exiftool_vendored 9.45.0 → 9.46.0

data/bin/Image-ExifTool-9.46/lib/Image/ExifTool/Geotag.pm

@@ -0,0 +1,1176 @@
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# File:         Geotag.pm
+#
+# Description:  Geotagging utility routines
+#
+# Revisions:    2009/04/01 - P. Harvey Created
+#               2009/09/27 - PH Added Geosync feature
+#               2009/06/25 - PH Read Garmin TCX track logs
+#               2009/09/11 - PH Read ITC GPS track logs
+#               2012/01/08 - PH Extract orientation information from PTNTHPR
+#               2012/05/08 - PH Read Winplus Beacon .TXT files
+#
+# References:   1) http://www.topografix.com/GPX/1/1/
+#               2) http://www.gpsinformation.org/dale/nmea.htm#GSA
+#               3) http://code.google.com/apis/kml/documentation/kmlreference.html
+#               4) http://www.fai.org/gliding/system/files/tech_spec_gnss.pdf
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+package Image::ExifTool::Geotag;
+
+use strict;
+use vars qw($VERSION);
+use Image::ExifTool qw(:Public);
+
+$VERSION = '1.39';
+
+sub JITTER() { return 2 }       # maximum time jitter
+
+sub SetGeoValues($$;$);
+sub PrintFix($@);
+
+# XML tags that we recognize (keys are forced to lower case)
+my %xmlTag = (
+    lat         => 'lat',       # GPX
+    latitude    => 'lat',       # Garmin
+    latitudedegrees => 'lat',   # Garmin TCX
+    lon         => 'lon',       # GPX
+    longitude   => 'lon',       # Garmin
+    longitudedegrees => 'lon',  # Garmin TCX
+    ele         => 'alt',       # GPX
+    elevation   => 'alt',       # PH
+    alt         => 'alt',       # PH
+    altitude    => 'alt',       # Garmin
+    altitudemeters => 'alt',    # Garmin TCX
+   'time'       => 'time',      # GPX/Garmin
+    fix         => 'fixtype',   # GPX
+    hdop        => 'hdop',      # GPX
+    vdop        => 'vdop',      # GPX
+    pdop        => 'pdop',      # GPX
+    sat         => 'nsats',     # GPX
+    when        => 'time',      # KML
+    coordinates => 'coords',    # KML
+    coord       => 'coords',    # KML, as written by Google Location History
+    course      => 'dir',       # (written by Arduino)
+    pitch       => 'pitch',     # (written by Arduino)
+    roll        => 'roll',      # (written by Arduino)
+    # XML containers (fix is reset at the opening tag of these properties)
+    wpt         => '',          # GPX
+    trkpt       => '',          # GPX
+    rtept       => '',          # GPX
+    trackpoint  => '',          # Garmin
+    placemark   => '',          # KML
+);
+
+# fix information keys which must be interpolated around a circle
+my %cyclical = (lon => 1, track => 1, dir => 1, roll => 1);
+
+# fix information keys for each of our general categories
+my %fixInfoKeys = (
+   'pos'   => [ 'lat', 'lon' ],
+    track  => [ 'track', 'speed' ],
+    alt    => [ 'alt' ],
+    orient => [ 'dir', 'pitch', 'roll' ],
+);
+
+my %isOrient = ( dir => 1, pitch => 1, roll => 1 ); # test for orientation key
+
+my $secPerDay = 24 * 3600;      # a useful constant
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Load GPS track log file
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) track log data or file name
+# Returns: geotag hash data reference or error string
+# - the geotag hash has the following members:
+#       Points - hash of GPS fix information hashes keyed by Unix time
+#       Times  - list of sorted Unix times (keys of Points hash)
+#       NoDate - flag if some points have no date (ie. referenced to 1970:01:01)
+#       IsDate - flag if some points have date
+#       Has    - hash of flags for available information (track, orient, alt)
+# - the fix information hash may contain:
+#       lat    - signed latitude (required)
+#       lon    - signed longitude (required)
+#       alt    - signed altitude
+#       time   - fix time in UTC as XML string
+#       fixtype- type of fix ('none'|'2d'|'3d'|'dgps'|'pps')
+#       pdop   - dilution of precision
+#       hdop   - horizontal DOP
+#       vdop   - vertical DOP
+#       sats   - comma-separated list of active satellites
+#       nsats  - number of active satellites
+#       track  - track heading (deg true)
+#       dir    - image direction (deg true)
+#       pitch  - pitch angle (deg)
+#       roll   - roll angle (deg)
+#       speed  - speed (knots)
+#       first  - flag set for first fix of track
+# - concatenates new data with existing track data stored in ExifTool NEW_VALUE
+#   for the Geotag tag
+sub LoadTrackLog($$;$)
+{
+    local ($_, $/, *EXIFTOOL_TRKFILE);
+    my ($et, $val) = @_;
+    my ($raf, $from, $time, $isDate, $noDate, $noDateChanged, $lastDate, $dateFlarm);
+    my ($nmeaStart, $fixSecs, @fixTimes, $lastFix, %nmea);
+    my ($canCut, $cutPDOP, $cutHDOP, $cutSats);
+
+    unless (eval 'require Time::Local') {
+        return 'Geotag feature requires Time::Local installed';
+    }
+    # add data to existing track
+    my $geotag = $et->GetNewValues('Geotag') || { };
+    # get lookup for available information types
+    my $has = $$geotag{Has};
+    $has or $has = $$geotag{Has} = { 'pos' => 1 };
+    my $format = '';
+    # is $val track log data?
+    if ($val =~ /^(\xef\xbb\xbf)?<(\?xml|gpx)[\s>]/) {
+        $format = 'XML';
+        $/ = '>';   # set input record separator to '>' for XML/GPX data
+    } elsif ($val =~ /(\x0d\x0a|\x0d|\x0a)/) {
+        $/ = $1;
+    } else {
+        # $val is track file name
+        open EXIFTOOL_TRKFILE, $val or return "Error opening GPS file '$val'";
+        $raf = new File::RandomAccess(\*EXIFTOOL_TRKFILE);
+        unless ($raf->Read($_, 256)) {
+            close EXIFTOOL_TRKFILE;
+            return "Empty track file '$val'";
+        }
+        # look for XML or GPX header (might as well allow UTF-8 BOM)
+        if (/^(\xef\xbb\xbf)?<(\?xml|gpx)[\s>]/) {
+            $format = 'XML';
+            $/ = '>';   # set input record separator to '>' for XML/GPX data
+        } elsif (/(\x0d\x0a|\x0d|\x0a)/) {
+            $/ = $1;
+        } else {
+            close EXIFTOOL_TRKFILE;
+            return "Invalid track file '$val'";
+        }
+        $raf->Seek(0,0);
+        $from = "file '$val'";
+    }
+    unless ($from) {
+        # set up RAF for reading log file in memory
+        $raf = new File::RandomAccess(\$val);
+        $from = 'data';
+    }
+    # initialize track points lookup
+    my $points = $$geotag{Points};
+    $points or $points = $$geotag{Points} = { };
+
+    # initialize cuts
+    my $maxHDOP = $et->Options('GeoMaxHDOP');
+    my $maxPDOP = $et->Options('GeoMaxPDOP');
+    my $minSats = $et->Options('GeoMinSats');
+    my $isCut = $maxHDOP || $maxPDOP || $minSats;
+
+    my $numPoints = 0;
+    my $skipped = 0;
+    my $lastSecs = 0;
+    my $fix = { };
+    for (;;) {
+        $raf->ReadLine($_) or last;
+        # determine file format
+        if (not $format) {
+            if (/^<(\?xml|gpx)[\s>]/) { # look for XML or GPX header
+                $format = 'XML';
+            # check for NMEA sentence
+            # (must ONLY start with ones that have timestamps! ie. not GSA or PTNTHPR!)
