exiftool_vendored 9.45.0 → 9.46.0

data/bin/Image-ExifTool-9.45/lib/Image/ExifTool/WriteQuickTime.pl

@@ -1,344 +0,0 @@
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# File:         WriteQuickTime.pl
-#
-# Description:  Write XMP to QuickTime (MOV and MP4) files
-#
-# Revisions:    2013-10-29 - P. Harvey Created
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-package Image::ExifTool::QuickTime;
-
-use strict;
-
-# map for adding directories to QuickTime-format files
-my %movMap = (
-    # MOV (no 'ftyp', or 'ftyp'='qt  ') -> 'moov'-'udta'-'XMP_'
-    XMP      => 'UserData',
-    UserData => 'Movie',
-    Movie    => 'MOV',
-);
-my %mp4Map = (
-    # MP4 ('ftyp' compatible brand 'mp41', 'mp42' or 'f4v ') -> top level 'uuid'
-   'UUID-XMP' => 'MOV',
-    XMP       => 'UUID-XMP',
-);
-my %dirMap = (
-    MOV => \%movMap,
-    MP4 => \%mp4Map,
-);
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Check to see if path is current
-# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) directory name
-# Returns: true if current path is the root of the specified directory
-sub IsCurPath($$)
-{
-    local $_;
-    my ($et, $dir) = @_;
-    $dir = $$et{DirMap}{$dir} and $dir eq $_ or last foreach reverse @{$$et{PATH}}; 
-    return($dir and $dir eq 'MOV');    
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Write a series of QuickTime atoms from file or in memory
-# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
-# Returns: A) if dirInfo contains DataPt: new director data
-#          B) otherwise: true on success, 0 if a write error occurred
-#             (true but sets an Error on a file format error)
-sub WriteQuickTime($$$)
-{
-    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
-    my ($foundMDAT, @hold, $track);
-    my $outfile = $$dirInfo{OutFile} or return 0;
-    my $raf = $$dirInfo{RAF};
-    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
-    my $dirName = $$dirInfo{DirName};
-    my $parent = $$dirInfo{Parent};
-    my $addDirs = $$et{ADD_DIRS};
-    my $rtnVal = 1;
-
-    if ($dataPt) {
-        $raf = new File::RandomAccess($dataPt);
-        my $outBuff = '';
-        $outfile = \$outBuff;
-    } else {
-        return 0 unless $raf;
-    }
-    for (;;) {
-        my ($hdr, $buff);
-        my $n = $raf->Read($hdr, 8);
-        unless ($n == 8) {
-            if ($n == 4 and $hdr eq "\0\0\0\0") {
-                # "for historical reasons" the udta is optionally terminated by 4 zeros (ref 1)
-                # --> hold this terminator to the end
-                push @hold, $hdr;
-            } elsif ($n != 0) {
-                $et->Error('File format error');
-            }
-            last;
-        }
-        my ($size, $tag) = unpack('Na4', $hdr);
-        if ($size >= 8) {
-            $size -= 8;
-        } elsif ($size == 1) {
-            # read the extended size
-            $raf->Read($buff, 8) == 8 or $et->Error('Truncated extended atom'), last;
-            $hdr .= $buff;
-            my ($hi, $lo) = unpack('NN', $buff);
-            $size = $hi * 4294967296 + $lo - 16;
-            $size < 0 and $et->Error('Invalid extended atom size'), last;
-        } elsif (not $size and not $dataPt) {
-            # size of zero is only valid for top-level atom, and
-            # indicates the atom extends to the end of file
-            if (not $raf->{FILE_PT}) {
-                # get file size from image in memory
-                $size = length ${$$raf{BUFF_PT}};
-            } else {
-                $size = -s $$raf{FILE_PT};
-            }
-            if ($size and ($size -= $raf->Tell()) >= 0 and $size <= 0x7fffffff) {
-                Set32u($size + 8, \$hdr, 0);
-            } elsif (@hold) {
-                $et->Error("Sorry, can't yet add tags to this type of QuickTime file");
-                return $rtnVal;
-            } else {
-                # blindly copy the rest of the file
-                Write($outfile, $hdr) or $rtnVal = 0;
-                while ($raf->Read($buff, 65536)) {
-                    Write($outfile, $buff) or $rtnVal = 0, last;
-                }
-                return $rtnVal;
-            }
-        } else {
-            $et->Error('Invalid atom size');
-            last;
-        }
-
-        # set flag if we have passed the 'mdat' atom
-        $foundMDAT = 1 if $tag eq 'mdat';
-
-        # rewrite this atom
-        my $tagInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTablePtr, $tag);
-        if (defined $tagInfo and not $tagInfo) {
-            my $n = $size < 256 ? $size : 256;
-            unless ($raf->Read($buff, $n) == $n and $raf->Seek(-$n, 1)) {
-                $et->Error("Read/seek error in $tag atom");
-                last;
-            }
-            $tagInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTablePtr, $tag, \$buff);
-        }
-        if ($tagInfo) {
-            if ($$tagInfo{Unknown}) {
-                undef $tagInfo;
-            } elsif ($size > 100000000) {
-                # limit maximum size of atom that we load into memory
-                my $mb = $size / 0x100000;
-                $et->Warn("Not editing metadata in $tag atom. $mb MB is too big");
-                undef $tagInfo;
-            }
-        }
-        if ($tagInfo) {
-            # read the atom data
-            $raf->Read($buff, $size) == $size or $et->Error("Error reading $tag data"), last;
-            my $subdir = $$tagInfo{SubDirectory};
-            my $newData;
-            if ($subdir) {
-                my $subName = $$subdir{DirName} || $$tagInfo{Name};
-                my $start = $$subdir{Start} || 0;
-                my $base = ($$dirInfo{Base} || 0) + $raf->Tell() - $size;
-                my $dPos = 0;
-                if ($$subdir{Base}) {
-                    $dPos -= eval $$subdir{Base};
-                    $base -= $dPos;
-                }
-                my %subdirInfo = (
-                    Parent   => $dirName,
-                    DirName  => $subName,
-                    DataPt   => \$buff,
-                    DataLen  => $size,
-                    DataPos  => $dPos,
-                    DirStart => $start,
-                    DirLen   => $size - $start,
-                    Base     => $base,
-                    HasData  => $$subdir{HasData},  # necessary?
-                    Multi    => $$subdir{Multi},    # necessary?
-                    OutFile  => $outfile,
-                );
-                SetByteOrder('II') if $$subdir{ByteOrder} and $$subdir{ByteOrder} =~ /^Little/;
-                my $oldWriteGroup = $$et{CUR_WRITE_GROUP};
-                if ($subName eq 'Track') {
-                    $track or $track = 0;
-                    $$et{CUR_WRITE_GROUP} = 'Track' . (++$track);
-                }
-                my $subTable = GetTagTable($$subdir{TagTable});
-                # demote non-QuickTime errors to warnings
-                $$et{DemoteErrors} = 1 unless $$subTable{GROUPS}{0} eq 'QuickTime';
-                $newData = $et->WriteDirectory(\%subdirInfo, $subTable);
-                if ($$et{DemoteErrors}) {
-                    # just copy existing subdirectory a non-quicktime error occurred
-                    undef $newData if $$et{DemoteErrors} > 1;
-                    delete $$et{DemoteErrors};
-                }
-                $$et{CUR_WRITE_GROUP} = $oldWriteGroup;
-                SetByteOrder('MM');
-                # add back header if necessary
-                if ($$subdir{Start} and defined $newData and length $newData) {
-                    $newData = substr($buff,0,$$subdir{Start}) . $newData;
-                }
-                # the directory exists, so we don't need to add it
-                delete $$addDirs{$subName} if IsCurPath($et, $subName);
-            } else {
-                # --> this is where individual QuickTime tags would be edited,
-                # (this is such a can of worms, so don't implement this for now)
-            }
-            if (defined $newData) {
-                my $len = length $newData or next;
-                $len > 0x7ffffff7 and $et->Error("$tag to large to write"), last;
-                if ($len == $size or $dataPt or $foundMDAT) {
-                    # write the updated directory now
-                    Write($outfile, Set32u($len+8), $tag, $newData) or $rtnVal = 0, last;
-                    next;
-                } else {
-                    # bad things happen if 'mdat' atom is moved (ie. Adobe Bridge crashes --
-                    # there must be some absolute offsets somewhere that point into mdat),
-                    # so hold this atom and write it out later
-                    push @hold, Set32u($len+8), $tag, $newData;
-                    $et->VPrint(0,"  Moving '$tag' atom to after 'mdat'");
-                    # write a 'free' atom here to keep 'mdat' at the same offset
-                    substr($hdr, 4, 4) = 'free';
-                    # could zero out old data if we wanted...
