interscript 0.1.3 → 0.1.9

data/maps/bgnpcgn-prs-Arab-Latn-yaghoubi.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,459 @@
+---
+authority_id: bgnpcgn
+id: yaghoubi
+language: iso-639-3:prs # prs stands for Dari (https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/prs&_ga=GA1.2.2054538372.1574092823)
+source_script: Arab
+destination_script: Latn
+name: BGN/PCGN NATIONAL ROMANIZATION SYSTEM FOR AFGHANISTAN -- BGN/PCGN 2007 System (Yaghoubi)
+url: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/693661/ROMANIZATION_FOR_AFGHANISTAN.pdf
+creation_date: 2007
+confirmation_date: 2017-11
+description: |
+  This romanization system agreed by BGN and PCGN in November 2007,
+  accommodates the linguistic complexity of Afghanistan as manifest in
+  its geographical names.
+
+  The following tabulation shows the original Perso-Arabic script with
+  accompanying Unicode value (columns 1a and b), the Yaghoubi
+  romanization (column 2), the BGN/PCGN romanization with accompanying
+  Unicode value (columns 3a and b), an English phonetic example (column
+  4), and an example toponym (columns 5b and c).
+
+  [The Yaghoubi romanization system was developed in 1959 by
+  Muzaffarud Din Yaqubi (commonly seen as Yaghoubi). It is a native
+  official system designed to reflect Afghan names, both Dari and Pashto,
+  and both pronunciation and genuine linguistic truth.]
+
+  The tables function as both a romanization system for Afghanistan (i.e.
+  with access to the original script, these tables can be applied to get
+  a standardized Roman result - moving from columns 1 to 3) and as a
+  means of converting the available Yaghoubi Roman-script spellings, as
+  appear on the Fairchild Aerial Surveys map series, to standard BGN/PCGN
+  spellings (moving from columns 2 to 3).
+
+  The points used in Arabic to mark short vowels and certain other
+  diacritical marks are infrequently written in Afghanistan.
+  Consequently, a reference source may sometimes be required to aid
+  correct identification of the standard spellings and proper vowels and
+  elimination of dialectal and idiosyncratic variations. In the interests
+  of clarity, the example columns show script with vowel pointing from
+  Arabic to indicate the short vowels that are included alongside the
+  unpointed form that will usually be encountered. However it should be
+  noted that the pronunciation of short vowels will vary.
+
+  Note: it is recommended that a font such as Scheherazade, available
+  from www.sil.org, which includes the Unicode extended Arabic sub-range,
+  be used to view this system. [Please note that the identification of a
+  particular font does not represent an endorsement of any specific
+  product or manufacturer.]
+
+notes:
+  - |
+    Alif (ا) should be romanized as follows:
+
+    a. Initially, it indicates that the word begins with a vowel or
+      diphthong; the alif itself is not romanized, but rather the short vowel
+      it “carr es” is romanized; e.g., ميړ أَسَلم ژرَندَه → Mī Aslam Zhrandah
+    b. When it carries a maddah (آ) (see vowel table, row 6), it
+      represents ā; e.g., آب بَند → Āb Band.
+    c. Medially and finally it represents ā (see vowel table, row 5);
+      e.g., ماڼۍ → Māṉêy
+    d. Medially and finally in words of Arabic origin, alif may serve
+      as the bearer of hamzah, e.g. رأس → ra’s.
+
+  - Occasionally the letter sequences سه ,زه ,که, and گه occur without
+    intervening vowels. They may be romanized k·h, z·h, s·h, and g·h in
+    order to differentiate these romanizations from the digraphs kh, zh,
+    sh, and gh, which are used to represent the letters ش ,ژ ,خ, and غ.
+    Additionally, the Pashto letters څ and ځ, routinely romanized ts and
+    dz, may be alternatively romanized s and z تس when for special reasons
+    it is desired that confusion be avoided with the character sequences
+    (ts) and دز (dz), respectively.
+
+  - "The vagaries of written Afghan languages, as pertains to spacing
+    and word division, are addressed as follows:
+    Spaces may be added to or subtracted from Afghan words written in
+    Arabic script, for the purposes of standardization. This is
+    particularly relevant when the words are hand-written, are rendered
+    “art st cally”, or express other s ch non-standard flourishes, as long
+    as the sense of the toponym, word, or phrase is not compromised.
