {
-            HeapType::Extern
-            | HeapType::NoExtern
-            | HeapType::Func
-            | HeapType::NoFunc
-            | HeapType::Any
-            | HeapType::Eq
-            | HeapType::I31
-            | HeapType::Array
-            | HeapType::Struct
-            | HeapType::None => true,
-            HeapType::ConcreteFunc(ty) => ty.comes_from_same_engine(engine),
-            HeapType::ConcreteArray(ty) => ty.comes_from_same_engine(engine),
-            HeapType::ConcreteStruct(ty) => ty.comes_from_same_engine(engine),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn to_wasm_type(&self) -> WasmHeapType {
-        match self {
-            HeapType::Extern => WasmHeapType::Extern,
-            HeapType::NoExtern => WasmHeapType::NoExtern,
-            HeapType::Func => WasmHeapType::Func,
-            HeapType::NoFunc => WasmHeapType::NoFunc,
-            HeapType::Any => WasmHeapType::Any,
-            HeapType::Eq => WasmHeapType::Eq,
-            HeapType::I31 => WasmHeapType::I31,
-            HeapType::Array => WasmHeapType::Array,
-            HeapType::Struct => WasmHeapType::Struct,
-            HeapType::None => WasmHeapType::None,
-            HeapType::ConcreteFunc(f) => {
-                WasmHeapType::ConcreteFunc(EngineOrModuleTypeIndex::Engine(f.type_index()))
-            }
-            HeapType::ConcreteArray(a) => {
-                WasmHeapType::ConcreteArray(EngineOrModuleTypeIndex::Engine(a.type_index()))
-            }
-            HeapType::ConcreteStruct(a) => {
-                WasmHeapType::ConcreteStruct(EngineOrModuleTypeIndex::Engine(a.type_index()))
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn from_wasm_type(engine: &Engine, ty: &WasmHeapType) -> HeapType {
-        match ty {
-            WasmHeapType::Extern => HeapType::Extern,
-            WasmHeapType::NoExtern => HeapType::NoExtern,
-            WasmHeapType::Func => HeapType::Func,
-            WasmHeapType::NoFunc => HeapType::NoFunc,
-            WasmHeapType::Any => HeapType::Any,
-            WasmHeapType::Eq => HeapType::Eq,
-            WasmHeapType::I31 => HeapType::I31,
-            WasmHeapType::Array => HeapType::Array,
-            WasmHeapType::Struct => HeapType::Struct,
-            WasmHeapType::None => HeapType::None,
-            WasmHeapType::ConcreteFunc(EngineOrModuleTypeIndex::Engine(idx)) => {
-                HeapType::ConcreteFunc(FuncType::from_shared_type_index(engine, *idx))
-            }
-            WasmHeapType::ConcreteArray(EngineOrModuleTypeIndex::Engine(idx)) => {
-                HeapType::ConcreteArray(ArrayType::from_shared_type_index(engine, *idx))
-            }
-            WasmHeapType::ConcreteStruct(EngineOrModuleTypeIndex::Engine(idx)) => {
-                HeapType::ConcreteStruct(StructType::from_shared_type_index(engine, *idx))
-            }
-
-            WasmHeapType::ConcreteFunc(EngineOrModuleTypeIndex::Module(_))
-            | WasmHeapType::ConcreteFunc(EngineOrModuleTypeIndex::RecGroup(_))
-            | WasmHeapType::ConcreteArray(EngineOrModuleTypeIndex::Module(_))
-            | WasmHeapType::ConcreteArray(EngineOrModuleTypeIndex::RecGroup(_))
-            | WasmHeapType::ConcreteStruct(EngineOrModuleTypeIndex::Module(_))
-            | WasmHeapType::ConcreteStruct(EngineOrModuleTypeIndex::RecGroup(_)) => {
-                panic!("HeapType::from_wasm_type on non-canonicalized-for-runtime-usage heap type")
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn as_registered_type(&self) -> Option<&RegisteredType> {
-        match self {
-            HeapType::ConcreteFunc(f) => Some(&f.registered_type),
-            HeapType::ConcreteArray(a) => Some(&a.registered_type),
-            HeapType::ConcreteStruct(a) => Some(&a.registered_type),
-
-            HeapType::Extern
-            | HeapType::NoExtern
-            | HeapType::Func
-            | HeapType::NoFunc
-            | HeapType::Any
-            | HeapType::Eq
-            | HeapType::I31
-            | HeapType::Array
-            | HeapType::Struct
-            | HeapType::None => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn is_vmgcref_type(&self) -> bool {
-        match self.top() {
-            Self::Any | Self::Extern => true,
-            Self::Func => false,
-            ty => unreachable!("not a top type: {ty:?}"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Is this a `VMGcRef` type that is not i31 and is not an uninhabited
-    /// bottom type?
-    #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn is_vmgcref_type_and_points_to_object(&self) -> bool {
-        self.is_vmgcref_type()
-            && !matches!(
-                self,
-                HeapType::I31 | HeapType::NoExtern | HeapType::NoFunc | HeapType::None
-            )
-    }
-}
-
-// External Types
-
-/// A list of all possible types which can be externally referenced from a
-/// WebAssembly module.
-///
-/// This list can be found in [`ImportType`] or [`ExportType`], so these types
-/// can either be imported or exported.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub enum ExternType {
-    /// This external type is the type of a WebAssembly function.
-    Func(FuncType),
-    /// This external type is the type of a WebAssembly global.
-    Global(GlobalType),
-    /// This external type is the type of a WebAssembly table.
-    Table(TableType),
-    /// This external type is the type of a WebAssembly memory.
-    Memory(MemoryType),
-}
-
-macro_rules! extern_type_accessors {
-    ($(($variant:ident($ty:ty) $get:ident $unwrap:ident))*) => ($(
-        /// Attempt to return the underlying type of this external type,
-        /// returning `None` if it is a different type.
-        pub fn $get(&self) -> Option<&$ty> {
-            if let ExternType::$variant(e) = self {
-                Some(e)
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        }
-
-        /// Returns the underlying descriptor of this [`ExternType`], panicking
-        /// if it is a different type.
-        ///
-        /// # Panics
-        ///
-        /// Panics if `self` is not of the right type.
