exiftool_vendored 9.45.0 → 9.46.0

data/bin/Image-ExifTool-9.45/lib/Image/ExifTool/WriteExif.pl

@@ -1,3685 +0,0 @@
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# File:         WriteExif.pl
-#
-# Description:  Write EXIF meta information
-#
-# Revisions:    12/13/2004 - P. Harvey Created
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-package Image::ExifTool::Exif;
-
-use strict;
-use vars qw($VERSION $AUTOLOAD @formatSize @formatName %formatNumber
-            %compression %photometricInterpretation %orientation);
-
-use Image::ExifTool::Fixup;
-
-sub InsertWritableProperties($$;$);
-
-# some information may be stored in different IFD's with the same meaning.
-# Use this lookup to decide when we should delete information that is stored
-# in another IFD when we write it to the preferred IFD.
-my %crossDelete = (
-    ExifIFD => 'IFD0',
-    IFD0    => 'ExifIFD',
-);
-
-# mandatory tag default values
-my %mandatory = (
-    IFD0 => {
-        0x011a => 72,       # XResolution
-        0x011b => 72,       # YResolution
-        0x0128 => 2,        # ResolutionUnit (inches)
-        0x0213 => 1,        # YCbCrPositioning (centered)
-      # 0x8769 => ????,     # ExifOffset
-    },
-    IFD1 => {
-        0x0103 => 6,        # Compression (JPEG)
-        0x011a => 72,       # XResolution
-        0x011b => 72,       # YResolution
-        0x0128 => 2,        # ResolutionUnit (inches)
-    },
-    ExifIFD => {
-        0x9000 => '0230',   # ExifVersion
-        0x9101 => "1 2 3 0",# ComponentsConfiguration
-        0xa000 => '0100',   # FlashpixVersion
-        0xa001 => 0xffff,   # ColorSpace (uncalibrated)
-      # 0xa002 => ????,     # ExifImageWidth
-      # 0xa003 => ????,     # ExifImageHeight
-    },
-    GPS => {
-        0x0000 => '2 3 0 0',# GPSVersionID
-    },
-    InteropIFD => {
-        0x0002 => '0100',   # InteropVersion
-    },
-);
-
-# The main EXIF table is unique because the tags from this table may appear
-# in many different directories.  For this reason, we introduce a
-# "WriteGroup" member to the tagInfo that tells us the preferred location
-# for writing each tag.  Here is the lookup for Writable flag (format)
-# and WriteGroup for all writable tags
-# - WriteGroup is ExifIFD unless otherwise specified
-# - Protected is 1 if the tag shouldn't be copied with SetNewValuesFromFile()
-my %writeTable = (
-    0x0001 => {             # InteropIndex
-        Protected => 1,
-        Writable => 'string',
-        WriteGroup => 'InteropIFD',
-    },
-    0x0002 => {             # InteropVersion
-        Protected => 1,
-        Writable => 'undef',
-        Mandatory => 1,
-        WriteGroup => 'InteropIFD',
-    },
-    0x000b => {             # ProcessingSoftware
-        Writable => 'string',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x00fe => {             # SubfileType
-        Protected => 1,
-        Writable => 'int32u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x00ff => {             # OldSubfileType
-        Protected => 1,
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x0100 => {             # ImageWidth
-        Protected => 1,
-        Writable => 'int32u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x0101 => {             # ImageHeight
-        Protected => 1,
-        Writable => 'int32u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x0102 => {             # BitsPerSample
-        Protected => 1,
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => -1, # can be 1 or 3: -1 means 'variable'
-    },
-    0x0103 => {             # Compression
-        Protected => 1,
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Mandatory => 1,
-    },
-    0x0106 => {             # PhotometricInterpretation
-        Protected => 1,
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x0107 => {             # Thresholding
-        Protected => 1,
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x0108 => {             # CellWidth
-        Protected => 1,
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x0109 => {             # CellLength
-        Protected => 1,
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x010a => {             # FillOrder
-        Protected => 1,
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x010d => {             # DocumentName
-        Writable => 'string',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x010e => {             # ImageDescription
-        Writable => 'string',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x010f => {             # Make
-        Writable => 'string',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x0110 => {             # Model
-        Writable => 'string',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x0112 => {             # Orientation
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x0115 => {             # SamplesPerPixel
-        Protected => 1,
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x0116 => {             # RowsPerStrip
-        Protected => 1,
-        Writable => 'int32u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x0118 => {             # MinSampleValue
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x0119 => {             # MaxSampleValue
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x011a => {             # XResolution
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Mandatory => 1,
-    },
-    0x011b => {             # YResolution
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Mandatory => 1,
-    },
-    0x011c => {             # PlanarConfiguration
-        Protected => 1,
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x011d => {             # PageName
-        Writable => 'string',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x011e => {             # XPosition
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x011f => {             # YPosition
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x0122 => {             # GrayResponseUnit
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x0128 => {             # ResolutionUnit
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Mandatory => 1,
-    },
-    0x0129 => {             # PageNumber
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => 2,
-    },
-    0x012d => {             # TransferFunction
-        Protected => 1,
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => 768,
-    },
-    0x0131 => {             # Software
-        Writable => 'string',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x0132 => {             # ModifyDate
-        Writable => 'string',
-        Shift => 'Time',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        PrintConvInv => '$self->InverseDateTime($val,0)',
-    },
-    0x013b => {             # Artist
-        Writable => 'string',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x013c => {             # HostComputer
-        Writable => 'string',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x013d => {             # Predictor
-        Protected => 1,
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x013e => {             # WhitePoint
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => 2,
-    },
-    0x013f => {             # PrimaryChromaticities
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => 6,
-    },
-    0x0141 => {             # HalftoneHints
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => 2,
-    },
-    0x0142 => {             # TileWidth
-        Protected => 1,
-        Writable => 'int32u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x0143 => {             # TileLength
-        Protected => 1,
-        Writable => 'int32u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x014c => {             # InkSet
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x0150 => {             # TargetPrinter
-        Writable => 'string',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x013c => {             # HostComputer
-        Writable => 'string',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x0211 => {             # YCbCrCoefficients
-        Protected => 1,
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => 3,
-    },
-    0x0212 => {             # YCbCrSubSampling
-        Protected => 1,
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => 2,
-    },
-    0x0213 => {             # YCbCrPositioning
-        Protected => 1,
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Mandatory => 1,
-    },
-    0x0214 => {             # ReferenceBlackWhite
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => 6,
-    },
-    0x1000 => {             # RelatedImageFileFormat
-        Protected => 1,
-        Writable => 'string',
-        WriteGroup => 'InteropIFD',
-    },
-    0x1001 => {             # RelatedImageWidth
-        Protected => 1,
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'InteropIFD',
-    },
-    0x1002 => {             # RelatedImageHeight (more commonly RelatedImageLength)
-        Protected => 1,
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'InteropIFD',
-    },
-    0x4746 => {             # Rating (MicrosoftPhoto)
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Avoid => 1,
-    },
-    0x4749 => {             # RatingPercent (MicrosoftPhoto)
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Avoid => 1,
-    },
-    0x828d => {             # CFARepeatPatternDim
-        Protected => 1,
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'SubIFD',
-        Count => 2,
-    },
-    0x828e => {             # CFAPattern2
-        Protected => 1,
-        Writable => 'int8u',
-        WriteGroup => 'SubIFD',
-        Count => -1,
-    },
-    0x8298 => {             # Copyright
-        Writable => 'string',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        RawConvInv => sub {
-            my ($val, $self) = @_;
-            # encode if necessary
-            my $enc = $self->Options('CharsetEXIF');
-            $val = $self->Encode($val,$enc) if $enc and $val !~ /\0/;
-            if ($val =~ /(.*?)\s*[\n\r]+\s*(.*)/s) {
-                return $1 . "\0" unless length $2;
-                # photographer copyright set to ' ' if it doesn't exist, according to spec.
-                return((length($1) ? $1 : ' ') . "\0" . $2 . "\0");
-            }
-            return $val . "\0";
-        },
-    },
-#
-# Most of the tags below this belong in the ExifIFD...
-#
-    0x829a => {             # ExposureTime
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        PrintConvInv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::ConvertFraction($val)',
-    },
-    0x829d => {             # FNumber
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        PrintConvInv => '$val',
-    },
-    0x8546 => {             # SEMInfo
-        Writable => 'string',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0x8822 => 'int16u',     # ExposureProgram
-    0x8824 => 'string',     # SpectralSensitivity
-    0x8827 => {             # ISO
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        Count => -1,
-        PrintConvInv => '$val=~tr/,//d; $val',
-    },
-    0x882a => {             # TimeZoneOffset
-        Writable => 'int16s',
-        Count => -1, # can be 1 or 2
-        Notes => q{
-            1 or 2 values: 1. The time zone offset of DateTimeOriginal from GMT in
-            hours, 2. If present, the time zone offset of ModifyDate
-        },
-    },
-    0x882b => 'int16u',     # SelfTimerMode
-    0x8830 => 'int16u',     # SensitivityType
-    0x8831 => 'int32u',     # StandardOutputSensitivity
-    0x8832 => 'int32u',     # RecommendedExposureIndex
-    0x8833 => 'int32u',     # ISOSpeed
-    0x8834 => 'int32u',     # ISOSpeedLatitudeyyy
-    0x8835 => 'int32u',     # ISOSpeedLatitudezzz
-    0x9000 => {             # ExifVersion
-        Writable => 'undef',
-        Mandatory => 1,
-        PrintConvInv => '$val=~tr/.//d; $val=~/^\d{4}$/ ? $val : undef',
-    },
-    0x9003 => {             # DateTimeOriginal
-        Writable => 'string',
-        Shift => 'Time',
-        PrintConvInv => '$self->InverseDateTime($val,0)',
-    },
-    0x9004 => {             # CreateDate
-        Writable => 'string',
-        Shift => 'Time',
-        PrintConvInv => '$self->InverseDateTime($val,0)',
-    },
-    0x9101 => {             # ComponentsConfiguration
-        Protected => 1,
-        Writable => 'undef',
-        Count => 4,
-        Mandatory => 1,
-        ValueConvInv => '$val=~tr/,//d; $val',  # (so we can copy from XMP with -n)
-    },
-    0x9102 => {             # CompressedBitsPerPixel
-        Protected => 1,
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-    },
-    0x9201 => {             # ShutterSpeedValue
-        Writable => 'rational64s',
-        ValueConvInv => '$val>0 ? -log($val)/log(2) : -100',
-        # do eval to convert things like '1/100'
-        PrintConvInv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::ConvertFraction($val)',
-    },
-    0x9202 => {             # ApertureValue
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        ValueConvInv => '$val>0 ? 2*log($val)/log(2) : 0',
-        PrintConvInv => '$val',
-    },
-    0x9203 => 'rational64s',# BrightnessValue
-    0x9204 => {             # ExposureCompensation
-        Writable => 'rational64s',
-        # do eval to convert things like '+2/3'
-        PrintConvInv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::ConvertFraction($val)',
-    },
-    0x9205 => {             # MaxApertureValue
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        ValueConvInv => '$val>0 ? 2*log($val)/log(2) : 0',
-        PrintConvInv => '$val',
-    },
-    0x9206 => {             # SubjectDistance
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        PrintConvInv => '$val=~s/\s*m$//;$val',
-    },
-    0x9207 => 'int16u',     # MeteringMode
-    0x9208 => 'int16u',     # LightSource
-    0x9209 => 'int16u',     # Flash
-    0x920a => {             # FocalLength
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        PrintConvInv => '$val=~s/\s*mm$//;$val',
-    },
-    0x9211 => 'int32u',     # ImageNumber
-    0x9212 => 'string',     # SecurityClassification
-    0x9213 => 'string',     # ImageHistory
-    0x9214 => {             # SubjectArea
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        Count => -1, # 2, 3 or 4 values
-    },
-#    0x927c => 'undef',      # MakerNotes
-    0x9286 => {             # UserComment
-        Writable => 'undef',
-        #  (starts with "ASCII\0\0\0", "UNICODE\0", "JIS\0\0\0\0\0" or "\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0")
-        RawConvInv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::EncodeExifText($self,$val)',
-        # SHOULD ADD SPECIAL LOGIC TO ALLOW CONDITIONAL OVERWRITE OF
-        # "UNKNOWN" VALUES FILLED WITH SPACES
-    },
-    0x9290 => {             # SubSecTime
-        Writable => 'string',
-        # extract fractional seconds from a full date/time value
-        ValueConvInv => '$val=~/^(\d+)\s*$/ ? $1 : ($val=~/\.(\d+)/ ? $1 : undef)',
-    },
-    0x9291 => {             # SubSecTimeOriginal
-        Writable => 'string',
-        ValueConvInv => '$val=~/^(\d+)\s*$/ ? $1 : ($val=~/\.(\d+)/ ? $1 : undef)',
-    },
-    0x9292 => {             # SubSecTimeDigitized
-        Writable => 'string',
-        ValueConvInv => '$val=~/^(\d+)\s*$/ ? $1 : ($val=~/\.(\d+)/ ? $1 : undef)',
-    },
-    0x935c => {             # ImageSourceData
-        Writable => 'undef',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-#    0x9928 => 'undef',      # Opto-ElectricConversionFactor
-    0x9c9b => {             # XPTitle
-        Writable => 'int8u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Notes => q{
-            tags 0x9c9b-0x9c9f are used by Windows Explorer; special characters
-            in these values are converted to UTF-8 by default, or Windows Latin1
-            with the -L option.  XPTitle is ignored by Windows Explorer if
-            ImageDescription exists
-        },
-        ValueConvInv => '$self->Encode($val,"UCS2","II") . "\0\0"',
-    },
-    0x9c9c => {             # XPComment
-        Writable => 'int8u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        ValueConvInv => '$self->Encode($val,"UCS2","II") . "\0\0"',
-    },
-    0x9c9d => {             # XPAuthor
-        Writable => 'int8u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Notes => 'ignored by Windows Explorer if Artist exists',
-        ValueConvInv => '$self->Encode($val,"UCS2","II") . "\0\0"',
-    },
-    0x9c9e => {             # XPKeywords
-        Writable => 'int8u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        ValueConvInv => '$self->Encode($val,"UCS2","II") . "\0\0"',
-    },
-    0x9c9f => {             # XPSubject
-        Writable => 'int8u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        ValueConvInv => '$self->Encode($val,"UCS2","II") . "\0\0"',
-    },
-    0xa000 => {             # FlashpixVersion
-        Writable => 'undef',
-        Mandatory => 1,
-        PrintConvInv => '$val=~tr/.//d; $val=~/^\d{4}$/ ? $val : undef',
-    },
-    0xa001 => {             # ColorSpace
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        Mandatory => 1,
-    },
-    0xa002 => {             # ExifImageWidth (could also be int32u)
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        Mandatory => 1,
-    },
-    0xa003 => {             # ExifImageHeight (could also be int32u)
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        Mandatory => 1,
-    },
-    0xa004 => 'string',     # RelatedSoundFile
-    0xa20b => {             # FlashEnergy
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        Count => -1, # 1 or 2 (ref 12)
-    },
-#    0xa20c => 'undef',      # SpatialFrequencyResponse
-    0xa20e => 'rational64u',# FocalPlaneXResolution
-    0xa20f => 'rational64u',# FocalPlaneYResolution
-    0xa210 => 'int16u',     # FocalPlaneResolutionUnit
-    0xa214 => {             # SubjectLocation
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        Count => 2,
-    },
-    0xa215 => 'rational64u',# ExposureIndex
-    0xa217 => 'int16u',     # SensingMethod
-    0xa300 => {             # FileSource
-        Writable => 'undef',
-        ValueConvInv => '($val=~/^\d+$/ and $val < 256) ? chr($val) : $val',
-    },
-    0xa301 => {             # SceneType
-        Writable => 'undef',
-        ValueConvInv => 'chr($val)',
-    },
-    0xa302 => {             # CFAPattern
-        Writable => 'undef',
-        RawConvInv => q{
-            my @a = split ' ', $val;
-            return $val if @a <= 2; # also accept binary data for backward compatibility
-            return pack(GetByteOrder() eq 'II' ? 'v2C*' : 'n2C*', @a);
-        },
-        PrintConvInv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::GetCFAPattern($val)',
-    },
-    0xa401 => 'int16u',     # CustomRendered
-    0xa402 => 'int16u',     # ExposureMode
-    0xa403 => 'int16u',     # WhiteBalance
-    0xa404 => 'rational64u',# DigitalZoomRatio
-    0xa405 => {             # FocalLengthIn35mmFormat
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        PrintConvInv => '$val=~s/\s*mm$//;$val',
-    },
-    0xa406 => 'int16u',     # SceneCaptureType
-    0xa407 => 'int16u',     # GainControl
-    0xa408 => {             # Contrast
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        PrintConvInv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::ConvertParameter($val)',
-    },
-    0xa409 => {             # Saturation
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        PrintConvInv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::ConvertParameter($val)',
-    },
-    0xa40a => {             # Sharpness
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        PrintConvInv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::ConvertParameter($val)',
-    },
-#    0xa40b => 'undef',      # DeviceSettingDescription
-    0xa40c => 'int16u',     # SubjectDistanceRange
-    0xa420 => 'string',     # ImageUniqueID
-    0xa430 => 'string',     # OwnerName
-    0xa431 => 'string',     # SerialNumber
-    0xa432 => {             # LensInfo
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        Count => 4,
-        PrintConvInv => \&ConvertLensInfo,
-    },
-    0xa433 => 'string',     # LensMake
-    0xa434 => 'string',     # LensModel
-    0xa435 => 'string',     # LensSerialNumber
-    0xa500 => 'rational64u',# Gamma
-#
-# DNG stuff (mostly in IFD0, "Raw IFD" in SubIFD)
-#
-    0xc612 => {             # DNGVersion
-        Writable => 'int8u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => 4,
-        Protected => 1, # (confuses Apple Preview if written to a TIFF image)
-        PrintConvInv => '$val =~ tr/./ /; $val',
-    },
-    0xc613 => {             # DNGBackwardVersion
-        Writable => 'int8u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => 4,
-        Protected => 1,
-        PrintConvInv => '$val =~ tr/./ /; $val',
-    },
-    0xc614 => {             # UniqueCameraModel
-        Writable => 'string',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0xc615 => {             # LocalizedCameraModel
-        Writable => 'string',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        PrintConvInv => '$val',
-    },
-    0xc618 => {             # LinearizationTable
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'SubIFD',
-        Count => -1,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },,
-    0xc619 => {             # BlackLevelRepeatDim
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'SubIFD',
-        Count => 2,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc61a => {             # BlackLevel