+    Romanized toponyms are typically divided into constituent words
+    (spaces and other grammatical rules applied) when those words can stand
+    independently, for purposes of standardization and minimization of
+    confusion, particularly in situations where Afghan writers are
+    inconsistent in their application of spacing and word breaks. When the
+    Afghan word or suffix is only used in combination with other nouns or
+    adjectives, then it should be appended to the preceding word in its
+    romanization. This includes (but is not limited to) - ābā , -zaī, -zā
+    ah, - ū, -wand, -gaī, -kaī, -pūr, - ēsh, -lar, -lī, -lū and ullāh, as,
+    for example, seen in Raḩmatābād (رحمت آباد) and Raḩmatullāh (رحمت االله),
+    but Raḩmat Khēl (رحمتخيل) and Raḩmat Shahr (رحمتشهر)."
+
+  - The one-letter words د (Pashto) and و (Dari) are romanized dê and
+    wa, respectively.
+
+  - The word الله, meaning God, should always be romanized Allāh,
+    except as specified in note 3. Note that the Unicode value FDF2 spells
+    Allāh, but omits the alif in some common fonts, including Times New
+    Roman. If in doubt, try in Arial Unicode MS to verify. Also note that
+    the “dagger al f” ( ) above the second ل (lām) n the ord الله, is not
+    written but should be romanized ā, like a full-size alif.
+
+  - In names of Arabic origin, the l of the definite article al s ass m
+    lated before the ‘s n letters’ , , , , r, z, s, sh, ş, ẕ, , z, l and n.
+    In its romanization, the article should be separated from the name it
+    precedes and should not be capitalized except at the beginning of a
+    name, e.g. جبل السراج→ Jabal
+    as Sarāj
+
+  - In Arabic names, a shaddah, ّ is used to denote the doubling of a
+    particular consonant character, e.g. ُم َح َمد → Muḩammad. Ho ever, n
+    Pashto th s ‘do bl ng’ s freq ently om tted n both Perso- Arabic script
+    and the resulting romanization. Guidance on doubling may be taken from
+    an authoritative names source, such as an Afghan government source or
+    Pashto dictionary; for example, it is usual to see Ḩājī without and
+    ‘Abbās with the doubled consonant. The doubled y consonant is almost
+    always retained, as in Sayyid or Qayyūm.
+
+  - In Afghan names which contain an iẕāfah, it should be romanized as
+    -e or –ye according to
+    common pronunciation, but generally, -e is used if the preceding word
+    ends with a consonant other
+    than silent heh, and -ye if the preceding word ends with a vowel
+    sound e.g. غر ِحصار → Ghar-e ِ
+    Ḩ şār; َقل َع ٔه َنو → Qal‘ah-ye Now. Scholarly sources indicate that
+    heh is silent in darah and qal‘ah (thus darah-ye, qal‘ah-ye), but
+    lightly spoken in kōh and chāh (thus kōh-e, chāh-e).
+
+  - The character sequence خو, where followed by ا or ی should be
+    romanized khwā or khwī, although the w is either not pronounced, or
+    only weakly so, as in خواجه → khwājah.
+
+  - Plural nouns ending in -hā or -ān should always be romanized as a
+    single word, regardless of whether a space appears in a Perso-Arabic
+    script source.
+
+  - Unicode values listed in the tables above are required to ensure
+    standardization and to minimize confusion from competing
+    representations of a given character. It should be noted that the
+    Persian Unicode value 0643 or FEDA( ك Unicode value 06A9) is
+    recommended rather than the Arabic( ک or FED9), the Persian گ (Unicode
+    value 06AF) is recommended rather than ګ (Unicode value 06AB) or ڰ
+    (Unicode value 06B0) or ك (Unicode value 0643 or FEDA or FED9), and the
+    Pashto character ځ (Unicode value 0681) is recommended rather than the
+    heh with a dot above and a dot below (no Unicode value). For the letter ی
+    in its many variations, care must be exercised to follow this romanization
+    guide's recommendations to eliminate confusion for search engines
+    and software. BGN/PCGN does not use the Unicode encoding FEEF for the
+    character ی in any Afghan word.