+            } elsif (/^\$(GP(RMC|GGA|GLL)|PMGNTRK),/) {
+                $format = 'NMEA';
+                $nmeaStart = $2 || $1;    # save type of first sentence
+            } elsif (/^A(FLA|XSY|FIL)/) {
+                # (don't set format yet because we want to read HFDTE first)
+                $nmeaStart = 'B' ;
+                next;
+            } elsif (/^HFDTE(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})/) {
+                my $year = $3 + ($3 >= 70 ? 1900 : 2000);
+                $dateFlarm = Time::Local::timegm(0,0,0,$1,$2-1,$year-1900);
+                $nmeaStart = 'B' ;
+                $format = 'IGC';
+                next;
+            } elsif ($nmeaStart and /^B/) {
+                # parse IGC fixes without a date
+                $format = 'IGC';
+            } elsif (/^TP,D,/) {
+                $format = 'Winplus';
+            } else {
+                # search only first 50 lines of file for a valid fix
+                last if ++$skipped > 50;
+                next;
+            }
+        }
+#
+# XML format (GPX, KML, Garmin XML/TCX etc)
+#
+        if ($format eq 'XML') {
+            my ($arg, $tok, $td);
+            s/\s*=\s*(['"])\s*/=$1/g;  # remove unnecessary white space in attributes
+            # Workaround for KML generated by Google Location History:
+            # lat/lon/alt are space-separated; we want commas.
+            s{(\S+)\s+(\S+)\s+(\S+)(</gx:coord>)}{$1,$2,$3$4};
+            foreach $arg (split) {
+                # parse attributes (ie. GPX 'lat' and 'lon')
+                # (note: ignore namespace prefixes if they exist)
+                if ($arg =~ /^(\w+:)?(\w+)=(['"])(.*?)\3/g) {
+                    my $tag = $xmlTag{lc $2};
+                    if ($tag) {
+                        $$fix{$tag} = $4;
+                        $$has{orient} = 1 if $isOrient{$tag};
+                    }
+                }
+                # loop through XML elements
+                while ($arg =~ m{([^<>]*)<(/)?(\w+:)?(\w+)(>|$)}g) {
+                    my $tag = $xmlTag{$tok = lc $4};
+                    # parse as a simple property if this element has a value
+                    if (defined $tag and not $tag) {
+                        # a containing property was opened or closed
+                        if (not $2) {
+                            # opened: start a new fix
+                            $lastFix = $fix = { };
+                            next;
+                        } elsif ($fix and $lastFix and %$fix) {
+                            # closed: transfer additional tags from current fix
+                            foreach (keys %$fix) {
+                                $$lastFix{$_} = $$fix{$_} unless defined $$lastFix{$_};
+                            }
+                            undef $lastFix;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (length $1) {
+                        if ($tag) {
+                            if ($tag eq 'coords') {
+                                # read KML "Point" coordinates
+                                @$fix{'lon','lat','alt'} = split ',', $1;
+                            } else {
+                                $$fix{$tag} = $1;
+                                $$has{orient} = 1 if $isOrient{$tag};
+                            }
+                        }
+                        next;
+                    } elsif ($tok eq 'td') {
+                        $td = 1;
+                    }
+                    # validate and store GPS fix
+                    if (defined $$fix{lat} and defined $$fix{lon} and $$fix{'time'} and
+                        $$fix{lat} =~ /^[+-]?\d+\.?\d*/ and
+                        $$fix{lon} =~ /^[+-]?\d+\.?\d*/ and
+                        $$fix{'time'} =~ /^(\d{4})-(\d+)-(\d+)T(\d+):(\d+):(\d+)(\.\d+)?(.*)/)
+                    {
+                        $time = Time::Local::timegm($6,$5,$4,$3,$2-1,$1-1900);
+                        $time += $7 if $7;  # add fractional seconds
+                        my $tz = $8;
+                        # adjust for time zone (otherwise assume UTC)
+                        # - allow timezone of +-HH:MM, +-H:MM, +-HHMM or +-HH since
+                        #   the spec is unclear about timezone format
+                        if ($tz =~ /^([-+])(\d+):(\d{2})\b/ or $tz =~ /^([-+])(\d{2})(\d{2})?\b/) {
+                            $tz = ($2 * 60 + ($3 || 0)) * 60;
+                            $tz *= -1 if $1 eq '+'; # opposite sign to change back to UTC
+                            $time += $tz;
+                        }
+                        # validate altitude
+                        undef $$fix{alt} if defined $$fix{alt} and $$fix{alt} !~ /^[+-]?\d+\.?\d*/;
+                        $isDate = 1;
+                        $canCut= 1 if defined $$fix{pdop} or defined $$fix{hdop} or defined $$fix{nsats};
+                        $$has{alt} = 1 if $$fix{alt};   # set "has altitude" flag if appropriate
+                        $$points{$time} = $fix;
+                        push @fixTimes, $time;  # save times of all fixes in order
+                        $fix = { };
+                        ++$numPoints;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            # last ditch check KML description for timestamp (assume it is UTC)
+            $$fix{'time'} = "$1T$2Z" if $td and not $$fix{'time'} and
+                /[\s>](\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2})[T ](\d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2}(\.\d+)?)/;
+            next;
+#
+# Winplus Beacon text file
+#
+        } elsif ($format eq 'Winplus') {
+            /^TP,D,\s*([-+]?\d+\.\d*),\s*([-+]?\d+\.\d*),\s*(\d+)\/(\d+)\/(\d{4}),\s*(\d+):(\d+):(\d+)/ or next;
+            $$fix{lat} = $1;
+            $$fix{lon} = $2;
+            $time = Time::Local::timegm($8,$7,$6,$4,$3-1,$5-1900);
+            $isDate = 1;
+            $$points{$time} = $fix;
+            push @fixTimes, $time;
+            $fix = { };
+            ++$numPoints;
+            next;
+        }
+        my (%fix, $secs, $date, $nmea);
+        if ($format eq 'NMEA') {
+            # ignore unrecognized NMEA sentences