-        pub fn $unwrap(&self) -> &$ty {
-            self.$get().expect(concat!("expected ", stringify!($ty)))
-        }
-    )*)
-}
-
-impl ExternType {
-    extern_type_accessors! {
-        (Func(FuncType) func unwrap_func)
-        (Global(GlobalType) global unwrap_global)
-        (Table(TableType) table unwrap_table)
-        (Memory(MemoryType) memory unwrap_memory)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn from_wasmtime(
-        engine: &Engine,
-        types: &ModuleTypes,
-        ty: &EntityType,
-    ) -> ExternType {
-        match ty {
-            EntityType::Function(idx) => match idx {
-                EngineOrModuleTypeIndex::Engine(e) => {
-                    FuncType::from_shared_type_index(engine, *e).into()
-                }
-                EngineOrModuleTypeIndex::Module(m) => {
-                    let subty = &types[*m];
-                    FuncType::from_wasm_func_type(
-                        engine,
-                        subty.is_final,
-                        subty.supertype,
-                        subty.unwrap_func().clone(),
-                    )
-                    .into()
-                }
-                EngineOrModuleTypeIndex::RecGroup(_) => unreachable!(),
-            },
-            EntityType::Global(ty) => GlobalType::from_wasmtime_global(engine, ty).into(),
-            EntityType::Memory(ty) => MemoryType::from_wasmtime_memory(ty).into(),
-            EntityType::Table(ty) => TableType::from_wasmtime_table(engine, ty).into(),
-            EntityType::Tag(_) => unimplemented!("wasm tag support"),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<FuncType> for ExternType {
-    fn from(ty: FuncType) -> ExternType {
-        ExternType::Func(ty)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<GlobalType> for ExternType {
-    fn from(ty: GlobalType) -> ExternType {
-        ExternType::Global(ty)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<MemoryType> for ExternType {
-    fn from(ty: MemoryType) -> ExternType {
-        ExternType::Memory(ty)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<TableType> for ExternType {
-    fn from(ty: TableType) -> ExternType {
-        ExternType::Table(ty)
-    }
-}
-
-/// The storage type of a `struct` field or `array` element.
-///
-/// This is either a packed 8- or -16 bit integer, or else it is some unpacked
-/// Wasm value type.
-#[derive(Clone, Hash)]
-pub enum StorageType {
-    /// `i8`, an 8-bit integer.
-    I8,
-    /// `i16`, a 16-bit integer.
-    I16,
-    /// A value type.
-    ValType(ValType),
-}
-
-impl From<ValType> for StorageType {
-    #[inline]
-    fn from(v: ValType) -> Self {
-        StorageType::ValType(v)
-    }
-}
-
-impl StorageType {
-    /// Is this an `i8`?
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_i8(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, Self::I8)
-    }
-
-    /// Is this an `i16`?
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_i16(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, Self::I16)
-    }
-
-    /// Is this a Wasm value type?
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_val_type(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, Self::I16)
-    }
-
-    /// Get this storage type's underlying value type, if any.
-    ///
-    /// Returns `None` if this storage type is not a value type.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn as_val_type(&self) -> Option<&ValType> {
-        match self {
-            Self::ValType(v) => Some(v),
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Get this storage type's underlying value type, panicking if it is not a
-    /// value type.
-    pub fn unwrap_val_type(&self) -> &ValType {
-        self.as_val_type().unwrap()
-    }
-
-    /// Does this field type match the other field type?
-    ///
-    /// That is, is this field type a subtype of the other field type?
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if either type is associated with a different engine from the
-    /// other.
-    pub fn matches(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-        match (self, other) {
-            (StorageType::I8, StorageType::I8) => true,
-            (StorageType::I8, _) => false,
-            (StorageType::I16, StorageType::I16) => true,
-            (StorageType::I16, _) => false,
-            (StorageType::ValType(a), StorageType::ValType(b)) => a.matches(b),
-            (StorageType::ValType(_), _) => false,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Is field type `a` precisely equal to field type `b`?
-    ///
-    /// Returns `false` even if `a` is a subtype of `b` or vice versa, if they
-    /// are not exactly the same field type.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if either type is associated with a different engine from the
-    /// other.
-    pub fn eq(a: &Self, b: &Self) -> bool {
-        a.matches(b) && b.matches(a)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn comes_from_same_engine(&self, engine: &Engine) -> bool {
-        match self {
-            StorageType::I8 | StorageType::I16 => true,
-            StorageType::ValType(v) => v.comes_from_same_engine(engine),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn from_wasm_storage_type(engine: &Engine, ty: &WasmStorageType) -> Self {
-        match ty {
-            WasmStorageType::I8 => Self::I8,
-            WasmStorageType::I16 => Self::I16,
-            WasmStorageType::Val(v) => ValType::from_wasm_type(engine, &v).into(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn to_wasm_storage_type(&self) -> WasmStorageType {
-        match self {
-            Self::I8 => WasmStorageType::I8,
-            Self::I16 => WasmStorageType::I16,
-            Self::ValType(v) => WasmStorageType::Val(v.to_wasm_type()),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// The type of a `struct` field or an `array`'s elements.
-///
-/// This is a pair of both the field's storage type and its mutability
-/// (i.e. whether the field can be updated or not).
-#[derive(Clone, Hash)]
-pub struct FieldType {
-    mutability: Mutability,
-    element_type: StorageType,
-}
-
-impl FieldType {
-    /// Construct a new field type from the given parts.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn new(mutability: Mutability, element_type: StorageType) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            mutability,
-            element_type,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Get whether or not this field type is mutable.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn mutability(&self) -> Mutability {
-        self.mutability
-    }
-
-    /// Get this field type's storage type.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn element_type(&self) -> &StorageType {
-        &self.element_type
-    }
-
-    /// Does this field type match the other field type?
-    ///
-    /// That is, is this field type a subtype of the other field type?
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if either type is associated with a different engine from the
-    /// other.
-    pub fn matches(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-        (other.mutability == Mutability::Var || self.mutability == Mutability::Const)
-            && self.element_type.matches(&other.element_type)
-    }
-
-    /// Is field type `a` precisely equal to field type `b`?