+
+  - |
+    An inventory of letter-diacritic combinations in addition to the
+    unmodified letters of the basic Roman script is:
+
+      ‘ (U+2018)
+      Ā (U+0100)
+      Á (U+00C1)
+      Ḏ (U+0044+0031)
+      Ē (U+9112)
+      Ê (U+00CA)
+      Ḩ (U+1E28)
+      Ī (U+012A)
+      N-bar-top (U+004E+0304)
+      Ō (U+014C)
+      R-bar-bottom (U+0052+0031)
+      Ş (U+015E)
+      S-bar-top (U+0053+0304)
+      Ṯ (U+0054+0031)
+      Ţ (U+0162)
+      Ū (U+918A)
+      Z-comma-bottom (U+005A+0327)
+      Z-bar-top (U+005A+0304)
+      Ẕ (U+005A+0331)
+      ẔH (U+005A+0048+035F)
+
+
+      ʼ (U+2019)
+      ā (U+0101)
+      á (U+00E1)
+      ḏ (U+0064+00031)
+      ē (U+0113)
+      ê (U+00EA)
+      ḩ (U+1E29)
+      ī (U+912B)
+      n-bar-top (U+004E+0304)
+      ō (U+014D)
+      r-bar-bottom (U+0072+0031)
+      ş (U+015F)
+      s-bar-top (U+0073+0304)
+      ṯ (U+0074+0031)
+      ţ (U+0163)
+      ū (U+918B)
+      z-comma-bottom (U+007A+0327)
+      z-bar-top (U+007A+0304)
+      ẕ (U+007A+0331)
+      zh-under-bar (U+007A+0068+035F)
+
+  - The Romanization columns show only lowercase forms but, when
+    romanizing, uppercase and lowercase Roman letters as appropriate should
+    be used.
+
+
+tests:
+  - source: بَغْلَان
+    expected: baghlān
+  - source: پُوټَكَى
+    expected: pōtakay
+  - source: شِيرِين تَگَاب
+    expected: šīṟīn t̄agāb
+  - source: کُوْټ
+    expected: kōt
+  - source: ثَابِر
+    expected: s̄ābiṟ
+  - source: جَبَل السَرَاج
+    expected: jabal as saṟāj
+
+map:
+  characters:
+
+    # Vowel, Diphthong and Diacritical Characters
+
+    # Or 'ē'. The character ی should be romanized ay or ē according to
+    # its root language or local pronunciation. In case of uncertainty a
+    # reference source (such as the Fairchild Aerial Surveys map series, or a
+    # BGN/PCGN approved policy document/list of recommended spellings) should
+    # be consulted.
+    '\u06CC': 'ay'
+
+    '\u06D0': 'ē' # Or 'ay'
+    '\u06CC': 'ay' # Or 'āy'.
+
+    # Both the combination ay and aī are available to romanize this
+    # character according to its root language or local pronunciation. In
+    # cases where the sound is uncertain ay is the default romanization in
+    # BGN/PCGN standardization procedures
+    '\u06CC': 'ā'
+
+    '\u06CD': 'əy' # Or 'ay'
+    '\u0621': '’'
+    '\u0674':
+      - '-i-'
+      - 'e'
+      - 'ī'
+
+    # Other Diacritical Marks and Language Conventions
+
+    '\u0627': 'ay' # Or 'āy'
+    '\u06CC': 'ya' # Or 'yā'
+
+    '\u0648': 'w'
+    '\u06C0': '. . .h-e'
+
+
+
+    # special rules
+
+    '\s(?=\u0622\u0628\u064E\u0627\u062F)': '' # space followed by abad is removed
+    '\ufdf2': 'Allāh' # See note 5
+
+    # pointing
+
+    '\u064E': # fatha
+      - 'a'
+      - 'â'
+
+    '\u064e(?=\u0629)' : '' # َ fatha followed by ta' marboota
+    '\u064e(?=a[h|t])' : '' # َ fatha followed by ta' marboota, handling different order of conversion
+
+    # Both e and i are available to romanize this short vowel,
+    # depending on local usage and/or root language. In cases where the sound
+    # is uncertain, i is the default romanization in BGN/PCGN standardization
+    # procedures.
+    '\u0650':
+      - 'i'
+      - 'e'
+
+    '\u0650\b' : '-e' # ِ kasra at the end of a word
+
+    # Both o and u are available to romanize this short vowel,
+    # depending on local usage and/or root language. In cases where the sound
+    # is uncertain, u is the default romanization in BGN/PCGN standardization
+    # procedures.
+    '\u064f':  # ُ damma
+      - 'u'
+      - 'o'
+
+    # An alif with mad ( آ ) is written only in the initial position by
+    # BGN/PCGN standardization procedures, in keeping with Persian language
+    # family standards of use of the Arabic alphabet. The same letter written
+    # in a medial or final position is written . . .
