exiftool_vendored 9.45.0 → 9.46.0

data/bin/Image-ExifTool-9.46/lib/Image/ExifTool/QuickTime.pm

@@ -0,0 +1,3910 @@
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# File:         QuickTime.pm
+#
+# Description:  Read QuickTime, MP4 and M4A meta information
+#
+# Revisions:    10/04/2005 - P. Harvey Created
+#               12/19/2005 - P. Harvey Added MP4 support
+#               09/22/2006 - P. Harvey Added M4A support
+#               07/27/2010 - P. Harvey Updated to 2010-05-03 QuickTime spec
+#
+# References:
+#
+#   1) http://developer.apple.com/mac/library/documentation/QuickTime/QTFF/QTFFChap1/qtff1.html
+#   2) http://search.cpan.org/dist/MP4-Info-1.04/
+#   3) http://www.geocities.com/xhelmboyx/quicktime/formats/mp4-layout.txt
+#   4) http://wiki.multimedia.cx/index.php?title=Apple_QuickTime
+#   5) ISO 14496-12 (http://read.pudn.com/downloads64/ebook/226547/ISO_base_media_file_format.pdf)
+#   6) ISO 14496-16 (http://www.iec-normen.de/previewpdf/info_isoiec14496-16%7Bed2.0%7Den.pdf)
+#   7) http://atomicparsley.sourceforge.net/mpeg-4files.html
+#   8) http://wiki.multimedia.cx/index.php?title=QuickTime_container
+#   9) http://www.adobe.com/devnet/xmp/pdfs/XMPSpecificationPart3.pdf (Oct 2008)
+#   10) http://code.google.com/p/mp4v2/wiki/iTunesMetadata
+#   11) http://www.canieti.com.mx/assets/files/1011/IEC_100_1384_DC.pdf
+#   12) QuickTime file format specification 2010-05-03
+#   13) http://www.adobe.com/devnet/flv/pdf/video_file_format_spec_v10.pdf
+#   14) http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/c051533_ISO_IEC_14496-12_2008.zip
+#   15) http://getid3.sourceforge.net/source/module.audio-video.quicktime.phps
+#   16) http://qtra.apple.com/atoms.html
+#   17) http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/126200_126299/126244/10.01.00_60/ts_126244v100100p.pdf
+#   18) https://github.com/appsec-labs/iNalyzer/blob/master/scinfo.m
+#   19) http://nah6.com/~itsme/cvs-xdadevtools/iphone/tools/decodesinf.pl
+#   20) https://developer.apple.com/legacy/library/documentation/quicktime/reference/QT7-1_Update_Reference/QT7-1_Update_Reference.pdf
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+package Image::ExifTool::QuickTime;
+
+use strict;
+use vars qw($VERSION $AUTOLOAD);
+use Image::ExifTool qw(:DataAccess :Utils);
+use Image::ExifTool::Exif;
+
+$VERSION = '1.75';
+
+sub FixWrongFormat($);
+sub ProcessMOV($$;$);
+sub ProcessKeys($$$);
+sub ProcessMetaData($$$);
+sub ProcessEncodingParams($$$);
+sub ProcessHybrid($$$);
+sub ProcessRights($$$);
+sub ConvertISO6709($);
+sub ConvertChapterList($);
+sub PrintChapter($);
+sub PrintGPSCoordinates($);
+sub UnpackLang($);
+sub WriteQuickTime($$$);
+sub WriteMOV($$);
+
+# MIME types for all entries in the ftypLookup with file extensions
+# (defaults to 'video/mp4' if not found in this lookup)
+my %mimeLookup = (
+   '3G2' => 'video/3gpp2',
+   '3GP' => 'video/3gpp',
+    DVB  => 'video/vnd.dvb.file',
+    F4A  => 'audio/mp4',
+    F4B  => 'audio/mp4',
+    JP2  => 'image/jp2',
+    JPM  => 'image/jpm',
+    JPX  => 'image/jpx',
+    M4A  => 'audio/mp4',
+    M4B  => 'audio/mp4',
+    M4P  => 'audio/mp4',
+    M4V  => 'video/x-m4v',
+    MOV  => 'video/quicktime',
+    MQV  => 'video/quicktime',
+);
+
+# look up file type from ftyp atom type, with MIME type in comment if known
+# (ref http://www.ftyps.com/)
+my %ftypLookup = (
+    '3g2a' => '3GPP2 Media (.3G2) compliant with 3GPP2 C.S0050-0 V1.0', # video/3gpp2
+    '3g2b' => '3GPP2 Media (.3G2) compliant with 3GPP2 C.S0050-A V1.0.0', # video/3gpp2
+    '3g2c' => '3GPP2 Media (.3G2) compliant with 3GPP2 C.S0050-B v1.0', # video/3gpp2
+    '3ge6' => '3GPP (.3GP) Release 6 MBMS Extended Presentations', # video/3gpp
+    '3ge7' => '3GPP (.3GP) Release 7 MBMS Extended Presentations', # video/3gpp
+    '3gg6' => '3GPP Release 6 General Profile', # video/3gpp
+    '3gp1' => '3GPP Media (.3GP) Release 1 (probably non-existent)', # video/3gpp
+    '3gp2' => '3GPP Media (.3GP) Release 2 (probably non-existent)', # video/3gpp
+    '3gp3' => '3GPP Media (.3GP) Release 3 (probably non-existent)', # video/3gpp
+    '3gp4' => '3GPP Media (.3GP) Release 4', # video/3gpp
+    '3gp5' => '3GPP Media (.3GP) Release 5', # video/3gpp
+    '3gp6' => '3GPP Media (.3GP) Release 6 Basic Profile', # video/3gpp
+    '3gp6' => '3GPP Media (.3GP) Release 6 Progressive Download', # video/3gpp
+    '3gp6' => '3GPP Media (.3GP) Release 6 Streaming Servers', # video/3gpp
+    '3gs7' => '3GPP Media (.3GP) Release 7 Streaming Servers', # video/3gpp
+    'avc1' => 'MP4 Base w/ AVC ext [ISO 14496-12:2005]', # video/mp4
+    'CAEP' => 'Canon Digital Camera',
+    'caqv' => 'Casio Digital Camera',
+    'CDes' => 'Convergent Design',
+    'da0a' => 'DMB MAF w/ MPEG Layer II aud, MOT slides, DLS, JPG/PNG/MNG images',
+    'da0b' => 'DMB MAF, extending DA0A, with 3GPP timed text, DID, TVA, REL, IPMP',
+    'da1a' => 'DMB MAF audio with ER-BSAC audio, JPG/PNG/MNG images',
+    'da1b' => 'DMB MAF, extending da1a, with 3GPP timed text, DID, TVA, REL, IPMP',
+    'da2a' => 'DMB MAF aud w/ HE-AAC v2 aud, MOT slides, DLS, JPG/PNG/MNG images',
+    'da2b' => 'DMB MAF, extending da2a, with 3GPP timed text, DID, TVA, REL, IPMP',
+    'da3a' => 'DMB MAF aud with HE-AAC aud, JPG/PNG/MNG images',
+    'da3b' => 'DMB MAF, extending da3a w/ BIFS, 3GPP timed text, DID, TVA, REL, IPMP',
+    'dmb1' => 'DMB MAF supporting all the components defined in the specification',
+    'dmpf' => 'Digital Media Project', # various
+    'drc1' => 'Dirac (wavelet compression), encapsulated in ISO base media (MP4)',
+    'dv1a' => 'DMB MAF vid w/ AVC vid, ER-BSAC aud, BIFS, JPG/PNG/MNG images, TS',
+    'dv1b' => 'DMB MAF, extending dv1a, with 3GPP timed text, DID, TVA, REL, IPMP',
+    'dv2a' => 'DMB MAF vid w/ AVC vid, HE-AAC v2 aud, BIFS, JPG/PNG/MNG images, TS',
+    'dv2b' => 'DMB MAF, extending dv2a, with 3GPP timed text, DID, TVA, REL, IPMP',
+    'dv3a' => 'DMB MAF vid w/ AVC vid, HE-AAC aud, BIFS, JPG/PNG/MNG images, TS',
+    'dv3b' => 'DMB MAF, extending dv3a, with 3GPP timed text, DID, TVA, REL, IPMP',
+    'dvr1' => 'DVB (.DVB) over RTP', # video/vnd.dvb.file
+    'dvt1' => 'DVB (.DVB) over MPEG-2 Transport Stream', # video/vnd.dvb.file
+    'F4A ' => 'Audio for Adobe Flash Player 9+ (.F4A)', # audio/mp4
+    'F4B ' => 'Audio Book for Adobe Flash Player 9+ (.F4B)', # audio/mp4
+    'F4P ' => 'Protected Video for Adobe Flash Player 9+ (.F4P)', # video/mp4
+    'F4V ' => 'Video for Adobe Flash Player 9+ (.F4V)', # video/mp4
+    'isc2' => 'ISMACryp 2.0 Encrypted File', # ?/enc-isoff-generic
+    'iso2' => 'MP4 Base Media v2 [ISO 14496-12:2005]', # video/mp4
+    'isom' => 'MP4  Base Media v1 [IS0 14496-12:2003]', # video/mp4
+    'JP2 ' => 'JPEG 2000 Image (.JP2) [ISO 15444-1 ?]', # image/jp2
+    'JP20' => 'Unknown, from GPAC samples (prob non-existent)',
+    'jpm ' => 'JPEG 2000 Compound Image (.JPM) [ISO 15444-6]', # image/jpm
+    'jpx ' => 'JPEG 2000 with extensions (.JPX) [ISO 15444-2]', # image/jpx
+    'KDDI' => '3GPP2 EZmovie for KDDI 3G cellphones', # video/3gpp2
+    #LCAG  => (found in CompatibleBrands of Leica MOV videos)
+    'M4A ' => 'Apple iTunes AAC-LC (.M4A) Audio', # audio/x-m4a
+    'M4B ' => 'Apple iTunes AAC-LC (.M4B) Audio Book', # audio/mp4
+    'M4P ' => 'Apple iTunes AAC-LC (.M4P) AES Protected Audio', # audio/mp4
+    'M4V ' => 'Apple iTunes Video (.M4V) Video', # video/x-m4v
+    'M4VH' => 'Apple TV (.M4V)', # video/x-m4v
+    'M4VP' => 'Apple iPhone (.M4V)', # video/x-m4v
+    'mj2s' => 'Motion JPEG 2000 [ISO 15444-3] Simple Profile', # video/mj2
+    'mjp2' => 'Motion JPEG 2000 [ISO 15444-3] General Profile', # video/mj2
+    'mmp4' => 'MPEG-4/3GPP Mobile Profile (.MP4/3GP) (for NTT)', # video/mp4
+    'mp21' => 'MPEG-21 [ISO/IEC 21000-9]', # various
+    'mp41' => 'MP4 v1 [ISO 14496-1:ch13]', # video/mp4
+    'mp42' => 'MP4 v2 [ISO 14496-14]', # video/mp4
+    'mp71' => 'MP4 w/ MPEG-7 Metadata [per ISO 14496-12]', # various
+    'MPPI' => 'Photo Player, MAF [ISO/IEC 23000-3]', # various
+    'mqt ' => 'Sony / Mobile QuickTime (.MQV) US Patent 7,477,830 (Sony Corp)', # video/quicktime
+    'MSNV' => 'MPEG-4 (.MP4) for SonyPSP', # audio/mp4
+    'NDAS' => 'MP4 v2 [ISO 14496-14] Nero Digital AAC Audio', # audio/mp4
+    'NDSC' => 'MPEG-4 (.MP4) Nero Cinema Profile', # video/mp4
+    'NDSH' => 'MPEG-4 (.MP4) Nero HDTV Profile', # video/mp4
+    'NDSM' => 'MPEG-4 (.MP4) Nero Mobile Profile', # video/mp4
+    'NDSP' => 'MPEG-4 (.MP4) Nero Portable Profile', # video/mp4
+    'NDSS' => 'MPEG-4 (.MP4) Nero Standard Profile', # video/mp4
+    'NDXC' => 'H.264/MPEG-4 AVC (.MP4) Nero Cinema Profile', # video/mp4
+    'NDXH' => 'H.264/MPEG-4 AVC (.MP4) Nero HDTV Profile', # video/mp4
+    'NDXM' => 'H.264/MPEG-4 AVC (.MP4) Nero Mobile Profile', # video/mp4
+    'NDXP' => 'H.264/MPEG-4 AVC (.MP4) Nero Portable Profile', # video/mp4
+    'NDXS' => 'H.264/MPEG-4 AVC (.MP4) Nero Standard Profile', # video/mp4
+    'odcf' => 'OMA DCF DRM Format 2.0 (OMA-TS-DRM-DCF-V2_0-20060303-A)', # various
+    'opf2' => 'OMA PDCF DRM Format 2.1 (OMA-TS-DRM-DCF-V2_1-20070724-C)',
+    'opx2' => 'OMA PDCF DRM + XBS extensions (OMA-TS-DRM_XBS-V1_0-20070529-C)',
+    'pana' => 'Panasonic Digital Camera',
+    'qt  ' => 'Apple QuickTime (.MOV/QT)', # video/quicktime
+    'ROSS' => 'Ross Video',
+    'sdv ' => 'SD Memory Card Video', # various?