-    ///
-    /// Returns `false` even if `a` is a subtype of `b` or vice versa, if they
-    /// are not exactly the same field type.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if either type is associated with a different engine from the
-    /// other.
-    pub fn eq(a: &Self, b: &Self) -> bool {
-        a.matches(b) && b.matches(a)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn comes_from_same_engine(&self, engine: &Engine) -> bool {
-        self.element_type.comes_from_same_engine(engine)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn from_wasm_field_type(engine: &Engine, ty: &WasmFieldType) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            mutability: if ty.mutable {
-                Mutability::Var
-            } else {
-                Mutability::Const
-            },
-            element_type: StorageType::from_wasm_storage_type(engine, &ty.element_type),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn to_wasm_field_type(&self) -> WasmFieldType {
-        WasmFieldType {
-            element_type: self.element_type.to_wasm_storage_type(),
-            mutable: matches!(self.mutability, Mutability::Var),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// The type of a WebAssembly struct.
-///
-/// WebAssembly structs are a static, fixed-length, ordered sequence of
-/// fields. Fields are named by index, not an identifier. Each field is mutable
-/// or constant and stores unpacked [`Val`][crate::Val]s or packed 8-/16-bit
-/// integers.
-///
-/// # Subtyping and Equality
-///
-/// `StructType` does not implement `Eq`, because reference types have a
-/// subtyping relationship, and so 99.99% of the time you actually want to check
-/// whether one type matches (i.e. is a subtype of) another type. You can use
-/// the [`StructType::matches`] method to perform these types of checks. If,
-/// however, you are in that 0.01% scenario where you need to check precise
-/// equality between types, you can use the [`StructType::eq`] method.
-//
-// TODO: Once we have struct values, update above docs with a reference to the
-// future `Struct::matches_ty` method
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash)]
-pub struct StructType {
-    registered_type: RegisteredType,
-}
-
-impl StructType {
-    /// Construct a new `StructType` with the given field types.
-    ///
-    /// This `StructType` will be final and without a supertype.
-    ///
-    /// The result will be associated with the given engine, and attempts to use
-    /// it with other engines will panic (for example, checking whether it is a
-    /// subtype of another struct type that is associated with a different
-    /// engine).
-    ///
-    /// Returns an error if the number of fields exceeds the implementation
-    /// limit.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if any given field type is not associated with the given engine.
-    pub fn new(engine: &Engine, fields: impl IntoIterator<Item = FieldType>) -> Result<Self> {
-        Self::with_finality_and_supertype(engine, Finality::Final, None, fields)
-    }
-
-    /// Construct a new `StructType` with the given finality, supertype, and
-    /// fields.
-    ///
-    /// The result will be associated with the given engine, and attempts to use
-    /// it with other engines will panic (for example, checking whether it is a
-    /// subtype of another struct type that is associated with a different
-    /// engine).
-    ///
-    /// Returns an error if the number of fields exceeds the implementation
-    /// limit, if the supertype is final, or if this type does not match the
-    /// supertype.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if any given field type is not associated with the given engine.
-    pub fn with_finality_and_supertype(
-        engine: &Engine,
-        finality: Finality,
-        supertype: Option<&Self>,
-        fields: impl IntoIterator<Item = FieldType>,
-    ) -> Result<Self> {
-        let fields = fields.into_iter();
-
-        let mut wasmtime_fields = Vec::with_capacity({
-            let size_hint = fields.size_hint();
-            let cap = size_hint.1.unwrap_or(size_hint.0);
-            // Only reserve space if we have a supertype, as that is the only time
-            // that this vec is used.
-            supertype.is_some() as usize * cap
-        });
-
-        // Same as in `FuncType::new`: we must prevent any `RegisteredType`s
-        // from being reclaimed while constructing this struct type.
-        let mut registrations = smallvec::SmallVec::<[_; 4]>::new();
-
-        let fields = fields
-            .map(|ty: FieldType| {
-                assert!(ty.comes_from_same_engine(engine));
-
-                if supertype.is_some() {
-                    wasmtime_fields.push(ty.clone());
-                }
-
-                if let Some(r) = ty.element_type.as_val_type().and_then(|v| v.as_ref()) {
-                    if let Some(r) = r.heap_type().as_registered_type() {
-                        registrations.push(r.clone());
-                    }
-                }
-
-                ty.to_wasm_field_type()
-            })
-            .collect();
-
-        if let Some(supertype) = supertype {
-            ensure!(
-                supertype.finality().is_non_final(),
-                "cannot create a subtype of a final supertype"
-            );
-            ensure!(
-                Self::fields_match(wasmtime_fields.into_iter(), supertype.fields()),
-                "struct fields must match their supertype's fields"
-            );
-        }
-
-        Self::from_wasm_struct_type(
-            engine,
-            finality.is_final(),
-            supertype.map(|ty| ty.type_index().into()),
-            WasmStructType { fields },
-        )
-    }
-
-    /// Get the engine that this struct type is associated with.
-    pub fn engine(&self) -> &Engine {
-        self.registered_type.engine()
-    }
-
-    /// Get the finality of this struct type.
-    pub fn finality(&self) -> Finality {
-        match self.registered_type.is_final {
-            true => Finality::Final,
-            false => Finality::NonFinal,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Get the supertype of this struct type, if any.
-    pub fn supertype(&self) -> Option<Self> {
-        self.registered_type
-            .supertype
-            .map(|ty| Self::from_shared_type_index(self.engine(), ty.unwrap_engine_type_index()))
-    }
-
-    /// Get the `i`th field type.
-    ///
-    /// Returns `None` if `i` is out of bounds.
-    pub fn field(&self, i: usize) -> Option<FieldType> {
-        let engine = self.engine();
-        self.as_wasm_struct_type()
-            .fields
-            .get(i)
-            .map(|ty| FieldType::from_wasm_field_type(engine, ty))
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the list of field types for this function.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn fields(&self) -> impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = FieldType> + '_ {
-        let engine = self.engine();
-        self.as_wasm_struct_type()
-            .fields
-            .iter()
-            .map(|ty| FieldType::from_wasm_field_type(engine, ty))
-    }
-
-    /// Does this struct type match the other struct type?
-    ///
-    /// That is, is this function type a subtype of the other struct type?
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if either type is associated with a different engine from the
-    /// other.