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        WriteGroup => 'SubIFD',
-        Count => -1,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc61b => {             # BlackLevelDeltaH
-        Writable => 'rational64s',
-        WriteGroup => 'SubIFD',
-        Count => -1,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc61c => {             # BlackLevelDeltaV
-        Writable => 'rational64s',
-        WriteGroup => 'SubIFD',
-        Count => -1,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc61d => {             # WhiteLevel
-        Writable => 'int32u',
-        WriteGroup => 'SubIFD',
-        Count => -1,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc61e => {             # DefaultScale
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        WriteGroup => 'SubIFD',
-        Count => 2,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc61f => {             # DefaultCropOrigin
-        Writable => 'int32u',
-        WriteGroup => 'SubIFD',
-        Count => 2,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc620 => {             # DefaultCropSize
-        Writable => 'int32u',
-        WriteGroup => 'SubIFD',
-        Count => 2,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc621 => {             # ColorMatrix1
-        Writable => 'rational64s',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => -1,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc622 => {             # ColorMatrix2
-        Writable => 'rational64s',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => -1,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc623 => {             # CameraCalibration1
-        Writable => 'rational64s',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => -1,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc624 => {             # CameraCalibration2
-        Writable => 'rational64s',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => -1,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc625 => {             # ReductionMatrix1
-        Writable => 'rational64s',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => -1,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc626 => {             # ReductionMatrix2
-        Writable => 'rational64s',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => -1,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc627 => {             # AnalogBalance
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => -1,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc628 => {             # AsShotNeutral
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => -1,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc629 => {             # AsShotWhiteXY
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => 2,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc62a => {             # BaselineExposure
-        Writable => 'rational64s',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc62b => {             # BaselineNoise
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc62c => {             # BaselineSharpness
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc62d => {             # BayerGreenSplit
-        Writable => 'int32u',
-        WriteGroup => 'SubIFD',
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc62e => {             # LinearResponseLimit
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc62f => {             # CameraSerialNumber
-        Writable => 'string',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0xc630 => {             # DNGLensInfo
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => 4,
-        PrintConvInv => \&ConvertLensInfo,
-    },
-    0xc631 => {             # ChromaBlurRadius
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        WriteGroup => 'SubIFD',
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc632 => {             # AntiAliasStrength
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        WriteGroup => 'SubIFD',
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc633 => {             # ShadowScale
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc635 => {             # MakerNoteSafety
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0xc65a => {             # CalibrationIlluminant1
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc65b => {             # CalibrationIlluminant2
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc65c => {             # BestQualityScale
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        WriteGroup => 'SubIFD',
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc65d => {             # RawDataUniqueID
-        Writable => 'int8u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => 16,
-        Count => 16,
-        ValueConvInv => 'pack("H*", $val)',
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc68b => {             # OriginalRawFileName
-        Writable => 'string',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc68d => {             # ActiveArea
-        Writable => 'int32u',
-        WriteGroup => 'SubIFD',
-        Count => 4,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc68e => {             # MaskedAreas
-        Writable => 'int32u',
-        WriteGroup => 'SubIFD',
-        Count => 4,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc68f => {             # AsShotICCProfile (writable directory)
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Protected => 1,
-        WriteCheck => q{
-            require Image::ExifTool::ICC_Profile;
-            return Image::ExifTool::ICC_Profile::ValidateICC(\$val);
-        },
-    },
-    0xc690 => {             # AsShotPreProfileMatrix
-        Writable => 'rational64s',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => -1,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc691 => {             # CurrentICCProfile (writable directory)
-        Writable => 'undef',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Protected => 1,
-        WriteCheck => q{
-            require Image::ExifTool::ICC_Profile;
-            return Image::ExifTool::ICC_Profile::ValidateICC(\$val);
-        },
-    },
-    0xc692 => {             # CurrentPreProfileMatrix
-        Writable => 'rational64s',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => -1,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc6bf => {             # ColorimetricReference
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc6d2 => {             # PanasonicTitle (Panasonic DMC-TZ5, not a DNG tag)
-        Writable => 'undef',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        ValueConvInv => '$self->Encode($val,"UTF8")',
-    },
-    0xc6d3 => {             # PanasonicTitle2 (Panasonic DMC-FS7, not a DNG tag)
-        Writable => 'undef',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        ValueConvInv => '$self->Encode($val,"UTF8")',
-    },
-    0xc6f3 => {             # CameraCalibrationSig
-        Writable => 'string',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc6f4 => {             # ProfileCalibrationSig
-        Writable => 'string',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc6f6 => {             # AsShotProfileName
-        Writable => 'string',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc6f7 => {             # NoiseReductionApplied
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        WriteGroup => 'SubIFD',
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc6f8 => {             # ProfileName
-        Writable => 'string',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc6f9 => {             # ProfileHueSatMapDims
-        Writable => 'int32u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => 3,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc6fa => {             # ProfileHueSatMapData1
-        Writable => 'float',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => -1,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc6fb => {             # ProfileHueSatMapData2
-        Writable => 'float',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => -1,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc6fc => {             # ProfileToneCurve
-        Writable => 'float',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => -1,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc6fd => {             # ProfileEmbedPolicy
-        Writable => 'int32u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc6fe => {             # ProfileCopyright
-        Writable => 'string',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc714 => {             # ForwardMatrix1
-        Writable => 'rational64s',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => -1,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc715 => {             # ForwardMatrix2
-        Writable => 'rational64s',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => -1,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc716 => {             # PreviewApplicationName
-        Writable => 'string',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc717 => {             # PreviewApplicationVersion
-        Writable => 'string',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc718 => {             # PreviewSettingsName
-        Writable => 'string',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc719 => {             # PreviewSettingsDigest
-        Writable => 'int8u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Protected => 1,
-        ValueConvInv => 'pack("H*", $val)',
-    },
-    0xc71a => {             # PreviewColorSpace
-        Writable => 'int32u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Protected => 1,
-        PrintConv => {
-            0 => 'Unknown',
-            1 => 'Gray Gamma 2.2',
-            2 => 'sRGB',
-            3 => 'Adobe RGB',
-            4 => 'ProPhoto RGB',
-        },
-    },
-    0xc71b => {             # PreviewDateTime
-        Writable => 'string',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Protected => 1,
-        ValueConvInv => q{
-            require Image::ExifTool::XMP;
-            return Image::ExifTool::XMP::FormatXMPDate($val);
-        },
-        PrintConvInv => '$self->InverseDateTime($val,1,1)',
-    },
-    0xc71c => {             # RawImageDigest
-        Writable => 'int8u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => 16,
-        Protected => 1,
-        ValueConvInv => 'pack("H*", $val)',
-    },
-    0xc71d => {             # OriginalRawFileDigest
-        Writable => 'int8u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => 16,
-        Protected => 1,
-        ValueConvInv => 'pack("H*", $val)',
-    },
-    0xc725 => {             # ProfileLookTableDims
-        Writable => 'int32u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => 3,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc726 => {             # ProfileLookTableData
-        Writable => 'float',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => -1,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc761 => {             # NoiseProfile
-        Writable => 'double',
-        WriteGroup => 'SubIFD',
-        Count => -1,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc763 => {             # TimeCodes
-        Writable => 'int8u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => -1, # (8 * number of time codes, max 10)
-        ValueConvInv => q{
-            my @a = map hex, split /[. ]+/, $val;
-            join ' ', @a;
-        },
-        PrintConvInv => q{
-            my @a = split ' ', $val;
-            my @v;
-            foreach (@a) {
-                my @td = reverse split /T/;
-                my $tz = 0x39; # default to unknown timezone
-                if ($td[0] =~ s/([-+])(\d+):(\d+)$//) {
-                    if ($3 == 0) {
-                        $tz = hex(($1 eq '-') ? $2 : 0x26 - $2);
-                    } elsif ($3 == 30) {
-                        if ($1 eq '-') {
-                            $tz = $2 + 0x0a;
-                            $tz += 0x0a if $tz > 0x0f;
-                        } else {
-                            $tz = 0x3f - $2;
-                            $tz -= 0x0a if $tz < 0x3a;
-                        }
-                    } elsif ($3 == 45) {
-                        $tz = 0x32 if $1 eq '+' and $2 == 12;
-                    }
-                }
-                my @t = split /[:.]/, $td[0];
-                push @t, '00' while @t < 4;
-                my $bg;
-                if ($td[1]) {
-                    # date was specified: fill in date & timezone
-                    my @d = split /[-]/, $td[1];
-                    next if @d < 3;
-                    $bg = sprintf('.%.2d.%.2d.%.2d.%.2x', $d[2], $d[1], $d[0]%100, $tz);
-                    $t[0] = sprintf('%.2x', hex($t[0]) + 0xc0); # set BGF1+BGF2
-                } else { # time only
-                    $bg = '.00.00.00.00';
-                }
-                push @v, join('.', reverse(@t[0..3])) . $bg;
-            }
-            join ' ', @v;
-        },
-    },
-    0xc764 => {             # FrameRate
-        Writable => 'rational64s',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        PrintConvInv => '$val',
-    },
-    0xc772 => {             # TStop
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => -1, # (1 or 2)
-        PrintConvInv => '$val=~tr/-/ /; $val',
-    },
-    0xc789 => {             # ReelName
-        Writable => 'string',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0xc791 => {             # OriginalDefaultFinalSize
-        Writable => 'int32u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => 2,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc792 => {             # OriginalBestQualitySize
-        Writable => 'int32u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => 2,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc793 => {             # OriginalDefaultCropSize
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => 2,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc7a1 => {             # CameraLabel
-        Writable => 'string',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-    },
-    0xc7a3 => {             # ProfileHueSatMapEncoding
-        Writable => 'int32u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc7a4 => {             # ProfileLookTableEncoding
-        Writable => 'int32u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc7a5 => {             # BaselineExposureOffset
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc7a6 => {             # DefaultBlackRender
-        Writable => 'int32u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc7a7 => {             # NewRawImageDigest
-        Writable => 'int8u',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Count => 16,
-        Protected => 1,
-        ValueConvInv => 'pack("H*", $val)',
-    },
-    0xc7a8 => {             # RawToPreviewGain
-        Writable => 'double',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    0xc7b5 => {             # DefaultUserCrop
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        WriteGroup => 'SubIFD',
-        Count => 4,
-        Protected => 1,
-    },
-    # --- end DNG tags ---
-    0xea1d => {             # OffsetSchema
-        Writable => 'int32s',
-    },
-    # tags produced by Photoshop Camera RAW
-    # (avoid creating these tags unless there is no other option)
-    0xfde8 => {
-        Name => 'OwnerName',
-        Condition => '$$self{TIFF_TYPE} ne "DCR"', # (used for another purpose in Kodak DCR images)
-        Avoid => 1,
-        PSRaw => 1,
-        Writable => 'string',
-        ValueConv => '$val=~s/^.*: //;$val',
-        ValueConvInv => q{"Owner's Name: $val"},
-        Notes => q{
-            tags 0xfde8-0xfdea and 0xfe4c-0xfe58 are generated by Photoshop Camera RAW.
-            Some names are the same as other EXIF tags, but ExifTool will avoid writing
-            these unless they already exist in the file
-        },
-    },
-    0xfde9 => {
-        Name => 'SerialNumber',
-        Condition => '$$self{TIFF_TYPE} ne "DCR"', # (used for another purpose in Kodak DCR SubIFD)
-        Avoid => 1,
-        PSRaw => 1,
-        Writable => 'string',
-        ValueConv => '$val=~s/^.*: //;$val',
-        ValueConvInv => q{"Serial Number: $val"},
-    },
-    0xfdea => {
-        Name => 'Lens',
-        Condition => '$$self{TIFF_TYPE} ne "DCR"', # (used for another purpose in Kodak DCR SubIFD)
-        Avoid => 1,
-        PSRaw => 1,
-        Writable => 'string',
-        ValueConv => '$val=~s/^.*: //;$val',
-        ValueConvInv => q{"Lens: $val"},
-    },
-    0xfe4c => {
-        Name => 'RawFile',
-        Avoid => 1,
-        PSRaw => 1,
-        Writable => 'string',
-        ValueConv => '$val=~s/^.*: //;$val',
-        ValueConvInv => q{"Raw File: $val"},
-    },
-    0xfe4d => {
-        Name => 'Converter',
-        Avoid => 1,
-        PSRaw => 1,
-        Writable => 'string',
-        ValueConv => '$val=~s/^.*: //;$val',
-        ValueConvInv => q{"Converter: $val"},
-    },
-    0xfe4e => {
-        Name => 'WhiteBalance',
-        Avoid => 1,
-        PSRaw => 1,
-        Writable => 'string',
-        ValueConv => '$val=~s/^.*: //;$val',
-        ValueConvInv => q{"White Balance: $val"},
-    },
-    0xfe51 => {
-        Name => 'Exposure',
-        Avoid => 1,
-        PSRaw => 1,
-        Writable => 'string',
-        ValueConv => '$val=~s/^.*: //;$val',
-        ValueConvInv => q{"Exposure: $val"},
-    },
-    0xfe52 => {
-        Name => 'Shadows',
-        Avoid => 1,
-        PSRaw => 1,
-        Writable => 'string',
-        ValueConv => '$val=~s/^.*: //;$val',
-        ValueConvInv => q{"Shadows: $val"},
-    },
-    0xfe53 => {
-        Name => 'Brightness',
-        Avoid => 1,
-        PSRaw => 1,
-        Writable => 'string',
-        ValueConv => '$val=~s/^.*: //;$val',
-        ValueConvInv => q{"Brightness: $val"},
-    },
-    0xfe54 => {
-        Name => 'Contrast',
-        Avoid => 1,
-        PSRaw => 1,
-        Writable => 'string',
-        ValueConv => '$val=~s/^.*: //;$val',
-        ValueConvInv => q{"Contrast: $val"},
-    },
-    0xfe55 => {
-        Name => 'Saturation',
-        Avoid => 1,
-        PSRaw => 1,
-        Writable => 'string',
-        ValueConv => '$val=~s/^.*: //;$val',
-        ValueConvInv => q{"Saturation: $val"},
-    },
-    0xfe56 => {
-        Name => 'Sharpness',
-        Avoid => 1,
-        PSRaw => 1,
-        Writable => 'string',
-        ValueConv => '$val=~s/^.*: //;$val',
-        ValueConvInv => q{"Sharpness: $val"},
-    },
-    0xfe57 => {
-        Name => 'Smoothness',
-        Avoid => 1,
-        PSRaw => 1,
-        Writable => 'string',
-        ValueConv => '$val=~s/^.*: //;$val',
-        ValueConvInv => q{"Smoothness: $val"},
-    },
-    0xfe58 => {
-        Name => 'MoireFilter',
-        Avoid => 1,
-        PSRaw => 1,
-        Writable => 'string',
-        ValueConv => '$val=~s/^.*: //;$val',
-        ValueConvInv => q{"Moire Filter: $val"},
-    },
-);
-
-# insert our writable properties into main EXIF tag table
-InsertWritableProperties(\%Image::ExifTool::Exif::Main, \%writeTable, \&CheckExif);
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Inverse print conversion for LensInfo
-# Inputs: 0) lens info string
-# Returns: PrintConvInv of string
-sub ConvertLensInfo($)
-{
-    my $val = shift;
-    my @a = GetLensInfo($val, 1); # (allow unknown "?" values)
-    return @a ? join(' ', @a) : $val;
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Get binary CFA Pattern from a text string
-# Inputs: Print-converted CFA pattern (ie. '[Blue,Green][Green,Red]')
-# Returns: CFA pattern as a string of numbers
-sub GetCFAPattern($)
-{
-    my $val = shift;
-    my @rows = split /\]\s*\[/, $val;
-    @rows or warn("Rows not properly bracketed by '[]'\n"), return undef;
-    my @cols = split /,/, $rows[0];
-    @cols or warn("Colors not separated by ','\n"), return undef;
-    my $ny = @cols;
-    my @a = (scalar(@rows), scalar(@cols));
-    my %cfaLookup = (red=>0, green=>1, blue=>2, cyan=>3, magenta=>4, yellow=>5, white=>6);
-    my $row;
-    foreach $row (@rows) {
-        @cols = split /,/, $row;
-        @cols == $ny or warn("Inconsistent number of colors in each row\n"), return undef;
-        foreach (@cols) {
-            tr/ \]\[//d;    # remove remaining brackets and any spaces
-            my $c = $cfaLookup{lc($_)};
-            defined $c or warn("Unknown color '$_'\n"), return undef;
-            push @a, $c;
-        }
-    }
-    return "@a";
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# validate raw values for writing
-# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) tagInfo hash ref, 2) raw value ref
-# Returns: error string or undef (and possibly changes value) on success
-sub CheckExif($$$)
-{
-    my ($et, $tagInfo, $valPtr) = @_;
-    my $format = $$tagInfo{Format} || $$tagInfo{Writable} || $$tagInfo{Table}{WRITABLE};
-    if (not $format or $format eq '1') {
-        if ($$tagInfo{Groups}{0} eq 'MakerNotes') {
-            return undef;   # OK to have no format for makernotes
-        } else {
-            return 'No writable format';
-        }
-    }
-    return Image::ExifTool::CheckValue($valPtr, $format, $$tagInfo{Count});
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# encode exif ASCII/Unicode text from UTF8 or Latin
-# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) text string
-# Returns: encoded string
-# Note: MUST be called Raw conversion time so the EXIF byte order is known!
-sub EncodeExifText($$)
-{
-    my ($et, $val) = @_;
-    # does the string contain special characters?