+    'ssc1' => 'Samsung stereoscopic, single stream',
+    'ssc2' => 'Samsung stereoscopic, dual stream',
+);
+
+# information for time/date-based tags (time zero is Jan 1, 1904)
+my %timeInfo = (
+    Notes => 'converted from UTC to local time if the QuickTimeUTC option is set',
+    # It is not uncommon for brain-dead software to use the wrong time zero,
+    # so assume a time zero of Jan 1, 1970 if the date is before this
+    RawConv => q{
+        my $offset = (66 * 365 + 17) * 24 * 3600;
+        return $val - $offset if $val >= $offset;
+        $self->WarnOnce('Patched incorrect time zero for QuickTime date/time tag',1) if $val;
+        return $val;
+    },
+    Shift => 'Time',
+    Writable => 1,
+    Permanent => 1,
+    DelValue => 0,
+    # Note: This value will be in UTC if generated by a system that is aware of the time zone
+    ValueConv => 'ConvertUnixTime($val, $self->Options("QuickTimeUTC"))',
+    ValueConvInv => 'GetUnixTime($val, $self->Options("QuickTimeUTC")) + (66 * 365 + 17) * 24 * 3600',
+    PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
+    PrintConvInv => '$self->InverseDateTime($val)',
+    # (can't put Groups here because they aren't constant!)
+);
+# information for duration tags
+my %durationInfo = (
+    ValueConv => '$$self{TimeScale} ? $val / $$self{TimeScale} : $val',
+    PrintConv => '$$self{TimeScale} ? ConvertDuration($val) : $val',
+);
+# parsing for most of the 3gp udta language text boxes
+my %langText = (
+    RawConv => sub {
+        my ($val, $self) = @_;
+        return '<err>' unless length $val >= 6;
+        my $lang = UnpackLang(Get16u(\$val, 4));
+        $lang = $lang ? "($lang) " : '';
+        $val = substr($val, 6); # isolate string
+        $val = $self->Decode($val, 'UCS2') if $val =~ /^\xfe\xff/;
+        return $lang . $val;
+    },
+);
+
+# 4-character Vendor ID codes (ref PH)
+my %vendorID = (
+    appl => 'Apple',
+    fe20 => 'Olympus (fe20)', # (FE200)
+    FFMP => 'FFmpeg',
+   'GIC '=> 'General Imaging Co.',
+    kdak => 'Kodak',
+    KMPI => 'Konica-Minolta',
+    leic => 'Leica',
+    mino => 'Minolta',
+    niko => 'Nikon',
+    NIKO => 'Nikon',
+    olym => 'Olympus',
+    pana => 'Panasonic',
+    pent => 'Pentax',
+    pr01 => 'Olympus (pr01)', # (FE100,FE110,FE115)
+    sany => 'Sanyo',
+   'SMI '=> 'Sorenson Media Inc.',
+    ZORA => 'Zoran Corporation',
+   'AR.D'=> 'Parrot AR.Drone',
+);
+
+# QuickTime data atom encodings for string types (ref 12)
+my %stringEncoding = (
+    1 => 'UTF8',
+    2 => 'UTF16',
+    3 => 'ShiftJIS',
+    4 => 'UTF8',
+    5 => 'UTF16',
+);
+
+my %graphicsMode = (
+    # (ref http://homepage.mac.com/vanhoek/MovieGuts%20docs/64.html)
+    0x00 => 'srcCopy',
+    0x01 => 'srcOr',
+    0x02 => 'srcXor',
+    0x03 => 'srcBic',
+    0x04 => 'notSrcCopy',
+    0x05 => 'notSrcOr',
+    0x06 => 'notSrcXor',
+    0x07 => 'notSrcBic',
+    0x08 => 'patCopy',
+    0x09 => 'patOr',
+    0x0a => 'patXor',
+    0x0b => 'patBic',
+    0x0c => 'notPatCopy',
+    0x0d => 'notPatOr',
+    0x0e => 'notPatXor',
+    0x0f => 'notPatBic',
+    0x20 => 'blend',
+    0x21 => 'addPin',
+    0x22 => 'addOver',
+    0x23 => 'subPin',
+    0x24 => 'transparent',
+    0x25 => 'addMax',
+    0x26 => 'subOver',
+    0x27 => 'addMin',
+    0x31 => 'grayishTextOr',
+    0x32 => 'hilite',
+    0x40 => 'ditherCopy',
+    # the following ref ISO/IEC 15444-3
+    0x100 => 'Alpha',
+    0x101 => 'White Alpha',
+    0x102 => 'Pre-multiplied Black Alpha',
+    0x110 => 'Component Alpha',
+);
+
+# QuickTime atoms
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Main = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessMOV,
+    WRITE_PROC => \&WriteQuickTime,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Video' },
+    NOTES => q{
+        The QuickTime format is used for many different types of audio, video and
+        image files (most commonly, MOV and MP4 videos).  Exiftool extracts standard
+        meta information a variety of audio, video and image parameters, as well as
+        proprietary information written by many camera models.  Tags with a question
+        mark after their name are not extracted unless the Unknown option is set.
+
+        ExifTool has the ability to write/create XMP, and edit date/time tags in
+        QuickTime format files.
+
+        According to the specification, many QuickTime date/time tags should be
+        stored as UTC.  Unfortunately, digital cameras often store local time values
+        instead (presumably because they don't know the time zone).  For this
+        reason, by default ExifTool does not assume a time zone for these values.
+        However, if the QuickTimeUTC option is set via the API or the ExifTool
+        configuration file, then ExifTool will assume these values are properly
+        stored as UTC, and will convert them to local time when extracting.
+
+        See
+        L<http://developer.apple.com/mac/library/documentation/QuickTime/QTFF/QTFFChap1/qtff1.html>
+        for the official specification.