-    pub fn matches(&self, other: &StructType) -> bool {
-        assert!(self.comes_from_same_engine(other.engine()));
-
-        // Avoid matching on structure for subtyping checks when we have
-        // precisely the same type.
-        if self.type_index() == other.type_index() {
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        Self::fields_match(self.fields(), other.fields())
-    }
-
-    fn fields_match(
-        a: impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = FieldType>,
-        b: impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = FieldType>,
-    ) -> bool {
-        a.len() >= b.len() && a.zip(b).all(|(a, b)| a.matches(&b))
-    }
-
-    /// Is struct type `a` precisely equal to struct type `b`?
-    ///
-    /// Returns `false` even if `a` is a subtype of `b` or vice versa, if they
-    /// are not exactly the same struct type.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if either type is associated with a different engine from the
-    /// other.
-    pub fn eq(a: &StructType, b: &StructType) -> bool {
-        assert!(a.comes_from_same_engine(b.engine()));
-        a.type_index() == b.type_index()
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn comes_from_same_engine(&self, engine: &Engine) -> bool {
-        Engine::same(self.registered_type.engine(), engine)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn type_index(&self) -> VMSharedTypeIndex {
-        self.registered_type.index()
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn as_wasm_struct_type(&self) -> &WasmStructType {
-        self.registered_type.unwrap_struct()
-    }
-
-    /// Construct a `StructType` from a `WasmStructType`.
-    ///
-    /// This method should only be used when something has already registered --
-    /// and is *keeping registered* -- any other concrete Wasm types referenced
-    /// by the given `WasmStructType`.
-    ///
-    /// For example, this method may be called to convert an struct type from
-    /// within a Wasm module's `ModuleTypes` since the Wasm module itself is
-    /// holding a strong reference to all of its types, including any `(ref null
-    /// <index>)` types used as the element type for this struct type.
-    pub(crate) fn from_wasm_struct_type(
-        engine: &Engine,
-        is_final: bool,
-        supertype: Option<EngineOrModuleTypeIndex>,
-        ty: WasmStructType,
-    ) -> Result<StructType> {
-        const MAX_FIELDS: usize = 10_000;
-        let fields_len = ty.fields.len();
-        ensure!(
-            fields_len <= MAX_FIELDS,
-            "attempted to define a struct type with {fields_len} fields, but \
-             that is more than the maximum supported number of fields \
-             ({MAX_FIELDS})",
-        );
-
-        let ty = RegisteredType::new(
-            engine,
-            WasmSubType {
-                is_final,
-                supertype,
-                composite_type: WasmCompositeType::Struct(ty),
-            },
-        );
-        Ok(Self {
-            registered_type: ty,
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn from_shared_type_index(engine: &Engine, index: VMSharedTypeIndex) -> StructType {
-        let ty = RegisteredType::root(engine, index).expect(
-            "VMSharedTypeIndex is not registered in the Engine! Wrong \
-             engine? Didn't root the index somewhere?",
-        );
-        assert!(ty.is_struct());
-        Self {
-            registered_type: ty,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// The type of a WebAssembly array.
-///
-/// WebAssembly arrays are dynamically-sized, but not resizable. They contain
-/// either unpacked [`Val`][crate::Val]s or packed 8-/16-bit integers.
-///
-/// # Subtyping and Equality
-///
-/// `ArrayType` does not implement `Eq`, because reference types have a
-/// subtyping relationship, and so 99.99% of the time you actually want to check
-/// whether one type matches (i.e. is a subtype of) another type. You can use
-/// the [`ArrayType::matches`] method to perform these types of checks. If,
-/// however, you are in that 0.01% scenario where you need to check precise
-/// equality between types, you can use the [`ArrayType::eq`] method.
-//
-// TODO: Once we have array values, update above docs with a reference to the
-// future `Array::matches_ty` method
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash)]
-pub struct ArrayType {
-    registered_type: RegisteredType,
-}
-
-impl ArrayType {
-    /// Construct a new `ArrayType` with the given field type's mutability and
-    /// storage type.
-    ///
-    /// The new `ArrayType` will be final and without a supertype.
-    ///
-    /// The result will be associated with the given engine, and attempts to use
-    /// it with other engines will panic (for example, checking whether it is a
-    /// subtype of another array type that is associated with a different
-    /// engine).
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if the given field type is not associated with the given engine.
-    pub fn new(engine: &Engine, field_type: FieldType) -> Self {
-        Self::with_finality_and_supertype(engine, Finality::Final, None, field_type)
-            .expect("cannot fail without a supertype")
-    }
-
-    /// Construct a new `StructType` with the given finality, supertype, and
-    /// fields.
-    ///
-    /// The result will be associated with the given engine, and attempts to use
-    /// it with other engines will panic (for example, checking whether it is a
-    /// subtype of another struct type that is associated with a different
-    /// engine).
-    ///
-    /// Returns an error if the supertype is final, or if this type does not
-    /// match the supertype.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if the given field type is not associated with the given engine.
-    pub fn with_finality_and_supertype(
-        engine: &Engine,
-        finality: Finality,
-        supertype: Option<&Self>,
-        field_type: FieldType,
-    ) -> Result<Self> {
-        if let Some(supertype) = supertype {
-            assert!(supertype.comes_from_same_engine(engine));
-            ensure!(
-                supertype.finality().is_non_final(),
-                "cannot create a subtype of a final supertype"
-            );
-            ensure!(
-                field_type.matches(&supertype.field_type()),
-                "array field type must match its supertype's field type"
-            );
-        }
-
-        // Same as in `FuncType::new`: we must prevent any `RegisteredType` in
-        // `field_type` from being reclaimed while constructing this array type.
-        let _registration = field_type
-            .element_type
-            .as_val_type()
-            .and_then(|v| v.as_ref())
-            .and_then(|r| r.heap_type().as_registered_type());
-
-        assert!(field_type.comes_from_same_engine(engine));
-        let wasm_ty = WasmArrayType(field_type.to_wasm_field_type());
-
-        Ok(Self::from_wasm_array_type(
-            engine,
-            finality.is_final(),
-            supertype.map(|ty| ty.type_index().into()),
-            wasm_ty,
-        ))
-    }
-
-    /// Get the engine that this array type is associated with.