-                    # $buff = "\0" x length($buff);
-                }
-            }
-            # write out the existing atom (or 'free' padding)
-            Write($outfile, $hdr, $buff) or $rtnVal = 0, last;
-        } else {
-            # write the unknown/large atom header
-            Write($outfile, $hdr) or $rtnVal = 0, last;
-            next unless $size;
-            # copy the atom data
-            my $result = Image::ExifTool::CopyBlock($raf, $outfile, $size);
-            defined $result or $rtnVal = 0, last;
-            $result or $et->Error("Truncated $tag atom"), last;
-        }
-    }
-    # add new directories at this level if necessary
-    if (exists $$et{EDIT_DIRS}{$dirName}) {
-        # get a hash of tagInfo references to add to this directory
-        my $dirs = $et->GetAddDirHash($tagTablePtr, $dirName);
-        # make sorted list of new tags to be added
-        my @addTags = sort keys(%$dirs);
-        my $tag;
-        foreach $tag (@addTags) {
-            my $tagInfo = $$dirs{$tag};
-            my $subdir = $$tagInfo{SubDirectory} or next;
-            my $subName = $$subdir{DirName} || $$tagInfo{Name};
-            # QuickTime hierarchy is complex, so check full directory path before adding
-            next unless IsCurPath($et, $subName);
-            delete $$addDirs{$subName}; # add only once
-            my $buff = '';  # write from scratch
-            my %subdirInfo = (
-                Parent   => $dirName,
-                DirName  => $subName,
-                DataPt   => \$buff,
-                DirStart => 0,
-                OutFile  => $outfile,
-            );
-            my $subTable = GetTagTable($$subdir{TagTable});
-            my $newData = $et->WriteDirectory(\%subdirInfo, $subTable);
-            if ($newData and length($newData) <= 0x7ffffff7) {
-                my $uuid = '';
-                # add atom ID if necessary (obtain from Condition expression)
-                if ($$subdir{Start}) {
-                    my $cond = $$tagInfo{Condition};
-                    $uuid = eval qq("$1") if $cond and $cond =~ m{=~\s*\/\^(.*)/};
-                    length($uuid) == $$subdir{Start} or $et->Error('Internal UUID error');
-                }
-                my $newHdr = Set32u(8+length($newData)+length($uuid)) . $tag . $uuid;
-                Write($outfile, $newHdr, $newData) or $rtnVal = 0;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    # write out any atoms that we are holding until the end
-    Write($outfile, @hold) or $rtnVal = 0 if @hold;
-
-    # issue minor error if we didn't find an 'mdat' atom
-    # (we could duplicate atoms indefinitely through repeated editing if we
-    #  held back some atoms here, so in this case it isn't a minor error)
-    $dataPt or $foundMDAT or $et->Error('No mdat atom found', @hold ? 0 : 1);
-
-    return $dataPt ? ($rtnVal ? $$outfile : undef) : $rtnVal;
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Write QuickTime-format MOV/MP4 file
-# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) dirInfo ref
-# Returns: 1 on success, 0 if this wasn't a valid QuickTime file,
-#          or -1 if a write error occurred
-sub WriteMOV($$)
-{
-    my ($et, $dirInfo) = @_;
-    $et or return 1;
-    my $raf = $$dirInfo{RAF} or return 0;
-    my ($buff, $ftype);
-
-    # read the first atom header
-    return 0 unless $raf->Read($buff, 8) == 8;
-    my ($size, $tag) = unpack('Na4', $buff);
-    return 0 if $size < 8 and $size != 1;
-
-    # validate the file format
-    my $tagTablePtr = GetTagTable('Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Main');
-    return 0 unless $$tagTablePtr{$tag};
-
-    # determine the file type
-    if ($tag eq 'ftyp' and $size >= 12 and $size < 100000 and
-        $raf->Read($buff, $size-8) == $size-8 and
-        $buff !~ /^(....)+(qt  )/s)
-    {
-        # file is MP4 format if 'ftyp' exists without 'qt  ' as a compatible brand
-        $ftype = 'MP4';
-    } else {
-        $ftype = 'MOV';
-    }
-    $et->SetFileType($ftype); # need to set "FileType" tag for a Condition
-    $et->InitWriteDirs($dirMap{$ftype}, 'XMP');
-    $$et{DirMap} = $dirMap{$ftype};     # need access to directory map when writing
-    SetByteOrder('MM');
-    $raf->Seek(0,0);
-
-    # write the file
-    $$dirInfo{Parent} = '';
-    $$dirInfo{DirName} = 'MOV';
-    return WriteQuickTime($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) ? 1 : -1;
-}
-
-1; # end
-
-__END__
-
-=head1 NAME
-
-Image::ExifTool::WriteQuickTime.pl - Write XMP to QuickTime (MOV and MP4) files
-
-=head1 SYNOPSIS
-
-These routines are autoloaded by Image::ExifTool::QuickTime.
-
-=head1 DESCRIPTION
-
-This file contains routines used by ExifTool to write XMP metadata to
-QuickTime-based file formats like MOV and MP4.
-
-=head1 AUTHOR
-
-Copyright 2003-2013, Phil Harvey (phil at owl.phy.queensu.ca)
-
-This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
-under the same terms as Perl itself.
-
-=head1 SEE ALSO
-
-L<Image::ExifTool::QuickTime(3pm)|Image::ExifTool::QuickTime>,
-L<Image::ExifTool(3pm)|Image::ExifTool>
-
-=cut

data/bin/Image-ExifTool-9.45/lib/Image/ExifTool/WriteXMP.pl

@@ -1,1318 +0,0 @@
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# File:         WriteXMP.pl
-#
-# Description:  Write XMP meta information
-#
-# Revisions:    12/19/2004 - P. Harvey Created
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-package Image::ExifTool::XMP;
-
-use strict;
-use vars qw(%specialStruct %dateTimeInfo $xlatNamespace);
-
-use Image::ExifTool qw(:DataAccess :Utils);
-
-sub CheckXMP($$$);
-sub CaptureXMP($$$;$);
-sub SetPropertyPath($$;$$$$);
-
-my $debug = 0;
-my $numPadLines = 24;       # number of blank padding lines
-
-# when writing extended XMP, resources bigger than this get placed in their own
-# rdf:Description so they can be moved to the extended segments if necessary
-my $newDescThresh = 10240;  # 10 kB
-
-# individual resources and namespaces to place last in separate rdf:Description's
-# so they can be moved to extended XMP segments if required (see Oct. 2008 XMP spec)
-my %extendedRes = (
-    'photoshop:History' => 1,
-    'xap:Thumbnails' => 1,
-    'xmp:Thumbnails' => 1,
-    'crs' => 1,
-    'crss' => 1,
-);
-
-my $rdfDesc = 'rdf:Description';
-#
-# packet/xmp/rdf headers and trailers
-#
-my $pktOpen = "<?xpacket begin='\xef\xbb\xbf' id='W5M0MpCehiHzreSzNTczkc9d'?>\n";
-my $xmlOpen = "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>\n";
-my $xmpOpenPrefix = "<x:xmpmeta xmlns:x='$nsURI{x}'";
-my $rdfOpen = "<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf='$nsURI{rdf}'>\n";
-my $rdfClose = "</rdf:RDF>\n";
-my $xmpClose = "</x:xmpmeta>\n";
-my $pktCloseW =  "<?xpacket end='w'?>"; # writable by default
-my $pktCloseR =  "<?xpacket end='r'?>";
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Get XMP opening tag (and set x:xmptk appropriately)
-# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref
-# Returns: x:xmpmeta opening tag
-sub XMPOpen($)
-{
-    my $et = shift;
-    my $nv = $$et{NEW_VALUE}{$Image::ExifTool::XMP::x{xmptk}};
-    my $tk;
-    if (defined $nv) {
-        $tk = $et->GetNewValues($nv);
-        $et->VerboseValue(($tk ? '+' : '-') . ' XMP-x:XMPToolkit', $tk);
-        ++$$et{CHANGED};
-    } else {
-        $tk = "Image::ExifTool $Image::ExifTool::VERSION";
-    }
-    my $str = $tk ? (" x:xmptk='" . EscapeXML($tk) . "'") : '';
-    return "$xmpOpenPrefix$str>\n";
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Validate XMP packet and set read or read/write mode
-# Inputs: 0) XMP data reference, 1) 'r' = read only, 'w' or undef = read/write
-# Returns: true if XMP is good (and adds packet header/trailer if necessary)
-sub ValidateXMP($;$)
-{
-    my ($xmpPt, $mode) = @_;
-    unless ($$xmpPt =~ /^\0*<\0*\?\0*x\0*p\0*a\0*c\0*k\0*e\0*t/) {
-        return '' unless $$xmpPt =~ /^<x(mp)?:x[ma]pmeta/;
-        # add required xpacket header/trailer
-        $$xmpPt = $pktOpen . $$xmpPt . $pktCloseW;
-    }
-    $mode = 'w' unless $mode;
-    my $end = substr($$xmpPt, -32, 32);
-    # check for proper xpacket trailer and set r/w mode if necessary
-    return '' unless $end =~ s/(e\0*n\0*d\0*=\0*['"]\0*)([rw])(\0*['"]\0*\?\0*>)/$1$mode$3/;
-    substr($$xmpPt, -32, 32) = $end if $2 ne $mode;
-    return 1;
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Check XMP date values for validity and format accordingly
-# Inputs: 1) date string
-# Returns: XMP date/time string (or undef on error)
-sub FormatXMPDate($)
-{
-    my $val = shift;
-    my ($y, $m, $d, $t, $tz);
-    if ($val =~ /(\d{4}):(\d{2}):(\d{2}) (\d{2}:\d{2}(?::\d{2}(?:\.\d*)?)?)(.*)/) {
-        ($y, $m, $d, $t, $tz) = ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5);
-        $val = "$y-$m-${d}T$t";
-    } elsif ($val =~ /^\s*\d{4}(:\d{2}){0,2}\s*$/) {
-        # this is just a date (YYYY, YYYY-mm or YYYY-mm-dd)
-        $val =~ tr/:/-/;
-    } elsif ($val =~ /^\s*(\d{2}:\d{2}(?::\d{2}(?:\.\d*)?)?)(.*)\s*$/) {
-        # this is just a time
-        ($t, $tz) = ($1, $2);
-        $val = $t;
-    } else {
-        return undef;
-    }
-    if ($tz) {
-        $tz =~ /^(Z|[+-]\d{2}:\d{2})$/ or return undef;
-        $val .= $tz;
-    }
-    return $val;