+    },
+    free => [
+        {
+            Name => 'KodakFree',
+            # (found in Kodak M5370 MP4 videos)
+            Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^\0\0\0.Seri/s',
+            SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Kodak::Free' },
+        },{
+            Unknown => 1,
+            Binary => 1,
+        },
+        # (also Samsung WB750 uncompressed thumbnail data starting with "SDIC\0")
+    ],
+    skip => [
+        {
+            Name => 'CanonSkip',
+            Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^\0.{3}(CNDB|CNCV|CNMN|CNFV|CNTH|CNDM)/s',
+            SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Canon::Skip' },
+        },
+        { Name => 'Skip', Unknown => 1, Binary => 1 },
+    ],
+    wide => { Unknown => 1, Binary => 1 },
+    ftyp => { #MP4
+        Name => 'FileType',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::FileType' },
+    },
+    pnot => {
+        Name => 'Preview',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Preview' },
+    },
+    PICT => {
+        Name => 'PreviewPICT',
+        Binary => 1,
+    },
+    pict => { #8
+        Name => 'PreviewPICT',
+        Binary => 1,
+    },
+    moov => {
+        Name => 'Movie',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Movie' },
+    },
+    mdat => { Name => 'MovieData', Unknown => 1, Binary => 1 },
+    'mdat-size' => {
+        Name => 'MovieDataSize',
+        Notes => q{
+            not a real tag ID, this tag represents the size of the 'mdat' data in bytes
+            and is used in the AvgBitrate calculation
+        },
+    },
+    'mdat-offset' => 'MovieDataOffset',
+    junk => { Unknown => 1, Binary => 1 }, #8
+    uuid => [
+        { #9 (MP4 files)
+            Name => 'UUID-XMP',
+            # *** this is where ExifTool writes XMP in MP4 videos (as per XMP spec) ***
+            Condition => '$$valPt=~/^\xbe\x7a\xcf\xcb\x97\xa9\x42\xe8\x9c\x71\x99\x94\x91\xe3\xaf\xac/',
+            SubDirectory => {
+                TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::Main',
+                Start => 16,
+            },
+        },
+        { #11 (MP4 files)
+            Name => 'UUID-PROF',
+            Condition => '$$valPt=~/^PROF!\xd2\x4f\xce\xbb\x88\x69\x5c\xfa\xc9\xc7\x40/',
+            SubDirectory => {
+                TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Profile',
+                Start => 24, # uid(16) + version(1) + flags(3) + count(4)
+            },
+        },
+        { #PH (Flip MP4 files)
+            Name => 'UUID-Flip',
+            Condition => '$$valPt=~/^\x4a\xb0\x3b\x0f\x61\x8d\x40\x75\x82\xb2\xd9\xfa\xce\xd3\x5f\xf5/',
+            SubDirectory => {
+                TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Flip',
+                Start => 16,
+            },
+        },
+        # "\x98\x7f\xa3\xdf\x2a\x85\x43\xc0\x8f\x8f\xd9\x7c\x47\x1e\x8e\xea" - unknown data in Flip videos
+        { #8
+            Name => 'UUID-Unknown',
+            Unknown => 1,
+            Binary => 1,
+        },
+    ],
+    _htc => {
+        Name => 'HTCInfo',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::HTC' },
+    },
+    udta => {
+        Name => 'UserData',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::FLIR::UserData' },
+    },
+    thum => { #PH
+        Name => 'ThumbnailImage',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Image' },
+        Binary => 1,
+    },
+);
+
+# MPEG-4 'ftyp' atom
+# (ref http://developer.apple.com/mac/library/documentation/QuickTime/QTFF/QTFFChap1/qtff1.html)
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::FileType = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Video' },
+    FORMAT => 'int32u',
+    0 => {
+        Name => 'MajorBrand',
+        Format => 'undef[4]',
+        PrintConv => \%ftypLookup,
+    },
+    1 => {
+        Name => 'MinorVersion',
+        Format => 'undef[4]',
+        ValueConv => 'sprintf("%x.%x.%x", unpack("nCC", $val))',
+    },
+    2 => {
+        Name => 'CompatibleBrands',
+        Format => 'undef[$size-8]',
+        # ignore any entry with a null, and return others as a list
+        ValueConv => 'my @a=($val=~/.{4}/sg); @a=grep(!/\0/,@a); \@a',
+    },
+);
+
+# proprietary HTC atom (HTC One MP4 video)
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::HTC = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessMOV,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Video' },
+    NOTES => 'Tags written by some HTC camera phones.',
+    slmt => {
+        Name => 'Unknown_slmt',
+        Unknown => 1,
+        Format => 'int32u', # (observed values: 4)
+    },
+);
+
+# atoms used in QTIF files
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::ImageFile = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessMOV,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Image' },
+    NOTES => 'Tags used in QTIF QuickTime Image Files.',
+    idsc => {
+        Name => 'ImageDescription',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::ImageDesc' },
+    },
+    idat => {
+        Name => 'ImageData',
+        Binary => 1,
+    },
+    iicc => {
+        Name => 'ICC_Profile',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::ICC_Profile::Main' },
+    },
+);
+
+# image description data block
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::ImageDesc = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessHybrid,
+    VARS => { ID_LABEL => 'ID/Index' },
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Image' },
+    FORMAT => 'int16u',
+    2 => {
+        Name => 'CompressorID',
+        Format => 'string[4]',
+# not very useful since this isn't a complete list and name is given below
+#        # ref http://developer.apple.com/mac/library/documentation/QuickTime/QTFF/QTFFChap3/qtff3.html
+#        PrintConv => {
+#            cvid => 'Cinepak',
+#            jpeg => 'JPEG',
+#           'smc '=> 'Graphics',
+#           'rle '=> 'Animation',
+#            rpza => 'Apple Video',
+#            kpcd => 'Kodak Photo CD',
+#           'png '=> 'Portable Network Graphics',
+#            mjpa => 'Motion-JPEG (format A)',
+#            mjpb => 'Motion-JPEG (format B)',
+#            SVQ1 => 'Sorenson video, version 1',
+#            SVQ3 => 'Sorenson video, version 3',
+#            mp4v => 'MPEG-4 video',
+#           'dvc '=> 'NTSC DV-25 video',
+#            dvcp => 'PAL DV-25 video',
+#           'gif '=> 'Compuserve Graphics Interchange Format',
+#            h263 => 'H.263 video',
+#            tiff => 'Tagged Image File Format',
+#           'raw '=> 'Uncompressed RGB',
+#           '2vuY'=> "Uncompressed Y'CbCr, 3x8-bit 4:2:2 (2vuY)",
+#           'yuv2'=> "Uncompressed Y'CbCr, 3x8-bit 4:2:2 (yuv2)",
+#            v308 => "Uncompressed Y'CbCr, 8-bit 4:4:4",
+#            v408 => "Uncompressed Y'CbCr, 8-bit 4:4:4:4",
+#            v216 => "Uncompressed Y'CbCr, 10, 12, 14, or 16-bit 4:2:2",
+#            v410 => "Uncompressed Y'CbCr, 10-bit 4:4:4",
+#            v210 => "Uncompressed Y'CbCr, 10-bit 4:2:2",
+#        },
+    },
+    10 => {
+        Name => 'VendorID',
+        Format => 'string[4]',
+        RawConv => 'length $val ? $val : undef',
+        PrintConv => \%vendorID,
+        SeparateTable => 'VendorID',
+    },
+  # 14 - ("Quality" in QuickTime docs) ??
+    16 => 'SourceImageWidth',
+    17 => 'SourceImageHeight',
+    18 => { Name => 'XResolution',  Format => 'fixed32u' },
+    20 => { Name => 'YResolution',  Format => 'fixed32u' },
+  # 24 => 'FrameCount', # always 1 (what good is this?)
+    25 => {
+        Name => 'CompressorName',
+        Format => 'string[32]',
+        # (sometimes this is a Pascal string, and sometimes it is a C string)
+        RawConv => q{
+            $val=substr($val,1,ord($1)) if $val=~/^([\0-\x1f])/ and ord($1)<length($val);
+            length $val ? $val : undef;
+        },
+    },
+    41 => 'BitDepth',
+#
+# Observed offsets for child atoms of various CompressorID types:
+#
+#   CompressorID  Offset  Child atoms
+#   -----------   ------  ----------------
+#   avc1          86      avcC, btrt, colr, pasp, fiel, clap
+#   mp4v          86      esds, pasp
+#   s263          86      d263
+#
+    btrt => {
+        Name => 'BitrateInfo',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Bitrate' },
+    },
+    # Reference for fiel, colr, pasp, clap:
+    # https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/technotes/tn2162/_index.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/DTS40013070-CH1-TNTAG9
+    fiel => {
+        Name => 'VideoFieldOrder',
+        ValueConv => 'join(" ", unpack("C*",$val))',
+        PrintConv => [{
+            1 => 'Progressive',
+            2 => '2:1 Interlaced',
+        }],
+    },
+    colr => {
+        Name => 'ColorRepresentation',
+        ValueConv => 'join(" ", substr($val,0,4), unpack("x4n*",$val))',
+    },
+    pasp => {
+        Name => 'PixelAspectRatio',
+        ValueConv => 'join(":", unpack("N*",$val))',
+    },
+    clap => {
+        Name => 'CleanAperture',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::CleanAperture' },
+    },
+    # avcC - AVC configuration (ref http://thompsonng.blogspot.ca/2010/11/mp4-file-format-part-2.html)
+    # esds - elementary stream descriptor
+    # d263
+    gama => { Name => 'Gamma', Format => 'fixed32u' },
+    # mjqt - default quantization table for MJPEG
+    # mjht - default Huffman table for MJPEG
+);
+
+# 'btrt' atom information (ref http://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/gstreamer-commits/2011-October/054459.html)
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Bitrate = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Video' },
+    FORMAT => 'int32u',
+    PRIORITY => 0, # often filled with zeros
+    0 => 'BufferSize',
+    1 => 'MaxBitrate',
+    2 => 'AverageBitrate',
+);
+
+# 'clap' atom information (ref https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/technotes/tn2162/_index.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/DTS40013070-CH1-TNTAG9)
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::CleanAperture = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Video' },
+    FORMAT => 'rational64u',
+    0 => 'CleanApertureWidth',
+    1 => 'CleanApertureHeight',
+    2 => 'CleanApertureOffsetX',
+    3 => 'CleanApertureOffsetY',
+);
+
+# preview data block
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Preview = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
+    WRITE_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::WriteBinaryData,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Image' },
+    FORMAT => 'int16u',
+    0 => {
+        Name => 'PreviewDate',
+        Format => 'int32u',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