-    pub fn engine(&self) -> &Engine {
-        self.registered_type.engine()
-    }
-
-    /// Get the finality of this array type.
-    pub fn finality(&self) -> Finality {
-        match self.registered_type.is_final {
-            true => Finality::Final,
-            false => Finality::NonFinal,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Get the supertype of this array type, if any.
-    pub fn supertype(&self) -> Option<Self> {
-        self.registered_type
-            .supertype
-            .map(|ty| Self::from_shared_type_index(self.engine(), ty.unwrap_engine_type_index()))
-    }
-
-    /// Get this array's underlying field type.
-    ///
-    /// The field type contains information about both this array type's
-    /// mutability and the storage type used for its elements.
-    pub fn field_type(&self) -> FieldType {
-        FieldType::from_wasm_field_type(self.engine(), &self.as_wasm_array_type().0)
-    }
-
-    /// Get this array type's mutability and whether its instances' elements can
-    /// be updated or not.
-    ///
-    /// This is a convenience method providing a short-hand for
-    /// `my_array_type.field_type().mutability()`.
-    pub fn mutability(&self) -> Mutability {
-        if self.as_wasm_array_type().0.mutable {
-            Mutability::Var
-        } else {
-            Mutability::Const
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Get the storage type used for this array type's elements.
-    ///
-    /// This is a convenience method providing a short-hand for
-    /// `my_array_type.field_type().element_type()`.
-    pub fn element_type(&self) -> StorageType {
-        StorageType::from_wasm_storage_type(
-            self.engine(),
-            &self.registered_type.unwrap_array().0.element_type,
-        )
-    }
-
-    /// Does this array type match the other array type?
-    ///
-    /// That is, is this function type a subtype of the other array type?
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if either type is associated with a different engine from the
-    /// other.
-    pub fn matches(&self, other: &ArrayType) -> bool {
-        assert!(self.comes_from_same_engine(other.engine()));
-
-        // Avoid matching on structure for subtyping checks when we have
-        // precisely the same type.
-        if self.type_index() == other.type_index() {
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        self.field_type().matches(&other.field_type())
-    }
-
-    /// Is array type `a` precisely equal to array type `b`?
-    ///
-    /// Returns `false` even if `a` is a subtype of `b` or vice versa, if they
-    /// are not exactly the same array type.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if either type is associated with a different engine from the
-    /// other.
-    pub fn eq(a: &ArrayType, b: &ArrayType) -> bool {
-        assert!(a.comes_from_same_engine(b.engine()));
-        a.type_index() == b.type_index()
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn comes_from_same_engine(&self, engine: &Engine) -> bool {
-        Engine::same(self.registered_type.engine(), engine)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn type_index(&self) -> VMSharedTypeIndex {
-        self.registered_type.index()
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn as_wasm_array_type(&self) -> &WasmArrayType {
-        self.registered_type.unwrap_array()
-    }
-
-    /// Construct a `ArrayType` from a `WasmArrayType`.
-    ///
-    /// This method should only be used when something has already registered --
-    /// and is *keeping registered* -- any other concrete Wasm types referenced
-    /// by the given `WasmArrayType`.
-    ///
-    /// For example, this method may be called to convert an array type from
-    /// within a Wasm module's `ModuleTypes` since the Wasm module itself is
-    /// holding a strong reference to all of its types, including any `(ref null
-    /// <index>)` types used as the element type for this array type.
-    pub(crate) fn from_wasm_array_type(
-        engine: &Engine,
-        is_final: bool,
-        supertype: Option<EngineOrModuleTypeIndex>,
-        ty: WasmArrayType,
-    ) -> ArrayType {
-        let ty = RegisteredType::new(
-            engine,
-            WasmSubType {
-                is_final,
-                supertype,
-                composite_type: WasmCompositeType::Array(ty),
-            },
-        );
-        Self {
-            registered_type: ty,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn from_shared_type_index(engine: &Engine, index: VMSharedTypeIndex) -> ArrayType {
-        let ty = RegisteredType::root(engine, index).expect(
-            "VMSharedTypeIndex is not registered in the Engine! Wrong \
-             engine? Didn't root the index somewhere?",
-        );
-        assert!(ty.is_array());
-        Self {
-            registered_type: ty,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// The type of a WebAssembly function.
-///
-/// WebAssembly functions can have 0 or more parameters and results.
-///
-/// # Subtyping and Equality
-///
-/// `FuncType` does not implement `Eq`, because reference types have a subtyping
-/// relationship, and so 99.99% of the time you actually want to check whether
-/// one type matches (i.e. is a subtype of) another type. You can use the
-/// [`FuncType::matches`] and [`Func::matches_ty`][crate::Func::matches_ty]
-/// methods to perform these types of checks. If, however, you are in that 0.01%
-/// scenario where you need to check precise equality between types, you can use
-/// the [`FuncType::eq`] method.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash)]
-pub struct FuncType {
-    registered_type: RegisteredType,
-}
-
-impl Display for FuncType {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "(type (func")?;
-        if self.params().len() > 0 {
-            write!(f, " (param")?;
-            for p in self.params() {
-                write!(f, " {p}")?;
-            }
-            write!(f, ")")?;
-        }
-        if self.results().len() > 0 {
-            write!(f, " (result")?;
-            for r in self.results() {
-                write!(f, " {r}")?;
-            }
-            write!(f, ")")?;
-        }
-        write!(f, "))")
-    }
-}
-
-impl FuncType {
-    /// Creates a new function type from the given parameters and results.
-    ///
-    /// The function type returned will represent a function which takes
-    /// `params` as arguments and returns `results` when it is finished.
-    ///
-    /// The resulting function type will be final and without a supertype.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if any parameter or value type is not associated with the given
-    /// engine.
-    pub fn new(
-        engine: &Engine,
-        params: impl IntoIterator<Item = ValType>,
-        results: impl IntoIterator<Item = ValType>,
-    ) -> FuncType {
-        Self::with_finality_and_supertype(engine, Finality::Final, None, params, results)
-            .expect("cannot fail without a supertype")
-    }
-
-    /// Create a new function type with the given finality, supertype, parameter
-    /// types, and result types.