+            next unless /^\$(GP(RMC|GGA|GLL|GSA)|PMGNTRK|PTNTHPR),/;
+            $nmea = $2 || $1;
+        }
+#
+# IGC (flarm) (ref 4)
+#
+        if ($format eq 'IGC') {
+            # B0939564531208N00557021EA007670089100207
+            # BHHMMSSDDMMmmmNDDDMMmmmEAaaaaaAAAAAxxyy
+            #    HH     MM     SS     DD     MM     mmm          DDD    MM     mmm                aaaaa AAAAA
+            #    1      2      3      4      5      6      7     8      9      10     11    12    13    14
+            /^B(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{3})([NS])(\d{3})(\d{2})(\d{3})([EW])([AV])(\d{5})(\d{5})/ or next;
+            $fix{lat} = ($4 + ($5 + $6/1000)/60) * ($7  eq 'N' ? 1 : -1);
+            $fix{lon} = ($8 + ($9 +$10/1000)/60) * ($11 eq 'E' ? 1 : -1);
+            $fix{alt} = $12 eq 'A' ? $14 : undef;
+            $secs = (($1 * 60) + $2) * 60 + $3;
+            # wrap to next day if necessary
+            if ($dateFlarm) {
+                $dateFlarm += $secPerDay if $secs < $lastSecs - JITTER();
+                $date = $dateFlarm;
+            }
+            $nmea = 'B';
+#
+# NMEA RMC sentence (contains date)
+#
+        } elsif ($nmea eq 'RMC') {
+            #  $GPRMC,092204.999,A,4250.5589,S,14718.5084,E,0.00,89.68,211200,,*25
+            #  $GPRMC,hhmmss.sss,A/V,ddmm.mmmm,N/S,ddmmm.mmmm,E/W,spd(knots),dir(deg),DDMMYY,,*cs
+            /^\$GPRMC,(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d+)(\.\d+)?,A,(\d*?)(\d{1,2}\.\d+),([NS]),(\d*?)(\d{1,2}\.\d+),([EW]),(\d*\.?\d*),(\d*\.?\d*),(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d+)/ or next;
+            next if $13 > 31 or $14 > 12 or $15 > 99;   # validate day/month/year
+            $fix{lat} = (($5 || 0) + $6/60) * ($7 eq 'N' ? 1 : -1);
+            $fix{lon} = (($8 || 0) + $9/60) * ($10 eq 'E' ? 1 : -1);
+            $fix{speed} = $11 if length $11;
+            $fix{track} = $12 if length $12;
+            my $year = $15 + ($15 >= 70 ? 1900 : 2000);
+            $secs = (($1 * 60) + $2) * 60 + $3;
+            $secs += $4 if $4;      # add fractional seconds
+            $date = Time::Local::timegm(0,0,0,$13,$14-1,$year-1900);
+#
+# NMEA GGA sentence (no date)
+#
+        } elsif ($nmea eq 'GGA') {
+            #  $GPGGA,092204.999,4250.5589,S,14718.5084,E,1,04,24.4,19.7,M,,,,0000*1F
+            #  $GPGGA,hhmmss.sss,ddmm.mmmm,N/S,dddmm.mmmm,E/W,0=invalid,sats,hdop,alt,M,...
+            /^\$GPGGA,(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d+)(\.\d+)?,(\d*?)(\d{1,2}\.\d+),([NS]),(\d*?)(\d{1,2}\.\d+),([EW]),[1-6],(\d+)?,(\.\d+|\d+\.?\d*)?,(-?\d+\.?\d*)?,M?,/ or next;
+            $fix{lat} = (($5 || 0) + $6/60) * ($7 eq 'N' ? 1 : -1);
+            $fix{lon} = (($8 || 0) + $9/60) * ($10 eq 'E' ? 1 : -1);
+            $fix{nsats} = $11;
+            $fix{hdop} = $12;
+            $fix{alt} = $13;
+            $secs = (($1 * 60) + $2) * 60 + $3;
+            $secs += $4 if $4;      # add fractional seconds
+            $canCut = 1;
+#
+# NMEA GLL sentence (no date)
+#
+        } elsif ($nmea eq 'GLL') {
+            #  $GPGLL,4250.5589,S,14718.5084,E,092204.999,A*2D
+            #  $GPGLL,ddmm.mmmm,N/S,dddmm.mmmm,E/W,hhmmss.sss,A/V*cs
+            /^\$GPGLL,(\d*?)(\d{1,2}\.\d+),([NS]),(\d*?)(\d{1,2}\.\d+),([EW]),(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d+)(\.\d+),A/ or next;
+            $fix{lat} = (($1 || 0) + $2/60) * ($3 eq 'N' ? 1 : -1);
+            $fix{lon} = (($4 || 0) + $5/60) * ($6 eq 'E' ? 1 : -1);
+            $secs = (($7 * 60) + $8) * 60 + $9;
+            $secs += $10 if $10;    # add fractional seconds
+#
+# NMEA GSA sentence (satellite status, no date)
+#
+        } elsif ($nmea eq 'GSA') {
+            # $GPGSA,A,3,04,05,,,,,,,,,,,pdop,hdop,vdop*HH
+            /^\$GPGSA,[AM],([23]),((?:\d*,){11}(?:\d*)),(\d+\.?\d*|\.\d+)?,(\d+\.?\d*|\.\d+)?,(\d+\.?\d*|\.\d+)?\*/ or next;
+            @fix{qw(fixtype sats pdop hdop vdop)} = ($1.'d',$2,$3,$4,$5);
+            # count the number of acquired satellites
+            my @a = ($fix{sats} =~ /\d+/g);
+            $fix{nsats} = scalar @a;
+            $canCut = 1;
+#
+# Magellan eXplorist PMGNTRK (Proprietary MaGellaN TRacK) sentence (optional date)
+#
+        } elsif ($nmea eq 'PMGNTRK') {
+            # $PMGNTRK,4415.026,N,07631.091,W,00092,M,185031.06,A,,020409*65
+            # $PMGNTRK,ddmm.mmm,N/S,dddmm.mmm,E/W,alt,F/M,hhmmss.ss,A/V,trkname,DDMMYY*cs
+            /^\$PMGNTRK,(\d+)(\d{2}\.\d+),([NS]),(\d+)(\d{2}\.\d+),([EW]),(-?\d+\.?\d*),([MF]),(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d+)(\.\d+)?,A,(?:[^,]*,(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d+))?/ or next;
+            $fix{lat} = ($1 + $2/60) * ($3 eq 'N' ? 1 : -1);
+            $fix{lon} = ($4 + $5/60) * ($6 eq 'E' ? 1 : -1);
+            $fix{alt} = $8 eq 'M' ? $7 : $7 * 12 * 0.0254;
+            $secs = (($9 * 60) + $10) * 60 + $11;
+            $secs += $12 if $12;    # add fractional seconds
+            if (defined $15) {
+                next if $13 > 31 or $14 > 12 or $15 > 99;   # validate day/month/year
+                # optional date is available in PMGNTRK sentence
+                my $year = $15 + ($15 >= 70 ? 1900 : 2000);
+                $date = Time::Local::timegm(0,0,0,$13,$14-1,$year-1900);
+            }
+#
+# Honeywell HMR3000 PTNTHPR (Heading Pitch Roll) sentence (no date)
+# (ref http://www.gpsarea.com/uploadfile/download/introduce/hmr3000_manual.pdf)
+#
+        } elsif ($nmea eq 'PTNTHPR') {
+            # $PTNTHPR,85.9,N,-0.9,N,0.8,N*HH
+            # $PTNTHPR,heading,heading status,pitch,pitch status,roll,roll status,*cs
+            # status: L=low alarm, M=low warning, N=normal, O=high warning
+            #         P=high alarm, C=tuning analog circuit
+            # (ignore this information on any alarm status)
+            /^\$PTNTHPR,(-?[\d.]+),[MNO],(-?[\d.]+),[MNO],(-?[\d.]+),[MNO],/ or next;
+            @fix{qw(dir pitch roll)} = ($1,$2,$3);
+
+        } else {
+            next;   # this shouldn't happen
+        }
+        # remember the NMEA formats we successfully read
+        $nmea{$nmea} = 1;
+        # use last date if necessary (and appropriate)