+        %timeInfo,
+    },
+    2 => 'PreviewVersion',
+    3 => {
+        Name => 'PreviewAtomType',
+        Format => 'string[4]',
+    },
+    5 => 'PreviewAtomIndex',
+);
+
+# movie atoms
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Movie = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessMOV,
+    WRITE_PROC => \&WriteQuickTime,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Video' },
+    mvhd => {
+        Name => 'MovieHeader',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::MovieHeader' },
+    },
+    trak => {
+        Name => 'Track',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Track' },
+    },
+    udta => {
+        Name => 'UserData',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::UserData' },
+    },
+    meta => { # 'meta' is found here in my EX-F1 MOV sample - PH
+        Name => 'Meta',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Meta' },
+    },
+    iods => {
+        Name => 'InitialObjectDescriptor',
+        Flags => ['Binary','Unknown'],
+    },
+    uuid => [
+        { #11 (MP4 files) (also found in QuickTime::Track)
+            Name => 'UUID-USMT',
+            Condition => '$$valPt=~/^USMT!\xd2\x4f\xce\xbb\x88\x69\x5c\xfa\xc9\xc7\x40/',
+            SubDirectory => {
+                TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::UserMedia',
+                Start => 16,
+            },
+        },
+        { #PH (Canon SX280)
+            Name => 'UUID-Canon',
+            Condition => '$$valPt=~/^\x85\xc0\xb6\x87\x82\x0f\x11\xe0\x81\x11\xf4\xce\x46\x2b\x6a\x48/',
+            SubDirectory => {
+                TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Canon::uuid',
+                Start => 16,
+            },
+        },
+        {
+            Name => 'UUID-Unknown',
+            Unknown => 1,
+            Binary => 1,
+        },
+    ],
+    cmov => {
+        Name => 'CompressedMovie',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::CMovie' },
+    },
+    # prfl - Profile (ref 12)
+    # clip - clipping --> contains crgn (clip region) (ref 12)
+    # mvex - movie extends --> contains mehd (movie extends header), trex (track extends) (ref 14)
+);
+
+# movie header data block
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::MovieHeader = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
+    WRITE_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::WriteBinaryData,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Video' },
+    FORMAT => 'int32u',
+    DATAMEMBER => [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ],
+    0 => {
+        Name => 'MovieHeaderVersion',
+        Format => 'int8u',
+        RawConv => '$$self{MovieHeaderVersion} = $val',
+    },
+    1 => {
+        Name => 'CreateDate',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
+        %timeInfo,
+        # this is int64u if MovieHeaderVersion == 1 (ref 13)
+        Hook => '$$self{MovieHeaderVersion} and $format = "int64u", $varSize += 4',
+    },
+    2 => {
+        Name => 'ModifyDate',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
+        %timeInfo,
+        # this is int64u if MovieHeaderVersion == 1 (ref 13)
+        Hook => '$$self{MovieHeaderVersion} and $format = "int64u", $varSize += 4',
+    },
+    3 => {
+        Name => 'TimeScale',
+        RawConv => '$$self{TimeScale} = $val',
+    },
+    4 => {
+        Name => 'Duration',
+        %durationInfo,
+        # this is int64u if MovieHeaderVersion == 1 (ref 13)
+        Hook => '$$self{MovieHeaderVersion} and $format = "int64u", $varSize += 4',
+    },
+    5 => {
+        Name => 'PreferredRate',
+        ValueConv => '$val / 0x10000',
+    },
+    6 => {
+        Name => 'PreferredVolume',
+        Format => 'int16u',
+        ValueConv => '$val / 256',
+        PrintConv => 'sprintf("%.2f%%", $val * 100)',
+    },
+    9 => {
+        Name => 'MatrixStructure',
+        Format => 'fixed32s[9]',
+        # (the right column is fixed 2.30 instead of 16.16)
+        ValueConv => q{
+            my @a = split ' ',$val;
+            $_ /= 0x4000 foreach @a[2,5,8];
+            return "@a";
+        },
+    },
+    18 => { Name => 'PreviewTime',      %durationInfo },
+    19 => { Name => 'PreviewDuration',  %durationInfo },
+    20 => { Name => 'PosterTime',       %durationInfo },
+    21 => { Name => 'SelectionTime',    %durationInfo },
+    22 => { Name => 'SelectionDuration',%durationInfo },
+    23 => { Name => 'CurrentTime',      %durationInfo },
+    24 => 'NextTrackID',
+);
+
+# track atoms
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Track = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessMOV,
+    WRITE_PROC => \&WriteQuickTime,
+    GROUPS => { 1 => 'Track#', 2 => 'Video' },
+    tkhd => {
+        Name => 'TrackHeader',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::TrackHeader' },
+    },
+    udta => {
+        Name => 'UserData',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::UserData' },
+    },
+    mdia => { #MP4
+        Name => 'Media',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Media' },
+    },
+    meta => { #PH (MOV)
+        Name => 'Meta',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Meta' },
+    },
+    tref => {
+        Name => 'TrackRef',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::TrackRef' },
+    },
+    tapt => {
+        Name => 'TrackAperture',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::TrackAperture' },
+    },
+    uuid => [
+        { #11 (MP4 files) (also found in QuickTime::Movie)
+            Name => 'UUID-USMT',
+            Condition => '$$valPt=~/^USMT!\xd2\x4f\xce\xbb\x88\x69\x5c\xfa\xc9\xc7\x40/',
+            SubDirectory => {
+                TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::UserMedia',
+                Start => 16,
+            },
+        },
+        {
+            Name => 'UUID-Unknown',
+            Unknown => 1,
+            Binary => 1,
+        },
+    ],
+    # edts - edits --> contains elst (edit list)
+    # clip - clipping --> contains crgn (clip region)
+    # matt - track matt --> contains kmat (compressed matt)
+    # load - track loading settings
+    # imap - track input map --> contains '  in' --> contains '  ty', obid
+    # prfl - Profile (ref 12)
+);
+
+# track header data block
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::TrackHeader = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
+    WRITE_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::WriteBinaryData,
+    GROUPS => { 1 => 'Track#', 2 => 'Video' },
+    FORMAT => 'int32u',
+    DATAMEMBER => [ 0, 1, 2, 5 ],
+    0 => {
+        Name => 'TrackHeaderVersion',
+        Format => 'int8u',
+        Priority => 0,
+        RawConv => '$$self{TrackHeaderVersion} = $val',
+    },
+    1 => {
+        Name => 'TrackCreateDate',
+        Priority => 0,
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
+        %timeInfo,
+        # this is int64u if TrackHeaderVersion == 1 (ref 13)
+        Hook => '$$self{TrackHeaderVersion} and $format = "int64u", $varSize += 4',
+    },
+    2 => {
+        Name => 'TrackModifyDate',
+        Priority => 0,
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
+        %timeInfo,
+        # this is int64u if TrackHeaderVersion == 1 (ref 13)
+        Hook => '$$self{TrackHeaderVersion} and $format = "int64u", $varSize += 4',
+    },
+    3 => {
+        Name => 'TrackID',
+        Priority => 0,
+    },
+    5 => {
+        Name => 'TrackDuration',
+        Priority => 0,
+        %durationInfo,
+        # this is int64u if TrackHeaderVersion == 1 (ref 13)
+        Hook => '$$self{TrackHeaderVersion} and $format = "int64u", $varSize += 4',
+    },
+    8 => {
+        Name => 'TrackLayer',
+        Format => 'int16u',
+        Priority => 0,
+    },
+    9 => {
+        Name => 'TrackVolume',
+        Format => 'int16u',
+        Priority => 0,
+        ValueConv => '$val / 256',
+        PrintConv => 'sprintf("%.2f%%", $val * 100)',
+    },
+    10 => {
+        Name => 'MatrixStructure',
+        Format => 'fixed32s[9]',
+        # (the right column is fixed 2.30 instead of 16.16)
+        ValueConv => q{
+            my @a = split ' ',$val;
+            $_ /= 0x4000 foreach @a[2,5,8];
+            return "@a";
+        },
+    },
+    19 => {
+        Name => 'ImageWidth',
+        Priority => 0,
+        RawConv => \&FixWrongFormat,
+    },
+    20 => {
+        Name => 'ImageHeight',
+        Priority => 0,
+        RawConv => \&FixWrongFormat,
+    },
+);
+
+# user data atoms
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::UserData = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessMOV,
+    WRITE_PROC => \&WriteQuickTime,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Video' },
+    NOTES => q{
+        Tag ID's beginning with the copyright symbol (hex 0xa9) are multi-language
+        text.  Alternate language tags are accessed by adding a dash followed by the
+        language/country code to the tag name.  ExifTool will extract any
+        multi-language user data tags found, even if they don't exist in this table.
+    },
+    "\xa9cpy" => { Name => 'Copyright',  Groups => { 2 => 'Author' } },
+    "\xa9day" => {
+        Name => 'CreateDate',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
+        # handle values in the form "2010-02-12T13:27:14-0800" (written by Apple iPhone)
+        ValueConv => q{
+            require Image::ExifTool::XMP;
+            $val =  Image::ExifTool::XMP::ConvertXMPDate($val);
+            $val =~ s/([-+]\d{2})(\d{2})$/$1:$2/; # add colon to timezone if necessary
+            return $val;
+        },
+        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
+    },
+    "\xa9ART" => 'Artist', #PH (iTunes 8.0.2)
+    "\xa9alb" => 'Album', #PH (iTunes 8.0.2)
+    "\xa9arg" => 'Arranger', #12
+    "\xa9ark" => 'ArrangerKeywords', #12
+    "\xa9cmt" => 'Comment', #PH (iTunes 8.0.2)
+    "\xa9cok" => 'ComposerKeywords', #12
+    "\xa9com" => 'Composer', #12
+    "\xa9dir" => 'Director', #12
+    "\xa9ed1" => 'Edit1',
+    "\xa9ed2" => 'Edit2',
+    "\xa9ed3" => 'Edit3',
+    "\xa9ed4" => 'Edit4',
+    "\xa9ed5" => 'Edit5',
+    "\xa9ed6" => 'Edit6',
+    "\xa9ed7" => 'Edit7',
+    "\xa9ed8" => 'Edit8',
+    "\xa9ed9" => 'Edit9',
+    "\xa9fmt" => 'Format',
+    "\xa9gen" => 'Genre', #PH (iTunes 8.0.2)
+    "\xa9grp" => 'Grouping', #PH (NC)
+    "\xa9inf" => 'Information',
+    "\xa9isr" => 'ISRCCode', #12
+    "\xa9lab" => 'RecordLabelName', #12
+    "\xa9lal" => 'RecordLabelURL', #12
+    "\xa9lyr" => 'Lyrics', #PH (NC)
+    "\xa9mak" => 'Make', #12
+    "\xa9mal" => 'MakerURL', #12
+    "\xa9mod" => 'Model', #PH
+    "\xa9nam" => 'Title', #12
+    "\xa9pdk" => 'ProducerKeywords', #12
+    "\xa9phg" => 'RecordingCopyright', #12