-    ///
-    /// Returns an error if the supertype is final, or if this function type
-    /// does not match the supertype.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if any parameter or value type is not associated with the given
-    /// engine.
-    pub fn with_finality_and_supertype(
-        engine: &Engine,
-        finality: Finality,
-        supertype: Option<&Self>,
-        params: impl IntoIterator<Item = ValType>,
-        results: impl IntoIterator<Item = ValType>,
-    ) -> Result<Self> {
-        let params = params.into_iter();
-        let results = results.into_iter();
-
-        let mut wasmtime_params = Vec::with_capacity({
-            let size_hint = params.size_hint();
-            let cap = size_hint.1.unwrap_or(size_hint.0);
-            // Only reserve space if we have a supertype, as that is the only time
-            // that this vec is used.
-            supertype.is_some() as usize * cap
-        });
-
-        let mut wasmtime_results = Vec::with_capacity({
-            let size_hint = results.size_hint();
-            let cap = size_hint.1.unwrap_or(size_hint.0);
-            // Same as above.
-            supertype.is_some() as usize * cap
-        });
-
-        // Keep any of our parameters' and results' `RegisteredType`s alive
-        // across `Self::from_wasm_func_type`. If one of our given `ValType`s is
-        // the only thing keeping a type in the registry, we don't want to
-        // unregister it when we convert the `ValType` into a `WasmValType` just
-        // before we register our new `WasmFuncType` that will reference it.
-        let mut registrations = smallvec::SmallVec::<[_; 4]>::new();
-
-        let mut to_wasm_type = |ty: ValType, vec: &mut Vec<_>| {
-            assert!(ty.comes_from_same_engine(engine));
-
-            if supertype.is_some() {
-                vec.push(ty.clone());
-            }
-
-            if let Some(r) = ty.as_ref() {
-                if let Some(r) = r.heap_type().as_registered_type() {
-                    registrations.push(r.clone());
-                }
-            }
-
-            ty.to_wasm_type()
-        };
-
-        let wasm_func_ty = WasmFuncType::new(
-            params
-                .map(|p| to_wasm_type(p, &mut wasmtime_params))
-                .collect(),
-            results
-                .map(|r| to_wasm_type(r, &mut wasmtime_results))
-                .collect(),
-        );
-
-        if let Some(supertype) = supertype {
-            assert!(supertype.comes_from_same_engine(engine));
-            ensure!(
-                supertype.finality().is_non_final(),
-                "cannot create a subtype of a final supertype"
-            );
-            ensure!(
-                Self::matches_impl(
-                    wasmtime_params.iter().cloned(),
-                    supertype.params(),
-                    wasmtime_results.iter().cloned(),
-                    supertype.results()
-                ),
-                "function type must match its supertype: found (func{params}{results}), expected \
-                 {supertype}",
-                params = if wasmtime_params.is_empty() {
-                    String::new()
-                } else {
-                    let mut s = format!(" (params");
-                    for p in &wasmtime_params {
-                        write!(&mut s, " {p}").unwrap();
-                    }
-                    s.push(')');
-                    s
-                },
-                results = if wasmtime_results.is_empty() {
-                    String::new()
-                } else {
-                    let mut s = format!(" (results");
-                    for r in &wasmtime_results {
-                        write!(&mut s, " {r}").unwrap();
-                    }
-                    s.push(')');
-                    s
-                },
-            );
-        }
-
-        Ok(Self::from_wasm_func_type(
-            engine,
-            finality.is_final(),
-            supertype.map(|ty| ty.type_index().into()),
-            wasm_func_ty,
-        ))
-    }
-
-    /// Get the engine that this function type is associated with.
-    pub fn engine(&self) -> &Engine {
-        self.registered_type.engine()
-    }
-
-    /// Get the finality of this function type.
-    pub fn finality(&self) -> Finality {
-        match self.registered_type.is_final {
-            true => Finality::Final,
-            false => Finality::NonFinal,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Get the supertype of this function type, if any.
-    pub fn supertype(&self) -> Option<Self> {
-        self.registered_type
-            .supertype
-            .map(|ty| Self::from_shared_type_index(self.engine(), ty.unwrap_engine_type_index()))
-    }
-
-    /// Get the `i`th parameter type.
-    ///
-    /// Returns `None` if `i` is out of bounds.
-    pub fn param(&self, i: usize) -> Option<ValType> {
-        let engine = self.engine();
-        self.registered_type
-            .unwrap_func()
-            .params()
-            .get(i)
-            .map(|ty| ValType::from_wasm_type(engine, ty))
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the list of parameter types for this function.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn params(&self) -> impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = ValType> + '_ {
-        let engine = self.engine();
-        self.registered_type
-            .unwrap_func()
-            .params()
-            .iter()
-            .map(|ty| ValType::from_wasm_type(engine, ty))
-    }
-
-    /// Get the `i`th result type.
-    ///
-    /// Returns `None` if `i` is out of bounds.
-    pub fn result(&self, i: usize) -> Option<ValType> {
-        let engine = self.engine();
-        self.registered_type
-            .unwrap_func()
-            .returns()
-            .get(i)
-            .map(|ty| ValType::from_wasm_type(engine, ty))
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the list of result types for this function.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn results(&self) -> impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = ValType> + '_ {
-        let engine = self.engine();
-        self.registered_type
-            .unwrap_func()
-            .returns()
-            .iter()
-            .map(|ty| ValType::from_wasm_type(engine, ty))
-    }
-
-    /// Does this function type match the other function type?
-    ///
-    /// That is, is this function type a subtype of the other function type?
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if either type is associated with a different engine from the
-    /// other.
-    pub fn matches(&self, other: &FuncType) -> bool {
-        assert!(self.comes_from_same_engine(other.engine()));
-
-        // Avoid matching on structure for subtyping checks when we have
-        // precisely the same type.