-    if ($val =~ /[\x80-\xff]/) {
-        my $order = $et->GetNewValues('ExifUnicodeByteOrder');
-        return "UNICODE\0" . $et->Encode($val,'UTF16',$order);
-    } else {
-        return "ASCII\0\0\0$val";
-    }
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# insert writable properties into main tag table
-# Inputs: 0) tag table ref, 1) reference to writable properties
-#         2) [optional] CHECK_PROC reference
-sub InsertWritableProperties($$;$)
-{
-    my ($tagTablePtr, $writeTablePtr, $checkProc) = @_;
-    my $tag;
-    $checkProc and $$tagTablePtr{CHECK_PROC} = $checkProc;
-    foreach $tag (keys %$writeTablePtr) {
-        my $writeInfo = $$writeTablePtr{$tag};
-        my @infoList = GetTagInfoList($tagTablePtr, $tag);
-        if (@infoList) {
-            my $tagInfo;
-            foreach $tagInfo (@infoList) {
-                if (ref $writeInfo) {
-                    my $key;
-                    foreach $key (keys %$writeInfo) {
-                        $$tagInfo{$key} = $$writeInfo{$key} unless defined $$tagInfo{$key};
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    $$tagInfo{Writable} = $writeInfo unless defined $$tagInfo{Writable};
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            AddTagToTable($tagTablePtr, $tag, $writeInfo);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# rebuild maker notes to properly contain all value data
-# (some manufacturers put value data outside maker notes!!)
-# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) tag table ref, 2) dirInfo ref
-# Returns: new maker note data (and creates MAKER_NOTE_FIXUP), or undef on error
-sub RebuildMakerNotes($$$)
-{
-    my ($et, $tagTablePtr, $dirInfo) = @_;
-    my $dirStart = $$dirInfo{DirStart};
-    my $dirLen = $$dirInfo{DirLen};
-    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
-    my $dataPos = $$dirInfo{DataPos} || 0;
-    my $rtnValue;
-    my %subdirInfo = %$dirInfo;
-
-    delete $$et{MAKER_NOTE_FIXUP};
-
-    # don't need to rebuild text, BinaryData or PreviewImage maker notes
-    my $tagInfo = $$dirInfo{TagInfo};
-    my $subdir = $$tagInfo{SubDirectory};
-    my $proc = $$subdir{ProcessProc} || $$tagTablePtr{PROCESS_PROC} || \&ProcessExif;
-    if (($proc ne \&ProcessExif and $$tagInfo{Name} =~ /Text/) or
-         $proc eq \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData or
-        ($$tagInfo{PossiblePreview} and $dirLen > 6 and
-         substr($$dataPt, $dirStart, 3) eq "\xff\xd8\xff"))
-    {
-        return substr($$dataPt, $dirStart, $dirLen);
-    }
-    my $saveOrder = GetByteOrder();
-    my $loc = Image::ExifTool::MakerNotes::LocateIFD($et,\%subdirInfo);
-    if (defined $loc) {
-        my $makerFixup = $subdirInfo{Fixup} = new Image::ExifTool::Fixup;
-        # create new exiftool object to rewrite the directory without changing it
-        my $newTool = new Image::ExifTool;
-        $newTool->Options(
-            IgnoreMinorErrors => $$et{OPTIONS}{IgnoreMinorErrors},
-            FixBase           => $$et{OPTIONS}{FixBase},
-        );
-        $newTool->Init();   # must do this before calling WriteDirectory()!
-        # don't copy over preview image
-        $newTool->SetNewValue(PreviewImage => '');
-        # copy all transient members over in case they are used for writing
-        # (Make, Model, etc)
-        foreach (grep /[a-z]/, keys %$et) {
-            $$newTool{$_} = $$et{$_};
-        }
-        # fix base offsets if specified
-        $newTool->Options(FixBase => $et->Options('FixBase'));
-        # set GENERATE_PREVIEW_INFO flag so PREVIEW_INFO will be generated
-        $$newTool{GENERATE_PREVIEW_INFO} = 1;
-        # drop any large tags
-        $$newTool{DROP_TAGS} = 1;
-        # initialize other necessary data members
-        $$newTool{FILE_TYPE} = $$et{FILE_TYPE};
-        $$newTool{TIFF_TYPE} = $$et{TIFF_TYPE};
-        # rewrite maker notes
-        $rtnValue = $newTool->WriteDirectory(\%subdirInfo, $tagTablePtr);
-        if (defined $rtnValue and length $rtnValue) {
-            # add the dummy/empty preview image if necessary
-            if ($$newTool{PREVIEW_INFO}) {
-                $makerFixup->SetMarkerPointers(\$rtnValue, 'PreviewImage', length($rtnValue));
-                $rtnValue .= $$newTool{PREVIEW_INFO}{Data};
-                delete $$newTool{PREVIEW_INFO};
-            }
-            # add makernote header
-            if ($loc) {
-                my $hdr = substr($$dataPt, $dirStart, $loc);
-                # special case: convert Pentax/Samsung DNG maker notes to JPEG style
-                # (in JPEG, Pentax makernotes are absolute and start with "AOC\0" for some
-                # models, but in DNG images they are stored in tag 0xc634 of IFD0 and
-                # start with either "PENTAX \0" or "SAMSUNG\0")
-                if ($$dirInfo{Parent} eq 'IFD0' and $hdr =~ /^(PENTAX |SAMSUNG)\0/) {
-                    # convert to JPEG-style AOC maker notes if used by this model
-                    # (Note: this expression also appears in Exif.pm)
-                    if ($$et{Model} =~ /\b(K(-[57mrx]|(10|20|100|110|200)D|2000)|GX(10|20))\b/) {
-                        $hdr =~ s/^(PENTAX |SAMSUNG)\0/AOC\0/;
-                    }
-                    # save fixup so we will adjust to absolute offsets when writing
-                    $$et{MAKER_NOTE_FIXUP} = $makerFixup;
-                }
-                $rtnValue = $hdr . $rtnValue;
-                # adjust fixup for shift in start position
-                $$makerFixup{Start} += length $hdr;
-            }
-            # shift offsets according to original position of maker notes,
-            # and relative to the makernotes Base
-            $$makerFixup{Shift} += $dataPos + $dirStart +
-                                   $$dirInfo{Base} - $subdirInfo{Base};
-            # repair incorrect offsets if offsets were fixed
-            $$makerFixup{Shift} += $subdirInfo{FixedBy} || 0;
-            # fix up pointers to the specified offset
-            $makerFixup->ApplyFixup(\$rtnValue);
-            # save fixup information unless offsets were relative
-            unless ($subdirInfo{Relative}) {
-                # set shift so offsets are all relative to start of maker notes
-                $$makerFixup{Shift} -= $dataPos + $dirStart;
-                $$et{MAKER_NOTE_FIXUP} = $makerFixup;    # save fixup for later
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    SetByteOrder($saveOrder);
-
-    return $rtnValue;
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Sort IFD directory entries
-# Inputs: 0) data reference, 1) directory start, 2) number of entries
-sub SortIFD($$$)
-{
-    my ($dataPt, $dirStart, $numEntries) = @_;
-    my ($index, %entries);
-    # split the directory into separate entries
-    my $newDir = '';
-    for ($index=0; $index<$numEntries; ++$index) {
-        my $entry = $dirStart + 2 + 12 * $index;
-        my $tagID = Get16u($dataPt, $entry);
-        my $entryData = substr($$dataPt, $entry, 12);
-        # silly software can pad directories with zero entries -- put these at the end
-        $tagID = 0x10000 unless $tagID or $index == 0;
-        # add new entry (allow for duplicate tag ID's, which shouldn't normally happen)
-        if ($entries{$tagID}) {
-            $entries{$tagID} .= $entryData;
-        } else {
-            $entries{$tagID} = $entryData;
-        }
-    }
-    # sort the directory entries
-    my @sortedTags = sort { $a <=> $b } keys %entries;
-    foreach (@sortedTags) {
-        $newDir .= $entries{$_};
-    }
-    # replace original directory with new, sorted one
-    substr($$dataPt, $dirStart + 2, 12 * $numEntries) = $newDir;
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Validate IFD entries (strict validation to test possible chained IFD's)
-# Inputs: 0) dirInfo ref (must have RAF set), 1) optional DirStart
-# Returns: true if IFD looks OK
-sub ValidateIFD($;$)
-{
-    my ($dirInfo, $dirStart) = @_;
-    my $raf = $$dirInfo{RAF} or return 0;
-    my $base = $$dirInfo{Base};
-    $dirStart = $$dirInfo{DirStart} || 0 unless defined $dirStart;
-    my $offset = $dirStart + ($$dirInfo{DataPos} || 0);
-    my ($buff, $index);
-    $raf->Seek($offset + $base, 0) and $raf->Read($buff,2) == 2 or return 0;
-    my $numEntries = Get16u(\$buff,0);
-    $numEntries > 1 and $numEntries < 64 or return 0;
-    my $len = 12 * $numEntries;
-    $raf->Read($buff, $len) == $len or return 0;
-    my $lastID = -1;
-    for ($index=0; $index<$numEntries; ++$index) {
-        my $entry = 12 * $index;
-        my $tagID = Get16u(\$buff, $entry);
-        $tagID > $lastID or $$dirInfo{AllowOutOfOrderTags} or return 0;
-        my $format = Get16u(\$buff, $entry+2);
-        $format > 0 and $format <= 13 or return 0;
-        my $count = Get32u(\$buff, $entry+4);
-        $count > 0 or return 0;
-        $lastID = $tagID;
-    }
-    return 1;
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Get sorted list of offsets used in IFD
-# Inputs: 0) data ref, 1) directory start, 2) dataPos, 3) IFD entries, 4) tag table ref
-# Returns: 0) sorted list of offsets (only offsets after the end of the IFD)
-#          1) hash of list indices keyed by offset value
-# Notes: This is used in a patch to fix the count for tags in Kodak SubIFD3
-sub GetOffList($$$$$)
-{
-    my ($dataPt, $dirStart, $dataPos, $numEntries, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
-    my $ifdEnd = $dirStart + 2 + 12 * $numEntries + $dataPos;
-    my ($index, $offset, %offHash);
-    for ($index=0; $index<$numEntries; ++$index) {
-        my $entry = $dirStart + 2 + 12 * $index;
-        my $format = Get16u($dataPt, $entry + 2);
-        next if $format < 1 or $format > 13;
-        my $count = Get16u($dataPt, $entry + 4);
-        my $size = $formatSize[$format] * $count;
-        if ($size <= 4) {
-            my $tagID = Get16u($dataPt, $entry);
-            next unless ref $$tagTablePtr{$tagID} eq 'HASH' and $$tagTablePtr{$tagID}{FixCount};
-        }
-        my $offset = Get16u($dataPt, $entry + 8);
-        $offHash{$offset} = 1 if $offset >= $ifdEnd;
-    }
-    # set offset hash values to indices in list
-    my @offList = sort keys %offHash;
-    $index = 0;
-    foreach $offset (@offList) {
-        $offHash{$offset} = $index++;
-    }
-    return(\@offList, \%offHash);
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Update TIFF_END member if defined
-# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) end of valid TIFF data
-sub UpdateTiffEnd($$)
-{
-    my ($et, $end) = @_;
-    if (defined $$et{TIFF_END} and
-        $$et{TIFF_END} < $end)
-    {
-        $$et{TIFF_END} = $end;
-    }
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Handle error while writing EXIF
-# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) error string, 2) tag table ref
-# Returns: undef on fatal error, or '' if minor error is ignored
-sub ExifErr($$$)
-{
-    my ($et, $errStr, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
-    # MakerNote errors are minor by default
-    my $minor = ($$tagTablePtr{GROUPS}{0} eq 'MakerNotes');
-    if ($$tagTablePtr{VARS} and $$tagTablePtr{VARS}{MINOR_ERRORS}) {
-        $et->Warn("$errStr. IFD dropped.") and return '' if $minor;
-        $minor = 1;
-    }
-    return undef if $et->Error($errStr, $minor);
-    return '';
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Read/Write IFD with TIFF-like header (used by DNG 1.2)
-# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
-# Returns: Reading: 1 on success, otherwise returns 0 and sets a Warning
-#          Writing: new data block or undef on error
-sub ProcessTiffIFD($$$)
-{
-    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
-    $et or return 1;    # allow dummy access
-    my $raf = $$dirInfo{RAF};
-    my $base = $$dirInfo{Base} || 0;
-    my $dirName = $$dirInfo{DirName};
-    my $magic = $$dirInfo{Subdir}{Magic} || 0x002a;
-    my $buff;
-
-    # structured with a TIFF-like header and relative offsets
-    $raf->Seek($base, 0) and $raf->Read($buff, 8) == 8 or return 0;
-    unless (SetByteOrder(substr($buff,0,2)) and Get16u(\$buff, 2) == $magic) {
-        my $msg = "Invalid $dirName header";
-        if ($$dirInfo{IsWriting}) {
-            $et->Error($msg);
-            return undef;
-        } else {
-            $et->Warn($msg);
-            return 0;
-        }
-    }
-    my $offset = Get32u(\$buff, 4);
-    my %dirInfo = (
-        DirName  => $$dirInfo{DirName},
-        Parent   => $$dirInfo{Parent},
-        Base     => $base,
-        DataPt   => \$buff,
-        DataLen  => length $buff,
-        DataPos  => 0,
-        DirStart => $offset,
-        DirLen   => length($buff) - $offset,
-        RAF      => $raf,
-        NewDataPos => 8,
-    );
-    if ($$dirInfo{IsWriting}) {
-        # rewrite the Camera Profile IFD
-        my $newDir = WriteExif($et, \%dirInfo, $tagTablePtr);
-        # don't add header if error writing directory ($newDir is undef)
-        # or if directory is being deleted ($newDir is empty)
-        return $newDir unless $newDir;
-        # return directory with TIFF-like header
-        return GetByteOrder() . Set16u($magic) . Set32u(8) . $newDir;
-    }
-    if ($$et{HTML_DUMP}) {
-        my $tip = sprintf("Byte order: %s endian\nIdentifier: 0x%.4x\n%s offset: 0x%.4x",
-                          (GetByteOrder() eq 'II') ? 'Little' : 'Big', $magic, $dirName, $offset);
-        $et->HDump($base, 8, "$dirName header", $tip, 0);
-    }
-    return ProcessExif($et, \%dirInfo, $tagTablePtr);
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Write EXIF directory
-# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) source dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
-# Returns: Exif data block (may be empty if no Exif data) or undef on error
-# Notes: Increments ExifTool CHANGED flag for each tag changed.  Also updates
-#        TIFF_END if defined with location of end of original TIFF image.