+    '\u064e\u0627' : 'ā'  # ـَا fatha followed by ا
+    '\u0622' : 'ā' # آ
+
+    '\u0659': # ٙ madda
+      - 'ə'
+      - 'ê'
+
+    '\u0648': 'ō'
+
+    '\u0648':
+      - 'u'
+      - 'ū'
+
+    '\u064e\u0648': # ـَو
+      - 'aw'
+      - 'āw'
+
+    '\u06CC': 'i' # Or 'ī'
+
+    '\u0649\u0670': 'ā' # ىٰ
+
+
+    '\u0652' : ''  # ْ sokoon
+
+    # special pointed letters
+    '\u0639\u064e' : '‘a'  # عَ
+    '\u0639\u0650' : '‘i'  # عِ
+    '\u0639\u064f' : '‘ū'  # عُ
+    # handle MacOS regex difference
+    '\u0639\u064f\u0648' : '‘ū'  # عُو damma followed by و
+
+    '\u0650\u064a' : 'ī' # ـِي kasra followed by ي
+    '\u0650\u06cc' : 'ī' # ـِي kasra followed by ي
+    '\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064e' : 'īy' # ـِيَّ
+    '\u0650\u064a(?=\u064e|u064f)' : 'iy' # ـِي kasra followed by ي
+    '\u064f\u0648' : 'ō'  # ـُو damma followed by و
+    '\u064e\u0649' : 'ay'  # ـَى fatha followed by ى which is ا not ي
+    '\u064e\u0648\u0652' : 'aw'  # ـَوْ
+    '\u064e\u0648' : 'ow'  # ـَو
+    '\u064e\u064a\u0652' : 'ay'  # ـَيْ
+    '\u0650\u06cc\u0651\u064e' : 'īy' # ـِيَّ
+    '\u064e\u064a' : 'aī'  # ـَي
+    '\u064e\u06cc' : 'aī'  # ـَي
+    '\u0674': '-e' # ٴ
+    '\u0654': '-e' #  ٔ
+      # - '-ye'
+
+
+
+    # ta' marboota
+    '\u0629' : 'at' # ة in the middle of the sentence
+    '\u0629$' : 'ah'
+    '(?<=\b\u0627\u0644[\u0600-\u06ff]{2})\u0629' : 'ah'
+    '(?<=\b\u0627\u0644[\u0600-\u06ff]{3})\u0629' : 'ah'
+    '(?<=\b\u0627\u0644[\u0600-\u06ff]{4})\u0629' : 'ah'
+    '(?<=\b\u0627\u0644[\u0600-\u06ff]{5})\u0629' : 'ah'
+    '(?<=\b\u0627\u0644[\u0600-\u06ff]{6})\u0629' : 'ah'
+    '(?<=\b\u0627\u0644[\u0600-\u06ff]{7})\u0629' : 'ah'
+    '(?<=\b\u0627\u0644[\u0600-\u06ff]{8})\u0629' : 'ah'
+    '(?<=\b\u0627\u0644[\u0600-\u06ff]{9})\u0629' : 'ah'
+    '(?<=\b\u0627\u0644[\u0600-\u06ff]{10})\u0629' : 'ah'
+    '(?<=\b\u0627\u0644[\u0600-\u06ff]{11})\u0629' : 'ah'
+    '(?<=\b\u0627\u0644[\u0600-\u06ff]{12})\u0629' : 'ah'
+    '(?<=\b\u0627\u0644[\u0600-\u06ff]{13})\u0629' : 'ah'
+
+
+    # shadda
+
+    '\u0628\u0651' : 'bb'  # ب
+    '\u062a\u0651' : 'tt'  # ت
+    '\u062b\u0651' : 'thth'  # ث
+    '\u062c\u0651' : 'jj'  # ج
+    '\u062d\u0651' : 'ẖẖ' # ح
+    '\u062e\u0651' : 'khkh'  # خ
+    '\u062f\u0651' : 'dd'  # د
+    '\u0630\u0651' : 'z̄z̄'  # ذ
+    '\u0631\u0651' : 'rr'  # ر
+    '\u0632\u0651' : 'zz'  # ز
+    '\u0633\u0651' : 'ss'  # س
+    '\u0634\u0651' : 'sh'  # ش