-        if self.type_index() == other.type_index() {
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        Self::matches_impl(
-            self.params(),
-            other.params(),
-            self.results(),
-            other.results(),
-        )
-    }
-
-    fn matches_impl(
-        a_params: impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = ValType>,
-        b_params: impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = ValType>,
-        a_results: impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = ValType>,
-        b_results: impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = ValType>,
-    ) -> bool {
-        a_params.len() == b_params.len()
-            && a_results.len() == b_results.len()
-            // Params are contravariant and results are covariant. For more
-            // details and a refresher on variance, read
-            // https://github.com/bytecodealliance/wasm-tools/blob/f1d89a4/crates/wasmparser/src/readers/core/types/matches.rs#L137-L174
-            && a_params
-                .zip(b_params)
-                .all(|(a, b)| b.matches(&a))
-            && a_results
-                .zip(b_results)
-                .all(|(a, b)| a.matches(&b))
-    }
-
-    /// Is function type `a` precisely equal to function type `b`?
-    ///
-    /// Returns `false` even if `a` is a subtype of `b` or vice versa, if they
-    /// are not exactly the same function type.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if either type is associated with a different engine from the
-    /// other.
-    pub fn eq(a: &FuncType, b: &FuncType) -> bool {
-        assert!(a.comes_from_same_engine(b.engine()));
-        a.type_index() == b.type_index()
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn comes_from_same_engine(&self, engine: &Engine) -> bool {
-        Engine::same(self.registered_type.engine(), engine)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn type_index(&self) -> VMSharedTypeIndex {
-        self.registered_type.index()
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn as_wasm_func_type(&self) -> &WasmFuncType {
-        self.registered_type.unwrap_func()
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn into_registered_type(self) -> RegisteredType {
-        self.registered_type
-    }
-
-    /// Construct a `FuncType` from a `WasmFuncType`.
-    ///
-    /// This method should only be used when something has already registered --
-    /// and is *keeping registered* -- any other concrete Wasm types referenced
-    /// by the given `WasmFuncType`.
-    ///
-    /// For example, this method may be called to convert a function type from
-    /// within a Wasm module's `ModuleTypes` since the Wasm module itself is
-    /// holding a strong reference to all of its types, including any `(ref null
-    /// <index>)` types used in the function's parameters and results.
-    pub(crate) fn from_wasm_func_type(
-        engine: &Engine,
-        is_final: bool,
-        supertype: Option<EngineOrModuleTypeIndex>,
-        ty: WasmFuncType,
-    ) -> FuncType {
-        let ty = RegisteredType::new(
-            engine,
-            WasmSubType {
-                is_final,
-                supertype,
-                composite_type: WasmCompositeType::Func(ty),
-            },
-        );
-        Self {
-            registered_type: ty,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn from_shared_type_index(engine: &Engine, index: VMSharedTypeIndex) -> FuncType {
-        let ty = RegisteredType::root(engine, index).expect(
-            "VMSharedTypeIndex is not registered in the Engine! Wrong \
-             engine? Didn't root the index somewhere?",
-        );
-        assert!(ty.is_func());
-        Self {
-            registered_type: ty,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-// Global Types
-
-/// A WebAssembly global descriptor.
-///
-/// This type describes an instance of a global in a WebAssembly module. Globals
-/// are local to an [`Instance`](crate::Instance) and are either immutable or
-/// mutable.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash)]
-pub struct GlobalType {
-    content: ValType,
-    mutability: Mutability,
-}
-
-impl GlobalType {
-    /// Creates a new global descriptor of the specified `content` type and
-    /// whether or not it's mutable.
-    pub fn new(content: ValType, mutability: Mutability) -> GlobalType {
-        GlobalType {
-            content,
-            mutability,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the value type of this global descriptor.
-    pub fn content(&self) -> &ValType {
-        &self.content
-    }
-
-    /// Returns whether or not this global is mutable.
-    pub fn mutability(&self) -> Mutability {
-        self.mutability
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn to_wasm_type(&self) -> Global {
-        let wasm_ty = self.content().to_wasm_type();
-        let mutability = matches!(self.mutability(), Mutability::Var);
-        Global {
-            wasm_ty,
-            mutability,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns `None` if the wasmtime global has a type that we can't
-    /// represent, but that should only very rarely happen and indicate a bug.
-    pub(crate) fn from_wasmtime_global(engine: &Engine, global: &Global) -> GlobalType {
-        let ty = ValType::from_wasm_type(engine, &global.wasm_ty);
-        let mutability = if global.mutability {
-            Mutability::Var
-        } else {
-            Mutability::Const
-        };
-        GlobalType::new(ty, mutability)
-    }
-}
-
-// Table Types
-
-/// A descriptor for a table in a WebAssembly module.
-///
-/// Tables are contiguous chunks of a specific element, typically a `funcref` or
-/// an `externref`. The most common use for tables is a function table through
-/// which `call_indirect` can invoke other functions.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash)]
-pub struct TableType {
-    // Keep a `wasmtime::RefType` so that `TableType::element` doesn't need to
-    // take an `&Engine`.
-    element: RefType,
-    ty: Table,
-}
-
-impl TableType {
-    /// Creates a new table descriptor which will contain the specified
-    /// `element` and have the `limits` applied to its length.
-    pub fn new(element: RefType, min: u32, max: Option<u32>) -> TableType {
-        let wasm_ty = element.to_wasm_type();
-
-        debug_assert!(
-            wasm_ty.is_canonicalized_for_runtime_usage(),
-            "should be canonicalized for runtime usage: {wasm_ty:?}"
-        );
-
-        TableType {
-            element,
-            ty: Table {
-                wasm_ty,
-                minimum: min,
-                maximum: max,
-            },
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the element value type of this table.
-    pub fn element(&self) -> &RefType {
-        &self.element
-    }
-
-    /// Returns minimum number of elements this table must have
-    pub fn minimum(&self) -> u32 {
-        self.ty.minimum
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the optionally-specified maximum number of elements this table
-    /// can have.
-    ///
-    /// If this returns `None` then the table is not limited in size.
-    pub fn maximum(&self) -> Option<u32> {
-        self.ty.maximum
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn from_wasmtime_table(engine: &Engine, table: &Table) -> TableType {
-        let element = RefType::from_wasm_type(engine, &table.wasm_ty);
-        TableType {
-            element,
-            ty: table.clone(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn wasmtime_table(&self) -> &Table {
-        &self.ty
-    }
-}
-
-// Memory Types
-
-/// A descriptor for a WebAssembly memory type.