-# Returns IFD data in the following order:
-#   1. IFD0 directory followed by its data
-#   2. SubIFD directory followed by its data, thumbnail and image
-#   3. GlobalParameters, EXIF, GPS, Interop IFD's each with their data
-#   4. IFD1,IFD2,... directories each followed by their data
-#   5. Thumbnail and/or image data for each IFD, with IFD0 image last
-sub WriteExif($$$)
-{
-    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
-    $et or return 1;      # allow dummy access to autoload this package
-    my $origDirInfo = $dirInfo; # save original dirInfo
-    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
-    unless ($dataPt) {
-        my $emptyData = '';
-        $dataPt = \$emptyData;
-    }
-    my $dataPos = $$dirInfo{DataPos} || 0;
-    my $dirStart = $$dirInfo{DirStart} || 0;
-    my $dataLen = $$dirInfo{DataLen} || length($$dataPt);
-    my $dirLen = $$dirInfo{DirLen} || ($dataLen - $dirStart);
-    my $base = $$dirInfo{Base} || 0;
-    my $firstBase = $base;
-    my $raf = $$dirInfo{RAF};
-    my $dirName = $$dirInfo{DirName} || 'unknown';
-    my $fixup = $$dirInfo{Fixup} || new Image::ExifTool::Fixup;
-    my $imageDataFlag = $$dirInfo{ImageData} || '';
-    my $verbose = $et->Options('Verbose');
-    my $out = $et->Options('TextOut');
-    my ($nextIfdPos, %offsetData, $inMakerNotes);
-    my (@offsetInfo, %xDelete, $strEnc);
-    my $deleteAll = 0;
-    my $newData = '';   # initialize buffer to receive new directory data
-    my @imageData;      # image data blocks to copy later if requested
-    my $name = $$dirInfo{Name};
-    $name = $dirName unless $name and $dirName eq 'MakerNotes' and $name !~ /^MakerNote/;
-
-    # set encoding for strings
-    $strEnc = $et->Options('CharsetEXIF') if $$tagTablePtr{GROUPS}{0} eq 'EXIF';
-
-    # allow multiple IFD's in IFD0-IFD1-IFD2... chain
-    $$dirInfo{Multi} = 1 if $dirName =~ /^(IFD0|SubIFD)$/ and not defined $$dirInfo{Multi};
-    $inMakerNotes = 1 if $$tagTablePtr{GROUPS}{0} eq 'MakerNotes';
-    my $ifd;
-#~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-# loop through each IFD
-#
-    for ($ifd=0; ; ++$ifd) {  # loop through multiple IFD's
-
-        # save pointer to start of this IFD within the newData
-        my $newStart = length($newData);
-        my @subdirs;    # list of subdirectory data and tag table pointers
-        # determine if directory is contained within our data
-        my $mustRead;
-        if ($dirStart < 0 or $dirStart > $dataLen-2) {
-            $mustRead = 1;
-        } elsif ($dirLen > 2) {
-            my $len = 2 + 12 * Get16u($dataPt, $dirStart);
-            $mustRead = 1 if $dirStart + $len > $dataLen;
-        }
-        # read IFD from file if necessary
-        if ($mustRead) {
-            if ($raf) {
-                # read the count of entries in this IFD
-                my $offset = $dirStart + $dataPos;
-                my ($buff, $buf2);
-                unless ($raf->Seek($offset + $base, 0) and $raf->Read($buff,2) == 2) {
-                    return ExifErr($et, "Bad IFD or truncated file in $name", $tagTablePtr);
-                }
-                my $len = 12 * Get16u(\$buff,0);
-                # (also read next IFD pointer if available)
-                unless ($raf->Read($buf2, $len+4) >= $len) {
-                    return ExifErr($et, "Error reading $name", $tagTablePtr);
-                }
-                $buff .= $buf2;
-                # make copy of dirInfo since we're going to modify it
-                my %newDirInfo = %$dirInfo;
-                $dirInfo = \%newDirInfo;
-                # update directory parameters for the newly loaded IFD
-                $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt} = \$buff;
-                $dirStart = $$dirInfo{DirStart} = 0;
-                $dataPos = $$dirInfo{DataPos} = $offset;
-                $dataLen = $$dirInfo{DataLen} = length $buff;
-                $dirLen = $$dirInfo{DirLen} = $dataLen;
-                # only account for nextIFD pointer if we are going to use it
-                $len += 4 if $dataLen==$len+6 and ($$dirInfo{Multi} or $buff =~ /\0{4}$/);
-                UpdateTiffEnd($et, $offset+$base+2+$len);
-            } elsif ($dirLen) {
-                # error if we can't load IFD (unless we are creating
-                # from scratch, in which case dirLen will be zero)
-                my $str = $et->Options('IgnoreMinorErrors') ? 'Deleted bad' : 'Bad';
-                $et->Error("$str $name directory", 1);
-            }
-        }
-        my ($index, $dirEnd, $numEntries);
-        if ($dirStart + 4 < $dataLen) {
-            $numEntries = Get16u($dataPt, $dirStart);
-            $dirEnd = $dirStart + 2 + 12 * $numEntries;
-            if ($dirEnd > $dataLen) {
-                return ExifErr($et, "Truncated $name directory", $tagTablePtr);
-            }
-            # sort entries if necessary (but not in maker notes IFDs)
-            unless ($inMakerNotes) {
-                my $lastID = -1;
-                for ($index=0; $index<$numEntries; ++$index) {
-                    my $tagID = Get16u($dataPt, $dirStart + 2 + 12 * $index);
-                    # check for proper sequence (but ignore null entries at end)
-                    if ($tagID < $lastID and $tagID) {
-                        SortIFD($dataPt, $dirStart, $numEntries);
-                        $et->Warn("Entries in $name were out of sequence. Fixed.",1);
-                        last;
-                    }
-                    $lastID = $tagID;
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            $numEntries = 0;
-            $dirEnd = $dirStart;
-        }
-
-        # loop through new values and accumulate all information for this IFD
-        my (%set, %mayDelete, $tagInfo);
-        my $wrongDir = $crossDelete{$dirName};
-        foreach $tagInfo ($et->GetNewTagInfoList($tagTablePtr)) {
-            my $tagID = $$tagInfo{TagID};
-            # evaluate conditional lists now if necessary
-            if (ref $$tagTablePtr{$tagID} eq 'ARRAY' or $$tagInfo{Condition}) {
-                my $curInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTablePtr, $tagID);
-                if (defined $curInfo and not $curInfo) {
-                    # need value to evaluate the condition
-                    my ($val) = $et->GetNewValues($tagInfo);
-                    # must convert to binary for evaluating in Condition
-                    if ($$tagInfo{Format} and defined $val) {
-                        $val = WriteValue($val, $$tagInfo{Format}, $$tagInfo{Count});
-                    }
-                    if (defined $val) {
-                        my $fmt = $$tagInfo{Writable} || $$tagInfo{Format} || 'undef';
-                        my $cnt = $$tagInfo{Count} || 1;
-                        # always use old format/count for Condition in maker notes
-                        if ($inMakerNotes) {
-                            for ($index=0; $index<$numEntries; ++$index) {
-                                my $entry = $dirStart + 2 + 12 * $index;
-                                my $id = Get16u($dataPt, $entry);
-                                if ($id eq $tagID) {
-                                    my $f = Get16u($dataPt, $entry + 2);
-                                    if ($formatName[$f]) {
-                                        $fmt = $formatName[$f];
-                                        $cnt = Get32u($dataPt, $entry + 4);
-                                    }
-                                    last;
-                                }
-                            }
-                        }
-                        $curInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTablePtr, $tagID, \$val, $fmt, $cnt);
-                    } else {
-                        # may want to delete this, but we need to see the value first
-                        $mayDelete{$tagID} = 1;
-                    }
-                }
-                # don't set this tag unless valid for the current condition
-                next unless defined $curInfo and $curInfo eq $tagInfo;
-            }
-            if ($$tagInfo{WriteCondition}) {
-                my $self = $et;   # set $self to be used in eval
-                #### eval WriteCondition ($self)
-                unless (eval $$tagInfo{WriteCondition}) {
-                    $@ and warn $@;
-                    next;
-                }
-            }
-            my $nvHash = $et->GetNewValueHash($tagInfo, $dirName);
-            unless ($nvHash) {
-                next unless $wrongDir;
-                # delete stuff from the wrong directory if setting somewhere else
-                $nvHash = $et->GetNewValueHash($tagInfo, $wrongDir);
-                # don't cross delete if not overwriting
-                next unless $et->IsOverwriting($nvHash);
-                # don't cross delete if specifically deleting from the other directory
-                # (Note: don't call GetValue() here because it shouldn't be called
-                #  if IsOverwriting returns < 0 -- ie. when shifting)
-                next if not defined $$nvHash{Value} and $$nvHash{WantGroup} and
-                        lc($$nvHash{WantGroup}) eq lc($wrongDir);
-                # remove this tag if found in this IFD
-                $xDelete{$tagID} = 1;
-            }
-            if ($set{$tagID}) {
-                # this tag is being set twice, which can happen if two Condition's
-                # were true for this tag.  Hopefully the only case where this can
-                # happen is the MakerNotes tag since it may store two very different
-                # types of information (MakerNotes and PreviewImage), but we want
-                # to store the MakerNotes if both are available
-                if ($tagID == 0x927c and $dirName =~ /^(ExifIFD|IFD0)$/) {
-                    next if $$tagInfo{Name} eq 'PreviewImage';
-                } else {
-                    $et->Warn(sprintf("Multiple new values for $name tag 0x%.4x",$tagID));
-                }
-            }
-            $set{$tagID} = $tagInfo;
-        }
-        
-        # fix base offsets (some cameras incorrectly write maker notes in IFD0)
-        if ($dirName eq 'MakerNotes' and $$dirInfo{Parent} =~ /^(ExifIFD|IFD0)$/ and
-            $$et{TIFF_TYPE} !~ /^(ARW|SR2)$/ and not $$et{LeicaTrailerPos} and
-            Image::ExifTool::MakerNotes::FixBase($et, $dirInfo))
-        {
-            # update local variables from fixed values
-            $base = $$dirInfo{Base};
-            $dataPos = $$dirInfo{DataPos};
-        }
-
-        # initialize variables to handle mandatory tags
-        my $mandatory = $mandatory{$dirName};
-        my ($allMandatory, $addMandatory);
-        if ($mandatory) {
-            # use X/Y resolution values from JFIF if available
-            if ($dirName eq 'IFD0' and defined $$et{JFIFYResolution}) {
-                my %ifd0Vals = %$mandatory;
-                $ifd0Vals{0x011a} = $$et{JFIFXResolution};
-                $ifd0Vals{0x011b} = $$et{JFIFYResolution};
-                $ifd0Vals{0x0128} = $$et{JFIFResolutionUnit} + 1;
-                $mandatory = \%ifd0Vals;
-            }
-            $allMandatory = $addMandatory = 0; # initialize to zero
-            # add mandatory tags if creating a new directory
-            unless ($numEntries) {
-                foreach (keys %$mandatory) {
-                    $set{$_} or $set{$_} = $$tagTablePtr{$_};
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            undef $deleteAll;   # don't remove directory (no mandatory entries)
-        }
-        my ($addDirs, @newTags);
-        if ($inMakerNotes) {
-            $addDirs = { };     # can't currently add new directories in MakerNotes
-            # allow non-permanent makernotes tags to be added
-            # (note: we may get into trouble if there are too many of these
-            #  because we allow out-of-order tags in MakerNote IFD's but our
-            #  logic to add new tags relies on ordered entries)
-            foreach (keys %set) {
-                my $perm = $set{$_}{Permanent};
-                push @newTags, $_ if defined $perm and not $perm;
-            }
-            @newTags = sort { $a <=> $b } @newTags if @newTags > 1;
-        } else {
-            # get a hash of directories we will be writing in this one
-            $addDirs = $et->GetAddDirHash($tagTablePtr, $dirName);
-            # make a union of tags & dirs (can set whole dirs, like MakerNotes)
-            my %allTags = ( %set, %$addDirs );
-            # make sorted list of new tags to be added
-            @newTags = sort { $a <=> $b } keys(%allTags);
-        }
-        my $dirBuff = '';   # buffer for directory data
-        my $valBuff = '';   # buffer for value data
-        my @valFixups;      # list of fixups for offsets in valBuff
-        # fixup for offsets in dirBuff
-        my $dirFixup = new Image::ExifTool::Fixup;
-        my $entryBasedFixup;
-        my $lastTagID = -1;
-        my ($oldInfo, $oldFormat, $oldFormName, $oldCount, $oldSize, $oldValue, $oldImageData);
-        my ($readFormat, $readFormName, $readCount); # format for reading old value(s)
-        my ($entry, $valueDataPt, $valueDataPos, $valueDataLen, $valuePtr, $valEnd);
-        my ($offList, $offHash, $ignoreCount, $fixCount);
-        my $oldID = -1;
-        my $newID = -1;
-
-        # patch for Canon EOS 40D firmware 1.0.4 bug (incorrect directory counts)
-        if ($inMakerNotes and $$et{Model} eq 'Canon EOS 40D') {
-            my $fmt = Get16u($dataPt, $dirStart + 2 + 12 * ($numEntries - 1) + 2);
-            if ($fmt < 1 or $fmt > 13) {
-                # adjust the number of directory entries
-                --$numEntries;
-                $dirEnd -= 12;
-                $ignoreCount = 1;
-            }
-        }
-#..............................................................................
-# loop through entries in new directory
-#
-        $index = 0;
-Entry:  for (;;) {
-
-            if (defined $oldID and $oldID == $newID) {
-#
-# read next entry from existing directory
-#
-                if ($index < $numEntries) {
-                    $entry = $dirStart + 2 + 12 * $index;
-                    $oldID = Get16u($dataPt, $entry);
-                    $readFormat = $oldFormat = Get16u($dataPt, $entry+2);
-                    $readCount = $oldCount = Get32u($dataPt, $entry+4);
-                    undef $oldImageData;
-                    if ($oldFormat < 1 or $oldFormat > 13) {
-                        my $msg = "Bad format ($oldFormat) for $name entry $index";
-                        # patch to preserve invalid directory entries in SubIFD3 of
-                        # various Kodak Z-series cameras (Z812, Z1085IS, Z1275)
-                        # and some Sony cameras such as the DSC-P10
-                        if ($dirName eq 'MakerNotes' and (($$et{Make}=~/KODAK/i and
-                            $$dirInfo{Name} and $$dirInfo{Name} eq 'SubIFD3') or
-                            ($numEntries == 12 and $$et{Make} eq 'SONY' and $index >= 8)))
-                        {
-                            $dirBuff .= substr($$dataPt, $entry, 12);
-                            ++$index;
-                            $newID = $oldID;    # we wrote this
-                            $et->Warn($msg, 1);
-                            next;
-                        }
-                        # don't write out null directory entry
-                        if ($oldFormat==0 and $index and $oldCount==0) {
-                            $ignoreCount = ($ignoreCount || 0) + 1;
-                            # must keep same directory size to avoid messing up our fixed offsets
-                            $dirBuff .= ("\0" x 12) if $$dirInfo{FixBase};
-                            ++$index;
-                            $newID = $oldID;    # pretend we wrote this
-                            next;
-                        }
-                        return ExifErr($et, $msg, $tagTablePtr);
-                    }
-                    $readFormName = $oldFormName = $formatName[$oldFormat];
-                    $valueDataPt = $dataPt;
-                    $valueDataPos = $dataPos;
-                    $valueDataLen = $dataLen;
-                    $valuePtr = $entry + 8;
-                    # try direct method first for speed
-                    $oldInfo = $$tagTablePtr{$oldID};
-                    if (ref $oldInfo ne 'HASH' or $$oldInfo{Condition}) {
-                        # must get unknown tags too
-                        # (necessary so we don't miss a tag we want to Drop)
-                        my $unk = $et->Options(Unknown => 1);
-                        $oldInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTablePtr, $oldID);
-                        $et->Options(Unknown => $unk);
-                    }
-                    # patch incorrect count in Kodak SubIFD3 tags
-                    if ($oldCount < 2 and $oldInfo and $$oldInfo{FixCount}) {
-                        $offList or ($offList, $offHash) = GetOffList($dataPt, $dirStart, $dataPos,
-                                                                      $numEntries, $tagTablePtr);
-                        my $i = $$offHash{Get32u($dataPt, $valuePtr)};
-                        if (defined $i and $i < $#$offList) {
-                            $oldCount = int(($$offList[$i+1] - $$offList[$i]) / $formatSize[$oldFormat]);
-                            $fixCount = ($fixCount || 0) + 1 if $oldCount != $readCount;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    $oldSize = $oldCount * $formatSize[$oldFormat];
-                    my $readFromFile;
-                    if ($oldSize > 4) {
-                        $valuePtr = Get32u($dataPt, $valuePtr);
-                        # fix valuePtr if necessary
-                        if ($$dirInfo{FixOffsets}) {
-                            $valEnd or $valEnd = $dataPos + $dirStart + 2 + 12 * $numEntries + 4;
-                            my ($tagID, $size, $wFlag) = ($oldID, $oldSize, 1);
-                            #### eval FixOffsets ($valuePtr, $valEnd, $size, $tagID, $wFlag)
-                            eval $$dirInfo{FixOffsets};
-                            unless (defined $valuePtr) {
-                                unless ($$et{DROP_TAGS}) {
-                                    my $tagStr = $oldInfo ? $$oldInfo{Name} : sprintf("tag 0x%.4x",$oldID);
-                                    return undef if $et->Error("Bad $name offset for $tagStr", $inMakerNotes);
-                                }
-                                ++$index;  $oldID = $newID;  next;  # drop this tag
-                            }
-                        }
-                        # offset shouldn't point into TIFF or IFD header
-                        my $suspect = ($valuePtr < 8);
-                        # convert offset to pointer in $$dataPt
-                        if ($$dirInfo{EntryBased} or (ref $$tagTablePtr{$oldID} eq 'HASH' and
-                            $$tagTablePtr{$oldID}{EntryBased}))
-                        {
-                            $valuePtr += $entry;
-                        } else {
-                            $valuePtr -= $dataPos;
-                        }
-                        # value shouldn't overlap our directory
-                        $suspect = 1 if $valuePtr < $dirEnd and $valuePtr+$oldSize > $dirStart;
-                        # get value by seeking in file if we are allowed
-                        if ($valuePtr < 0 or $valuePtr+$oldSize > $dataLen) {
-                            my ($pos, $tagStr, $invalidPreview, $tmpInfo, $leicaTrailer);
-                            if ($oldInfo) {
-                                $tagStr = $$oldInfo{Name};
-                                $leicaTrailer = $$oldInfo{LeicaTrailer};
-                            } elsif (defined $oldInfo) {
-                                $tmpInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTablePtr, $oldID, \ '', $oldFormName, $oldCount);
-                                if ($tmpInfo) {
-                                    $tagStr = $$tmpInfo{Name};
-                                    $leicaTrailer = $$tmpInfo{LeicaTrailer};
-                                }
-                            }
-                            $tagStr or $tagStr = sprintf("tag 0x%.4x",$oldID);
-                            # allow PreviewImage to run outside EXIF segment in JPEG images
-                            if (not $raf) {
-                                if ($tagStr eq 'PreviewImage') {
-                                    $raf = $$et{RAF};
-                                    if ($raf) {
-                                        $pos = $raf->Tell();
-                                        if ($oldInfo and $$oldInfo{ChangeBase}) {
-                                            # adjust base offset for this tag only
-                                            #### eval ChangeBase ($dirStart,$dataPos)
-                                            my $newBase = eval $$oldInfo{ChangeBase};
-                                            $valuePtr += $newBase;
-                                        }
-                                    } else {
-                                        $invalidPreview = 1;
-                                    }
-                                } elsif ($leicaTrailer) {
-                                    # save information about Leica makernote trailer
-                                    $$et{LeicaTrailer} = {
-                                        TagInfo => $oldInfo || $tmpInfo,
-                                        Offset  => $base + $valuePtr + $dataPos,
-                                        Size    => $oldSize,
-                                        Fixup   => new Image::ExifTool::Fixup,
-                                    },
-                                    $invalidPreview = 2;
-                                    # remove SubDirectory to prevent processing (for now)
-                                    my %copy = %{$oldInfo || $tmpInfo};
-                                    delete $copy{SubDirectory};
-                                    delete $copy{MakerNotes};
-                                    $oldInfo = \%copy;
-                                }
-                            }
-                            if ($oldSize > BINARY_DATA_LIMIT and $$origDirInfo{ImageData} and
-                                (not defined $oldInfo or ($oldInfo and not $$oldInfo{SubDirectory})))
-                            {
-                                # copy huge data blocks later instead of loading into memory
-                                $oldValue = ''; # dummy empty value
-                                # copy this value later unless writing a new value
-                                unless ($set{$oldID}) {
-                                    my $pad = $oldSize & 0x01 ? 1 : 0;
-                                    # save block information to copy later (set directory offset later)
-                                    $oldImageData = [$base+$valuePtr+$dataPos, $oldSize, $pad];
-                                }
-                            } elsif ($raf) {
-                                my $success = ($raf->Seek($base+$valuePtr+$dataPos, 0) and
-                                               $raf->Read($oldValue, $oldSize) == $oldSize);
-                                if (defined $pos) {
-                                    $raf->Seek($pos, 0);
-                                    undef $raf;
-                                    # (sony A700 has 32-byte header on PreviewImage)
-                                    unless ($success and $oldValue =~ /^(\xff\xd8\xff|(.|.{33})\xd8\xff\xdb)/s) {