+        if (defined $secs and not defined $date and defined $lastDate) {
+            # wrap to next day if necessary
+            if ($secs < $lastSecs - JITTER()) {
+                $lastSecs -= $secPerDay;
+                $lastDate += $secPerDay;
+            }
+            # use earlier date only if we are within 10 seconds
+            if ($secs - $lastSecs < 10) {
+                # last date is close, use it for this fix
+                $date = $lastDate;
+            } else {
+                # last date is old, discard it
+                undef $lastDate;
+                undef $lastSecs;
+            }
+        }
+        # save our last date/time
+        if (defined $date) {
+            $lastDate = $date;
+            $lastSecs = $secs;
+        }
+#
+# Add NMEA/IGC fix to our lookup
+# (this is much more complicated than it needs to be because
+#  the stupid NMEA format provides no end-of-fix indication)
+#
+        # assumptions for each NMEA sentence:
+        # - we only parse a time if we get a lat/lon
+        # - we always get a time if we have a date
+        if ($nmea eq $nmeaStart or (defined $secs and (not defined $fixSecs or
+            # don't combine sentences that are outside 10 seconds apart
+            ($secs >= $fixSecs and $secs - $fixSecs >= 10) or
+            ($secs <  $fixSecs and $secs + $secPerDay - $fixSecs >= 10))))
+        {
+            # start a new fix
+            $fix = \%fix;
+            $fixSecs = $secs;
+            undef $noDateChanged;
+            # does this fix have a date/time or time stamp?
+            if (defined $date) {
+                $fix{isDate} = $isDate = 1;
+                $time = $date + $secs;
+            } elsif (defined $secs) {
+                $time = $secs;
+                $noDate = $noDateChanged = 1;
+            } else {
+                next;   # wait until we have a time before adding to lookup
+            }
+        } else {
+            # add new data to existing fix (but don't overwrite earlier values to
+            # keep the coordinates in sync with the fix time)
+            foreach (keys %fix) {
+                $$fix{$_} = $fix{$_} unless defined $$fix{$_};
+            }
+            if (defined $date) {
+                next if $$fix{isDate};
+                # move this fix to the proper date
+                if (defined $fixSecs) {
+                    delete $$points{$fixSecs};
+                    pop @fixTimes if @fixTimes and $fixTimes[-1] == $fixSecs;
+                    --$numPoints;
+                    # if we wrapped to the next day since the start of this fix,
+                    # we must shift the date back to the day of $fixSecs
+                    $date -= $secPerDay if $secs < $fixSecs;
+                } else {
+                    $fixSecs = $secs;
+                }
+                $time = $date + $fixSecs;
+                $$fix{isDate} = $isDate = 1;
+                # revert noDate flag if it was set for this fix
+                $noDate = 0 if $noDateChanged;
+            } elsif (defined $secs and not defined $fixSecs) {
+                $time = $fixSecs = $secs;
+                $noDate = $noDateChanged = 1;
+            } else {
+                next;   # wait until we have a time
+            }
+        }
+        # add fix to our lookup
+        $$points{$time} = $fix;
+        push @fixTimes, $time;  # save time of all fixes in order
+        ++$numPoints;
+    }
+    $raf->Close();
+
+    # set date flags
+    if ($noDate and not $$geotag{NoDate}) {
+        if ($isDate) {
+            $et->Warn('Fixes are date-less -- will use time-only interpolation');
+        } else {
+            $et->Warn('Some fixes are date-less -- may use time-only interpolation');
+        }
+        $$geotag{NoDate} = 1;
+    }
+    $$geotag{IsDate} = 1 if $isDate;
+
+    # cut bad fixes if necessary
+    if ($isCut and $canCut) {
+        $cutPDOP = $cutHDOP = $cutSats = 0;
+        my @goodTimes;
+        foreach (@fixTimes) {
+            $fix = $$points{$_} or next;
+            if ($maxPDOP and $$fix{pdop} and $$fix{pdop} > $maxPDOP) {
+                delete $$points{$_};
+                ++$cutPDOP;
+            } elsif ($maxHDOP and $$fix{hdop} and $$fix{hdop} > $maxHDOP) {
+                delete $$points{$_};
+                ++$cutHDOP;
+            } elsif ($minSats and defined $$fix{nsats} and $$fix{nsats} ne '' and
+                $$fix{nsats} < $minSats)
+            {
+                delete $$points{$_};
+                ++$cutSats;
+            } else {
+                push @goodTimes, $_;
+            }
+        }
+        @fixTimes = @goodTimes; # update fix times
+        $numPoints -= $cutPDOP;
+        $numPoints -= $cutHDOP;
+        $numPoints -= $cutSats;
+    }
+    # mark first fix of the track
+    while (@fixTimes) {
+        $fix = $$points{$fixTimes[0]} or shift(@fixTimes), next;
+        $$fix{first} = 1;
+        last;
+    }
+    my $verbose = $et->Options('Verbose');
+    if ($verbose) {
+        my $out = $et->Options('TextOut');
+        print $out "Loaded $numPoints points from GPS track log $from\n";
+        print $out "Ignored $cutPDOP points due to GeoMaxPDOP cut\n" if $cutPDOP;
+        print $out "Ignored $cutHDOP points due to GeoMaxHDOP cut\n" if $cutHDOP;
+        print $out "Ignored $cutSats points due to GeoMinSats cut\n" if $cutSats;
+        if ($numPoints and $verbose > 1) {
+            print $out '  GPS track start: ' . Image::ExifTool::ConvertUnixTime($fixTimes[0]) . " UTC\n";
+            if ($verbose > 3) {
+                print $out PrintFix($points, $_) foreach @fixTimes;
+            }
+            print $out '  GPS track end:   ' . Image::ExifTool::ConvertUnixTime($fixTimes[-1]) . " UTC\n";
+        }
+    }
+    if ($numPoints) {
+        # reset timestamp list to force it to be regenerated
+        delete $$geotag{Times};
+        # set flags for available information
+        $$has{alt} = 1 if $nmea{GGA} or $nmea{PMGNTRK} or $nmea{B}; # alt
+        $$has{track} = 1 if $nmea{RMC};                             # track, speed
+        $$has{orient} = 1 if $nmea{PTNTHPR};                        # dir, pitch, roll
+        return $geotag;     # success!