+    "\xa9prd" => 'Producer',
+    "\xa9prf" => 'Performers',
+    "\xa9prk" => 'PerformerKeywords', #12
+    "\xa9prl" => 'PerformerURL',
+    "\xa9dir" => 'Director', #12
+    "\xa9req" => 'Requirements',
+    "\xa9snk" => 'SubtitleKeywords', #12
+    "\xa9snm" => 'Subtitle', #12
+    "\xa9src" => 'SourceCredits', #12
+    "\xa9swf" => 'SongWriter', #12
+    "\xa9swk" => 'SongWriterKeywords', #12
+    "\xa9swr" => 'SoftwareVersion', #12
+    "\xa9too" => 'Encoder', #PH (NC)
+    "\xa9trk" => 'Track', #PH (NC)
+    "\xa9wrt" => 'Composer',
+    "\xa9xyz" => { #PH (iPhone 3GS)
+        Name => 'GPSCoordinates',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Location' },
+        ValueConv => \&ConvertISO6709,
+        PrintConv => \&PrintGPSCoordinates,
+    },
+    name => 'Name',
+    WLOC => {
+        Name => 'WindowLocation',
+        Format => 'int16u',
+    },
+    LOOP => {
+        Name => 'LoopStyle',
+        Format => 'int32u',
+        PrintConv => {
+            1 => 'Normal',
+            2 => 'Palindromic',
+        },
+    },
+    SelO => {
+        Name => 'PlaySelection',
+        Format => 'int8u',
+    },
+    AllF => {
+        Name => 'PlayAllFrames',
+        Format => 'int8u',
+    },
+    meta => {
+        Name => 'Meta',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Meta',
+            Start => 4, # must skip 4-byte version number header
+        },
+    },
+   'ptv '=> {
+        Name => 'PrintToVideo',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Video' },
+    },
+    hnti => {
+        Name => 'HintInfo',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::HintInfo' },
+    },
+    hinf => {
+        Name => 'HintTrackInfo',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::HintTrackInfo' },
+    },
+    hinv => 'HintVersion', #PH (guess)
+    XMP_ => { #PH (Adobe CS3 Bridge)
+        Name => 'XMP',
+        # *** this is where ExifTool writes XMP in MOV videos (as per XMP spec) ***
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::Main' },
+    },
+    # the following are 3gp tags, references:
+    # http://atomicparsley.sourceforge.net
+    # http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/tsg_sa/WG4_CODEC/TSGS4_25/Docs/
+    cprt => { Name => 'Copyright',  %langText, Groups => { 2 => 'Author' } },
+    auth => { Name => 'Author',     %langText, Groups => { 2 => 'Author' } },
+    titl => { Name => 'Title',      %langText },
+    dscp => { Name => 'Description',%langText },
+    perf => { Name => 'Performer',  %langText },
+    gnre => { Name => 'Genre',      %langText },
+    albm => { Name => 'Album',      %langText },
+    coll => { Name => 'CollectionName', %langText }, #17
+    rtng => {
+        Name => 'Rating',
+        # (4-byte flags, 4-char entity, 4-char criteria, 2-byte lang, string)
+        RawConv => q{
+            return '<err>' unless length $val >= 14;
+            my $str = 'Entity=' . substr($val,4,4) . ' Criteria=' . substr($val,8,4);
+            $str =~ tr/\0-\x1f\x7f-\xff//d; # remove unprintable characters
+            my $lang = Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::UnpackLang(Get16u(\$val, 12));
+            $lang = $lang ? "($lang) " : '';
+            $val = substr($val, 14);
+            $val = $self->Decode($val, 'UCS2') if $val =~ /^\xfe\xff/;
+            return $lang . $str . ' ' . $val;
+        },
+    },
+    clsf => {
+        Name => 'Classification',
+        # (4-byte flags, 4-char entity, 2-byte index, 2-byte lang, string)
+        RawConv => q{
+            return '<err>' unless length $val >= 12;
+            my $str = 'Entity=' . substr($val,4,4) . ' Index=' . Get16u(\$val,8);
+            $str =~ tr/\0-\x1f\x7f-\xff//d; # remove unprintable characters
+            my $lang = Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::UnpackLang(Get16u(\$val, 10));
+            $lang = $lang ? "($lang) " : '';
+            $val = substr($val, 12);
+            $val = $self->Decode($val, 'UCS2') if $val =~ /^\xfe\xff/;
+            return $lang . $str . ' ' . $val;
+        },
+    },
+    kywd => {
+        Name => 'Keywords',
+        # (4 byte flags, 2-byte lang, 1-byte count, count x pascal strings)
+        RawConv => q{
+            return '<err>' unless length $val >= 7;
+            my $lang = Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::UnpackLang(Get16u(\$val, 4));
+            $lang = $lang ? "($lang) " : '';
+            my $num = Get8u(\$val, 6);
+            my ($i, @vals);
+            my $pos = 7;
+            for ($i=0; $i<$num; ++$i) {
+                last if $pos >= length $val;
+                my $len = Get8u(\$val, $pos++);
+                last if $pos + $len > length $val;
+                my $v = substr($val, $pos, $len);
+                $v = $self->Decode($v, 'UCS2') if $v =~ /^\xfe\xff/;
+                push @vals, $v;
+                $pos += $len;
+            }
+            my $sep = $self->Options('ListSep');
+            return $lang . join($sep, @vals);
+        },
+    },
+    loci => {
+        Name => 'LocationInformation',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Location' },
+        # (4-byte flags, 2-byte lang, location string, 1-byte role, 4-byte fixed longitude,
+        #  4-byte fixed latitude, 4-byte fixed altitude, body string, notes string)
+        RawConv => q{
+            return '<err>' unless length $val >= 6;
+            my $lang = Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::UnpackLang(Get16u(\$val, 4));
+            $lang = $lang ? "($lang) " : '';
+            $val = substr($val, 6);
+            my $str;
+            if ($val =~ /^\xfe\xff/) {
+                $val =~ s/^(\xfe\xff(.{2})*?)\0\0//s or return '<err>';
+                $str = $self->Decode($1, 'UCS2');
+            } else {
+                $val =~ s/^(.*?)\0//s or return '<err>';
+                $str = $1;
+            }
+            $str = '(none)' unless length $str;
+            return '<err>' if length $val < 13;
+            my $role = Get8u(\$val, 0);
+            my $lon = GetFixed32s(\$val, 1);
+            my $lat = GetFixed32s(\$val, 5);
+            my $alt = GetFixed32s(\$val, 9);
+            my $roleStr = {0=>'shooting',1=>'real',2=>'fictional',3=>'reserved'}->{$role};
+            $str .= ' Role=' . ($roleStr || "unknown($role)");
+            $str .= sprintf(' Lat=%.5f Lon=%.5f Alt=%.2f', $lat, $lon, $alt);
+            $val = substr($val, 13);
+            if ($val =~ s/^(\xfe\xff(.{2})*?)\0\0//s) {
+                $str .= ' Body=' . $self->Decode($1, 'UCS2');
+            } elsif ($val =~ s/^(.*?)\0//s) {
+                $str .= " Body=$1";
+            }
+            if ($val =~ s/^(\xfe\xff(.{2})*?)\0\0//s) {
+                $str .= ' Notes=' . $self->Decode($1, 'UCS2');
+            } elsif ($val =~ s/^(.*?)\0//s) {
+                $str .= " Notes=$1";
+            }
+            return $lang . $str;
+        },
+    },
+    yrrc => {
+        Name => 'Year',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
+        RawConv => 'length($val) >= 6 ? Get16u(\$val,4) : "<err>"',
+    },
+    urat => { #17
+        Name => 'UserRating',
+        RawConv => q{
+            return '<err>' unless length $val >= 8;
+            return Get8u(\$val, 7);
+        },
+    },
+    # tsel - TrackSelection (ref 17)
+    # Apple tags (ref 16)
+    angl => { Name => 'CameraAngle',  Format => 'string' }, # (NC)
+    clfn => { Name => 'ClipFileName', Format => 'string' }, # (NC)
+    clid => { Name => 'ClipID',       Format => 'string' }, # (NC)
+    cmid => { Name => 'CameraID',     Format => 'string' }, # (NC)
+    cmnm => { # (NC)
+        Name => 'Model',
+        Description => 'Camera Model Name',
+        Format => 'string', # (necessary to remove the trailing NULL)
+    },
+    date => { # (NC)
+        Name => 'DateTimeOriginal',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
+        ValueConv => q{
+            require Image::ExifTool::XMP;
+            $val =  Image::ExifTool::XMP::ConvertXMPDate($val);
+            $val =~ s/([-+]\d{2})(\d{2})$/$1:$2/; # add colon to timezone if necessary
+            return $val;
+        },
+        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
+    },
+    manu => { # (SX280)
+        Name => 'Make',
+        # (with Canon there are 6 unknown bytes before the model: "\0\0\0\0\x15\xc7")
+        RawConv => '$val=~s/^\0{4}..//s; $val=~s/\0.*//; $val',
+    },
+    modl => { # (Samsung GT-S8530, Canon SX280)
+        Name => 'Model',
+        Description => 'Camera Model Name',
+        # (with Canon there are 6 unknown bytes before the model: "\0\0\0\0\x15\xc7")
+        RawConv => '$val=~s/^\0{4}..//s; $val=~s/\0.*//; $val',
+    },
+    reel => { Name => 'ReelName',     Format => 'string' }, # (NC)
+    scen => { Name => 'Scene',        Format => 'string' }, # (NC)
+    shot => { Name => 'ShotName',     Format => 'string' }, # (NC)
+    slno => { Name => 'SerialNumber', Format => 'string' }, # (NC)
+    apmd => { Name => 'ApertureMode', Format => 'undef' }, #20
+    kgtt => { #http://lists.ffmpeg.org/pipermail/ffmpeg-devel-irc/2012-June/000707.html
+        # 'TrackType' will expand to 'Track#Type' when found inside a track
+        Name => 'TrackType',
+        # set flag to process this as international text
+        # even though the tag ID doesn't start with 0xa9
+        IText => 1,
+    },
+    chpl => { # (Nero chapter list)
+        Name => 'ChapterList',
+        ValueConv => \&ConvertChapterList,
+        PrintConv => \&PrintChapter,
+    },
+    # ndrm - 7 bytes (0 0 0 1 0 0 0) Nero Digital Rights Management? (PH)
+    # other non-Apple tags (ref 16)
+    # hpix - HipixRichPicture (ref 16, HIPIX)
+    # strk - sub-track information (ref 16, ISO)
+#
+# Manufacturer-specific metadata
+#
+    TAGS => [ #PH
+        # these tags were initially discovered in a Pentax movie,
+        # but similar information is found in videos from other manufacturers
+        {
+            Name => 'FujiFilmTags',
+            Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^FUJIFILM DIGITAL CAMERA\0/',
+            SubDirectory => {
+                TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::FujiFilm::MOV',
+                ByteOrder => 'LittleEndian',
+            },
+        },
+        {
+            Name => 'KodakTags',
+            Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY/',
+            SubDirectory => {
+                TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Kodak::MOV',
+                ByteOrder => 'LittleEndian',
+            },
+        },
+        {
+            Name => 'KonicaMinoltaTags',
+            Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^KONICA MINOLTA DIGITAL CAMERA/',
+            SubDirectory => {