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Check XMP values for validity and format accordingly
-# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) tagInfo hash ref, 2) raw value ref
-# Returns: error string or undef (and may change value) on success
-# Note: copies structured information to avoid conflicts with calling code
-sub CheckXMP($$$)
-{
-    my ($et, $tagInfo, $valPtr) = @_;
-
-    if ($$tagInfo{Struct}) {
-        require 'Image/ExifTool/XMPStruct.pl';
-        my ($item, $err, $w, $warn);
-        unless (ref $$valPtr) {
-            ($$valPtr, $warn) = InflateStruct($valPtr);
-            # expect a structure HASH ref or ARRAY of structures
-            ref $$valPtr or return 'Improperly formed structure';
-        }
-        if (ref $$valPtr eq 'ARRAY') {
-            return 'Not a list tag' unless $$tagInfo{List};
-            my @copy = ( @{$$valPtr} ); # copy the list for ExifTool to use
-            $$valPtr = \@copy;          # return the copy
-            foreach $item (@copy) {
-                unless (ref $item eq 'HASH') {
-                    ($item, $w) = InflateStruct(\$item); # deserialize structure
-                    $w and $warn = $w;
-                    next if ref $item eq 'HASH';
-                    $err = 'Improperly formed structure';
-                    last;
-                }
-                ($item, $err) = CheckStruct($et, $item, $$tagInfo{Struct});
-                last if $err;
-            }
-        } else {
-            ($$valPtr, $err) = CheckStruct($et, $$valPtr, $$tagInfo{Struct});
-        }
-        $warn and $$et{CHECK_WARN} = $warn;
-        return $err;
-    }
-    my $format = $$tagInfo{Writable};
-    # (if no format specified, value is a simple string)
-    if (not $format or $format eq 'string' or $format eq 'lang-alt') {
-        # convert value to UTF8 if necessary
-        if ($$et{OPTIONS}{Charset} ne 'UTF8') {
-            if ($$valPtr =~ /[\x80-\xff]/) {
-                # convert from Charset to UTF-8
-                $$valPtr = $et->Encode($$valPtr,'UTF8');
-            }
-        } else {
-            # translate invalid XML characters to "."
-            $$valPtr =~ tr/\0-\x08\x0b\x0c\x0e-\x1f/./;
-            # fix any malformed UTF-8 characters
-            if (FixUTF8($valPtr) and not $$et{WarnBadUTF8}) {
-                $et->Warn('Malformed UTF-8 character(s)');
-                $$et{WarnBadUTF8} = 1;
-            }
-        }
-        return undef;   # success
-    }
-    if ($format eq 'rational' or $format eq 'real') {
-        # make sure the value is a valid floating point number
-        unless (Image::ExifTool::IsFloat($$valPtr) or
-            # allow 'inf' and 'undef' rational values
-            ($format eq 'rational' and ($$valPtr eq 'inf' or
-             $$valPtr eq 'undef' or Image::ExifTool::IsRational($$valPtr))))
-        {
-            return 'Not a floating point number' 
-        }
-        if ($format eq 'rational') {
-            $$valPtr = join('/', Image::ExifTool::Rationalize($$valPtr));
-        }
-    } elsif ($format eq 'integer') {
-        # make sure the value is integer
-        if (Image::ExifTool::IsInt($$valPtr)) {
-            # no conversion required (converting to 'int' would remove leading '+')
-        } elsif (Image::ExifTool::IsHex($$valPtr)) {
-            $$valPtr = hex($$valPtr);
-        } else {
-            return 'Not an integer';
-        }
-    } elsif ($format eq 'date') {
-        my $newDate = FormatXMPDate($$valPtr);
-        return "Invalid date/time (use YYYY:mm:dd HH:MM:SS[.ss][+/-HH:MM|Z])" unless $newDate;
-        $$valPtr = $newDate;
-    } elsif ($format eq 'boolean') {
-        if (not $$valPtr or $$valPtr =~ /false/i or $$valPtr =~ /^no$/i) {
-            $$valPtr = 'False';
-        } else {
-            $$valPtr = 'True';
-        }
-    } elsif ($format eq '1') {
-        # this is the entire XMP data block
-        return 'Invalid XMP data' unless ValidateXMP($valPtr);
-    } else {
-        return "Unknown XMP format: $format";
-    }
-    return undef;   # success!
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Get PropertyPath for specified tagInfo
-# Inputs: 0) tagInfo reference
-# Returns: PropertyPath string
-sub GetPropertyPath($)
-{
-    my $tagInfo = shift;
-    SetPropertyPath($$tagInfo{Table}, $$tagInfo{TagID}) unless $$tagInfo{PropertyPath};
-    return $$tagInfo{PropertyPath};
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Set PropertyPath for specified tag (also for associated flattened tags and structure elements)
-# Inputs: 0) tagTable reference, 1) tagID, 2) tagID of parent structure,
-#         3) structure definition ref (or undef), 4) property list up to this point (or undef),
-#         5) flag set if any containing structure has a TYPE
-# Notes: also generates flattened tags if they don't already exist
-sub SetPropertyPath($$;$$$$)
-{
-    my ($tagTablePtr, $tagID, $parentID, $structPtr, $propList, $isType) = @_;
-    my $table = $structPtr || $tagTablePtr;
-    my $tagInfo = $$table{$tagID};
-
-    return if ref($tagInfo) ne 'HASH' or $$tagInfo{PropertyPath};
-
-    # don't override existing main table entry if already set by a Struct
-    if ($structPtr) {
-        $isType = 1 if $$structPtr{TYPE};
-    } else {
-        # use property path from original tagInfo if this is an alternate-language tag
-        my $srcInfo = $$tagInfo{SrcTagInfo};
-        $$tagInfo{PropertyPath} = GetPropertyPath($srcInfo) if $srcInfo;
-        return if $$tagInfo{PropertyPath};
-        # set property path for all flattened tags in structure if necessary
-        if ($$tagInfo{RootTagInfo}) {
-            SetPropertyPath($tagTablePtr, $$tagInfo{RootTagInfo}{TagID});
-            return if $$tagInfo{PropertyPath};
-            warn "Internal Error: Didn't set path from root for $tagID\n";
-        }
-    }
-    my $ns = $$tagInfo{Namespace} || $$table{NAMESPACE};
-    $ns or warn("No namespace for $tagID\n"), return;
-    my (@propList, $listType);
-    $propList and @propList = @$propList;
-    push @propList, "$ns:$tagID";
-    # lang-alt lists are handled specially, signified by Writable='lang-alt'
-    if ($$tagInfo{Writable} and $$tagInfo{Writable} eq 'lang-alt') {
-        $listType = 'Alt';
-        # remove language code from property path if it exists
-        $propList[-1] =~ s/-$$tagInfo{LangCode}$// if $$tagInfo{LangCode};
-        # handle lists of lang-alt lists (ie. XMP-plus:Custom tags)
-        if ($$tagInfo{List} and $$tagInfo{List} ne '1') {
-            push @propList, "rdf:$$tagInfo{List}", 'rdf:li 10';
-        }
-    } else {
-        $listType = $$tagInfo{List};
-    }
-    # add required properties if this is a list
-    push @propList, "rdf:$listType", 'rdf:li 10' if $listType and $listType ne '1';
-    # set PropertyPath for all flattened tags of this structure if necessary
-    # (note: don't do this for variable-namespace structures (undef NAMESPACE))
-    my $strTable = $$tagInfo{Struct};
-    if ($strTable and $$strTable{NAMESPACE} and not ($parentID and
-        # must test NoSubStruct flag to avoid infinite recursion
-        (($$tagTablePtr{$parentID} and $$tagTablePtr{$parentID}{NoSubStruct}) or
-        length $parentID > 500))) # avoid deep recursion
-    {
-        # make sure the structure namespace has been registered
-        # (user-defined namespaces may not have been)
-        RegisterNamespace($strTable) if ref $$strTable{NAMESPACE};
-        my $tag;
-        foreach $tag (keys %$strTable) {
-            # ignore special fields and any lang-alt fields we may have added
-            next if $specialStruct{$tag} or $$strTable{$tag}{LangCode};
-            my $fullID = $parentID ? $parentID . ucfirst($tagID) : $tagID;
-            SetPropertyPath($tagTablePtr, $tag, $fullID, $strTable, \@propList, $isType);
-        }
-    }
-    # if this was a structure field and not a normal tag,
-    # we set PropertyPath in the corresponding flattened tag
-    if ($structPtr) {
-        my $flatID = $parentID . ucfirst($tagID);
-        $tagInfo = $$tagTablePtr{$flatID};
-        # create flattened tag now if necessary
-        # (could happen if we were just writing a structure)
-        unless ($tagInfo) {
-            $tagInfo = { Name => ucfirst($flatID), Flat => 1 };
-            AddTagToTable($tagTablePtr, $flatID, $tagInfo);
-        }
-        # set StructType flag if any containing structure has a TYPE
-        $$tagInfo{StructType} = 1 if $isType;
-    }
-    # set property path for tagInfo in main table
-    $$tagInfo{PropertyPath} = join '/', @propList;
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Save XMP property name/value for rewriting
-# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object reference
-#         1) reference to array of XMP property path (last is current property)
-#         2) property value, 3) optional reference to hash of property attributes
-sub CaptureXMP($$$;$)
-{
-    my ($et, $propList, $val, $attrs) = @_;
-    return unless defined $val and @$propList > 2;
-    if ($$propList[0] =~ /^x:x[ma]pmeta$/ and
-        $$propList[1] eq 'rdf:RDF' and
-        $$propList[2] =~ /$rdfDesc( |$)/)
-    {
-        # no properties to save yet if this is just the description