+    }
+    return "No track points found in GPS $from";
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Apply Geosync time correction
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) Unix UTC time value
+# Returns: sync time difference (and updates input time), or undef if no sync
+sub ApplySyncCorr($$)
+{
+    my ($et, $time) = @_;
+    my $sync = $et->GetNewValues('Geosync');
+    if (ref $sync eq 'HASH') {
+        my $syncTimes = $$sync{Times};
+        if ($syncTimes) {
+            # find the nearest 2 sync points
+            my ($i0, $i1) = (0, scalar(@$syncTimes) - 1);
+            while ($i1 > $i0 + 1) {
+                my $pt = int(($i0 + $i1) / 2);
+                if ($time < $$syncTimes[$pt]) {
+                    $i1 = $pt;
+                } else {
+                    $i0 = $pt;
+                }
+            }
+            my ($t0, $t1) = ($$syncTimes[$i0], $$syncTimes[$i1]);
+            # interpolate/extrapolate to account for linear camera clock drift
+            my $syncPoints = $$sync{Points};
+            my $f = $t1 == $t0 ? 0 : ($time - $t0) / ($t1 - $t0);
+            $sync = $$syncPoints{$t1} * $f + $$syncPoints{$t0} * (1 - $f);
+        } else {
+            $sync = $$sync{Offset}; # use fixed time offset
+        }
+        $_[1] += $sync;
+    } else {
+        undef $sync;
+    }
+    return $sync;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Scan outwards for a fix containing the requested parameter
+# Inputs: 0) name of fix parameter, 1) reference to list of fix times,
+#         2) reference to fix points hash, 3) index of starting time,
+#         4) direction to scan (-1 or +1), 5) maximum time difference
+# Returns: 0) time for fix containing requested information (or undef)
+#          1) the corresponding fix, 2) the value of the requested fix parameter
+sub ScanOutwards($$$$$$)
+{
+    my ($key, $times, $points, $i, $dir, $maxSecs) = @_;
+    my $t0 = $$times[$i];
+    for (;;) {
+        $i += $dir;
+        last if $i < 0 or $i >= scalar @$times;
+        my $t = $$times[$i];
+        last if abs($t - $t0) > $maxSecs;   # don't look too far
+        my $p = $$points{$t};
+        my $v = $$p{$key};
+        return($t,$p,$v) if defined $v;
+    }
+    return();
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Find nearest fix containing the specified parameter
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) name of fix parameter, 2) reference to list of fix times,
+#         3) reference to fix points hash, 4) index of starting time,
+#         5) direction to scan (-1, +1 or undef), 6) maximum time difference
+# Returns: reference to fix hash or undef
+sub FindFix($$$$$$$)
+{
+    my ($et, $key, $times, $points, $i, $dir, $maxSecs) = @_;
+    my ($t,$p);
+    if ($dir) {
+        ($t,$p) = ScanOutwards($key, $times, $points, $i, $dir, $maxSecs);
+    } else {
+        my ($t1, $p1) = ScanOutwards($key, $times, $points, $i, -1, $maxSecs);
+        my ($t2, $p2) = ScanOutwards($key, $times, $points, $i, 1, $maxSecs);
+        if (defined $t1) {
+            if (defined $t2) {
+                # both surrounding points are valid, so take the closest one
+                ($t, $p) = ($t - $t1 < $t2 - $t) ? ($t1, $p1) : ($t2, $p2);
+            } else {
+                ($t, $p) = ($t1, $p1);
+            }
+        } elsif (defined $t2) {
+            ($t, $p) = ($t2, $p2);
+        }
+    }
+    if (defined $p and $$et{OPTIONS}{Verbose} > 2) {
+        $et->VPrint(2, "  Taking $key from fix:\n", PrintFix($points, $t))
+    }
+    return $p;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Set new geotagging values according to date/time
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) date/time value (or undef to delete tags)
+#         2) optional write group
+# Returns: error string, or '' on success
+# Notes: Uses track data stored in ExifTool NEW_VALUE for Geotag tag
+sub SetGeoValues($$;$)
+{
+    local $_;
+    my ($et, $val, $writeGroup) = @_;
+    my $geotag = $et->GetNewValues('Geotag');
+    my $verbose = $et->Options('Verbose');
+    my ($fix, $time, $fsec, $noDate, $secondTry, $iExt, $iDir);
+
+    # remove date if none of our fixes had date information
+    $val =~ s/^\S+\s+// if $val and $geotag and not $$geotag{IsDate};
+
+    # maximum time (sec) from nearest GPS fix when position is still considered valid
+    my $geoMaxIntSecs = $et->Options('GeoMaxIntSecs');
+    my $geoMaxExtSecs = $et->Options('GeoMaxExtSecs');
+
+    # use 30 minutes for a default
+    defined $geoMaxIntSecs or $geoMaxIntSecs = 1800;
+    defined $geoMaxExtSecs or $geoMaxExtSecs = 1800;
+
+    my $times = $$geotag{Times};
+    my $points = $$geotag{Points};
+    my $has = $$geotag{Has};
+    my $err = '';
+    # loop to try date/time value first, then time-only value
+    while (defined $val) {
+        unless (defined $geotag) {
+            $err = 'No GPS track loaded';
+            last;
+        }
+        unless ($times) {
+            # generate sorted timestamp list for binary search
+            my @times = sort { $a <=> $b } keys %$points;
+            $times = $$geotag{Times} = \@times;
+        }
+        unless ($times and @$times) {
+            $err = 'GPS track is empty';
+            last;
+        }
+        unless (eval 'require Time::Local') {
+            $err = 'Geotag feature requires Time::Local installed';
+            last;
+        }
+        # convert date/time to UTC
+        my ($year,$mon,$day,$hr,$min,$sec,$fs,$tz,$t0,$t1,$t2);
+        if ($val =~ /^(\d{4}):(\d+):(\d+)\s+(\d+):(\d+):(\d+)(\.\d*)?(Z|([-+])(\d+):(\d+))?/) {
+            # valid date/time value
+            ($year,$mon,$day,$hr,$min,$sec,$fs,$tz,$t0,$t1,$t2) = ($1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9,$10,$11);
+        } elsif ($val =~ /^(\d{2}):(\d+):(\d+)(\.\d*)?(Z|([-+])(\d+):(\d+))?/) {
+            # valid time-only value
+            ($hr,$min,$sec,$fs,$tz,$t0,$t1,$t2) = ($1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8);
+            # use Jan. 2 to avoid going negative after tz adjustment
+            ($year,$mon,$day) = (1970,1,2);
+            $noDate = 1;
+        } else {
+            $err = 'Invalid date/time (use YYYY:mm:dd HH:MM:SS[.ss][+/-HH:MM|Z])';
+            last;
+        }
+        if ($tz) {
+            $time = Time::Local::timegm($sec,$min,$hr,$day,$mon-1,$year-1900);
+            # use timezone from date/time value
+            if ($tz ne 'Z') {
+                my $tzmin = $t1 * 60 + $t2;
+                $time -= ($t0 eq '-' ? -$tzmin : $tzmin) * 60;
+            }
+        } else {
+            # assume local timezone
+            $time = Image::ExifTool::TimeLocal($sec,$min,$hr,$day,$mon-1,$year-1900);
+        }
+        # add fractional seconds