+                TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Minolta::MOV1',
+                ByteOrder => 'LittleEndian',
+            },
+        },
+        {
+            Name => 'MinoltaTags',
+            Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^MINOLTA DIGITAL CAMERA/',
+            SubDirectory => {
+                TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Minolta::MOV2',
+                ByteOrder => 'LittleEndian',
+            },
+        },
+        {
+            Name => 'NikonTags',
+            Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^NIKON DIGITAL CAMERA\0/',
+            SubDirectory => {
+                TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Nikon::MOV',
+                ByteOrder => 'LittleEndian',
+            },
+        },
+        {
+            Name => 'OlympusTags1',
+            Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA\0.{9}\x01\0/s',
+            SubDirectory => {
+                TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Olympus::MOV1',
+                ByteOrder => 'LittleEndian',
+            },
+        },
+        {
+            Name => 'OlympusTags2',
+            Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA(?!\0.{21}\x0a\0{3})/s',
+            SubDirectory => {
+                TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Olympus::MOV2',
+                ByteOrder => 'LittleEndian',
+            },
+        },
+        {
+            Name => 'OlympusTags3',
+            Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA\0/',
+            SubDirectory => {
+                TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Olympus::MP4',
+                ByteOrder => 'LittleEndian',
+            },
+        },
+        {
+            Name => 'OlympusTags4',
+            Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^.{16}OLYM\0/s',
+            SubDirectory => {
+                TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Olympus::MOV3',
+                Start => 12,
+            },
+        },
+        {
+            Name => 'PentaxTags',
+            Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^PENTAX DIGITAL CAMERA\0/',
+            SubDirectory => {
+                TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Pentax::MOV',
+                ByteOrder => 'LittleEndian',
+            },
+        },
+        {
+            Name => 'SamsungTags',
+            Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^SAMSUNG DIGITAL CAMERA\0/',
+            SubDirectory => {
+                TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Samsung::MP4',
+                ByteOrder => 'LittleEndian',
+            },
+        },
+        {
+            Name => 'SanyoMOV',
+            Condition => q{
+                $$valPt =~ /^SANYO DIGITAL CAMERA\0/ and
+                $self->{VALUE}->{FileType} eq "MOV"
+            },
+            SubDirectory => {
+                TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Sanyo::MOV',
+                ByteOrder => 'LittleEndian',
+            },
+        },
+        {
+            Name => 'SanyoMP4',
+            Condition => q{
+                $$valPt =~ /^SANYO DIGITAL CAMERA\0/ and
+                $self->{VALUE}->{FileType} eq "MP4"
+            },
+            SubDirectory => {
+                TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Sanyo::MP4',
+                ByteOrder => 'LittleEndian',
+            },
+        },
+        {
+            Name => 'UnknownTags',
+            Unknown => 1,
+            Binary => 1
+        },
+    ],
+    # ---- Canon ----
+    CNCV => { Name => 'CompressorVersion', Format => 'string' }, #PH (5D Mark II)
+    CNMN => {
+        Name => 'Model', #PH (EOS 550D)
+        Description => 'Camera Model Name',
+        Format => 'string', # (necessary to remove the trailing NULL)
+    },
+    CNFV => { Name => 'FirmwareVersion', Format => 'string' }, #PH (EOS 550D)
+    CNTH => { #PH (PowerShot S95)
+        Name => 'CanonCNTH',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Canon::CNTH' },
+    },
+    # CNDB - 2112 bytes (550D)
+    # CNDM - 4 bytes - 0xff,0xd8,0xff,0xd9 (S95)
+    # ---- Casio ----
+    QVMI => { #PH
+        Name => 'CasioQVMI',
+        # Casio stores standard EXIF-format information in MOV videos (ie. EX-S880)
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::Main',
+            ProcessProc => \&Image::ExifTool::Exif::ProcessExif, # (because ProcessMOV is default)
+            DirName => 'IFD0',
+            Multi => 0, # (no NextIFD pointer)
+            Start => 10,
+            ByteOrder => 'BigEndian',
+        },
+    },
+    # ---- FujiFilm ----
+    FFMV => { #PH (FinePix HS20EXR)
+        Name => 'FujiFilmFFMV',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::FujiFilm::FFMV' },
+    },
+    MVTG => { #PH (FinePix HS20EXR)
+        Name => 'FujiFilmMVTG',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::Main',
+            ProcessProc => \&Image::ExifTool::Exif::ProcessExif, # (because ProcessMOV is default)
+            DirName => 'IFD0',
+            Start => 16,
+            Base => '$start',
+            ByteOrder => 'LittleEndian',
+        },
+    },
+    # ---- GoPro ----
+    GoPr => 'GoProType', #PH
+    # ---- Kodak ----
+    DcMD => {
+        Name => 'KodakDcMD',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Kodak::DcMD' },
+    },
+    # AMBA => Ambarella AVC atom (unknown data written by Kodak Playsport video cam)
+    # ---- Microsoft ----
+    Xtra => { #PH (microsoft)
+        Name => 'MicrosoftXtra',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Microsoft::Xtra' },
+    },
+    # ---- Minolta ----
+    MMA0 => { #PH (DiMage 7Hi)
+        Name => 'MinoltaMMA0',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Minolta::MMA' },
+    },
+    MMA1 => { #PH (Dimage A2)
+        Name => 'MinoltaMMA1',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Minolta::MMA' },
+    },
+    # ---- Nikon ----
+    NCDT => { #PH
+        Name => 'NikonNCDT',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Nikon::NCDT' },
+    },
+    # ---- Olympus ----
+    scrn => { #PH (TG-810)
+        Name => 'OlympusPreview',
+        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^.{4}\xff\xd8\xff\xdb/s',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Olympus::scrn' },
+    },
+    # ---- Panasonic/Leica ----
+    PANA => { #PH
+        Name => 'PanasonicPANA',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Panasonic::PANA' },
+    },
+    LEIC => { #PH
+        Name => 'LeicaLEIC',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Panasonic::PANA' },
+    },
+    # ---- Pentax ----
+    thmb => [ # (apparently defined by 3gpp, ref 16)
+        { #PH (Pentax Q)
+            Name => 'MakerNotePentax5a',
+            Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^PENTAX \0II/',
+            SubDirectory => {
+                TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Pentax::Main',
+                ProcessProc => \&Image::ExifTool::Exif::ProcessExif, # (because ProcessMOV is default)
+                Start => 10,
+                Base => '$start - 10',
+                ByteOrder => 'LittleEndian',
+            },
+        },{ #PH (TG-810)
+            Name => 'OlympusThumbnail',
+            Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^.{4}\xff\xd8\xff\xdb/s',
+            SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Olympus::thmb' },
+        },{ #17 (format is in bytes 3-7)
+            Name => 'ThumbnailImage',
+            Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^.{8}\xff\xd8\xff\xdb/s',
+            ValueConv => 'substr($val, 8)',
+        },{ #17 (format is in bytes 3-7)
+            Name => 'ThumbnailPNG',
+            Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^.{8}\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n/s',
+            ValueConv => 'substr($val, 8)',
+        },{
+            Name => 'UnknownThumbnail',
+            Binary => 1,
+        },
+    ],
+    PENT => { #PH
+        Name => 'PentaxPENT',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Pentax::PENT',
+            ByteOrder => 'LittleEndian',
+        },
+    },
+    PXTH => { #PH (Pentax K-01)
+        Name => 'PentaxPreview',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Pentax::PXTH' },
+    },
+    PXMN => { #PH (Pentax K-01)
+        Name => 'MakerNotePentax5b',
+        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^PENTAX \0MM/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Pentax::Main',
+            ProcessProc => \&Image::ExifTool::Exif::ProcessExif, # (because ProcessMOV is default)
+            Start => 10,
+            Base => '$start - 10',
+            ByteOrder => 'BigEndian',
+        },
+    },
+    # ---- Ricoh ----
+    RTHU => { #PH (GR)
+        Name => 'PreviewImage',
+        RawConv => '$self->ValidateImage(\$val, $tag)',
+    },
+    RMKN => { #PH (GR)
+        Name => 'RicohRMKN',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::Main',
+            ProcessProc => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessTIFF, # (because ProcessMOV is default)
+        },
+    },
+    # ---- Samsung ----
+    vndr => 'Vendor', #PH (Samsung PL70)
+    SDLN => 'PlayMode', #PH (NC, Samsung ST80 "SEQ_PLAY")
+    INFO => {
+        Name => 'SamsungINFO',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Samsung::INFO' },
+    },
+    # ducp - 4 bytes all zero (Samsung ST96,WB750), 52 bytes all zero (Samsung WB30F)
+    # edli - 52 bytes all zero (Samsung WB30F)
+    # @etc - 4 bytes all zero (Samsung WB30F)
+    # smrd - string "TRUEBLUE" (Samsung SM-C101)
+   '@sec' => { #PH (Samsung WB30F)
+        Name => 'SamsungSec',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Samsung::sec' },
+    },
+    'smta' => { #PH (Samsung SM-C101)
+        Name => 'SamsungSmta',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Samsung::smta',
+            Start => 4,
+        },
+    },
+#
+# other 3rd-party tags
+# (ref http://code.google.com/p/mp4parser/source/browse/trunk/isoparser/src/main/resources/isoparser-default.properties?r=814)
+#
+    ccid => 'ContentID',
+    icnu => 'IconURI',
+    infu => 'InfoURL',
+    cdis => 'ContentDistributorID',
+    albr => { Name => 'AlbumArtist', Groups => { 2 => 'Author' } },
+    cvru => 'CoverURI',
+    lrcu => 'LyricsURI',
+);
+
+# User-specific media data atoms (ref 11)
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::UserMedia = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessMOV,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Video' },
+    MTDT => {
+        Name => 'MetaData',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::MetaData' },
+    },
+);
+