-        return unless @$propList > 3;
-        # ignore empty list properties
-        if ($$propList[-1] =~ /^rdf:(Bag|Seq|Alt)$/) {
-            $et->Warn("Ignored empty $$propList[-1] list for $$propList[-2]", 1);
-            return;
-        }
-        # save information about this property
-        my $capture = $$et{XMP_CAPTURE};
-        my $path = join('/', @$propList[3..$#$propList]);
-        if (defined $$capture{$path}) {
-            $$et{XMP_ERROR} = "Duplicate XMP property: $path";
-        } else {
-            $$capture{$path} = [$val, $attrs || { }];
-        }
-    } elsif ($$propList[0] eq 'rdf:RDF' and
-             $$propList[1] =~ /$rdfDesc( |$)/)
-    {
-        # set flag so we don't write x:xmpmeta element
-        $$et{XMP_NO_XMPMETA} = 1;
-        # add missing x:xmpmeta element and try again
-        unshift @$propList, 'x:xmpmeta';
-        CaptureXMP($et, $propList, $val, $attrs);
-    } else {
-        $$et{XMP_ERROR} = 'Improperly enclosed XMP property: ' . join('/',@$propList);
-    }
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Save information about resource containing blank node with nodeID
-# Inputs: 0) reference to blank node information hash
-#         1) reference to property list
-#         2) property value
-#         3) [optional] reference to attribute hash
-# Notes: This routine and ProcessBlankInfo() are also used for reading information, but
-#        are uncommon so are put in this file to reduce compile time for the common case
-sub SaveBlankInfo($$$;$)
-{
-    my ($blankInfo, $propListPt, $val, $attrs) = @_;
-
-    my $propPath = join '/', @$propListPt;
-    my @ids = ($propPath =~ m{ #([^ /]*)}g);
-    my $id;
-    # split the property path at each nodeID
-    foreach $id (@ids) {
-        my ($pre, $prop, $post) = ($propPath =~ m{^(.*?)/([^/]*) #$id((/.*)?)$});
-        defined $pre or warn("internal error parsing nodeID's"), next;
-        # the element with the nodeID should be in the path prefix for subject
-        # nodes and the path suffix for object nodes
-        unless ($prop eq $rdfDesc) {
-            if ($post) {
-                $post = "/$prop$post";
-            } else {
-                $pre = "$pre/$prop";
-            }
-        }
-        $$blankInfo{Prop}{$id}{Pre}{$pre} = 1;
-        if ((defined $post and length $post) or (defined $val and length $val)) {
-            # save the property value and attributes for each unique path suffix
-            $$blankInfo{Prop}{$id}{Post}{$post} = [ $val, $attrs, $propPath ];
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Process blank-node information
-# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) tag table ref,
-#         2) blank node information hash ref, 3) flag set for writing
-sub ProcessBlankInfo($$$;$)
-{
-    my ($et, $tagTablePtr, $blankInfo, $isWriting) = @_;
-    $et->VPrint(1, "  [Elements with nodeID set:]\n") unless $isWriting;
-    my ($id, $pre, $post);
-    # handle each nodeID separately
-    foreach $id (sort keys %{$$blankInfo{Prop}}) {
-        my $path = $$blankInfo{Prop}{$id};
-        # flag all resource names so we can warn later if some are unused
-        my %unused;
-        foreach $post (keys %{$$path{Post}}) {
-            $unused{$post} = 1;
-        }
-        # combine property paths for all possible paths through this node
-        foreach $pre (sort keys %{$$path{Pre}}) {
-            # there will be no description for the object of a blank node
-            next unless $pre =~ m{/$rdfDesc/};
-            foreach $post (sort keys %{$$path{Post}}) {
-                my @propList = split m{/}, "$pre$post";
-                my ($val, $attrs) = @{$$path{Post}{$post}};
-                if ($isWriting) {
-                    CaptureXMP($et, \@propList, $val, $attrs);
-                } else {
-                    FoundXMP($et, $tagTablePtr, \@propList, $val);
-                }
-                delete $unused{$post};
-            }
-        }
-        # save information from unused properties (if RDF is malformed like f-spot output)
-        if (%unused) {
-            $et->Options('Verbose') and $et->Warn('An XMP resource is about nothing');
-            foreach $post (sort keys %unused) {
-                my ($val, $attrs, $propPath) = @{$$path{Post}{$post}};
-                my @propList = split m{/}, $propPath;
-                if ($isWriting) {
-                    CaptureXMP($et, \@propList, $val, $attrs);
-                } else {
-                    FoundXMP($et, $tagTablePtr, \@propList, $val);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Convert path to namespace used in file (this is a pain, but the XMP
-# spec only suggests 'preferred' namespace prefixes...)
-# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object reference, 1) property path
-# Returns: conforming property path
-sub ConformPathToNamespace($$)
-{
-    my ($et, $path) = @_;
-    my @propList = split('/',$path);
-    my $nsUsed = $$et{XMP_NS};
-    my $prop;
-    foreach $prop (@propList) {
-        my ($ns, $tag) = $prop =~ /(.+?):(.*)/;
-        next if $$nsUsed{$ns};
-        my $uri = $nsURI{$ns};
-        unless ($uri) {
-            warn "No URI for namepace prefix $ns!\n";
-            next;
-        }
-        my $ns2;
-        foreach $ns2 (keys %$nsUsed) {
-            next unless $$nsUsed{$ns2} eq $uri;
-            # use the existing namespace prefix instead of ours
-            $prop = "$ns2:$tag";
-            last;
-        }
-    }
-    return join('/',@propList);
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Add necessary rdf:type element when writing structure
-# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) tag table ref, 2) capture hash ref, 3) path string
-#         4) optional base path (already conformed to namespace) for elements in
-#            variable-namespace structures
-sub AddStructType($$$$;$)
-{
-    my ($et, $tagTablePtr, $capture, $path, $basePath) = @_;
-    my @props = split '/', $path;
-    my %doneID;
-    for (;;) {
-        pop @props;
-        last unless @props;
-        my $tagID = GetXMPTagID(\@props);
-        next if $doneID{$tagID};
-        $doneID{$tagID} = 1;
-        my $tagInfo = $$tagTablePtr{$tagID};
-        last unless ref $tagInfo eq 'HASH';
-        if ($$tagInfo{Struct}) {
-            my $type = $$tagInfo{Struct}{TYPE};
-            if ($type) {
-                my $pat = $$tagInfo{PropertyPath};
-                $pat or warn("Missing PropertyPath in AddStructType\n"), last;
-                $pat = ConformPathToNamespace($et, $pat);
-                $pat =~  s/ \d+/ \\d\+/g;
-                $path =~ /^($pat)/ or warn("Wrong path in AddStructType\n"), last;
-                my $p = $1 . '/rdf:type';
-                $p = "$basePath/$p" if $basePath;
-                $$capture{$p} = [ '', { 'rdf:resource' => $type } ] unless $$capture{$p};
-            }
-        }
-        last unless $$tagInfo{StructType};
-    }
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Utility routine to encode data in base64
-# Inputs: 0) binary data string
-# Returns:   base64-encoded string
-sub EncodeBase64($)
-{
-    # encode the data in 45-byte chunks
-    my $chunkSize = 45;
-    my $len = length $_[0];
-    my $str = '';
-    my $i;
-    for ($i=0; $i<$len; $i+=$chunkSize) {
-        my $n = $len - $i;
-        $n = $chunkSize if $n > $chunkSize;
-        # add uuencoded data to output (minus size byte, but including trailing newline)
-        $str .= substr(pack('u', substr($_[0], $i, $n)), 1);
-    }
-    # convert to base64 (remember that "\0" may be encoded as ' ' or '`')
-    $str =~ tr/` -_/AA-Za-z0-9+\//;
-    # convert pad characters at the end (remember to account for trailing newline)
-    my $pad = 3 - ($len % 3);
-    substr($str, -$pad-1, $pad) = ('=' x $pad) if $pad < 3;
-    return $str;
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# sort tagInfo hash references by tag name
-sub ByTagName
-{
-    return $$a{Name} cmp $$b{Name};
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# sort alphabetically, but with rdf:type first in the structure
-sub TypeFirst
-{
-    if ($a =~ /rdf:type$/) {
-        return substr($a, 0, -8) cmp $b unless $b =~ /rdf:type$/;
-    } elsif ($b =~ /rdf:type$/) {
-        return $a cmp substr($b, 0, -8);
-    }
-    return $a cmp $b;
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Limit size of XMP
-# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) XMP data ref (written up to start of $rdfClose),
-#         2) max XMP len, 3) rdf:about string, 4) list ref for description start offsets
-#         5) start offset of first description recommended for extended XMP
-# Returns: 0) extended XMP ref, 1) GUID and updates $$dataPt (or undef if no extended XMP)
-sub LimitXMPSize($$$$$$)
-{
-    my ($et, $dataPt, $maxLen, $about, $startPt, $extStart) = @_;
-
-    # return straight away if it isn't too big
-    return undef if length($$dataPt) < $maxLen;
-
-    push @$startPt, length($$dataPt);  # add end offset to list
-    my $newData = substr($$dataPt, 0, $$startPt[0]);
-    my $guid = '0' x 32;
-    # write the required xmpNote:HasExtendedXMP property
-    $newData .= "\n <$rdfDesc rdf:about='$about'\n  xmlns:xmpNote='$nsURI{xmpNote}'>\n" .