+        $time += $fs if $fs and $fs ne '.';
+
+        # bring UTC time back to Jan. 1 if no date is given
+        $time %= $secPerDay if $noDate;
+
+        # apply time synchronization if available
+        my $sync = ApplySyncCorr($et, $time);
+
+        # save fractional seconds string
+        $fsec = ($time =~ /(\.\d+)$/) ? $1 : '';
+
+        if ($et->Options('Verbose') > 1 and not $secondTry) {
+            my $out = $et->Options('TextOut');
+            my $str = "$fsec UTC";
+            $str .= sprintf(" (incl. Geosync offset of %+.3f sec)", $sync) if defined $sync;
+            unless ($tz) {
+                my $tzs = Image::ExifTool::TimeZoneString([$sec,$min,$hr,$day,$mon-1,$year-1900],$time);
+                $str .= " (local timezone is $tzs)";
+            }
+            print $out '  Geotime value:   ' . Image::ExifTool::ConvertUnixTime(int $time) . "$str\n";
+        }
+        # interpolate GPS track at $time
+        if ($time < $$times[0]) {
+            if ($time < $$times[0] - $geoMaxExtSecs) {
+                $err or $err = 'Time is too far before track';
+            } else {
+                $fix = $$points{$$times[0]};
+                $iExt = 0;  $iDir = 1;
+                $et->VPrint(2, "  Taking pos from fix:\n",
+                    PrintFix($points, $$times[0])) if $verbose > 2;
+            }
+        } elsif ($time > $$times[-1]) {
+            if ($time > $$times[-1] + $geoMaxExtSecs) {
+                $err or $err = 'Time is too far beyond track';
+            } else {
+                $fix = $$points{$$times[-1]};
+                $iExt = $#$times;  $iDir = -1;
+                $et->VPrint(2, "  Taking pos from fix:\n",
+                    PrintFix($points, $$times[-1])) if $verbose > 2;
+            }
+        } else {
+            # find nearest 2 points in time
+            my ($i0, $i1) = (0, scalar(@$times) - 1);
+            while ($i1 > $i0 + 1) {
+                my $pt = int(($i0 + $i1) / 2);
+                if ($time < $$times[$pt]) {
+                    $i1 = $pt;
+                } else {
+                    $i0 = $pt;
+                }
+            }
+            # do linear interpolation for position
+            my $t0 = $$times[$i0];
+            my $t1 = $$times[$i1];
+            my $p1 = $$points{$t1};
+            # check to see if we are extrapolating before the first entry in a track
+            my $maxSecs = ($$p1{first} and $geoMaxIntSecs) ? $geoMaxExtSecs : $geoMaxIntSecs;
+            # don't interpolate if fixes are too far apart
+            if ($t1 - $t0 > $maxSecs) {
+                # treat as an extrapolation -- use nearest fix if close enough
+                my $tn;
+                if ($time - $t0 < $t1 - $time) {
+                    $tn = $t0;
+                    $iExt = $i0;
+                } else {
+                    $tn = $t1;
+                    $iExt = $i1;
+                }
+                if (abs($time - $tn) > $geoMaxExtSecs) {
+                    $err or $err = 'Time is too far from nearest GPS fix';
+                } else {
+                    $fix = $$points{$tn};
+                    $et->VPrint(2, "  Taking pos from fix:\n",
+                        PrintFix($points, $tn)) if $verbose > 2;
+                }
+            } else {
+                my $f0 = $t1 == $t0 ? 0 : ($time - $t0) / ($t1 - $t0);
+                my $p0 = $$points{$t0};
+                $et->VPrint(2, "  Interpolating pos between fixes (f=$f0):\n",
+                    PrintFix($points, $t0, $t1)) if $verbose > 2;
+                $fix = { };
+                # loop through available fix information categories
+                # (pos, track, alt, orient)
+                my ($category, $key);
+Category:       foreach $category (qw{pos track alt orient}) {
+                    next unless $$has{$category};
+                    my ($f, $p0b, $p1b, $f0b);
+                    # loop through specific fix information keys
+                    # (lat, lon, alt, track, speed, dir, pitch, roll)
+                    foreach $key (@{$fixInfoKeys{$category}}) {
+                        my $v0 = $$p0{$key};
+                        my $v1 = $$p1{$key};
+                        if (defined $v0 and defined $v1) {
+                            $f = $f0;
+                        } elsif (defined $f0b) {
+                            $v0 = $$p0b{$key};
+                            $v1 = $$p1b{$key};
+                            next unless defined $v0 and defined $v1;
+                            $f = $f0b;
+                        } else {
+                            # scan outwards looking for fixes with the required information
+                            # (NOTE: SHOULD EVENTUALLY DO THIS FOR EXTRAPOLATION TOO!)
+                            my ($t0b, $t1b);
+                            if (defined $v0) {
+                                $t0b = $t0;  $p0b = $p0;
+                            } else {
+                                ($t0b,$p0b,$v0) = ScanOutwards($key,$times,$points,$i0,-1,$maxSecs);
+                                next Category unless defined $t0b;
+                            }
+                            if (defined $v1) {
+                                $t1b = $t1;  $p1b = $p1;
+                            } else {
+                                ($t1b,$p1b,$v1) = ScanOutwards($key,$times,$points,$i1,1,$maxSecs);
+                                next Category unless defined $t1b;
+                            }
+                            # re-calculate the interpolation factor
+                            $f = $f0b = $t1b == $t0b ? 0 : ($time - $t0b) / ($t1b - $t0b);
+                            $et->VPrint(2, "  Interpolating $category between fixes (f=$f):\n",
+                                PrintFix($points, $t0b, $t1b)) if $verbose > 2;
+                        }
+                        # must interpolate cyclical values differently
+                        if ($cyclical{$key} and abs($v1 - $v0) > 180) {
+                            # the acute angle spans the discontinuity, so add
+                            # 360 degrees to the smaller angle before interpolating
+                            $v0 < $v1 ? $v0 += 360 : $v1 += 360;
+                            $$fix{$key} = $v1 * $f + $v0 * (1 - $f);
+                            # longitude and roll ranges are -180 to 180, others are 0 to 360
+                            my $max = ($key eq 'lon' or $key eq 'roll') ? 180 : 360;
+                            $$fix{$key} -= 360 if $$fix{$key} >= $max;
+                        } else {
+                            # simple linear interpolation
+                            $$fix{$key} = $v1 * $f + $v0 * (1 - $f);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if ($fix) {
+            $err = '';  # success!