+    '\u0635\u0651' : 'şş'  # ص
+    '\u0636\u0651' : 'ḏḏ'  # ض
+    '\u0637\u0651' : 'ţţ'  # ط
+    '\u0638\u0651' : 'z̧z̧'  # ظ
+    '\u063a\u0651' : 'ghgh'  # غ
+    '\u0641\u0651' : 'ff'  # ف
+    '\u0642\u0651' : 'qq'  # ق
+    '\u0643\u0651' : 'kk'  # ك
+    '\u0644\u0651' : 'll'  # ل
+    '\u0645\u0651' : 'mm'  # م
+    '\u0646\u0651' : 'nn'  # ن
+    '\u0647\u0651' : 'hh'  # ه
+    '\u0648\u0651' : 'ww'  # و
+    '\u064a\u0651' : 'yy'  # ي
+
+
+    '\u0621' : '’' # ء
+    '\u0626' : '’' # ئ
+
+    '\u0623' : ''  # أ
+    '\u0625' : ''    # إ
+    '\u0627' : 'ā'  # ا
+
+    # See note B
+    '\b\u0627\u0644' : 'al '  # ال
+    # '\uFE8E' : ''  # ﺎ
+
+
+    # Sun letters
+    '\b\u0627\u0644\u062a' : 'at̄ t̄'  # الت
+    '\b\u0627\u0644\u062b' : 'as̄ s̄'  # الث
+    '\b\u0627\u0644\u062f' : 'aḏ ḏ' # الد
+    '\b\u0627\u0644\u0630' : 'az̄ z̄'  # الذ
+    '\b\u0627\u0644\u0631' : 'aṟ ṟ' # الر
+    '\b\u0627\u0644\u0632' : 'az z'  # الز
+    '\b\u0627\u0644\u0633' : 'as s' # الس
+    '\b\u0627\u0644\u0634' : 'aš š' # الش
+    '\b\u0627\u0644\u0635' : 'as̱ s̱'  # الص
+    '\b\u0627\u0644\u0636' : 'ad͟z d͟z'  # الض
+    '\b\u0627\u0644\u0637' : 'aṯ ṯ'  # الط
+    '\b\u0627\u0644\u0638' : 'aẕ ẕ' # الظ
+    '\b\u0627\u0644\u0644' : 'al l'  # الل
+    '\b\u0627\u0644\u0646' : 'an n'  # الن
+
+    # consonant characters
+
+    '\u0628' : 'b' # ب
+    '\u067E' : 'p' # پ
+    '\u062A' : 't̄' # ت
+    '\u067C' : 't' # ټ
+    '\u062B' : 's̄' # ث
+    '\u062C' : 'j' # ج
+    '\u0686' : 'č' # ‫چ‬
+
+    # The variant form ج is seen infrequently and does not have a single Unicode encoding.
+    '\u0681' : 'j̄' # Note 2 # ‫ځ
+    '\u0685' : 'c' # Note 2 # ‫څ
+
+    '\u062D' : 'ẖ' # ح
+    '\u062E' : 'kh' # خ
+    '\u062F' : 'ḏ' # د
+    '\u0689' : 'd' # ‫ډ‬
+    '\u0630' : 'z̄' # ذ
+    '\u0631' : 'ṟ' # ر
+    '\u0693' : 'r' # ړ
+    '\u0632' : 'z' # ز
+    '\u0698' : 'ž' # ‫ژ‬
+    '\u0696' : 'ž̲' # ږ
+    '\u0633' : 's' # س
+    '\u0634' : 'š' # ش
+    '\u069A' : 'š̱' # ښ
+    '\u0635' : 's̱' # ص
+    '\u0636' : 'd͟z' # ض
+    '\u0637' : 'ṯ' # ط
+    '\u0638' : 'ẕ' # ظ
+    '\u0639' : '’' # ع
+    '\u063A' : 'gh' # غ
+    '\u0641' : 'f' # ف
+    '\u0642' : 'q' # ق
+    '\u0643' : 'k'  # ك
+    '\u06A9' : 'k' # ک
+    '\u06AF' : 'g' # گ
+    '\u0644' : 'l' # ل‫‬
+    '\u0645' : 'm' # م
+    '\u0646' : 'n' # ن
+    '\u06BC' : 'ṉ' # ڼ
+    '\u0648' : 'w' # و
+    '\u0647' : 'h' # ه
+    '\u0649' : 'y' # ي
+    '\u064a' : 'y'  # ي