-///
-/// Memories are described in units of pages (64KB) and represent contiguous
-/// chunks of addressable memory.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash, Eq, PartialEq)]
-pub struct MemoryType {
-    ty: Memory,
-}
-
-impl MemoryType {
-    /// Creates a new descriptor for a 32-bit WebAssembly memory given the
-    /// specified limits of the memory.
-    ///
-    /// The `minimum` and `maximum`  values here are specified in units of
-    /// WebAssembly pages, which are 64k.
-    pub fn new(minimum: u32, maximum: Option<u32>) -> MemoryType {
-        MemoryType {
-            ty: Memory {
-                memory64: false,
-                shared: false,
-                minimum: minimum.into(),
-                maximum: maximum.map(|i| i.into()),
-            },
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Creates a new descriptor for a 64-bit WebAssembly memory given the
-    /// specified limits of the memory.
-    ///
-    /// The `minimum` and `maximum`  values here are specified in units of
-    /// WebAssembly pages, which are 64k.
-    ///
-    /// Note that 64-bit memories are part of the memory64 proposal for
-    /// WebAssembly which is not standardized yet.
-    pub fn new64(minimum: u64, maximum: Option<u64>) -> MemoryType {
-        MemoryType {
-            ty: Memory {
-                memory64: true,
-                shared: false,
-                minimum,
-                maximum,
-            },
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Creates a new descriptor for shared WebAssembly memory given the
-    /// specified limits of the memory.
-    ///
-    /// The `minimum` and `maximum`  values here are specified in units of
-    /// WebAssembly pages, which are 64k.
-    ///
-    /// Note that shared memories are part of the threads proposal for
-    /// WebAssembly which is not standardized yet.
-    pub fn shared(minimum: u32, maximum: u32) -> MemoryType {
-        MemoryType {
-            ty: Memory {
-                memory64: false,
-                shared: true,
-                minimum: minimum.into(),
-                maximum: Some(maximum.into()),
-            },
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns whether this is a 64-bit memory or not.
-    ///
-    /// Note that 64-bit memories are part of the memory64 proposal for
-    /// WebAssembly which is not standardized yet.
-    pub fn is_64(&self) -> bool {
-        self.ty.memory64
-    }
-
-    /// Returns whether this is a shared memory or not.
-    ///
-    /// Note that shared memories are part of the threads proposal for
-    /// WebAssembly which is not standardized yet.
-    pub fn is_shared(&self) -> bool {
-        self.ty.shared
-    }
-
-    /// Returns minimum number of WebAssembly pages this memory must have.
-    ///
-    /// Note that the return value, while a `u64`, will always fit into a `u32`
-    /// for 32-bit memories.
-    pub fn minimum(&self) -> u64 {
-        self.ty.minimum
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the optionally-specified maximum number of pages this memory
-    /// can have.
-    ///
-    /// If this returns `None` then the memory is not limited in size.
-    ///
-    /// Note that the return value, while a `u64`, will always fit into a `u32`
-    /// for 32-bit memories.
-    pub fn maximum(&self) -> Option<u64> {
-        self.ty.maximum
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn from_wasmtime_memory(memory: &Memory) -> MemoryType {
-        MemoryType { ty: memory.clone() }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn wasmtime_memory(&self) -> &Memory {
-        &self.ty
-    }
-}
-
-// Import Types
-
-/// A descriptor for an imported value into a wasm module.
-///
-/// This type is primarily accessed from the
-/// [`Module::imports`](crate::Module::imports) API. Each [`ImportType`]
-/// describes an import into the wasm module with the module/name that it's
-/// imported from as well as the type of item that's being imported.
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct ImportType<'module> {
-    /// The module of the import.
-    module: &'module str,
-
-    /// The field of the import.
-    name: &'module str,
-
-    /// The type of the import.
-    ty: EntityType,
-    types: &'module ModuleTypes,
-    engine: &'module Engine,
-}
-
-impl<'module> ImportType<'module> {
-    /// Creates a new import descriptor which comes from `module` and `name` and
-    /// is of type `ty`.
-    pub(crate) fn new(
-        module: &'module str,
-        name: &'module str,
-        ty: EntityType,
-        types: &'module ModuleTypes,
-        engine: &'module Engine,
-    ) -> ImportType<'module> {
-        assert!(ty.is_canonicalized_for_runtime_usage());
-        ImportType {
-            module,
-            name,
-            ty,
-            types,
-            engine,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the module name that this import is expected to come from.
-    pub fn module(&self) -> &'module str {
-        self.module
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the field name of the module that this import is expected to
-    /// come from.
-    pub fn name(&self) -> &'module str {
-        self.name
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the expected type of this import.
-    pub fn ty(&self) -> ExternType {
-        ExternType::from_wasmtime(self.engine, self.types, &self.ty)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'module> fmt::Debug for ImportType<'module> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.debug_struct("ImportType")
-            .field("module", &self.module())
-            .field("name", &self.name())
-            .field("ty", &self.ty())
-            .finish()
-    }
-}
-
-// Export Types
-
-/// A descriptor for an exported WebAssembly value.
-///
-/// This type is primarily accessed from the
-/// [`Module::exports`](crate::Module::exports) accessor and describes what
-/// names are exported from a wasm module and the type of the item that is
-/// exported.
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct ExportType<'module> {
-    /// The name of the export.
-    name: &'module str,
-
-    /// The type of the export.
-    ty: EntityType,
-    types: &'module ModuleTypes,
-    engine: &'module Engine,
-}
-
-impl<'module> ExportType<'module> {
-    /// Creates a new export which is exported with the given `name` and has the
-    /// given `ty`.
-    pub(crate) fn new(
-        name: &'module str,
-        ty: EntityType,
-        types: &'module ModuleTypes,
-        engine: &'module Engine,
-    ) -> ExportType<'module> {
-        ExportType {
-            name,
-            ty,
-            types,
-            engine,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the name by which this export is known.
-    pub fn name(&self) -> &'module str {
-        self.name
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the type of this export.
-    pub fn ty(&self) -> ExternType {
-        ExternType::from_wasmtime(self.engine, self.types, &self.ty)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'module> fmt::Debug for ExportType<'module> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.debug_struct("ExportType")
-            .field("name", &self.name().to_owned())
-            .field("ty", &self.ty())
-            .finish()
-    }
-}