+        } elsif ($$geotag{NoDate} and not $noDate and $val =~ s/^\S+\s+//) {
+            # try again with no date since some of our track points are date-less
+            $secondTry = 1;
+            next;
+        }
+        last;
+    }
+    if ($fix) {
+        my ($gpsDate, $gpsAlt, $gpsAltRef);
+        my @t = gmtime(int $time);
+        my $gpsTime = sprintf('%.2d:%.2d:%.2d', $t[2], $t[1], $t[0]) . $fsec;
+        # write GPSDateStamp if date included in track log, otherwise delete it
+        $gpsDate = sprintf('%.2d:%.2d:%.2d', $t[5]+1900, $t[4]+1, $t[3]) unless $noDate;
+        # write GPSAltitude tags if altitude included in track log, otherwise delete them
+        if (defined $$fix{alt}) {
+            $gpsAlt = abs $$fix{alt};
+            $gpsAltRef = ($$fix{alt} < 0 ? 1 : 0);
+        } elsif ($$has{alt} and defined $iExt) {
+            my $tFix = FindFix($et,'alt',$times,$points,$iExt,$iDir,$geoMaxExtSecs);
+            if ($tFix) {
+                $gpsAlt = abs $$tFix{alt};
+                $gpsAltRef = ($$tFix{alt} < 0 ? 1 : 0);
+            }
+        }
+        # set new GPS tag values (EXIF, or XMP if write group is 'xmp')
+        my ($xmp, $exif, @r);
+        my %opts = ( Type => 'ValueConv' ); # write ValueConv values
+        if ($writeGroup) {
+            $opts{Group} = $writeGroup;
+            $xmp = ($writeGroup =~ /xmp/i);
+            $exif = ($writeGroup =~ /^(exif|gps)$/i);
+        }
+        # (capture error messages by calling SetNewValue in list context)
+        @r = $et->SetNewValue(GPSLatitude => $$fix{lat}, %opts);
+        @r = $et->SetNewValue(GPSLongitude => $$fix{lon}, %opts);
+        @r = $et->SetNewValue(GPSAltitude => $gpsAlt, %opts);
+        @r = $et->SetNewValue(GPSAltitudeRef => $gpsAltRef, %opts);
+        if ($$has{track}) {
+            my $tFix = $fix;
+            if (not defined $$fix{track} and defined $iExt) {
+                my $p = FindFix($et,'track',$times,$points,$iExt,$iDir,$geoMaxExtSecs);
+                $tFix = $p if $p;
+            }
+            @r = $et->SetNewValue(GPSTrack => $$tFix{track}, %opts);
+            @r = $et->SetNewValue(GPSTrackRef => (defined $$tFix{track} ? 'T' : undef), %opts);
+            @r = $et->SetNewValue(GPSSpeed => $$tFix{speed}, %opts);
+            @r = $et->SetNewValue(GPSSpeedRef => (defined $$tFix{speed} ? 'N' : undef), %opts);
+        }
+        if ($$has{orient}) {
+            my $tFix = $fix;
+            if (not defined $$fix{dir} and defined $iExt) {
+                my $p = FindFix($et,'dir',$times,$points,$iExt,$iDir,$geoMaxExtSecs);
+                $tFix = $p if $p;
+            }
+            @r = $et->SetNewValue(GPSImgDirection => $$tFix{dir}, %opts);
+            @r = $et->SetNewValue(GPSImgDirectionRef => (defined $$tFix{dir} ? 'T' : undef), %opts);
+            # Note: GPSPitch and GPSRoll are non-standard, and must be user-defined
+            @r = $et->SetNewValue(GPSPitch => $$tFix{pitch}, %opts);
+            @r = $et->SetNewValue(GPSRoll => $$tFix{roll}, %opts);
+        }
+        unless ($xmp) {
+            @r = $et->SetNewValue(GPSLatitudeRef => ($$fix{lat} > 0 ? 'N' : 'S'), %opts);
+            @r = $et->SetNewValue(GPSLongitudeRef => ($$fix{lon} > 0 ? 'E' : 'W'), %opts);
+            @r = $et->SetNewValue(GPSDateStamp => $gpsDate, %opts);
+            @r = $et->SetNewValue(GPSTimeStamp => $gpsTime, %opts);
+            # set options to edit XMP:GPSDateTime only if it already exists
+            $opts{EditOnly} = 1;
+            $opts{Group} = 'XMP';
+        }
+        unless ($exif) {
+            @r = $et->SetNewValue(GPSDateTime => "$gpsDate $gpsTime", %opts);
+        }
+    } else {
+        my %opts;
+        $opts{Replace} = 2 if defined $val; # remove existing new values
+        $opts{Group} = $writeGroup if $writeGroup;
+
+        # reset any GPS values we might have already set
+        foreach (qw(GPSLatitude GPSLatitudeRef GPSLongitude GPSLongitudeRef
+                    GPSAltitude GPSAltitudeRef GPSDateStamp GPSTimeStamp GPSDateTime
+                    GPSTrack GPSTrackRef GPSSpeed GPSSpeedRef
+                    GPSImgDirection GPSImgDirectionRef GPSPitch GPSRoll))
+        {
+            my @r = $et->SetNewValue($_, undef, %opts);
+        }
+    }
+    return $err;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Convert Geotagging time synchronization value
+# Inputs: 0) exiftool object ref,
+#         1) time difference string ("[+-]DD MM:HH:SS.ss"), geosync'd file name,
+#            "GPSTIME@IMAGETIME", or "GPSTIME@FILENAME"
+# Returns: geosync hash
+# Notes: calling this routine with more than one geosync'd file causes time drift
+#        correction to be implemented
+sub ConvertGeosync($$)
+{
+    my ($et, $val) = @_;
+    my $sync = $et->GetNewValues('Geosync') || { };
+    my ($syncFile, $gpsTime, $imgTime);
+
+    if ($val =~ /(.*?)\@(.*)/) {
+        $gpsTime = $1;
+        if (-f $2) {
+            $syncFile = $2;
+        } else {
+            $imgTime = $2;
+        }
+    # (take care because "-f '1:30'" crashes ActivePerl 5.10)
+    } elsif ($val !~ /^\d/ or $val !~ /:/) {
+        $syncFile = $val if -f $val;
+    }
+    if ($gpsTime or defined $syncFile) {
+        # (this is a time synchronization vector)
+        if (defined $syncFile) {
+            # check the following tags in order to obtain the image timestamp
+            my @timeTags = qw(SubSecDateTimeOriginal SubSecCreateDate SubSecModifyDate
+                              DateTimeOriginal CreateDate ModifyDate FileModifyDate);
+            my $info = ImageInfo($syncFile, { PrintConv => 0 }, @timeTags,
+                                 'GPSDateTime', 'GPSTimeStamp');
+            $$info{Error} and warn("$$info{Err}\n"), return undef;
+            $gpsTime or $gpsTime = $$info{GPSDateTime} || $$info{GPSTimeStamp};
+            my $tag;
+            foreach $tag (@timeTags) {
+                if ($$info{$tag}) {
+                    $imgTime = $$info{$tag};
+                    $et->VPrint(2, "Geosyncing with $tag from '$syncFile'\n");
+                    last;
+                }
+            }