-                                        $invalidPreview = 1;
-                                        $success = 1;   # continue writing directory anyway
-                                    }
-                                }
-                                unless ($success) {
-                                    return undef if $et->Error("Error reading value for $name entry $index", $inMakerNotes);
-                                    ++$index;  $oldID = $newID;  next;  # drop this tag
-                                }
-                            } elsif (not $invalidPreview) {
-                                return undef if $et->Error("Bad $name offset for $tagStr", $inMakerNotes);
-                                ++$index;  $oldID = $newID;  next;  # drop this tag
-                            }
-                            if ($invalidPreview) {
-                                # set value for invalid preview
-                                if ($$et{FILE_TYPE} eq 'JPEG') {
-                                    # define dummy value for preview (or Leica MakerNote) to write later
-                                    # (value must be larger than 4 bytes to generate PREVIEW_INFO,
-                                    # and an even number of bytes so it won't be padded)
-                                    $oldValue = 'LOAD_PREVIEW';
-                                } else {
-                                    $oldValue = 'none';
-                                    $oldSize = length $oldValue;
-                                }
-                                $valuePtr = 0;
-                            } else {
-                                UpdateTiffEnd($et, $base+$valuePtr+$dataPos+$oldSize);
-                            }
-                            # update pointers for value just read from file
-                            $valueDataPt = \$oldValue;
-                            $valueDataPos = $valuePtr + $dataPos;
-                            $valueDataLen = $oldSize;
-                            $valuePtr = 0;
-                            $readFromFile = 1;
-                        }
-                        if ($suspect) {
-                            my $tagStr = $oldInfo ? $$oldInfo{Name} : sprintf('tag 0x%.4x', $oldID);
-                            my $str = "Suspicious $name offset for $tagStr";
-                            if ($inMakerNotes) {
-                                $et->Warn($str, 1);
-                            } else {
-                                return undef if $et->Error($str, 1);
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                    # read value if we haven't already
-                    $oldValue = substr($$valueDataPt, $valuePtr, $oldSize) unless $readFromFile;
-                    # get tagInfo using value if necessary
-                    if (defined $oldInfo and not $oldInfo) {
-                        my $unk = $et->Options(Unknown => 1);
-                        $oldInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTablePtr, $oldID, \$oldValue, $oldFormName, $oldCount);
-                        $et->Options(Unknown => $unk);
-                        # now that we have the value, we can resolve the Condition to finally
-                        # determine whether we want to delete this tag or not
-                        if ($mayDelete{$oldID} and $oldInfo and (not @newTags or $newTags[0] != $oldID)) {
-                            my $nvHash = $et->GetNewValueHash($oldInfo, $dirName);
-                            if (not $nvHash and $wrongDir) {
-                                # delete from wrong directory if necessary
-                                $nvHash = $et->GetNewValueHash($oldInfo, $wrongDir);
-                                $nvHash and $xDelete{$oldID} = 1;
-                            }
-                            if ($nvHash) {
-                                # we want to delete this tag after all, so insert it into our list
-                                $set{$oldID} = $oldInfo;
-                                unshift @newTags, $oldID;
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                    # make sure we are handling the 'ifd' format properly
-                    if (($oldFormat == 13 or $oldFormat == 18) and
-                        (not $oldInfo or not $$oldInfo{SubIFD}))
-                    {
-                        my $str = sprintf('%s tag 0x%.4x IFD format not handled', $name, $oldID);
-                        $et->Error($str, $inMakerNotes);
-                    }
-                    # override format we use to read the value if specified
-                    if ($oldInfo) {
-                        # check for tags which must be integers
-                        if (($$oldInfo{IsOffset} or $$oldInfo{SubIFD}) and
-                            not $intFormat{$oldFormName})
-                        {
-                            $et->Error("Invalid format ($oldFormName) for $name $$oldInfo{Name}", $inMakerNotes);
-                            ++$index;  $oldID = $newID;  next;  # drop this tag
-                        }
-                        if ($$oldInfo{Drop} and $$et{DROP_TAGS} and
-                            ($$oldInfo{Drop} == 1 or $$oldInfo{Drop} < $oldSize))
-                        {
-                            ++$index;  $oldID = $newID;  next;  # drop this tag
-                        }
-                        if ($$oldInfo{Format}) {
-                            $readFormName = $$oldInfo{Format};
-                            $readFormat = $formatNumber{$readFormName};
-                            unless ($readFormat) {
-                                # we aren't reading in a standard EXIF format, so rewrite in old format
-                                $readFormName = $oldFormName;
-                                $readFormat = $oldFormat;
-                            }
-                            # adjust number of items to read if format size changed
-                            $readCount = $oldSize / $formatSize[$readFormat];
-                        }
-                    }
-                    if ($oldID <= $lastTagID and not $inMakerNotes) {
-                        my $str = $oldInfo ? "$$oldInfo{Name} tag" : sprintf('tag 0x%x',$oldID);
-                        if ($oldID == $lastTagID) {
-                            $et->Warn("Duplicate $str in $name");;
-                        } else {
-                            $et->Warn("\u$str out of sequence in $name");
-                        }
-                    }
-                    $lastTagID = $oldID;
-                    ++$index;               # increment index for next time
-                } else {
-                    undef $oldID;           # no more existing entries
-                }
-            }
-#
-# write out all new tags, up to and including this one
-#
-            $newID = $newTags[0];
-            my $isNew;  # -1=tag is old, 0=tag same as existing, 1=tag is new
-            if (not defined $oldID) {
-                last unless defined $newID;
-                $isNew = 1;
-            } elsif (not defined $newID) {
-                # maker notes will have no new tags defined
-                if ($set{$oldID}) {
-                    $newID = $oldID;
-                    $isNew = 0;
-                } else {
-                    $isNew = -1;
-                }
-            } else {
-                $isNew = $oldID <=> $newID;
-            }
-            my $newInfo = $oldInfo;
-            my $newFormat = $oldFormat;
-            my $newFormName = $oldFormName;
-            my $newCount = $oldCount;
-            my $ifdFormName;
-            my $newValue;
-            my $newValuePt = $isNew >= 0 ? \$newValue : \$oldValue;
-            my $isOverwriting;
-
-            if ($isNew >= 0) {
-                # add, edit or delete this tag
-                shift @newTags; # remove from list
-                if ($set{$newID}) {
-#
-# set the new tag value (or 'next' if deleting tag)
-#
-                    $newInfo = $set{$newID};
-                    $newCount = $$newInfo{Count};
-                    my ($val, $newVal, $n);
-                    my $nvHash = $et->GetNewValueHash($newInfo, $dirName);
-                    if ($isNew > 0) {
-                        # don't create new entry unless requested
-                        if ($nvHash) {
-                            next unless $$nvHash{IsCreating};
-                            if ($$newInfo{IsOverwriting}) {
-                                my $proc = $$newInfo{IsOverwriting};
-                                $isOverwriting = &$proc($et, $nvHash, $val, \$newVal);
-                            } else {
-                                $isOverwriting = $et->IsOverwriting($nvHash);
-                            }
-                        } else {
-                            next if $xDelete{$newID};       # don't create if cross deleting
-                            $newVal = $$mandatory{$newID};  # get value for mandatory tag
-                            $isOverwriting = 1;
-                        }
-                        # convert using new format
-                        if ($$newInfo{Format}) {
-                            $newFormName = $$newInfo{Format};
-                            # use Writable flag to specify IFD format code
-                            $ifdFormName = $$newInfo{Writable};
-                        } else {
-                            $newFormName = $$newInfo{Writable};
-                            unless ($newFormName) {
-                                warn("No format for $name $$newInfo{Name}\n");
-                                next;
-                            }
-                        }
-                        $newFormat = $formatNumber{$newFormName};
-                    } elsif ($nvHash or $xDelete{$newID}) {
-                        unless ($nvHash) {
-                            $nvHash = $et->GetNewValueHash($newInfo, $wrongDir);
-                        }
-                        # read value
-                        if (length $oldValue >= $oldSize) {
-                            $val = ReadValue(\$oldValue, 0, $readFormName, $readCount, $oldSize);
-                        } else {
-                            $val = '';
-                        }
-                        # determine write format (by default, use 'Writable' format)
-                        my $writable = $$newInfo{Writable};
-                        # (or use existing format if 'Writable' not specified)
-                        $writable = $oldFormName unless $writable and $writable ne '1';
-                        # (and override write format with 'Format' if specified)
-                        my $writeForm = $$newInfo{Format} || $writable;
-                        if ($writeForm ne $newFormName) {
-                            # write in specified format
-                            $newFormName = $writeForm;
-                            $newFormat = $formatNumber{$newFormName};
-                            # use different IFD format code if necessary
-                            if ($inMakerNotes) {
-                                # always preserve IFD format in maker notes
-                                $ifdFormName = $oldFormName;
-                            } elsif ($writable ne $newFormName) {
-                                # use specified IFD format
-                                $ifdFormName = $writable;
-                            }
-                        }
-                        if ($inMakerNotes and $readFormName ne 'string' and $readFormName ne 'undef') {
-                            # keep same size in maker notes unless string or binary
-                            $newCount = $oldCount * $formatSize[$oldFormat] / $formatSize[$newFormat];
-                        }
-                        if ($$newInfo{IsOverwriting}) {
-                            my $proc = $$newInfo{IsOverwriting};
-                            $isOverwriting = &$proc($et, $nvHash, $val, \$newVal);
-                        } else {
-                            $isOverwriting = $et->IsOverwriting($nvHash, $val);
-                        }
-                    }
-                    if ($isOverwriting) {
-                        $newVal = $et->GetNewValues($nvHash) unless defined $newVal;
-                        # value undefined if deleting this tag
-                        # (also delete tag if cross-deleting and this isn't a date/time shift)
-                        if (not defined $newVal or ($xDelete{$newID} and not defined $$nvHash{Shift})) {
-                            if ($$newInfo{RawConvInv} and defined $$nvHash{Value}) {
-                                # error in RawConvInv, so rewrite existing tag
-                                goto NoOverwrite; # GOTO!
-                            }
-                            unless ($isNew) {
-                                ++$$et{CHANGED};
-                                $et->VerboseValue("- $dirName:$$newInfo{Name}", $val);
-                            }
-                            next;
-                        }
-                        if ($newCount and $newCount < 0) {
-                            # set count to number of values if variable
-                            my @vals = split ' ',$newVal;
-                            $newCount = @vals;
-                        }
-                        # convert to binary format
-                        $newValue = WriteValue($newVal, $newFormName, $newCount);
-                        unless (defined $newValue) {
-                            $et->Warn("Invalid value for $dirName:$$newInfo{Name}");
-                            goto NoOverwrite; # GOTO!
-                        }
-                        if (length $newValue) {
-                            # limit maximum value length in JPEG images
-                            # (max segment size is 65533 bytes and the min EXIF size is 96 incl an additional IFD entry)
-                            if ($$et{FILE_TYPE} eq 'JPEG' and length($newValue) > 65436 and
-                                $$newInfo{Name} ne 'PreviewImage')
-                            {
-                                my $name = $$newInfo{MakerNotes} ? 'MakerNotes' : $$newInfo{Name};
-                                $et->Warn("$name too large to write in JPEG segment");
-                                goto NoOverwrite; # GOTO!
-                            }
-                            # re-code if necessary
-                            if ($strEnc and $newFormName eq 'string') {
-                                $newValue = $et->Encode($newValue, $strEnc);
-                            }
-                        } else {
-                            $et->Warn("Can't write zero length $$newInfo{Name} in $$tagTablePtr{GROUPS}{1}");
-                            goto NoOverwrite; # GOTO!
-                        }
-                        if ($isNew >= 0) {
-                            $newCount = length($newValue) / $formatSize[$newFormat];
-                            ++$$et{CHANGED};
-                            if (defined $allMandatory) {
-                                # not all mandatory if we are writing any tag specifically
-                                if ($nvHash) {
-                                    undef $allMandatory;
-                                    undef $deleteAll;
-                                } else {
-                                    ++$addMandatory;    # count mandatory tags that we added
-                                }
-                            }
-                            if ($verbose > 1) {
-                                $et->VerboseValue("- $dirName:$$newInfo{Name}", $val) unless $isNew;
-                                my $str = $nvHash ? '' : ' (mandatory)';
-                                $et->VerboseValue("+ $dirName:$$newInfo{Name}", $newVal, $str);
-                            }
-                        }
-                    } else {
-NoOverwrite:            next if $isNew > 0;
-                        $isNew = -1;        # rewrite existing tag
-                    }
-                    # set format for EXIF IFD if different than conversion format
-                    if ($ifdFormName) {
-                        $newFormName = $ifdFormName;
-                        $newFormat = $formatNumber{$newFormName};
-                    }
-
-                } elsif ($isNew > 0) {
-#
-# create new subdirectory
-#
-                    # newInfo may not be defined if we try to add a mandatory tag
-                    # to a directory that doesn't support it (ie. IFD1 in RW2 images)
-                    $newInfo = $$addDirs{$newID} or next;
-                    # make sure we don't try to generate a new MakerNotes directory
-                    # or a SubIFD
-                    next if $$newInfo{MakerNotes} or $$newInfo{Name} eq 'SubIFD';
-                    my $subTable;
-                    if ($$newInfo{SubDirectory}{TagTable}) {
-                        $subTable = Image::ExifTool::GetTagTable($$newInfo{SubDirectory}{TagTable});
-                    } else {
-                        $subTable = $tagTablePtr;
-                    }
-                    # create empty source directory
-                    my %sourceDir = (
-                        Parent => $dirName,
-                        Fixup => new Image::ExifTool::Fixup,
-                    );
-                    $sourceDir{DirName} = $$newInfo{Groups}{1} if $$newInfo{SubIFD};
-                    $newValue = $et->WriteDirectory(\%sourceDir, $subTable);
-                    # only add new directory if it isn't empty
-                    next unless defined $newValue and length($newValue);
-                    # set the fixup start location
-                    if ($$newInfo{SubIFD}) {
-                        # subdirectory is referenced by an offset in value buffer
-                        my $subdir = $newValue;
-                        $newValue = Set32u(0xfeedf00d);
-                        push @subdirs, {
-                            DataPt => \$subdir,
-                            Table => $subTable,
-                            Fixup => $sourceDir{Fixup},
-                            Offset => length($dirBuff) + 8,
-                            Where => 'dirBuff',
-                        };
-                        $newFormName = 'int32u';
-                        $newFormat = $formatNumber{$newFormName};
-                    } else {
-                        # subdirectory goes directly into value buffer
-                        $sourceDir{Fixup}{Start} += length($valBuff);
-                        # use Writable to set format, otherwise 'undef'
-                        $newFormName = $$newInfo{Writable};
-                        unless ($newFormName and $formatNumber{$newFormName}) {
-                            $newFormName = 'undef';
-                        }
-                        $newFormat = $formatNumber{$newFormName};
-                        push @valFixups, $sourceDir{Fixup};
-                    }
-                } elsif ($$newInfo{Format} and $$newInfo{Writable} and $$newInfo{Writable} ne '1') {
-                    # use specified write format
-                    $newFormName = $$newInfo{Writable};
-                    $newFormat = $formatNumber{$newFormName};
-                } elsif ($$addDirs{$newID} and $newInfo ne $$addDirs{$newID}) {
-                    # this can happen if we are trying to add a directory that doesn't exist
-                    # in this type of file (ie. try adding a SubIFD tag to an A100 image)
-                    $isNew = -1;
-                }
-            }
-            if ($isNew < 0) {
-                # just rewrite existing tag
-                $newID = $oldID;
-                $newValue = $oldValue;
-                $newFormat = $oldFormat; # (just in case it changed)
-                $newFormName = $oldFormName;
-                # set offset of this entry in the directory so we can update the pointer
-                # and save block information to copy this large block later
-                if ($oldImageData) {
-                    $$oldImageData[3] = $newStart + length($dirBuff) + 2;
-                    push @imageData, $oldImageData;
-                    $$origDirInfo{ImageData} = \@imageData;
-                }
-            }
-            if ($newInfo) {
-#
-# load necessary data for this tag (thumbnail image, etc)
-#
-                if ($$newInfo{DataTag} and $isNew >= 0) {
-                    my $dataTag = $$newInfo{DataTag};
-                    # load data for this tag
-                    unless (defined $offsetData{$dataTag} or $dataTag eq 'LeicaTrailer') {
-                        # prefer tag from Composite table if it exists (otherwise
-                        # PreviewImage data would be taken from Extra tag)
-                        my $compInfo = $Image::ExifTool::Composite{$dataTag};
-                        $offsetData{$dataTag} = $et->GetNewValues($compInfo || $dataTag);
-                        my $err;
-                        if (defined $offsetData{$dataTag}) {
-                            my $len = length $offsetData{$dataTag};
-                            if ($dataTag eq 'PreviewImage') {
-                                # must set DEL_PREVIEW flag now if preview fit into IFD
-                                $$et{DEL_PREVIEW} = 1 if $len <= 4;
-                            } elsif ($$et{FILE_TYPE} eq 'JPEG' and $len > 60000) {
-                                delete $offsetData{$dataTag};
-                                $err = "$dataTag not written (too large for JPEG segment)";
-                            }
-                        } else {
-                            $err = "$dataTag not found";
-                        }
-                        if ($err) {
-                            $et->Warn($err) if $$newInfo{IsOffset};
-                            delete $set{$newID};    # remove from list of tags we are setting
-                            next;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-#
-# write maker notes
-#
-                if ($$newInfo{MakerNotes}) {
-                    # don't write new makernotes if we are deleting this group
-                    if ($$et{DEL_GROUP}{MakerNotes} and
-                       ($$et{DEL_GROUP}{MakerNotes} != 2 or $isNew <= 0))
-                    {
-                        if ($isNew <= 0) {
-                            ++$$et{CHANGED};
-                            $verbose and print $out "  Deleting MakerNotes\n";
-                        }
-                        next;
-                    }
-                    my $saveOrder = GetByteOrder();
-                    if ($isNew >= 0 and $set{$newID}) {
-                        # we are writing a whole new maker note block
-                        # --> add fixup information if necessary
-                        my $nvHash = $et->GetNewValueHash($newInfo, $dirName);
-                        if ($nvHash and $$nvHash{MAKER_NOTE_FIXUP}) {
-                            # must clone fixup because we will be shifting it
-                            my $makerFixup = $$nvHash{MAKER_NOTE_FIXUP}->Clone();
-                            my $valLen = length($valBuff);
-                            $$makerFixup{Start} += $valLen;
-                            push @valFixups, $makerFixup;
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        # update maker notes if possible
-                        my %subdirInfo = (
-                            Base     => $base,
-                            DataPt   => $valueDataPt,
-                            DataPos  => $valueDataPos,