-                  "  <xmpNote:HasExtendedXMP>$guid</xmpNote:HasExtendedXMP>\n" .
-                  " </$rdfDesc>\n";
-
-    my ($i, %descSize, $start);
-    # calculate all description block sizes
-    for ($i=1; $i<@$startPt; ++$i) {
-        $descSize{$$startPt[$i-1]} = $$startPt[$i] - $$startPt[$i-1];
-    }
-    pop @$startPt;    # remove end offset
-    # write the descriptions from smallest to largest, as many in main XMP as possible
-    my @descStart = sort { $descSize{$a} <=> $descSize{$b} } @$startPt;
-    my $extData = XMPOpen($et) . $rdfOpen;
-    for ($i=0; $i<2; ++$i) {
-      foreach $start (@descStart) {
-        # write main XMP first (in order of size), then extended XMP afterwards (in order)
-        next if $i xor $start >= $extStart;
-        my $pt = (length($newData) + $descSize{$start} > $maxLen) ? \$extData : \$newData;
-        $$pt .= substr($$dataPt, $start, $descSize{$start});
-      }
-    }
-    $extData .= $rdfClose . $xmpClose;  # close rdf:RDF and x:xmpmeta
-    # calculate GUID from MD5 of extended XMP data
-    if (eval 'require Digest::MD5') {
-        $guid = uc unpack('H*', Digest::MD5::md5($extData));
-        $newData =~ s/0{32}/$guid/;     # update GUID in main XMP segment
-    }
-    $et->VerboseValue('+ XMP-xmpNote:HasExtendedXMP', $guid);
-    $$dataPt = $newData;        # return main XMP block
-    return (\$extData, $guid);  # return extended XMP and its GUID
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Write XMP information
-# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object reference, 1) source dirInfo reference,
-#         2) [optional] tag table reference
-# Returns: with tag table: new XMP data (may be empty if no XMP data) or undef on error
-#          without tag table: 1 on success, 0 if not valid XMP file, -1 on write error
-# Notes: May set dirInfo InPlace flag to rewrite with specified DirLen
-#        May set dirInfo ReadOnly flag to write as read-only XMP ('r' mode and no padding)
-#        May set dirInfo Compact flag to force compact (drops 2kB of padding)
-#        May set dirInfo MaxDataLen to limit output data length -- this causes ExtendedXMP
-#          and ExtendedGUID to be returned in dirInfo if extended XMP was required
-sub WriteXMP($$;$)
-{
-    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
-    $et or return 1;    # allow dummy access to autoload this package
-    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
-    my (%capture, %nsUsed, $xmpErr, $tagInfo, $about);
-    my $changed = 0;
-    my $xmpFile = (not $tagTablePtr);   # this is an XMP data file if no $tagTablePtr
-    # prefer XMP over other metadata formats in some types of files
-    my $preferred = $xmpFile || ($$et{PreferredGroup} and $$et{PreferredGroup} eq 'XMP');
-    my $verbose = $et->Options('Verbose');
-    my $dirLen = $$dirInfo{DirLen};
-    $dirLen = length($$dataPt) if not defined $dirLen and $dataPt;
-#
-# extract existing XMP information into %capture hash
-#
-    # define hash in ExifTool object to capture XMP information (also causes
-    # CaptureXMP() instead of FoundXMP() to be called from ParseXMPElement())
-    #
-    # The %capture hash is keyed on the complete property path beginning after
-    # rdf:RDF/rdf:Description/.  The values are array references with the
-    # following entries: 0) value, 1) attribute hash reference.
-    $$et{XMP_CAPTURE} = \%capture;
-    $$et{XMP_NS} = \%nsUsed;
-    delete $$et{XMP_NO_XMPMETA};
-    delete $$et{XMP_NO_XPACKET};
-    delete $$et{XMP_IS_XML};
-    delete $$et{XMP_IS_SVG};
-
-    if ($xmpFile or $dirLen) {
-        delete $$et{XMP_ERROR};
-        delete $$et{XMP_ABOUT};
-        # extract all existing XMP information (to the XMP_CAPTURE hash)
-        my $success = ProcessXMP($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr);
-        # don't continue if there is nothing to parse or if we had a parsing error
-        unless ($success and not $$et{XMP_ERROR}) {
-            my $err = $$et{XMP_ERROR} || 'Error parsing XMP';
-            # may ignore this error only if we were successful
-            if ($xmpFile) {
-                my $raf = $$dirInfo{RAF};
-                # allow empty XMP data so we can create something from nothing
-                if ($success or not $raf->Seek(0,2) or $raf->Tell()) {
-                    # no error message if not an XMP file
-                    return 0 unless $$et{XMP_ERROR};
-                    if ($et->Error($err, $success)) {
-                        delete $$et{XMP_CAPTURE};
-                        return 0;
-                    }
-                }
-            } else {
-                if ($et->Warn($err, $success)) {
-                    delete $$et{XMP_CAPTURE};
-                    return undef;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        $tagInfo = $Image::ExifTool::XMP::rdf{about};
-        if (defined $$et{NEW_VALUE}{$tagInfo}) {
-            $about = $et->GetNewValues($$et{NEW_VALUE}{$tagInfo}) || '';
-            if ($verbose > 1) {
-                my $wasAbout = $$et{XMP_ABOUT};
-                $et->VerboseValue('- XMP-rdf:About', UnescapeXML($wasAbout)) if defined $wasAbout;
-                $et->VerboseValue('+ XMP-rdf:About', $about);
-            }
-            $about = EscapeXML($about); # must escape for XML
-            ++$changed;
-        } else {
-            $about = $$et{XMP_ABOUT} || '';
-        }
-        delete $$et{XMP_ERROR};
-        delete $$et{XMP_ABOUT};
-    } else {
-        $about = '';
-    }
-#
-# handle writing XMP as a block to XMP file
-#
-    if ($xmpFile) {
-        $tagInfo = $Image::ExifTool::Extra{XMP};
-        if ($tagInfo and $$et{NEW_VALUE}{$tagInfo}) {
-            my $rtnVal = 1;
-            my $newVal = $et->GetNewValues($$et{NEW_VALUE}{$tagInfo});
-            if (defined $newVal and length $newVal) {
-                $et->VPrint(0, "  Writing XMP as a block\n");
-                ++$$et{CHANGED};
-                Write($$dirInfo{OutFile}, $newVal) or $rtnVal = -1;
-            }
-            delete $$et{XMP_CAPTURE};
-            return $rtnVal;
-        }
-    }
-#
-# delete groups in family 1 if requested
-#
-    if (%{$$et{DEL_GROUP}} and (grep /^XMP-.+$/, keys %{$$et{DEL_GROUP}} or
-        # (logic is a bit more complex for group names in exiftool XML files)
-        grep m{^http://ns.exiftool.ca/}, values %nsUsed))
-    {
-        my $del = $$et{DEL_GROUP};
-        my $path;
-        foreach $path (keys %capture) {
-            my @propList = split('/',$path); # get property list
-            my ($tag, $ns) = GetXMPTagID(\@propList);
-            # translate namespace if necessary
-            $ns = $$xlatNamespace{$ns} if $$xlatNamespace{$ns};
-            my ($grp, @g);
-            # no "XMP-" added to most groups in exiftool RDF/XML output file
-            if ($nsUsed{$ns} and (@g = ($nsUsed{$ns} =~ m{^http://ns.exiftool.ca/(.*?)/(.*?)/}))) {
-                if ($g[1] =~ /^\d/) {
-                    $grp = "XML-$g[0]";
-                    #(all XML-* groups stored as uppercase DEL_GROUP key)
-                    my $ucg = uc $grp;
-                    next unless $$del{$ucg} or ($$del{'XML-*'} and not $$del{"-$ucg"});
-                } else {
-                    $grp = $g[1];
-                    next unless $$del{$grp} or ($$del{$g[0]} and not $$del{"-$grp"});
-                }
-            } else {
-                $grp = "XMP-$ns";
-                my $ucg = uc $grp;
-                next unless $$del{$ucg} or ($$del{'XMP-*'} and not $$del{"-$ucg"});
-            }
-            $et->VerboseValue("- $grp:$tag", $capture{$path}->[0]);
-            delete $capture{$path};
-            ++$changed;
-        }
-    }
-    # delete HasExtendedXMP tag (we create it as needed)
-    my $hasExtTag = 'xmpNote:HasExtendedXMP';
-    if ($capture{$hasExtTag}) {
-        $et->VerboseValue("- XMP-$hasExtTag", $capture{$hasExtTag}->[0]);
-        delete $capture{$hasExtTag};
-    }
-    # set $xmpOpen now to to handle xmptk tag first
-    my $xmpOpen = $$et{XMP_NO_XMPMETA} ? '' : XMPOpen($et);
-#
-# add, delete or change information as specified
-#