+# User-specific media data atoms (ref 11)
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::MetaData = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::ProcessMetaData,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Video' },
+    TAG_PREFIX => 'MetaData',
+    0x01 => 'Title',
+    0x03 => {
+        Name => 'ProductionDate',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
+        # translate from format "YYYY/mm/dd HH:MM:SS"
+        ValueConv => '$val=~tr{/}{:}; $val',
+        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
+    },
+    0x04 => 'Software',
+    0x05 => 'Product',
+    0x0a => {
+        Name => 'TrackProperty',
+        RawConv => 'my @a=unpack("Nnn",$val); "@a"',
+        PrintConv => [
+            { 0 => 'No presentation', BITMASK => { 0 => 'Main track' } },
+            { 0 => 'No attributes',   BITMASK => { 15 => 'Read only' } },
+            '"Priority $val"',
+        ],
+    },
+    0x0b => {
+        Name => 'TimeZone',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
+        RawConv => 'Get16s(\$val,0)',
+        PrintConv => 'TimeZoneString($val)',
+    },
+    0x0c => {
+        Name => 'ModifyDate',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
+        # translate from format "YYYY/mm/dd HH:MM:SS"
+        ValueConv => '$val=~tr{/}{:}; $val',
+        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
+    },
+);
+
+# compressed movie atoms (ref http://wiki.multimedia.cx/index.php?title=QuickTime_container#cmov)
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::CMovie = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessMOV,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Video' },
+    dcom => 'Compression',
+    # cmvd - compressed movie data
+);
+
+# Profile atoms (ref 11)
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Profile = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessMOV,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Video' },
+    FPRF => {
+        Name => 'FileGlobalProfile',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::FileProf' },
+    },
+    APRF => {
+        Name => 'AudioProfile',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::AudioProf' },
+    },
+    VPRF => {
+        Name => 'VideoProfile',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::VideoProf' },
+    },
+    OLYM => { #PH
+        Name => 'OlympusOLYM',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Olympus::OLYM',
+            ByteOrder => 'BigEndian',
+        },
+    },
+);
+
+# FPRF atom information (ref 11)
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::FileProf = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Video' },
+    FORMAT => 'int32u',
+    0 => { Name => 'FileProfileVersion', Unknown => 1 }, # unknown = uninteresting
+    1 => {
+        Name => 'FileFunctionFlags',
+        PrintConv => { BITMASK => {
+            28 => 'Fragmented',
+            29 => 'Additional tracks',
+            30 => 'Edited', # (main AV track is edited)
+        }},
+    },
+    # 2 - reserved
+);
+
+# APRF atom information (ref 11)
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::AudioProf = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Audio' },
+    FORMAT => 'int32u',
+    0 => { Name => 'AudioProfileVersion', Unknown => 1 },
+    1 => 'AudioTrackID',
+    2 => {
+        Name => 'AudioCodec',
+        Format => 'undef[4]',
+    },
+    3 => {
+        Name => 'AudioCodecInfo',
+        Unknown => 1,
+        PrintConv => 'sprintf("0x%.4x", $val)',
+    },
+    4 => {
+        Name => 'AudioAttributes',
+        PrintConv => { BITMASK => {
+            0 => 'Encrypted',
+            1 => 'Variable bitrate',
+            2 => 'Dual mono',
+        }},
+    },
+    5 => {
+        Name => 'AudioAvgBitrate',
+        ValueConv => '$val * 1000',
+        PrintConv => 'ConvertBitrate($val)',
+    },
+    6 => {
+        Name => 'AudioMaxBitrate',
+        ValueConv => '$val * 1000',
+        PrintConv => 'ConvertBitrate($val)',
+    },
+    7 => 'AudioSampleRate',
+    8 => 'AudioChannels',
+);
+
+# VPRF atom information (ref 11)
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::VideoProf = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Video' },
+    FORMAT => 'int32u',
+    0 => { Name => 'VideoProfileVersion', Unknown => 1 },
+    1 => 'VideoTrackID',
+    2 => {
+        Name => 'VideoCodec',
+        Format => 'undef[4]',
+    },
+    3 => {
+        Name => 'VideoCodecInfo',
+        Unknown => 1,
+        PrintConv => 'sprintf("0x%.4x", $val)',
+    },
+    4 => {
+        Name => 'VideoAttributes',
+        PrintConv => { BITMASK => {
+            0 => 'Encrypted',
+            1 => 'Variable bitrate',
+            2 => 'Variable frame rate',
+            3 => 'Interlaced',
+        }},
+    },
+    5 => {
+        Name => 'VideoAvgBitrate',
+        ValueConv => '$val * 1000',
+        PrintConv => 'ConvertBitrate($val)',
+    },
+    6 => {
+        Name => 'VideoMaxBitrate',
+        ValueConv => '$val * 1000',
+        PrintConv => 'ConvertBitrate($val)',
+    },
+    7 => {
+        Name => 'VideoAvgFrameRate',
+        Format => 'fixed32u',
+        PrintConv => 'int($val * 1000 + 0.5) / 1000',
+    },
+    8 => {
+        Name => 'VideoMaxFrameRate',
+        Format => 'fixed32u',
+        PrintConv => 'int($val * 1000 + 0.5) / 1000',
+    },
+    9 => {
+        Name => 'VideoSize',
+        Format => 'int16u[2]',
+        PrintConv => '$val=~tr/ /x/; $val',
+    },
+    10 => {
+        Name => 'PixelAspectRatio',
+        Format => 'int16u[2]',
+        PrintConv => '$val=~tr/ /:/; $val',
+    },
+);
+
+# meta atoms
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Meta = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessMOV,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Video' },
+    ilst => {
+        Name => 'ItemList',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::ItemList',
+            HasData => 1, # process atoms as containers with 'data' elements
+        },
+    },
+    # MP4 tags (ref 5)
+    hdlr => {
+        Name => 'Handler',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Handler' },
+    },
+    dinf => {
+        Name => 'DataInformation',
+        Flags => ['Binary','Unknown'],
+    },
+    ipmc => {
+        Name => 'IPMPControl',
+        Flags => ['Binary','Unknown'],
+    },
+    iloc => {
+        Name => 'ItemLocation',
+        Flags => ['Binary','Unknown'],
+    },
+    ipro => {
+        Name => 'ItemProtection',
+        Flags => ['Binary','Unknown'],
+    },
+    iinf => {
+        Name => 'ItemInformation',
+        Flags => ['Binary','Unknown'],
+    },
+   'xml ' => {
+        Name => 'XML',
+        Flags => [ 'Binary', 'Protected', 'BlockExtract' ],
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::Main' },
+    },
+   'keys' => {
+        Name => 'Keys',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Keys' },
+    },
+    bxml => {
+        Name => 'BinaryXML',
+        Flags => ['Binary','Unknown'],
+    },
+    pitm => {
+        Name => 'PrimaryItemReference',
+        Flags => ['Binary','Unknown'],
+    },
+    free => { #PH
+        Name => 'Free',
+        Flags => ['Binary','Unknown'],
+    },
+);
+
+# track reference atoms
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::TrackRef = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessMOV,
+    GROUPS => { 1 => 'Track#', 2 => 'Video' },
+    chap => { Name => 'ChapterListTrackID', Format => 'int32u' },
+    tmcd => { Name => 'TimeCode', Format => 'int32u' },
+    mpod => { #PH (FLIR MP4)
+        Name => 'ElementaryStreamTrack',
+        Format => 'int32u',
+        ValueConv => '$val =~ s/^1 //; $val',  # (why 2 numbers? -- ignore the first if "1")
+    },
+    # also: sync, scpt, ssrc, iTunesInfo
+);
+
+# track aperture mode dimensions atoms
+# (ref https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/QuickTime/QTFF/QTFFChap2/qtff2.html)
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::TrackAperture = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessMOV,
+    GROUPS => { 1 => 'Track#', 2 => 'Video' },
+    clef => {
+        Name => 'CleanApertureDimensions',
+        Format => 'fixed32u',
+        Count => 3,
+        ValueConv => '$val =~ s/^.*? //; $val', # remove flags word
+        PrintConv => '$val =~ tr/ /x/; $val',
+    },
+    prof => {
+        Name => 'ProductionApertureDimensions',
+        Format => 'fixed32u',
+        Count => 3,
+        ValueConv => '$val =~ s/^.*? //; $val',
+        PrintConv => '$val =~ tr/ /x/; $val',
+    },
+    enof => {
+        Name => 'EncodedPixelsDimensions',
+        Format => 'fixed32u',
+        Count => 3,
+        ValueConv => '$val =~ s/^.*? //; $val',
+        PrintConv => '$val =~ tr/ /x/; $val',
+    },
+);
+
+# item list atoms
+# -> these atoms are unique, and contain one or more 'data' atoms
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::ItemList = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessMOV,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Audio' },
+    NOTES => q{
+        As well as these tags, the 'mdta' handler uses numerical tag ID's which are
+        added dynamically to this table after processing the Meta Keys information.
+    },
+    # in this table, binary 1 and 2-byte "data"-type tags are interpreted as
+    # int8u and int16u.  Multi-byte binary "data" tags are extracted as binary data
+    "\xa9ART" => 'Artist',
+    "\xa9alb" => 'Album',
+    "\xa9cmt" => 'Comment',
+    "\xa9com" => 'Composer',
+    "\xa9day" => { Name => 'Year', Groups => { 2 => 'Time' } },
+    "\xa9des" => 'Description', #4
+    "\xa9enc" => 'EncodedBy', #10
+    "\xa9gen" => 'Genre',
+    "\xa9grp" => 'Grouping',
+    "\xa9lyr" => 'Lyrics',
+    "\xa9nam" => 'Title',
+    # "\xa9st3" ? #10
+    "\xa9too" => 'Encoder',
+    "\xa9trk" => 'Track',
+    "\xa9wrt" => 'Composer',
+    '----' => {
+        Name => 'iTunesInfo',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::iTunesInfo' },
+    },
+    aART => 'AlbumArtist',
+    covr => 'CoverArt',
+    cpil => { #10
+        Name => 'Compilation',
+        PrintConv => { 0 => 'No', 1 => 'Yes' },
+    },
+    disk => {
+        Name => 'DiskNumber',
+        Format => 'undef',  # (necessary to prevent decoding as string!)
+        ValueConv => 'length($val) >= 6 ? join(" of ",unpack("x2nn",$val)) : \$val',
+    },
+    pgap => { #10
+        Name => 'PlayGap',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'Insert Gap',
+            1 => 'No Gap',
+        },
+    },
+    tmpo => {
+        Name => 'BeatsPerMinute',
+        Format => 'int16u', # marked as boolean but really int16u in my sample
+    },
+    trkn => {
+        Name => 'TrackNumber',
+        Format => 'undef',  # (necessary to prevent decoding as string!)