-                            DataLen  => $valueDataLen,
-                            DirStart => $valuePtr,
-                            DirLen   => $oldSize,
-                            DirName  => 'MakerNotes',
-                            Name     => $$newInfo{Name},
-                            Parent   => $dirName,
-                            TagInfo  => $newInfo,
-                            RAF      => $raf,
-                        );
-                        my ($subTable, $subdir, $loc, $writeProc, $notIFD);
-                        if ($$newInfo{SubDirectory}) {
-                            my $sub = $$newInfo{SubDirectory};
-                            $subdirInfo{FixBase} = 1 if $$sub{FixBase};
-                            $subdirInfo{FixOffsets} = $$sub{FixOffsets};
-                            $subdirInfo{EntryBased} = $$sub{EntryBased};
-                            $subdirInfo{NoFixBase} = 1 if defined $$sub{Base};
-                            $subdirInfo{AutoFix} = $$sub{AutoFix};
-                        }
-                        # get the proper tag table for these maker notes
-                        if ($oldInfo and $$oldInfo{SubDirectory}) {
-                            $subTable = $$oldInfo{SubDirectory}{TagTable};
-                            $subTable and $subTable = Image::ExifTool::GetTagTable($subTable);
-                            $writeProc = $$oldInfo{SubDirectory}{WriteProc};
-                            $notIFD = $$oldInfo{NotIFD};
-                        } else {
-                            $et->Warn('Internal problem getting maker notes tag table');
-                        }
-                        $subTable or $subTable = $tagTablePtr;
-                        if ($writeProc and
-                            $writeProc eq \&Image::ExifTool::MakerNotes::WriteUnknownOrPreview and
-                            $oldValue =~ /^\xff\xd8\xff/)
-                        {
-                            $loc = 0;
-                        } elsif (not $notIFD) {
-                            # look for IFD-style maker notes
-                            $loc = Image::ExifTool::MakerNotes::LocateIFD($et,\%subdirInfo);
-                        }
-                        if (defined $loc) {
-                            # we need fixup data for this subdirectory
-                            $subdirInfo{Fixup} = new Image::ExifTool::Fixup;
-                            # rewrite maker notes
-                            my $changed = $$et{CHANGED};
-                            $subdir = $et->WriteDirectory(\%subdirInfo, $subTable, $writeProc);
-                            if ($changed == $$et{CHANGED} and $subdirInfo{Fixup}->IsEmpty()) {
-                                # return original data if nothing changed and no fixups
-                                undef $subdir;
-                            }
-                        } elsif ($$subTable{PROCESS_PROC} and
-                                 $$subTable{PROCESS_PROC} eq \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData)
-                        {
-                            my $sub = $$oldInfo{SubDirectory};
-                            if (defined $$sub{Start}) {
-                                #### eval Start ($valuePtr)
-                                my $start = eval $$sub{Start};
-                                $loc = $start - $valuePtr;
-                                $subdirInfo{DirStart} = $start;
-                                $subdirInfo{DirLen} -= $loc;
-                            } else {
-                                $loc = 0;
-                            }
-                            # rewrite maker notes
-                            $subdir = $et->WriteDirectory(\%subdirInfo, $subTable);
-                        } elsif (not $notIFD) {
-                            my $msg = 'Maker notes could not be parsed';
-                            if ($$et{FILE_TYPE} eq 'JPEG') {
-                                $et->Warn($msg, 1);
-                            } else {
-                                $et->Error($msg, 1);
-                            }
-                        }
-                        if (defined $subdir) {
-                            next unless length $subdir;
-                            my $valLen = length($valBuff);
-                            # restore existing header and substitute the new
-                            # maker notes for the old value
-                            $newValue = substr($oldValue, 0, $loc) . $subdir;
-                            my $makerFixup = $subdirInfo{Fixup};
-                            my $previewInfo = $$et{PREVIEW_INFO};
-                            if ($subdirInfo{Relative}) {
-                                # apply a one-time fixup to $loc since offsets are relative
-                                $$makerFixup{Start} += $loc;
-                                # shift all offsets to be relative to new base
-                                my $baseShift = $valueDataPos + $valuePtr + $base - $subdirInfo{Base};
-                                $$makerFixup{Shift} += $baseShift;
-                                $makerFixup->ApplyFixup(\$newValue);
-                                if ($previewInfo) {
-                                    # remove all but PreviewImage fixup (since others shouldn't change)
-                                    foreach (keys %{$$makerFixup{Pointers}}) {
-                                        /_PreviewImage$/ or delete $$makerFixup{Pointers}{$_};
-                                    }
-                                    # zero pointer so we can see how it gets shifted later
-                                    $makerFixup->SetMarkerPointers(\$newValue, 'PreviewImage', 0);
-                                    # set the pointer to the start of the EXIF information
-                                    # add preview image fixup to list of value fixups
-                                    $$makerFixup{Start} += $valLen;
-                                    push @valFixups, $makerFixup;
-                                    $$previewInfo{BaseShift} = $baseShift;
-                                    $$previewInfo{Relative} = 1;
-                                }
-                            # don't shift anything if relative flag set to zero (Pentax patch)
-                            } elsif (not defined $subdirInfo{Relative}) {
-                                # shift offset base if shifted in the original image or if FixBase
-                                # was used, but be careful of automatic FixBase with negative shifts
-                                # since they may lead to negative (invalid) offsets (casio_edit_problem.jpg)
-                                my $baseShift = $base - $subdirInfo{Base};
-                                if ($subdirInfo{AutoFix}) {
-                                    $baseShift = 0;
-                                } elsif ($subdirInfo{FixBase} and $baseShift < 0 and
-                                    # allow negative base shift if offsets are bigger (PentaxOptioWP.jpg)
-                                    (not $subdirInfo{MinOffset} or $subdirInfo{MinOffset} + $baseShift < 0))
-                                {
-                                    my $fixBase = $et->Options('FixBase');
-                                    if (not defined $fixBase) {
-                                        my $str = $et->Options('IgnoreMinorErrors') ? 'ignored' : 'fix or ignore?';
-                                        $et->Error("MakerNotes offsets may be incorrect ($str)", 1);
-                                    } elsif ($fixBase eq '') {
-                                        $et->Warn('Fixed incorrect MakerNotes offsets');
-                                        $baseShift = 0;
-                                    }
-                                }
-                                $$makerFixup{Start} += $valLen + $loc;
-                                $$makerFixup{Shift} += $baseShift;
-                                # permanently fix makernote offset errors
-                                $$makerFixup{Shift} += $subdirInfo{FixedBy} || 0;
-                                push @valFixups, $makerFixup;
-                                if ($previewInfo and not $$previewInfo{NoBaseShift}) {
-                                    $$previewInfo{BaseShift} = $baseShift;
-                                }
-                            }
-                            $newValuePt = \$newValue;   # write new value
-                        }
-                    }
-                    SetByteOrder($saveOrder);
-
-                # process existing subdirectory unless we are overwriting it entirely
-                } elsif ($$newInfo{SubDirectory} and $isNew <= 0 and not $isOverwriting
-                    # don't edit directory if Writable is set to 0
-                    and (not defined $$newInfo{Writable} or $$newInfo{Writable}))
-                {
-
-                    my $subdir = $$newInfo{SubDirectory};
-                    if ($$newInfo{SubIFD}) {
-#
-# rewrite existing sub IFD's
-#
-                        my $subTable = $tagTablePtr;
-                        if ($$subdir{TagTable}) {
-                            $subTable = Image::ExifTool::GetTagTable($$subdir{TagTable});
-                        }
-                        # determine directory name for this IFD
-                        my $subdirName = $$newInfo{Groups}{1} || $$newInfo{Name};
-                        # all makernotes directory names must be 'MakerNotes'
-                        $subdirName = 'MakerNotes' if $$subTable{GROUPS}{0} eq 'MakerNotes';
-                        # must handle sub-IFD's specially since the values
-                        # are actually offsets to subdirectories
-                        unless ($readCount) {   # can't have zero count
-                            return undef if $et->Error("$name entry $index has zero count", 2);
-                            next;
-                        }
-                        my $writeCount = 0;
-                        my $i;
-                        $newValue = '';    # reset value because we regenerate it below
-                        for ($i=0; $i<$readCount; ++$i) {
-                            my $off = $i * $formatSize[$readFormat];
-                            my $pt = ReadValue($valueDataPt, $valuePtr + $off,
-                                               $readFormName, 1, $oldSize - $off);
-                            my $subdirStart = $pt - $dataPos;
-                            my $subdirBase = $base;
-                            if ($$subdir{Base}) {
-                                my $start = $subdirStart + $dataPos;
-                                #### eval Base ($start,$base)
-                                $subdirBase += eval $$subdir{Base};
-                            }
-                            # add IFD number if more than one
-                            $subdirName =~ s/\d*$/$i/ if $i;
-                            my %subdirInfo = (
-                                Base     => $subdirBase,
-                                DataPt   => $dataPt,
-                                DataPos  => $dataPos - $subdirBase + $base,
-                                DataLen  => $dataLen,
-                                DirStart => $subdirStart,
-                                DirName  => $subdirName,
-                                Name     => $$newInfo{Name},
-                                TagInfo  => $newInfo,
-                                Parent   => $dirName,
-                                Fixup    => new Image::ExifTool::Fixup,
-                                RAF      => $raf,
-                                Subdir   => $subdir,
-                                # set ImageData only for 1st level SubIFD's
-                                ImageData=> $imageDataFlag eq 'Main' ? 'SubIFD' : undef,
-                            );
-                            # pass on header pointer only for certain sub IFD's
-                            $subdirInfo{HeaderPtr} = $$dirInfo{HeaderPtr} if $$newInfo{SubIFD} == 2;
-                            if ($$subdir{RelativeBase}) {
-                                # apply one-time fixup if offsets are relative (Sony IDC hack)
-                                delete $subdirInfo{Fixup};
-                                delete $subdirInfo{ImageData};
-                            }
-                            # is the subdirectory outside our current data?
-                            if ($subdirStart < 0 or $subdirStart + 2 > $dataLen) {
-                                if ($raf) {
-                                    # reset SubDirectory buffer (we will load it later)
-                                    my $buff = '';
-                                    $subdirInfo{DataPt} = \$buff;
-                                    $subdirInfo{DataLen} = 0;
-                                } else {
-                                    my @err = ("Can't read $subdirName data", $inMakerNotes);
-                                    if ($$subTable{VARS} and $$subTable{VARS}{MINOR_ERRORS}) {
-                                        $et->Warn($err[0] . '. Ignored.');
-                                    } elsif ($et->Error(@err)) {
-                                        return undef;
-                                    }
-                                    next Entry; # don't write this directory
-                                }
-                            }
-                            my $subdirData = $et->WriteDirectory(\%subdirInfo, $subTable, $$subdir{WriteProc});
-                            unless (defined $subdirData) {
-                                # WriteDirectory should have issued an error, but check just in case
-                                $et->Error("Error writing $subdirName") unless $$et{VALUE}{Error};
-                                return undef;
-                            }
-                            unless (length $subdirData) {
-                                next unless $inMakerNotes;
-                                # don't delete MakerNote Sub-IFD's, write empty IFD instead
-                                $subdirData = "\0" x 6;
-                                # reset SubIFD ImageData and Fixup just to be safe
-                                delete $subdirInfo{ImageData};
-                                delete $subdirInfo{Fixup};
-                            }
-                            # handle data blocks that we will transfer later
-                            if (ref $subdirInfo{ImageData}) {
-                                push @imageData, @{$subdirInfo{ImageData}};
-                                $$origDirInfo{ImageData} = \@imageData;
-                            }
-                            # temporarily set value to subdirectory index
-                            # (will set to actual offset later when we know what it is)
-                            $newValue .= Set32u(0xfeedf00d);
-                            my ($offset, $where);
-                            if ($readCount > 1) {
-                                $offset = length($valBuff) + $i * 4;
-                                $where = 'valBuff';
-                            } else {
-                                $offset = length($dirBuff) + 8;
-                                $where = 'dirBuff';
-                            }
-                            # add to list of subdirectories we will append later
-                            push @subdirs, {
-                                DataPt    => \$subdirData,
-                                Table     => $subTable,
-                                Fixup     => $subdirInfo{Fixup},
-                                Offset    => $offset,
-                                Where     => $where,
-                                ImageData => $subdirInfo{ImageData},
-                            };
-                            ++$writeCount;  # count number of subdirs written
-                        }
-                        next unless length $newValue;
-                        # must change location of subdir offset if we deleted
-                        # a directory and only one remains
-                        if ($writeCount < $readCount and $writeCount == 1) {
-                            $subdirs[-1]{Where} = 'dirBuff';
-                            $subdirs[-1]{Offset} = length($dirBuff) + 8;
-                        }
-                        # set new format to int32u for IFD
-                        $newFormName = $$newInfo{FixFormat} || 'int32u';
-                        $newFormat = $formatNumber{$newFormName};
-                        $newValuePt = \$newValue;
-
-                    } elsif ((not defined $$subdir{Start} or
-                             $$subdir{Start} =~ /\$valuePtr/) and
-                             $$subdir{TagTable})
-                    {
-#
-# rewrite other existing subdirectories ('$valuePtr' type only)
-#
-                        # set subdirectory Start and Base
-                        my $subdirStart = $valuePtr;
-                        if ($$subdir{Start}) {
-                            #### eval Start ($valuePtr)
-                            $subdirStart = eval $$subdir{Start};
-                            # must adjust directory size if start changed
-                            $oldSize -= $subdirStart - $valuePtr;
-                        }
-                        my $subdirBase = $base;
-                        if ($$subdir{Base}) {
-                            my $start = $subdirStart + $valueDataPos;
-                            #### eval Base ($start,$base)
-                            $subdirBase += eval $$subdir{Base};
-                        }
-                        my $subFixup = new Image::ExifTool::Fixup;
-                        my %subdirInfo = (
-                            Base     => $subdirBase,
-                            DataPt   => $valueDataPt,
-                            DataPos  => $valueDataPos - $subdirBase + $base,
-                            DataLen  => $valueDataLen,
-                            DirStart => $subdirStart,
-                            DirName  => $$subdir{DirName},
-                            DirLen   => $oldSize,
-                            Parent   => $dirName,
-                            Fixup    => $subFixup,
-                            RAF      => $raf,
-                            TagInfo  => $newInfo,
-                        );
-                        unless ($oldSize) {
-                            # replace with dummy data if empty to prevent WriteDirectory
-                            # routines from accessing data they shouldn't
-                            my $tmp = '';
-                            $subdirInfo{DataPt} = \$tmp;
-                            $subdirInfo{DataLen} = 0;
-                            $subdirInfo{DirStart} = 0;
-                            $subdirInfo{DataPos} += $subdirStart;
-                        }
-                        my $subTable = Image::ExifTool::GetTagTable($$subdir{TagTable});
-                        my $oldOrder = GetByteOrder();
-                        SetByteOrder($$subdir{ByteOrder}) if $$subdir{ByteOrder};
-                        $newValue = $et->WriteDirectory(\%subdirInfo, $subTable, $$subdir{WriteProc});
-                        SetByteOrder($oldOrder);
-                        if (defined $newValue) {
-                            my $hdrLen = $subdirStart - $valuePtr;
-                            if ($hdrLen) {
-                                $newValue = substr($$valueDataPt, $valuePtr, $hdrLen) . $newValue;
-                                $$subFixup{Start} += $hdrLen;
-                            }
-                            $newValuePt = \$newValue;
-                        } else {
-                            $newValuePt = \$oldValue;
-                        }
-                        unless (length $$newValuePt) {
-                            # don't delete a previously empty makernote directory
-                            next if $oldSize or not $inMakerNotes;
-                        }
-                        if ($$subFixup{Pointers} and $subdirInfo{Base} == $base) {
-                            $$subFixup{Start} += length $valBuff;
-                            push @valFixups, $subFixup;
-                        } else {
-                            # apply fixup in case we added a header ($hdrLen above)
-                            $subFixup->ApplyFixup(\$newValue);
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                } elsif ($$newInfo{OffsetPair}) {
-#
-# keep track of offsets
-#
-                    my $dataTag = $$newInfo{DataTag} || '';
-                    if ($dataTag eq 'CanonVRD') {
-                        # must decide now if we will write CanonVRD information
-                        my $hasVRD;
-                        if ($$et{NEW_VALUE}{$Image::ExifTool::Extra{CanonVRD}}) {
-                            # adding or deleting as a block
-                            $hasVRD = $et->GetNewValues('CanonVRD') ? 1 : 0;
-                        } elsif ($$et{DEL_GROUP}{CanonVRD} or
-                                 $$et{DEL_GROUP}{Trailer})
-                        {
-                            $hasVRD = 0;    # deleting as a group
-                        } else {
-                            $hasVRD = ($$newValuePt ne "\0\0\0\0");
-                        }
-                        if ($hasVRD) {
-                            # add a fixup, and set this offset later
-                            $dirFixup->AddFixup(length($dirBuff) + 8, $dataTag);
-                        } else {
-                            # there is (or will soon be) no VRD information, so set pointer to zero
-                            $newValue = "\0" x length($$newValuePt);
-                            $newValuePt = \$newValue;
-                        }
-                    } elsif ($dataTag eq 'OriginalDecisionData') {
-                        # handle Canon OriginalDecisionData (no associated length tag)
-                        # - I'm going out of my way here to preserve data which is
-                        #   invalidated anyway by our edits
-                        my $odd;
-                        my $oddInfo = $Image::ExifTool::Composite{OriginalDecisionData};
-                        if ($oddInfo and $$et{NEW_VALUE}{$oddInfo}) {
-                            $odd = $et->GetNewValues($dataTag);
-                            if ($verbose > 1) {
-                                print $out "    - $dirName:$dataTag\n" if $$newValuePt ne "\0\0\0\0";
-                                print $out "    + $dirName:$dataTag\n" if $odd;
-                            }
-                            ++$$et{CHANGED};
-                        } elsif ($$newValuePt ne "\0\0\0\0") {
-                            if (length($$newValuePt) == 4) {
-                                require Image::ExifTool::Canon;
-                                my $offset = Get32u($newValuePt,0);
-                                # absolute offset in JPEG images only
-                                $offset += $base unless $$et{FILE_TYPE} eq 'JPEG';
-                                $odd = Image::ExifTool::Canon::ReadODD($et, $offset);
-                                $odd = $$odd if ref $odd;
-                            } else {
-                                $et->Error("Invalid $$newInfo{Name}",1);
-                            }
-                        }
-                        if ($odd) {
-                            my $newOffset = length($valBuff);
-                            # (ODD offset is absolute in JPEG, so add base offset!)