-    # get hash of all information we want to change
-    # (sorted by tag name so alternate languages come last)
-    my @tagInfoList = sort ByTagName $et->GetNewTagInfoList();
-    foreach $tagInfo (@tagInfoList) {
-        next unless $et->GetGroup($tagInfo, 0) eq 'XMP';
-        next if $$tagInfo{Name} eq 'XMP'; # (ignore full XMP block if we didn't write it already)
-        my $tag = $$tagInfo{TagID};
-        my $path = GetPropertyPath($tagInfo);
-        unless ($path) {
-            $et->Warn("Can't write XMP:$tag (namespace unknown)");
-            next;
-        }
-        # skip tags that were handled specially
-        if ($path eq 'rdf:about' or $path eq 'x:xmptk') {
-            ++$changed;
-            next;
-        }
-        my $isStruct = $$tagInfo{Struct};
-        # change our property path namespace prefixes to conform
-        # to the ones used in this file
-        $path = ConformPathToNamespace($et, $path);
-        # find existing property
-        my $cap = $capture{$path}; 
-        # MicrosoftPhoto screws up the case of some tags, and some other software,
-        # including Adobe software, has been known to write the wrong list type or
-        # not properly enclose properties in a list, so we check for this
-        # (NOTE: we don't currently do these tests when writing structures!
-        #  --> add this to DeleteStruct() below if it turns out to be a problem)
-        unless ($cap or $isStruct) {
-            my $regex = quotemeta $path;
-            # also allow for missing structure fields in lists of structures
-            $regex =~  s/ \d+/ \\d\+/g;
-            my $ok = $regex; # regular expression to match standard property names
-            my $ok2;
-            # also check for incorrect list types which can cause problems
-            if ($regex =~ s{\\/rdf\\:(Bag|Seq|Alt)\\/}{/rdf:(Bag|Seq|Alt)/}g) {
-                # also look for missing bottom-level list
-                $regex =~ s{/rdf:\(Bag\|Seq\|Alt\)\/rdf\\:li\\ \\d\+$}{(/.*)?};
-            } else {
-                $ok2 = $regex;
-                # check for properties in lists that shouldn't be
-                # (ref http://u88.n24.queensu.ca/exiftool/forum/index.php/topic,4325.0.html)
-                $regex .= '(/rdf:(Bag|Seq|Alt)/rdf:li \d+)?';
-            }
-            my @matches = sort grep m{^$regex$}i, keys %capture;
-            if (@matches) {
-                if ($matches[0] =~ /^$ok$/) {
-                    $path = $matches[0];    # use existing property path
-                    $cap = $capture{$path};
-                } else {
-                    # property list was wrong, so issue a warning and fix it
-                    my ($match, @fixed, %fixed, $err);
-                    foreach $match (@matches) {
-                        my $fixed = $path;
-                        # set list indices
-                        while ($match =~ / (\d+)/g) {
-                            my $idx = $1;
-                            # insert leading "X" so we don't replace this one again
-                            $fixed =~ s/ \d+/ X$idx/;
-                        }
-                        $fixed =~ s/ X/ /g if $fixed ne $path;  # remove "X"s
-                        $err = 1 if $capture{$fixed} or $fixed{$fixed};
-                        push @fixed, $fixed;
-                        $fixed{$fixed} = 1;
-                    }
-                    my $tg = $et->GetGroup($tagInfo, 1) . ':' . $$tagInfo{Name};
-                    my $wrn = lc($path) eq lc($matches[0]) ? 'tag ID case' : 'list type';
-                    if ($err) {
-                        $et->Warn("Incorrect $wrn for existing $tg (not changed)");
-                    } else {
-                        # fix the incorrect property paths for all values of this tag
-                        foreach $match (@matches) {
-                            my $fixed = shift @fixed;
-                            $capture{$fixed} = $capture{$match};
-                            delete $capture{$match};
-                            # remove xml:lang attribute from incorrect lang-alt list if necessary
-                            delete $capture{$fixed}[1]{'xml:lang'} if $ok2 and $match !~ /^$ok2$/;
-                        }
-                        $cap = $capture{$path} || $capture{$fixed[0]};
-                        $et->Warn("Fixed incorrect $wrn for $tg", 1);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        my $nvHash = $et->GetNewValueHash($tagInfo);
-        my $overwrite = $et->IsOverwriting($nvHash);
-        my $writable = $$tagInfo{Writable} || '';
-        my (%attrs, $deleted, $added, $existed);
-        # delete existing entry if necessary
-        if ($isStruct) {
-            require 'Image/ExifTool/XMPStruct.pl';
-            ($deleted, $added, $existed) = DeleteStruct($et, \%capture, \$path, $nvHash, \$changed);
-            next unless $deleted or $added or $et->IsOverwriting($nvHash);
-            next if $existed and $$nvHash{CreateOnly};
-        } elsif ($cap) {
-            next if $$nvHash{CreateOnly};   # (necessary for List-type tags)
-            # take attributes from old values if they exist
-            %attrs = %{$$cap[1]};
-            if ($overwrite) {
-                my ($delPath, $oldLang, $delLang, $addLang, @matchingPaths);
-                # check to see if this is an indexed list item
-                if ($path =~ / /) {
-                    my $pp;
-                    ($pp = $path) =~ s/ \d+/ \\d\+/g;
-                    @matchingPaths = sort grep(/^$pp$/, keys %capture);
-                } else {
-                    push @matchingPaths, $path;
-                }
-                foreach $path (@matchingPaths) {
-                    my ($val, $attrs) = @{$capture{$path}};
-                    if ($writable eq 'lang-alt') {
-                        unless (defined $addLang) {
-                            # add to lang-alt list by default if creating this tag from scratch
-                            $addLang = $$nvHash{IsCreating} ? 1 : 0;
-                        }
-                        # get original language code (lc for comparisons)
-                        $oldLang = lc($$attrs{'xml:lang'} || 'x-default');
-                        if ($overwrite < 0) {
-                            my $newLang = lc($$tagInfo{LangCode} || 'x-default');
-                            next unless $oldLang eq $newLang;
-                            # only add new tag if we are overwriting this one
-                            # (note: this won't match if original XML contains CDATA!)
-                            $addLang = $et->IsOverwriting($nvHash, UnescapeXML($val));
-                            next unless $addLang;
-                        }
-                        # delete all if deleting "x-default" and writing with no LangCode
-                        # (XMP spec requires x-default language exist and be first in list)
-                        if ($oldLang eq 'x-default' and not $$tagInfo{LangCode}) {
-                            $delLang = 1;   # delete all languages
-                            $overwrite = 1; # force overwrite
-                        } elsif ($$tagInfo{LangCode} and not $delLang) {
-                            # only overwrite specified language
-                            next unless lc($$tagInfo{LangCode}) eq $oldLang;
-                        }
-                    } elsif ($overwrite < 0) {
-                        # only overwrite specific values
-                        if ($$nvHash{Shift}) {
-                            # values to be shifted are checked (hence re-formatted) late,
-                            # so we must un-format the to-be-shifted value for IsOverwriting()
-                            my $fmt = $$tagInfo{Writable} || '';
-                            if ($fmt eq 'rational') {
-                                ConvertRational($val);
-                            } elsif ($fmt eq 'date') {
-                                $val = ConvertXMPDate($val);
-                            }
-                        }
-                        # (note: this won't match if original XML contains CDATA!)