+            $gpsTime or warn("No GPSTimeStamp in '$syncFile\n"), return undef;
+            $imgTime or warn("No image timestamp in '$syncFile'\n"), return undef;
+        }
+        # add date to date-less timestamps
+        my ($imgDateTime, $gpsDateTime, $noDate);
+        if ($imgTime =~ /^(\d+:\d+:\d+)\s+\d+/) {
+            $imgDateTime = $imgTime;
+            my $date = $1;
+            if ($gpsTime =~ /^\d+:\d+:\d+\s+\d+/) {
+                $gpsDateTime = $gpsTime;
+            } else {
+                $gpsDateTime = "$date $gpsTime";
+            }
+        } elsif ($gpsTime =~ /^(\d+:\d+:\d+)\s+\d+/) {
+            $imgDateTime = "$1 $imgTime";
+            $gpsDateTime = $gpsTime;
+        } else {
+            # use a today's date (so hopefully the DST setting will be intuitive)
+            my @tm = localtime;
+            my $date = sprintf('%.4d:%.2d:%.2d', $tm[5]+1900, $tm[4]+1, $tm[3]);
+            $gpsDateTime = "$date $gpsTime";
+            $imgDateTime = "$date $imgTime";
+            $noDate = 1;
+        }
+        # calculate Unix seconds since the epoch
+        my $imgSecs = Image::ExifTool::GetUnixTime($imgDateTime, 1);
+        defined $imgSecs or warn("Invalid image time '$imgTime'\n"), return undef;
+        my $gpsSecs = Image::ExifTool::GetUnixTime($gpsDateTime, 1);
+        defined $gpsSecs or warn("Invalid GPS time '$gpsTime'\n"), return undef;
+        # add fractional seconds
+        $gpsSecs += $1 if $gpsTime =~ /(\.\d+)/;
+        $imgSecs += $1 if $imgTime =~ /(\.\d+)/;
+        # shift dates within 12 hours of each other if either timestamp was date-less
+        if ($gpsDateTime ne $gpsTime or $imgDateTime ne $imgTime) {
+            my $diff = ($imgSecs - $gpsSecs) % (24 * 3600);
+            $diff -= 24 * 3600 if $diff > 12 * 3600;
+            $diff += 24 * 3600 if $diff < -12 * 3600;
+            if ($gpsDateTime ne $gpsTime) {
+                $gpsSecs = $imgSecs - $diff;
+            } else {
+                $imgSecs = $gpsSecs + $diff;
+            }
+        }
+        # save the synchronization offset
+        $$sync{Offset} = $gpsSecs - $imgSecs;
+        # save this synchronization point if either timestamp had a date
+        unless ($noDate) {
+            $$sync{Points} or $$sync{Points} = { };
+            $$sync{Points}{$imgSecs} = $$sync{Offset};
+            # print verbose output
+            if ($et->Options('Verbose') > 1) {
+                # print GPS and image timestamps in UTC
+                my $gps = Image::ExifTool::ConvertUnixTime($gpsSecs);
+                my $img = Image::ExifTool::ConvertUnixTime($imgSecs);
+                $gps .= $1 if $gpsTime =~ /(\.\d+)/;
+                $img .= $1 if $imgTime =~ /(\.\d+)/;
+                $et->VPrint(1, "Added Geosync point:\n",
+                               "  GPS time stamp:  $gps UTC\n",
+                               "  Image date/time: $img UTC\n");
+            }
+            # save sorted list of image sync times if we have more than one
+            my @times = keys %{$$sync{Points}};
+            if (@times > 1) {
+                @times = sort { $a <=> $b } @times;
+                $$sync{Times} = \@times;
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        # (this is a simple time difference)
+        my @vals = $val =~ /(?=\d|\.\d)\d*(?:\.\d*)?/g; # (allow decimal values too)
+        @vals or warn("Invalid value (please refer to geotag documentation)\n"), return undef;
+        my $secs = 0;
+        my $mult;
+        foreach $mult (1, 60, 3600, $secPerDay) {
+            $secs += $mult * pop(@vals);
+            last unless @vals;
+        }
+        # set constant sync offset
+        $$sync{Offset} = $val =~ /^\s*-/ ? -$secs : $secs;
+    }
+    return $sync;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Print fix information
+# Inputs: 0) lookup for all fix points, 1-n) list of fix times
+# Returns: fix string (including leading indent and trailing newline)
+sub PrintFix($@)
+{
+    local $_;
+    my $points = shift;
+    my $str = '';
+    while (@_) {
+        my $time = shift;
+        $str .= '    ' . Image::ExifTool::ConvertUnixTime($time) . ' UTC -';
+        my $fix = $$points{$time};
+        if ($fix) {
+            foreach (sort keys %$fix) {
+                $str .= " $_=$$fix{$_}" unless $_ eq 'time';
+            }
+        }
+        $str .= "\n";
+    }
+    return $str;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+1;  # end
+
+__END__
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+Image::ExifTool::Geotag - Geotagging utility routines
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+This module is used by Image::ExifTool
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+This module loads GPS track logs, interpolates to determine position based
+on time, and sets new GPS values for geotagging images.  Currently supported
+formats are GPX, NMEA RMC/GGA/GLL, KML, IGC, Garmin XML and TCX, Magellan
+PMGNTRK, Honeywell PTNTHPR, and Winplus Beacon text files.
+
+Methods in this module should not be called directly.  Instead, the Geotag
+feature is accessed by writing the values of the ExifTool Geotag, Geosync
+and Geotime tags (see the L<Extra Tags|Image::ExifTool::TagNames/Extra Tags>
+in the tag name documentation).
+
+=head1 NOTES
+
+To take advantage of attitude information in the PTNTHPR NMEA sentence, two
+user-defined tags, GPSPitch and GPSRoll, must be active.
+
+=head1 AUTHOR
+
+Copyright 2003-2014, Phil Harvey (phil at owl.phy.queensu.ca)
+
+This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+under the same terms as Perl itself.
+
+=head1 REFERENCES
+
+=over 4
+
+=item L<http://www.topografix.com/GPX/1/1/>
+
+=item L<http://www.gpsinformation.org/dale/nmea.htm#GSA>
+
+=item L<http://code.google.com/apis/kml/documentation/kmlreference.html>
+
+=item L<http://www.fai.org/gliding/system/files/tech_spec_gnss.pdf>
+
+=back
+
+=head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
+
+Thanks to Lionel Genet for the ability to read IGC format track logs.
+
+=head1 SEE ALSO
+
+L<Image::ExifTool::TagNames/Extra Tags>,
+L<Image::ExifTool(3pm)|Image::ExifTool>
+
+=cut