-                            $newOffset += $base if $$et{FILE_TYPE} eq 'JPEG';
-                            $newValue = Set32u($newOffset);
-                            $dirFixup->AddFixup(length($dirBuff) + 8, $dataTag);
-                            $valBuff .= $odd;   # add original decision data
-                        } else {
-                            $newValue = "\0\0\0\0";
-                        }
-                        $newValuePt = \$newValue;
-                    } else {
-                        my $offsetInfo = $offsetInfo[$ifd];
-                        # save original values (for updating TIFF_END later)
-                        my @vals;
-                        if ($isNew <= 0) {
-                            my $oldOrder = GetByteOrder();
-                            # Minolta A200 stores these in the wrong byte order!
-                            SetByteOrder($$newInfo{ByteOrder}) if $$newInfo{ByteOrder};
-                            @vals = ReadValue(\$oldValue, 0, $readFormName, $readCount, $oldSize);
-                            SetByteOrder($oldOrder);
-                        }
-                        # only support int32 pointers (for now)
-                        if ($formatSize[$newFormat] != 4 and $$newInfo{IsOffset}) {
-                            $isNew > 0 and warn("Internal error (Offset not int32)"), return undef;
-                            $newCount != $readCount and warn("Wrong count!"), return undef;
-                            # change to int32
-                            $newFormName = 'int32u';
-                            $newFormat = $formatNumber{$newFormName};
-                            $newValue = WriteValue(join(' ',@vals), $newFormName, $newCount);
-                            unless (defined $newValue) {
-                                warn "Internal error writing offsets for $$newInfo{Name}\n";
-                                return undef;
-                            }
-                        }
-                        $offsetInfo or $offsetInfo = $offsetInfo[$ifd] = { };
-                        # save location of valuePtr in new directory
-                        # (notice we add 10 instead of 8 for valuePtr because
-                        # we will put a 2-byte count at start of directory later)
-                        my $ptr = $newStart + length($dirBuff) + 10;
-                        $newCount or $newCount = 1; # make sure count is set for offsetInfo
-                        # save value pointer and value count for each tag
-                        $$offsetInfo{$newID} = [$newInfo, $ptr, $newCount, \@vals, $newFormat];
-                    }
-
-                } elsif ($$newInfo{DataMember}) {
-
-                    # save any necessary data members (Make, Model, etc)
-                    my $formatStr = $newFormName;
-                    my $count = $newCount;
-                    # change to specified format if necessary
-                    if ($$newInfo{Format} and $$newInfo{Format} ne $formatStr) {
-                        $formatStr = $$newInfo{Format};
-                        my $format = $formatNumber{$formatStr};
-                        # adjust number of items for new format size
-                        $count = int(length($$newValuePt) / $formatSize[$format]) if $format;
-                    }
-                    my $val = ReadValue($newValuePt,0,$formatStr,$count,length($$newValuePt));
-                    my $conv = $$newInfo{RawConv};
-                    if ($conv) {
-                        # let the RawConv store the (possibly converted) data member
-                        if (ref $conv eq 'CODE') {
-                            &$conv($val, $et);
-                        } else {
-                            my ($self, $tag, $taginfo) = ($et, $$newInfo{Name}, $newInfo);
-                            #### eval RawConv ($self, $val, $tag, $tagInfo)
-                            eval $conv;
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        $$et{$$newInfo{DataMember}} = $val;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-#
-# write out the directory entry
-#
-            my $newSize = length($$newValuePt);
-            my $fsize = $formatSize[$newFormat];
-            my $offsetVal;
-            $newCount = int(($newSize + $fsize - 1) / $fsize);  # set proper count
-            if ($newSize > 4) {
-                # zero-pad to an even number of bytes (required by EXIF standard)
-                # and make sure we are a multiple of the format size
-                while ($newSize & 0x01 or $newSize < $newCount * $fsize) {
-                    $$newValuePt .= "\0";
-                    ++$newSize;
-                }
-                my $entryBased;
-                if ($$dirInfo{EntryBased} or ($newInfo and $$newInfo{EntryBased})) {
-                    $entryBased = 1;
-                    $offsetVal = Set32u(length($valBuff) - length($dirBuff));
-                } else {
-                    $offsetVal = Set32u(length $valBuff);
-                }
-                my ($dataTag, $putFirst);
-                ($dataTag, $putFirst) = @$newInfo{'DataTag','PutFirst'} if $newInfo;
-                if ($dataTag) {
-                    if ($dataTag eq 'PreviewImage' and ($$et{FILE_TYPE} eq 'JPEG' or
-                        $$et{GENERATE_PREVIEW_INFO}))
-                    {
-                        # hold onto the PreviewImage until we can determine if it fits
-                        $$et{PREVIEW_INFO} or $$et{PREVIEW_INFO} = {
-                            Data => $$newValuePt,
-                            Fixup => new Image::ExifTool::Fixup,
-                        };
-                        $$et{PREVIEW_INFO}{ChangeBase} = 1 if $$newInfo{ChangeBase};
-                        if ($$newInfo{IsOffset} and $$newInfo{IsOffset} eq '2') {
-                            $$et{PREVIEW_INFO}{NoBaseShift} = 1;
-                        }
-                        # use original preview size if we will attempt to load it later
-                        $newCount = $oldCount if $$newValuePt eq 'LOAD_PREVIEW';
-                        $$newValuePt = '';
-                    } elsif ($dataTag eq 'LeicaTrailer' and $$et{LeicaTrailer}) {
-                        $$newValuePt = '';
-                    }
-                }
-                if ($putFirst and $$dirInfo{HeaderPtr}) {
-                    my $hdrPtr = $$dirInfo{HeaderPtr};
-                    # place this value immediately after the TIFF header
-                    $offsetVal = Set32u(length $$hdrPtr);
-                    $$hdrPtr .= $$newValuePt;
-                } else {
-                    $valBuff .= $$newValuePt;       # add value data to buffer
-                    # must save a fixup pointer for every pointer in the directory
-                    if ($entryBased) {
-                        $entryBasedFixup or $entryBasedFixup = new Image::ExifTool::Fixup;
-                        $entryBasedFixup->AddFixup(length($dirBuff) + 8, $dataTag);
-                    } else {
-                        $dirFixup->AddFixup(length($dirBuff) + 8, $dataTag);
-                    }
-                }
-            } else {
-                $offsetVal = $$newValuePt;      # save value in offset if 4 bytes or less
-                # must pad value with zeros if less than 4 bytes
-                $newSize < 4 and $offsetVal .= "\0" x (4 - $newSize);
-            }
-            # write the directory entry
-            $dirBuff .= Set16u($newID) . Set16u($newFormat) .
-                        Set32u($newCount) . $offsetVal;
-            # update flag to keep track of mandatory tags
-            while (defined $allMandatory) {
-                if (defined $$mandatory{$newID}) {
-                    # values must correspond to mandatory values
-                    my $form = $$newInfo{Format} || $newFormName;
-                    my $mandVal = WriteValue($$mandatory{$newID}, $form, $newCount);
-                    if (defined $mandVal and $mandVal eq $$newValuePt) {
-                        ++$allMandatory;        # count mandatory tags
-                        last;
-                    }
-                }
-                undef $deleteAll;
-                undef $allMandatory;
-            }
-        }
-        if ($ignoreCount) {
-            my $y = $ignoreCount > 1 ? 'ies' : 'y';
-            my $verb = $$dirInfo{FixBase} ? 'Ignored' : 'Removed';
-            $et->Warn("$verb $ignoreCount invalid entr$y from $name", 1);
-        }
-        if ($fixCount) {
-            my $s = $fixCount > 1 ? 's' : '';
-            $et->Warn("Fixed invalid count$s for $fixCount $name tag$s", 1);
-        }
-#..............................................................................
-# write directory counts and nextIFD pointer and add value data to end of IFD
-#
-        # determine now if there is or will be another IFD after this one
-        my $nextIfdOffset;
-        if ($dirEnd + 4 <= $dataLen) {
-            $nextIfdOffset = Get32u($dataPt, $dirEnd);
-        } else {
-            $nextIfdOffset = 0;
-        }
-        my $isNextIFD = ($$dirInfo{Multi} and ($nextIfdOffset or
-                        # account for the case where we will create the next IFD
-                        # (IFD1 only, but not in TIFF-format images)
-                        ($dirName eq 'IFD0' and $$et{ADD_DIRS}{'IFD1'} and
-                         $$et{FILE_TYPE} ne 'TIFF')));
-        # calculate number of entries in new directory
-        my $newEntries = length($dirBuff) / 12;
-        # delete entire directory if we deleted a tag and only mandatory tags remain or we
-        # attempted to create a directory with only mandatory tags and there is no nextIFD
-        if ($allMandatory and not $isNextIFD and ($newEntries < $numEntries or $numEntries == 0)) {
-            $newEntries = 0;
-            $dirBuff = '';
-            $valBuff = '';
-            undef $dirFixup;    # no fixups in this directory
-            ++$deleteAll if defined $deleteAll;
-            $verbose > 1 and print $out "    - $allMandatory mandatory tag(s)\n";
-            $$et{CHANGED} -= $addMandatory;    # didn't change these after all
-        }
-        if ($ifd and not $newEntries) {
-            $verbose and print $out "  Deleting IFD1\n";
-            last;   # don't write IFD1 if empty
-        }
-        # apply one-time fixup for entry-based offsets
-        if ($entryBasedFixup) {
-            $$entryBasedFixup{Shift} = length($dirBuff) + 4;
-            $entryBasedFixup->ApplyFixup(\$dirBuff);
-            undef $entryBasedFixup;
-        }
-        # add directory entry count to start of IFD and next IFD pointer to end
-        # (temporarily set next IFD pointer to zero)
-        $newData .= Set16u($newEntries) . $dirBuff . Set32u(0);
-        # get position of value data in newData
-        my $valPos = length($newData);
-        # go back now and set next IFD pointer if this isn't the first IFD
-        if ($nextIfdPos) {
-            # set offset to next IFD
-            Set32u($newStart, \$newData, $nextIfdPos);
-            $fixup->AddFixup($nextIfdPos,'NextIFD');    # add fixup for this offset in newData
-        }
-        # remember position of 'next IFD' pointer so we can set it next time around
-        $nextIfdPos = $valPos - 4;
-        # add value data after IFD
-        $newData .= $valBuff;
-#
-# add any subdirectories, adding fixup information
-#
-        if (@subdirs) {
-            my $subdir;
-            foreach $subdir (@subdirs) {
-                my $len = length($newData);         # position of subdirectory in data
-                my $subdirFixup = $$subdir{Fixup};
-                if ($subdirFixup) {
-                    $$subdirFixup{Start} += $len;
-                    $fixup->AddFixup($subdirFixup);
-                }
-                my $imageData = $$subdir{ImageData};
-                my $blockSize = 0;
-                # must also update start position for ImageData fixups
-                if (ref $imageData) {
-                    my $blockInfo;
-                    foreach $blockInfo (@$imageData) {
-                        my ($pos, $size, $pad, $entry, $subFix) = @$blockInfo;
-                        if ($subFix) {
-                            $$subFix{Start} += $len;
-                            # save expected image data offset for calculating shift later
-                            $$subFix{BlockLen} = length(${$$subdir{DataPt}}) + $blockSize;
-                        }
-                        $blockSize += $size + $pad;
-                    }
-                }
-                $newData .= ${$$subdir{DataPt}};    # add subdirectory to our data
-                undef ${$$subdir{DataPt}};          # free memory now
-                # set the pointer
-                my $offset = $$subdir{Offset};
-                # if offset is in valBuff, it was added to the end of dirBuff
-                # (plus 4 bytes for nextIFD pointer)
-                $offset += length($dirBuff) + 4 if $$subdir{Where} eq 'valBuff';
-                $offset += $newStart + 2;           # get offset in newData
-                # check to be sure we got the right offset
-                unless (Get32u(\$newData, $offset) == 0xfeedf00d) {
-                    $et->Error("Internal error while rewriting $name");
-                    return undef;
-                }
-                # set the offset to the subdirectory data
-                Set32u($len, \$newData, $offset);
-                $fixup->AddFixup($offset);  # add fixup for this offset in newData
-            }
-        }
-        # add fixup for all offsets in directory according to value data position
-        # (which is at the end of this directory)
-        if ($dirFixup) {
-            $$dirFixup{Start} = $newStart + 2;
-            $$dirFixup{Shift} = $valPos - $$dirFixup{Start};
-            $fixup->AddFixup($dirFixup);
-        }
-        # add valueData fixups, adjusting for position of value data
-        my $valFixup;
-        foreach $valFixup (@valFixups) {
-            $$valFixup{Start} += $valPos;
-            $fixup->AddFixup($valFixup);
-        }
-        # stop if no next IFD pointer
-        last unless $isNextIFD;   # stop unless scanning for multiple IFD's
-        if ($nextIfdOffset) {
-            # continue with next IFD
-            $dirStart = $nextIfdOffset - $dataPos;
-        } else {
-            # create IFD1 if necessary
-            $verbose and print $out "  Creating IFD1\n";
-            my $ifd1 = "\0" x 2;  # empty IFD1 data (zero entry count)
-            $dataPt = \$ifd1;
-            $dirStart = 0;
-            $dirLen = $dataLen = 2;
-        }
-        # increment IFD name
-        my $ifdNum = $dirName =~ s/(\d+)$// ? $1 : 0;
-        $dirName .= $ifdNum + 1;
-        $name =~ s/\d+$//;
-        $name .= $ifdNum + 1;
-        $$et{DIR_NAME} = $$et{PATH}[-1] = $dirName;
-        next unless $nextIfdOffset;
-
-        # guard against writing the same directory twice
-        my $addr = $nextIfdOffset + $base;
-        if ($$et{PROCESSED}{$addr}) {
-            $et->Error("$name pointer references previous $$et{PROCESSED}{$addr} directory", 1);
-            last;
-        }
-        $$et{PROCESSED}{$addr} = $name;
-
-        if ($dirName eq 'SubIFD1' and not ValidateIFD($dirInfo, $dirStart)) {
-            if ($$et{TIFF_TYPE} eq 'TIFF') {
-                $et->Error('Ignored bad IFD linked from SubIFD', 1);
-            } elsif ($verbose) {
-                $et->Warn('Ignored bad IFD linked from SubIFD');
-            }
-            last;   # don't write bad IFD
-        }
-        if ($$et{DEL_GROUP}{$dirName}) {
-            $verbose and print $out "  Deleting $dirName\n";
-            $raf and $et->Error("Deleting $dirName also deletes subsequent" .
-                                      " IFD's and possibly image data", 1);
-            ++$$et{CHANGED};
-            if ($$et{DEL_GROUP}{$dirName} == 2 and
-                $$et{ADD_DIRS}{$dirName})
-            {
-                my $emptyIFD = "\0" x 2;    # start with empty IFD
-                $dataPt = \$emptyIFD;
-                $dirStart = 0;
-                $dirLen = $dataLen = 2;
-            } else {
-                last;   # don't write this IFD (or any subsequent IFD)
-            }
-        } else {
-            $verbose and print $out "  Rewriting $name\n";
-        }
-    }
-#~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-    # do our fixups now so we can more easily calculate offsets below
-    $fixup->ApplyFixup(\$newData);
-#
-# determine total block size for deferred data
-#
-    my $numBlocks = scalar @imageData;  # save this so we scan only existing blocks later
-    my $blockSize = 0;  # total size of blocks to copy later
-    my $blockInfo;
-    foreach $blockInfo (@imageData) {
-        my ($pos, $size, $pad) = @$blockInfo;
-        $blockSize += $size + $pad;
-    }
-#
-# copy over image data for IFD's, starting with the last IFD first
-#
-    if (@offsetInfo) {
-        my $ttwLen;     # length of MRW TTW segment
-        my @writeLater; # write image data last
-        for ($ifd=$#offsetInfo; $ifd>=-1; --$ifd) {
-            # build list of offsets to process
-            my @offsetList;
-            if ($ifd >= 0) {
-                my $offsetInfo = $offsetInfo[$ifd] or next;
-                # patch Panasonic RAW/RW2 StripOffsets/StripByteCounts if necessary
-                my $stripOffsets = $$offsetInfo{0x111};
-                if ($stripOffsets and $$stripOffsets[0]{PanasonicHack}) {
-                    require Image::ExifTool::PanasonicRaw;
-                    my $err = Image::ExifTool::PanasonicRaw::PatchRawDataOffset($offsetInfo, $raf, $ifd);
-                    $err and $et->Error($err);
-                }
-                my $tagID;
-                # loop through all tags in reverse order so we save thumbnail
-                # data before main image data if both exist in the same IFD
-                foreach $tagID (reverse sort keys %$offsetInfo) {
-                    my $tagInfo = $$offsetInfo{$tagID}[0];
-                    next unless $$tagInfo{IsOffset}; # handle byte counts with offsets
-                    my $sizeInfo = $$offsetInfo{$$tagInfo{OffsetPair}};
-                    $sizeInfo or $et->Error("No size tag for $dirName:$$tagInfo{Name}"), next;
-                    my $dataTag = $$tagInfo{DataTag};
-                    # write TIFF image data (strips or tiles) later if requested
-                    if ($raf and defined $$origDirInfo{ImageData} and
-                        ($tagID == 0x111 or $tagID == 0x144 or
-                          # also defer writing of other big data such as JpgFromRaw in NEF
-                          ($$sizeInfo[3][0] and
-                           # (calculate approximate combined size of all blocks)
-                           $$sizeInfo[3][0] * scalar(@{$$sizeInfo[3]}) > 1000000)) and
-                        # but don't defer writing if replacing with new value
-                        (not defined $dataTag or not defined $offsetData{$dataTag}))
-                    {
-                        push @writeLater, [ $$offsetInfo{$tagID}, $sizeInfo ];
-                    } else {
-                        push @offsetList, [ $$offsetInfo{$tagID}, $sizeInfo ];
-                    }
-                }
-            } else {
-                last unless @writeLater;
-                @offsetList = @writeLater;
-            }
-            my $offsetPair;
-            foreach $offsetPair (@offsetList) {
-                my ($tagInfo, $offsets, $count, $oldOffset) = @{$$offsetPair[0]};
-                my ($cntInfo, $byteCounts, $count2, $oldSize, $format) = @{$$offsetPair[1]};
-                # must be the same number of offset and byte count values
-                unless ($count == $count2) {
-                    $et->Error("Offsets/ByteCounts disagree on count for $$tagInfo{Name}");
-                    return undef;
-                }
-                my $formatStr = $formatName[$format];
-                # follow pointer to value data if necessary
-                $count > 1 and $offsets = Get32u(\$newData, $offsets);
-                my $n = $count * $formatSize[$format];
-                $n > 4 and $byteCounts = Get32u(\$newData, $byteCounts);
-                if ($byteCounts < 0 or $byteCounts + $n > length($newData)) {
-                    $et->Error("Error reading $$tagInfo{Name} byte counts");
-                    return undef;
-                }
-                # get offset base and data pos (abnormal for some preview images)
-                my ($dbase, $dpos, $wrongBase, $subIfdDataFixup);
-                if ($$tagInfo{IsOffset} eq '2') {
-                    $dbase = $firstBase;
-                    $dpos = $dataPos + $base - $firstBase;
-                } else {
-                    $dbase = $base;
-                    $dpos = $dataPos;
-                }
-                # use different base if necessary for some offsets (Minolta A200)
-                if ($$tagInfo{WrongBase}) {
-                    my $self = $et;
-                    #### eval WrongBase ($self)
-                    $wrongBase = eval $$tagInfo{WrongBase} || 0;
-                    $dbase += $wrongBase;
-                    $dpos -= $wrongBase;
-                } else {
-                    $wrongBase = 0;
-                }
-                my $oldOrder = GetByteOrder();
-                my $dataTag = $$tagInfo{DataTag};
-                # use different byte order for values of this offset pair if required (Minolta A200)
-                SetByteOrder($$tagInfo{ByteOrder}) if $$tagInfo{ByteOrder};
-                # transfer the data referenced by all offsets of this tag
-                for ($n=0; $n<$count; ++$n) {
-                    my ($oldEnd, $size);
-                    if (@$oldOffset and @$oldSize) {
-                        # calculate end offset of this block
-                        $oldEnd = $$oldOffset[$n] + $$oldSize[$n];
-                        # update TIFF_END as if we read this data from file
-                        UpdateTiffEnd($et, $oldEnd + $dbase);
-                    }
-                    my $offsetPos = $offsets + $n * 4;
-                    my $byteCountPos = $byteCounts + $n * $formatSize[$format];
-                    if ($$tagInfo{PanasonicHack}) {
-                        # use actual raw data length (may be different than StripByteCounts!)