-                        next unless $et->IsOverwriting($nvHash, UnescapeXML($val));
-                    }
-                    if ($verbose > 1) {
-                        my $grp = $et->GetGroup($tagInfo, 1);
-                        my $tagName = $$tagInfo{Name};
-                        $tagName =~ s/-$$tagInfo{LangCode}$// if $$tagInfo{LangCode};
-                        $tagName .= '-' . $$attrs{'xml:lang'} if $$attrs{'xml:lang'};
-                        $et->VerboseValue("- $grp:$tagName", $val);
-                    }
-                    # save attributes and path from first deleted property
-                    # so we can replace it exactly
-                    unless ($delPath) {
-                        %attrs = %$attrs;
-                        $delPath = $path;
-                    }
-                    # delete this tag
-                    delete $capture{$path};
-                    ++$changed;
-                    # delete rdf:type tag if it is the only thing left in this structure
-                    if ($path =~ /^(.*)\// and $capture{"$1/rdf:type"}) {
-                        my $pp = $1;
-                        my @a = grep /^\Q$pp\E\/[^\/]+/, keys %capture;
-                        delete $capture{"$pp/rdf:type"} if @a == 1;
-                    }
-                }
-                next unless $delPath or $$tagInfo{List} or $addLang;
-                if ($delPath) {
-                    $path = $delPath;
-                    $deleted = 1;
-                } else {
-                    # don't change tag if we couldn't delete old copy
-                    # unless this is a list or an lang-alt tag
-                    next unless $$tagInfo{List} or $oldLang;
-                    # (match last index to put in same lang-alt list for Bag of lang-alt items)
-                    $path =~ m/.* (\d+)/g or warn "Internal error: no list index!\n", next;
-                    $added = $1;
-                }
-            } else {
-                # we are never overwriting, so we must be adding to a list
-                # match the last index unless this is a list of lang-alt lists
-                my $pat = $writable eq 'lang-alt' ? '.* (\d+)(.*? \d+)' : '.* (\d+)';
-                if ($path =~ m/$pat/g) {
-                    $added = $1;
-                    # set position to end of matching index number
-                    pos($path) = pos($path) - length($2) if $2;
-                }
-            }
-            if (defined $added) {
-                my $len = length $added;
-                my $pos = pos($path) - $len;
-                my $nxt = substr($added, 1) + 1;
-                # always insert x-default lang-alt entry first (as per XMP spec)
-                # (need to test $overwrite because this will be a new lang-alt entry otherwise)
-                if ($overwrite and $writable eq 'lang-alt' and (not $$tagInfo{LangCode} or
-                    $$tagInfo{LangCode} eq 'x-default'))
-                {
-                    my $saveCap = $capture{$path};
-                    for (;;) {
-                        my $p = $path;
-                        substr($p, $pos, $len) = length($nxt) . $nxt;
-                        # increment index in the path of the existing item
-                        my $nextCap = $capture{$p};
-                        $capture{$p} = $saveCap;
-                        last unless $nextCap;
-                        $saveCap = $nextCap;
-                        ++$nxt;
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    # add to end of list
-                    for (;;) {
-                        my $try = length($nxt) . $nxt;
-                        substr($path, $pos, $len) = $try;
-                        last unless $capture{$path};
-                        $len = length $try;
-                        ++$nxt;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        # check to see if we want to create this tag
-        # (create non-avoided tags in XMP data files by default)
-        my $isCreating = ($$nvHash{IsCreating} or (($isStruct or
-                          ($preferred and not $$tagInfo{Avoid} and
-                            not defined $$nvHash{Shift})) and not $$nvHash{EditOnly}));
-
-        # don't add new values unless...
-            # ...tag existed before and was deleted, or we added it to a list
-        next unless $deleted or defined $added or
-            # ...tag didn't exist before and we are creating it
-            (not $cap and $isCreating);
-
-        # get list of new values (all done if no new values specified)
-        my @newValues = $et->GetNewValues($nvHash) or next;
-
-        # set language attribute for lang-alt lists
-        $attrs{'xml:lang'} = $$tagInfo{LangCode} || 'x-default' if $writable eq 'lang-alt';
-
-        # add new value(s) to %capture hash
-        my $subIdx;
-        for (;;) {
-            my $newValue = shift @newValues;
-            if ($isStruct) {
-                ++$changed if AddNewStruct($et, $tagInfo, \%capture,
-                                           $path, $newValue, $$tagInfo{Struct});
-            } else {
-                $newValue = EscapeXML($newValue);
-                for (;;) { # (a cheap 'goto')
-                    if ($$tagInfo{Resource}) {
-                        # only store as a resource if it doesn't contain any illegal characters
-                        if ($newValue !~ /[^a-z0-9\:\/\?\#\[\]\@\!\$\&\'\(\)\*\+\,\;\=\.\-\_\~]/i) {
-                            $capture{$path} = [ '', { %attrs, 'rdf:resource' => $newValue } ];
-                            last;
-                        }
-                        my $grp = $et->GetGroup($tagInfo, 1);
-                        $et->Warn("$grp:$$tagInfo{Name} written as a literal because value is not a valid URI", 1);
-                        # fall through to write as a string literal
-                    }
-                    delete $attrs{'rdf:resource'};  # (remove existing resource if necessary)
-                    $capture{$path} = [ $newValue, \%attrs ];
-                    last;
-                }
-                if ($verbose > 1) {
-                    my $grp = $et->GetGroup($tagInfo, 1);
-                    $et->VerboseValue("+ $grp:$$tagInfo{Name}", $newValue);
-                }
-                ++$changed;
-                # add rdf:type if necessary
-                if ($$tagInfo{StructType}) {
-                    AddStructType($et, $$tagInfo{Table}, \%capture, $path);
-                }
-            }
-            last unless @newValues;
-            # match last index except for lang-alt items where we want to put each
-            # item in a different lang-alt list (so match the 2nd-last for these)
-            my $pat = $writable eq 'lang-alt' ? '.* (\d+)(.*? \d+)' : '.* (\d+)';
-            $path =~ m/$pat/g or warn("Internal error: no list index for $tag!\n"), next;
-            my $idx = $1;
-            my $len = length $1;
-            my $pos = pos($path) - $len - ($2 ? length $2 : 0);
-            # generate unique list sub-indices to store additional values in sequence
-            if ($subIdx) {
-                $idx = substr($idx, 0, -length($subIdx));   # remove old sub-index
-                $subIdx = substr($subIdx, 1) + 1;
-                $subIdx = length($subIdx) . $subIdx;
-            } else {
-                $subIdx = '10';
-            }
-            substr($path, $pos, $len) = $idx . $subIdx;
-        }
-        # make sure any empty structures are deleted
-        # (ExifTool shouldn't write these, but other software may)
-        if (defined $$tagInfo{Flat}) {
-            my $p = $path;
-            while ($p =~ s/\/[^\/]+$//) {
-                next unless $capture{$p};
-                # it is an error if this property has a value
-                $et->Error("Improperly structured XMP ($p)",1) if $capture{$p}[0] =~ /\S/;
-                delete $capture{$p};    # delete the (hopefully) empty structure
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    # remove the ExifTool members we created
-    delete $$et{XMP_CAPTURE};
-    delete $$et{XMP_NS};
-
-    my $maxDataLen = $$dirInfo{MaxDataLen};
-    # get DataPt again because it may have been set by ProcessXMP
-    $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
-    # return now if we didn't change anything
-    unless ($changed or ($maxDataLen and $dataPt and defined $$dataPt and
-        length($$dataPt) > $maxDataLen))
-    {
-        return undef unless $xmpFile;   # just rewrite original XMP
-        Write($$dirInfo{OutFile}, $$dataPt) or return -1 if $dataPt and defined $$dataPt;
-        return 1;
-    }
-#
-# write out the new XMP information (serialize it)
-#
-    # start writing the XMP data
-    my $newData = '';
-    if ($$et{XMP_NO_XPACKET}) {
-        # write BOM if flag is set
-        $newData .= "\xef\xbb\xbf" if $$et{XMP_NO_XPACKET} == 2;
-    } else {
-        $newData .= $pktOpen;
-    }
-    $newData .= $xmlOpen if $$et{XMP_IS_XML};
-    $newData .= $xmpOpen . $rdfOpen;
-
-    # initialize current property path list
-    my (@curPropList, @writeLast, @descStart, $extStart);
-    my (%nsCur, $prop, $n, $path);
-    my @pathList = sort TypeFirst keys %capture;
-    # order properties to write large values last if we have a MaxDataLen limit
-    if ($maxDataLen and @pathList) {
-        my @pathTmp;
-        my ($lastProp, $lastNS, $propSize) = ('', '', 0);
-        my @pathLoop = (@pathList, ''); # add empty path to end of list for loop
-        undef @pathList;
-        foreach $path (@pathLoop) {
-            $path =~ /^((\w*)[^\/]*)/;  # get path element ($1) and ns ($2)
-            if ($1 eq $lastProp) {
-                push @pathTmp, $path;   # accumulate all paths with same root
-            } else {
-                # put in list to write last if recommended or values are too large
-                if ($extendedRes{$lastProp} or $extendedRes{$lastNS} or
-                    $propSize > $newDescThresh)
-                {
-                    push @writeLast, @pathTmp;
-                } else {
-                    push @pathList, @pathTmp;
-                }
-                last unless $path;      # all done if we hit empty path
-                @pathTmp = ( $path );
-                ($lastProp, $lastNS, $propSize) = ($1, $2, 0);
-            }
-            $propSize += length $capture{$path}->[0];
-        }
-    }
-
-    # write out all properties
-    for (;;) {
-        my (%nsNew, $newDesc);
-        unless (@pathList) {
-            last unless @writeLast;
-            @pathList = @writeLast;
-            undef @writeLast;
-            $extStart = length $newData;
-            $newDesc = 1;   # start with a new description
-        }
-        $path = shift @pathList;
-        my @propList = split('/',$path); # get property list
-        # must open/close rdf:Description too
-        unshift @propList, $rdfDesc;
-        # make sure we have defined all necessary namespaces
-        foreach $prop (@propList) {
-            $prop =~ /(.*):/ or next;
-            $1 eq 'rdf' and next;       # rdf namespace already defined
-            my $uri = $nsUsed{$1};
-            unless ($uri) {
-                $uri = $nsURI{$1};      # we must have added a namespace
-                $uri or $xmpErr = "Undefined XMP namespace: $1", next;
-            }
-            $nsNew{$1} = $uri;
-            # need a new description if any new namespaces
-            $newDesc = 1 unless $nsCur{$1};
-        }
-        my $closeTo = 0;
-        if ($newDesc) {
-            # look forward to see if we will want to also open other namespaces
-            # at this level (this is necessary to keep lists and structures from
-            # being broken if a property introduces a new namespace; plus it
-            # improves formatting)
-            my ($path2, $ns2);
-            foreach $path2 (@pathList) {
-                my @ns2s = ($path2 =~ m{(?:^|/)([^/]+?):}g);
-                my $opening = 0;
-                foreach $ns2 (@ns2s) {
-                    next if $ns2 eq 'rdf';
-                    $nsNew{$ns2} and ++$opening, next;
-                    last unless $opening;
-                    # get URI for this existing or new namespace
-                    my $uri = $nsUsed{$ns2} || $nsURI{$ns2} or last;
-                    $nsNew{$ns2} = $uri; # also open this namespace
-                }
-                last unless $opening;
-            }
-        } else {
-            # find first property where the current path differs from the new path
-            for ($closeTo=0; $closeTo<@curPropList; ++$closeTo) {
-                last unless $closeTo < @propList;
-                last unless $propList[$closeTo] eq $curPropList[$closeTo];
-            }
-        }
-        # close out properties down to the common base path
-        while (@curPropList > $closeTo) {
-            ($prop = pop @curPropList) =~ s/ .*//;
-            $newData .= (' ' x scalar(@curPropList)) . " </$prop>\n";
-        }
-        if ($newDesc) {
-            # save rdf:Description start positions so we can reorder them if necessary
-            push @descStart, length($newData) if $maxDataLen;
-            # open the new description
-            $prop = $rdfDesc;
-            %nsCur = %nsNew;            # save current namespaces
-            $newData .= "\n <$prop rdf:about='$about'";
-            my @ns = sort keys %nsCur;
-            # generate et:toolkit attribute if this is an exiftool RDF/XML output file
-            if (@ns and $nsCur{$ns[0]} =~ m{^http://ns.exiftool.ca/}) {
-                $newData .= "\n  xmlns:et='http://ns.exiftool.ca/1.0/'" .
-                            " et:toolkit='Image::ExifTool $Image::ExifTool::VERSION'";
-            }
-            foreach (@ns) {
-                $newData .= "\n  xmlns:$_='$nsCur{$_}'";
-            }
-            $newData .= ">\n";
-            push @curPropList, $prop;
-        }
-        # loop over all values for this new property
-        my ($val, $attrs) = @{$capture{$path}};
-        $debug and print "$path = $val\n";
-        # open new properties
-        my $attr;
-        for ($n=@curPropList; $n<$#propList; ++$n) {
-            $prop = $propList[$n];
-            push @curPropList, $prop;
-            # remove list index if it exists
-            $prop =~ s/ .*//;
-            $attr = '';
-            if ($prop ne $rdfDesc and ($propList[$n+1] !~ /^rdf:/ or
-                ($propList[$n+1] eq 'rdf:type' and $n+1 == $#propList)))
-            {
-                # need parseType='Resource' to avoid new 'rdf:Description'
-                $attr = " rdf:parseType='Resource'";
-            }
-            $newData .= (' ' x scalar(@curPropList)) . "<$prop$attr>\n";
-        }
-        my $prop2 = pop @propList;  # get new property name
-        $prop2 =~ s/ .*//;          # remove list index if it exists
-        $newData .= (' ' x scalar(@curPropList)) . " <$prop2";
-        # write out attributes
-        foreach $attr (sort keys %$attrs) {
-            my $attrVal = $$attrs{$attr};
-            my $quot = ($attrVal =~ /'/) ? '"' : "'";
-            $newData .= " $attr=$quot$attrVal$quot";
-        }
-        $newData .= length $val ? ">$val</$prop2>\n" : "/>\n";
-    }
-    # close off any open elements
-    while ($prop = pop @curPropList) {
-        $prop =~ s/ .*//;   # remove list index if it exists
-        $newData .= (' ' x scalar(@curPropList)) . " </$prop>\n";
-    }
-    # limit XMP length and re-arrange if necessary to fit inside specified size
-    my $compact = $$dirInfo{Compact} || $et->Options('Compact');
-    if ($maxDataLen) {
-        # adjust maxDataLen to allow room for closing elements
-        $maxDataLen -= length($rdfClose) + length($xmpClose) + length($pktCloseW);
-        $extStart or $extStart = length $newData;
-        my @rtn = LimitXMPSize($et, \$newData, $maxDataLen, $about, \@descStart, $extStart);
-        # return extended XMP information in $dirInfo
-        $$dirInfo{ExtendedXMP} = $rtn[0];
-        $$dirInfo{ExtendedGUID} = $rtn[1];
-        # compact if necessary to fit
-        $compact = 1 if length($newData) + 101 * $numPadLines > $maxDataLen;
-    }
-#
-# close out the XMP, clean up, and return our data
-#
-    $newData .= $rdfClose;
-    $newData .= $xmpClose unless $$et{XMP_NO_XMPMETA};
-
-    # remove the ExifTool members we created
-    delete $$et{XMP_CAPTURE};
-    delete $$et{XMP_NS};
-    delete $$et{XMP_NO_XMPMETA};
-
-    # (the XMP standard recommends writing 2k-4k of white space before the
-    # packet trailer, with a newline every 100 characters)
-    unless ($$et{XMP_NO_XPACKET}) {
-        my $pad = (' ' x 100) . "\n";
-        if ($$dirInfo{InPlace}) {
-            # pad to specified DirLen
-            my $len = length($newData) + length($pktCloseW);
-            if ($len > $dirLen) {
-                $et->Warn('Not enough room to edit XMP in place');
-                return undef;
-            }
-            my $num = int(($dirLen - $len) / length($pad));
-            if ($num) {
-                $newData .= $pad x $num;
-                $len += length($pad) * $num;
-            }
-            $len < $dirLen and $newData .= (' ' x ($dirLen - $len - 1)) . "\n";
-        } elsif (not $compact and not $xmpFile and not $$dirInfo{ReadOnly}) {
-            $newData .= $pad x $numPadLines;
-        }
-        $newData .= ($$dirInfo{ReadOnly} ? $pktCloseR : $pktCloseW);
-    }
-    # return empty data if no properties exist and this is allowed
-    unless (%capture or $xmpFile or $$dirInfo{InPlace} or $$dirInfo{NoDelete}) {
-        $newData = '';
-    }
-    if ($xmpErr) {
-        if ($xmpFile) {
-            $et->Error($xmpErr);
-            return -1;
-        }
-        $et->Warn($xmpErr);
-        return undef;
-    }
-    $$et{CHANGED} += $changed;
-    $debug > 1 and $newData and print $newData,"\n";
-    return $newData unless $xmpFile;
-    Write($$dirInfo{OutFile}, $newData) or return -1;
-    return 1;
-}
-
-
-1; # end
-
-__END__
-
-=head1 NAME
-
-Image::ExifTool::WriteXMP.pl - Write XMP meta information
-
-=head1 SYNOPSIS
-
-These routines are autoloaded by Image::ExifTool::XMP.
-
-=head1 DESCRIPTION
-
-This file contains routines to write XMP metadata.
-
-=head1 AUTHOR
-
-Copyright 2003-2013, Phil Harvey (phil at owl.phy.queensu.ca)
-
-This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
-under the same terms as Perl itself.
-
-=head1 SEE ALSO
-
-L<Image::ExifTool::XMP(3pm)|Image::ExifTool::XMP>,
-L<Image::ExifTool(3pm)|Image::ExifTool>
-
-=cut