-                        $size = $$oldSize[$n];
-                    } else {
-                        # use size of new data
-                        $size = ReadValue(\$newData, $byteCountPos, $formatStr, 1, 4);
-                    }
-                    my $offset = $$oldOffset[$n];
-                    if (defined $offset) {
-                        $offset -= $dpos;
-                    } elsif ($size != 0xfeedfeed) {
-                        $et->Error('Internal error (no offset)');
-                        return undef;
-                    }
-                    my $newOffset = length($newData) - $wrongBase;
-                    my $buff;
-                    # look for 'feed' code to use our new data
-                    if ($size == 0xfeedfeed) {
-                        unless (defined $dataTag) {
-                            $et->Error("No DataTag defined for $$tagInfo{Name}");
-                            return undef;
-                        }
-                        unless (defined $offsetData{$dataTag}) {
-                            $et->Error("Internal error (no $dataTag)");
-                            return undef;
-                        }
-                        if ($count > 1) {
-                            $et->Error("Can't modify $$tagInfo{Name} with count $count");
-                            return undef;
-                        }
-                        $buff = $offsetData{$dataTag};
-                        if ($formatSize[$format] != 4) {
-                            $et->Error("$$cntInfo{Name} is not int32");
-                            return undef;
-                        }
-                        # set the data size
-                        $size = length($buff);
-                        Set32u($size, \$newData, $byteCountPos);
-                    } elsif ($ifd < 0) {
-                        # pad if necessary (but don't pad contiguous image blocks)
-                        my $pad = 0;
-                        ++$pad if $size & 0x01 and ($n+1 >= $count or not $oldEnd or
-                                  $oldEnd != $$oldOffset[$n+1]);
-                        # preserve original image padding if specified
-                        if ($$origDirInfo{PreserveImagePadding} and $n+1 < $count and
-                            $oldEnd and $$oldOffset[$n+1] > $oldEnd)
-                        {
-                            $pad = $$oldOffset[$n+1] - $oldEnd;
-                        }
-                        # copy data later
-                        push @imageData, [$offset+$dbase+$dpos, $size, $pad];
-                        $newOffset += $blockSize;   # data comes after other deferred data
-                        # create fixup for SubIFD ImageData
-                        if ($imageDataFlag eq 'SubIFD' and not $subIfdDataFixup) {
-                            $subIfdDataFixup = new Image::ExifTool::Fixup;
-                            $imageData[-1][4] = $subIfdDataFixup;
-                        }
-                        $size += $pad; # account for pad byte if necessary
-                        # return ImageData list
-                        $$origDirInfo{ImageData} = \@imageData;
-                    } elsif ($offset >= 0 and $offset+$size <= $dataLen) {
-                        # take data from old dir data buffer
-                        $buff = substr($$dataPt, $offset, $size);
-                    } elsif ($$et{TIFF_TYPE} eq 'MRW') {
-                        # TTW segment must be an even 4 bytes long, so pad now if necessary
-                        my $n = length $newData;
-                        $buff = ($n & 0x03) ? "\0" x (4 - ($n & 0x03)) : '';
-                        $size = length($buff);
-                        # data exists after MRW TTW segment
-                        $ttwLen = length($newData) + $size unless defined $ttwLen;
-                        $newOffset = $offset + $dpos + $ttwLen - $dataLen;
-                    } elsif ($raf and $raf->Seek($offset+$dbase+$dpos,0) and
-                             $raf->Read($buff,$size) == $size)
-                    {
-                        # (data was read OK)
-                        # patch incorrect ThumbnailOffset in Sony A100 1.00 ARW images
-                        if ($$et{TIFF_TYPE} eq 'ARW' and $$tagInfo{Name} eq 'ThumbnailOffset' and
-                            $$et{Model} eq 'DSLR-A100' and $buff !~ /^\xff\xd8\xff/)
-                        {
-                            my $pos = $offset + $dbase + $dpos;
-                            my $try;
-                            if ($pos < 0x10000 and $raf->Seek($pos+0x10000,0) and
-                                $raf->Read($try,$size) == $size and $try =~ /^\xff\xd8\xff/)
-                            {
-                                $buff = $try;
-                                $et->Warn('Adjusted incorrect A100 ThumbnailOffset', 1);
-                            } else {
-                                $et->Error('Invalid ThumbnailImage');
-                            }
-                        }
-                    } elsif ($$tagInfo{Name} eq 'ThumbnailOffset' and $offset>=0 and $offset<$dataLen) {
-                        # Grrr.  The Canon 350D writes the thumbnail with an incorrect byte count
-                        my $diff = $offset + $size - $dataLen;
-                        $et->Warn("ThumbnailImage runs outside EXIF data by $diff bytes (truncated)",1);
-                        # set the size to the available data
-                        $size -= $diff;
-                        unless (WriteValue($size, $formatStr, 1, \$newData, $byteCountPos)) {
-                            warn 'Internal error writing thumbnail size';
-                        }
-                        # get the truncated image
-                        $buff = substr($$dataPt, $offset, $size);
-                    } elsif ($$tagInfo{Name} eq 'PreviewImageStart' and $$et{FILE_TYPE} eq 'JPEG') {
-                        # try to load the preview image using the specified offset
-                        undef $buff;
-                        my $r = $$et{RAF};
-                        if ($r and not $raf) {
-                            my $tell = $r->Tell();
-                            # read and validate
-                            undef $buff unless $r->Seek($offset+$base+$dataPos,0) and
-                                               $r->Read($buff,$size) == $size and
-                                               $buff =~ /^.\xd8\xff[\xc4\xdb\xe0-\xef]/s;
-                            $r->Seek($tell, 0) or $et->Error('Seek error'), return undef;
-                        }
-                        # set flag if we must load PreviewImage
-                        $buff = 'LOAD_PREVIEW' unless defined $buff;
-                    } else {
-                        my $dataName = $dataTag || $$tagInfo{Name};
-                        return undef if $et->Error("Error reading $dataName data in $name", $inMakerNotes);
-                        $buff = '';
-                    }
-                    if ($$tagInfo{Name} eq 'PreviewImageStart') {
-                        if ($$et{FILE_TYPE} eq 'JPEG' and not $$tagInfo{MakerPreview}) {
-                            # hold onto the PreviewImage until we can determine if it fits
-                            $$et{PREVIEW_INFO} or $$et{PREVIEW_INFO} = {
-                                Data => $buff,
-                                Fixup => new Image::ExifTool::Fixup,
-                            };
-                            if ($$tagInfo{IsOffset} and $$tagInfo{IsOffset} eq '2') {
-                                $$et{PREVIEW_INFO}{NoBaseShift} = 1;
-                            }
-                            if ($offset >= 0 and $offset+$size <= $dataLen) {
-                                # set flag indicating this preview wasn't in a trailer
-                                $$et{PREVIEW_INFO}{WasContained} = 1;
-                            }
-                            $buff = '';
-                        } elsif ($$et{TIFF_TYPE} eq 'ARW' and $$et{Model}  eq 'DSLR-A100') {
-                            # the A100 double-references the same preview, so ignore the
-                            # second one (the offset and size will be patched later)
-                            next if $$et{A100PreviewLength};
-                            $$et{A100PreviewLength} = length $buff if defined $buff;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    # update offset accordingly and add to end of new data
-                    Set32u($newOffset, \$newData, $offsetPos);
-                    # add a pointer to fix up this offset value (marked with DataTag name)
-                    $fixup->AddFixup($offsetPos, $dataTag);
-                    # also add to subIfdDataFixup if necessary
-                    $subIfdDataFixup->AddFixup($offsetPos, $dataTag) if $subIfdDataFixup;
-                    # must also (sometimes) update StripOffsets in Panasonic RW2 images
-                    my $otherPos = $$offsetPair[0][5];
-                    if ($otherPos and $$tagInfo{PanasonicHack}) {
-                        Set32u($newOffset, \$newData, $otherPos);
-                        $fixup->AddFixup($otherPos, $dataTag);
-                    }
-                    if ($ifd >= 0) {
-                        # buff length must be even (Note: may have changed since $size was set)
-                        $buff .= "\0" if length($buff) & 0x01;
-                        $newData .= $buff;      # add this strip to the data
-                    } else {
-                        $blockSize += $size;    # keep track of total size
-                    }
-                }
-                SetByteOrder($oldOrder);
-            }
-        }
-        # verify that nothing else got written after determining TTW length
-        if (defined $ttwLen and $ttwLen != length($newData)) {
-            $et->Error('Internal error writing MRW TTW');
-        }
-    }
-#
-# set offsets and generate fixups for tag values which were too large for memory
-#
-    $blockSize = 0;
-    foreach $blockInfo (@imageData) {
-        my ($pos, $size, $pad, $entry, $subFix) = @$blockInfo;
-        if (defined $entry) {
-            my $format = Get16u(\$newData, $entry + 2);
-            if ($format < 1 or $format > 13) {
-                $et->Error('Internal error copying huge value');
-                last;
-            } else {
-                # set count and offset in directory entry
-                Set32u($size / $formatSize[$format], \$newData, $entry + 4);
-                Set32u(length($newData)+$blockSize, \$newData, $entry + 8);
-                $fixup->AddFixup($entry + 8);
-                # create special fixup for SubIFD data
-                if ($imageDataFlag eq 'SubIFD') {
-                    my $subIfdDataFixup = new Image::ExifTool::Fixup;
-                    $subIfdDataFixup->AddFixup($entry + 8);
-                    # save fixup in imageData list
-                    $$blockInfo[4] = $subIfdDataFixup; 
-                }
-                # must reset entry pointer so we don't use it again in a parent IFD!
-                $$blockInfo[3] = undef;
-            }
-        }
-        # apply additional shift required for contained SubIFD image data offsets
-        if ($subFix and defined $$subFix{BlockLen} and $numBlocks > 0) {
-            # our offset expects the data at the end of the SubIFD block (BlockLen + Start),
-            # but it will actually be at length($newData) + $blockSize.  So adjust
-            # accordingly (and subtract an extra Start because this shift is applied later)
-            $$subFix{Shift} += length($newData) - $$subFix{BlockLen} - 2 * $$subFix{Start} + $blockSize;
-            $subFix->ApplyFixup(\$newData);
-        }
-        $blockSize += $size + $pad;
-        --$numBlocks;
-    }
-#
-# apply final shift to new data position if this is the top level IFD
-#
-    unless ($$dirInfo{Fixup}) {
-        my $hdrPtr = $$dirInfo{HeaderPtr};
-        my $newDataPos = $hdrPtr ? length $$hdrPtr : $$dirInfo{NewDataPos} || 0;
-        # adjust CanonVRD offset to point to end of regular TIFF if necessary
-        # (NOTE: This will be incorrect if multiple trailers exist,
-        #  but it is unlikely that it could ever be correct in this case anyway.
-        #  Also, this doesn't work for JPEG images (but CanonDPP doesn't set
-        #  this when editing JPEG images anyway))
-        $fixup->SetMarkerPointers(\$newData, 'CanonVRD', length($newData) + $blockSize);
-        if ($newDataPos) {
-            $$fixup{Shift} += $newDataPos;
-            $fixup->ApplyFixup(\$newData);
-        }
-        # save fixup for adjusting Leica trailer offset if necessary
-        $$et{LeicaTrailer}{Fixup}->AddFixup($fixup) if $$et{LeicaTrailer};
-        # save fixup for PreviewImage in JPEG file if necessary
-        my $previewInfo = $$et{PREVIEW_INFO};
-        if ($previewInfo) {
-            my $pt = \$$previewInfo{Data}; # image data or 'LOAD_PREVIEW' flag
-            # now that we know the size of the EXIF data, first test to see if our new image fits
-            # inside the EXIF segment (remember about the TIFF and EXIF headers: 8+6 bytes)
-            if (($$pt ne 'LOAD_PREVIEW' and length($$pt) + length($newData) + 14 <= 0xfffd and
-                not $$previewInfo{IsTrailer}) or
-                $$previewInfo{IsShort}) # must fit in this segment if using short pointers
-            {
-                # It fits! (or must exist in EXIF segment), so fixup the
-                # PreviewImage pointers and stuff the preview image in here
-                my $newPos = length($newData) + $newDataPos;
-                $newPos += ($$previewInfo{BaseShift} || 0);
-                if ($$previewInfo{Relative}) {
-                    # calculate our base by looking at how far the pointer got shifted
-                    $newPos -= ($fixup->GetMarkerPointers(\$newData, 'PreviewImage') || 0);
-                }
-                $fixup->SetMarkerPointers(\$newData, 'PreviewImage', $newPos);
-                $newData .= $$pt;
-                # set flag to delete old preview unless it was contained in the EXIF
-                $$et{DEL_PREVIEW} = 1 unless $$et{PREVIEW_INFO}{WasContained};       
-                delete $$et{PREVIEW_INFO};   # done with our preview data
-            } else {
-                # Doesn't fit, or we still don't know, so save fixup information
-                # and put the preview at the end of the file
-                $$previewInfo{Fixup} or $$previewInfo{Fixup} = new Image::ExifTool::Fixup;
-                $$previewInfo{Fixup}->AddFixup($fixup);
-            }
-        } elsif (defined $newData and $deleteAll) {
-            $newData = '';  # delete both IFD0 and IFD1 since only mandatory tags remain
-        } elsif ($$et{A100PreviewLength}) {
-            # save preview image start for patching A100 quirks later
-            $$et{A100PreviewStart} = $fixup->GetMarkerPointers(\$newData, 'PreviewImage');
-        }
-        # save location of last IFD for use in Canon RAW header
-        if ($newDataPos == 16) {
-            my @ifdPos = $fixup->GetMarkerPointers(\$newData,'NextIFD');
-            $$origDirInfo{LastIFD} = pop @ifdPos;
-        }
-        # recrypt SR2 SubIFD data if necessary
-        my $key = $$et{SR2SubIFDKey};
-        if ($key) {
-            my $start = $fixup->GetMarkerPointers(\$newData, 'SR2SubIFDOffset');
-            my $len = $$et{SR2SubIFDLength};
-            # (must subtract 8 for size of TIFF header)
-            if ($start and $start - 8 + $len <= length $newData) {
-                require Image::ExifTool::Sony;
-                Image::ExifTool::Sony::Decrypt(\$newData, $start - 8, $len, $key);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    # return empty string if no entries in directory
-    # (could be up to 10 bytes and still be empty)
-    $newData = '' if defined $newData and length($newData) < 12;
-
-    return $newData;    # return our directory data
-}
-
-1; # end
-
-__END__
-
-=head1 NAME
-
-Image::ExifTool::WriteExif.pl - Write EXIF meta information
-
-=head1 SYNOPSIS
-
-This file is autoloaded by Image::ExifTool::Exif.
-
-=head1 DESCRIPTION
-
-This file contains routines to write EXIF metadata.
-
-=head1 AUTHOR
-
-Copyright 2003-2013, Phil Harvey (phil at owl.phy.queensu.ca)
-
-This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
-under the same terms as Perl itself.
-
-=head1 SEE ALSO
-
-L<Image::ExifTool::Exif(3pm)|Image::ExifTool::Exif>,
-L<Image::ExifTool(3pm)|Image::ExifTool>
-
-=cut