+        ValueConv => 'length($val) >= 6 ? join(" of ",unpack("x2nn",$val)) : \$val',
+    },
+#
+# Note: it is possible that the tags below are not being decoded properly
+# because I don't have samples to verify many of these - PH
+#
+    akID => { #10
+        Name => 'AppleStoreAccountType',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'iTunes',
+            1 => 'AOL',
+        },
+    },
+    albm => 'Album', #(ffmpeg source)
+    apID => 'AppleStoreAccount',
+    atID => { #10 (or TV series)
+        Name => 'AlbumTitleID',
+        Format => 'int32u',
+    },
+    auth => { Name => 'Author', Groups => { 2 => 'Author' } },
+    catg => 'Category', #7
+    cnID => { #10
+        Name => 'AppleStoreCatalogID',
+        Format => 'int32u',
+    },
+    cprt => { Name => 'Copyright', Groups => { 2 => 'Author' } },
+    dscp => 'Description',
+    desc => 'Description', #7
+    gnre => { #10
+        Name => 'Genre',
+        PrintConv => q{
+            return $val unless $val =~ /^\d+$/;
+            require Image::ExifTool::ID3;
+            Image::ExifTool::ID3::PrintGenre($val - 1); # note the "- 1"
+        },
+    },
+    egid => 'EpisodeGlobalUniqueID', #7
+    geID => { #10
+        Name => 'GenreID',
+        Format => 'int32u',
+        # 4005 = Kids
+        # 4010 = Teens
+    },
+    grup => 'Grouping', #10
+    hdvd => { #10
+        Name => 'HDVideo',
+        PrintConv => { 0 => 'No', 1 => 'Yes' },
+    },
+    keyw => 'Keyword', #7
+    ldes => 'LongDescription', #10
+    pcst => { #7
+        Name => 'Podcast',
+        PrintConv => { 0 => 'No', 1 => 'Yes' },
+    },
+    perf => 'Performer',
+    plID => { #10 (or TV season)
+        Name => 'PlayListID',
+        Format => 'int8u',  # actually int64u, but split it up
+    },
+    purd => 'PurchaseDate', #7
+    purl => 'PodcastURL', #7
+    rtng => { #10
+        Name => 'Rating',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'none',
+            2 => 'Clean',
+            4 => 'Explicit',
+        },
+    },
+    sfID => { #10
+        Name => 'AppleStoreCountry',
+        Format => 'int32u',
+        PrintConvColumns => 2,
+        PrintConv => {
+            143460 => 'Australia',
+            143445 => 'Austria',
+            143446 => 'Belgium',
+            143455 => 'Canada',
+            143458 => 'Denmark',
+            143447 => 'Finland',
+            143442 => 'France',
+            143443 => 'Germany',
+            143448 => 'Greece',
+            143449 => 'Ireland',
+            143450 => 'Italy',
+            143462 => 'Japan',
+            143451 => 'Luxembourg',
+            143452 => 'Netherlands',
+            143461 => 'New Zealand',
+            143457 => 'Norway',
+            143453 => 'Portugal',
+            143454 => 'Spain',
+            143456 => 'Sweden',
+            143459 => 'Switzerland',
+            143444 => 'United Kingdom',
+            143441 => 'United States',
+        },
+    },
+    soaa => 'SortAlbumArtist', #10
+    soal => 'SortAlbum', #10
+    soar => 'SortArtist', #10
+    soco => 'SortComposer', #10
+    sonm => 'SortName', #10
+    sosn => 'SortShow', #10
+    stik => { #10
+        Name => 'MediaType',
+        PrintConvColumns => 2,
+        PrintConv => { #(http://weblog.xanga.com/gryphondwb/615474010/iphone-ringtones---what-did-itunes-741-really-do.html)
+            0 => 'Movie',
+            1 => 'Normal (Music)',
+            2 => 'Audiobook',
+            5 => 'Whacked Bookmark',
+            6 => 'Music Video',
+            9 => 'Short Film',
+            10 => 'TV Show',
+            11 => 'Booklet',
+            14 => 'Ringtone',
+            21 => 'Podcast', #15
+        },
+    },
+    titl => 'Title',
+    tven => 'TVEpisodeID', #7
+    tves => { #7/10
+        Name => 'TVEpisode',
+        Format => 'int32u',
+    },
+    tvnn => 'TVNetworkName', #7
+    tvsh => 'TVShow', #10
+    tvsn => { #7/10
+        Name => 'TVSeason',
+        Format => 'int32u',
+    },
+    yrrc => 'Year', #(ffmpeg source)
+    itnu => { #PH (iTunes 10.5)
+        Name => 'iTunesU',
+        Description => 'iTunes U',
+        PrintConv => { 0 => 'No', 1 => 'Yes' },
+    },
+    #https://github.com/communitymedia/mediautilities/blob/master/src/net/sourceforge/jaad/mp4/boxes/BoxTypes.java
+    gshh => { Name => 'GoogleHostHeader',   Format => 'string' },
+    gspm => { Name => 'GooglePingMessage',  Format => 'string' },
+    gspu => { Name => 'GooglePingURL',      Format => 'string' },
+    gssd => { Name => 'GoogleSourceData',   Format => 'string' },
+    gsst => { Name => 'GoogleStartTime',    Format => 'string' },
+    gstd => { Name => 'GoogleTrackDuration',Format => 'string' },
+);
+
+# item list keys (ref PH)
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Keys = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::ProcessKeys,
+    VARS => { LONG_TAGS => 1 },
+    NOTES => q{
+        This directory contains a list of key names which are used to decode
+        ItemList tags written by the "mdta" handler.  The prefix of
+        "com.apple.quicktime." has been removed from all TagID's below.
+    },
+    version     => 'Version',
+    album       => 'Album',
+    artist      => { },
+    artwork     => { },
+    author      => { Name => 'Author',      Groups => { 2 => 'Author' } },
+    comment     => { },
+    copyright   => { Name => 'Copyright',   Groups => { 2 => 'Author' } },
+    creationdate=> {
+        Name => 'CreationDate',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
+        ValueConv => q{
+            require Image::ExifTool::XMP;
+            $val =  Image::ExifTool::XMP::ConvertXMPDate($val,1);
+            $val =~ s/([-+]\d{2})(\d{2})$/$1:$2/; # add colon to timezone if necessary
+            return $val;
+        },
+        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
+    },
+    description => { },
+    director    => { },
+    genre       => { },
+    information => { },
+    keywords    => { },
+    make        => { Name => 'Make',        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' } },
+    model       => { Name => 'Model',       Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' } },
+    publisher   => { },
+    software    => { },
+    year        => { Groups => { 2 => 'Time' } },
+    'camera.identifier' => 'CameraIdentifier', # (iPhone 4)
+    'camera.framereadouttimeinmicroseconds' => { # (iPhone 4)
+        Name => 'FrameReadoutTime',
+        ValueConv => '$val * 1e-6',
+        PrintConv => '$val * 1e6 . " microseconds"',
+    },
+    'location.ISO6709' => {
+        Name => 'GPSCoordinates',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Location' },
+        ValueConv => \&ConvertISO6709,
+        PrintConv => \&PrintGPSCoordinates,
+    },
+    'location.name' => { Name => 'LocationName', Groups => { 2 => 'Location' } },
+    'location.body' => { Name => 'LocationBody', Groups => { 2 => 'Location' } },
+    'location.note' => { Name => 'LocationNote', Groups => { 2 => 'Location' } },
+    'location.role' => {
+        Name => 'LocationRole',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Location' },
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'Shooting Location',
+            1 => 'Real Location',
+            2 => 'Fictional Location',
+        },
+    },
+    'location.date' => {
+        Name => 'LocationDate',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
+        ValueConv => q{
+            require Image::ExifTool::XMP;
+            $val =  Image::ExifTool::XMP::ConvertXMPDate($val);
+            $val =~ s/([-+]\d{2})(\d{2})$/$1:$2/; # add colon to timezone if necessary
+            return $val;
+        },
+        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
+    },
+    'direction.facing' => { Name => 'CameraDirection', Groups => { 2 => 'Location' } },
+    'direction.motion' => { Name => 'CameraMotion', Groups => { 2 => 'Location' } },
+    'location.body' => { Name => 'LocationBody', Groups => { 2 => 'Location' } },
+    'player.version'                => 'PlayerVersion',
+    'player.movie.visual.brightness'=> 'Brightness',
+    'player.movie.visual.color'     => 'Color',
+    'player.movie.visual.tint'      => 'Tint',
+    'player.movie.visual.contrast'  => 'Contrast',
+    'player.movie.audio.gain'       => 'AudioGain',
+    'player.movie.audio.treble'     => 'Trebel',
+    'player.movie.audio.bass'       => 'Bass',
+    'player.movie.audio.balance'    => 'Balance',
+    'player.movie.audio.pitchshift' => 'PitchShift',
+    'player.movie.audio.mute' => {
+        Name => 'Mute',
+        Format => 'int8u',
+        PrintConv => { 0 => 'Off', 1 => 'On' },
+    },
+    'rating.user'  => 'UserRating', # (Canon ELPH 510 HS)
+    'Encoded_With' => 'EncodedWith',
+);
+
+# iTunes info ('----') atoms
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::iTunesInfo = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessMOV,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Audio' },
+    NOTES => q{
+        ExifTool will extract any iTunesInfo tags that exist, even if they are not
+        defined in this table.
+    },
+    # 'mean'/'name'/'data' atoms form a triplet, but unfortunately
+    # I haven't been able to find any documentation on this.
+    # 'mean' is normally 'com.apple.iTunes'
+    mean => {
+        Name => 'Mean',
+        # the 'Triplet' flag tells ProcessMOV() to generate
+        # a single tag from the mean/name/data triplet
+        Triplet => 1,
+        Hidden => 1,
+    },
+    name => {
+        Name => 'Name',
+        Triplet => 1,
+        Hidden => 1,
+    },
+    data => {
+        Name => 'Data',
+        Triplet => 1,
+        Hidden => 1,
+    },
+    # the tag ID's below are composed from "mean/name",
+    # but "mean/" is omitted if it is "com.apple.iTunes/":
+    'iTunMOVI' => {
+        Name => 'iTunMOVI',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PLIST::Main' },
+    },
+    'tool' => {
+        Name => 'iTunTool',
+        Description => 'iTunTool',
+        Format => 'int32u',
+        PrintConv => 'sprintf("0x%.8x",$val)',
+    },
+    'iTunEXTC' => {
+        Name => 'ContentRating',
+        Notes => 'standard | rating | score | reasons',
+        # ie. 'us-tv|TV-14|500|V', 'mpaa|PG-13|300|For violence and sexuality'
+        # (see http://shadowofged.blogspot.ca/2008/06/itunes-content-ratings.html)
+    },
+    'iTunNORM' => {
+        Name => 'VolumeNormalization',
+        PrintConv => '$val=~s/ 0+(\w)/ $1/g; $val=~s/^\s+//; $val',
+    },
+    'iTunSMPB' => {
+        Name => 'iTunSMPB',
+        Description => 'iTunSMPB',
+        # hex format, similar to iTunNORM, but 12 words instead of 10,
+        # and 4th word is 16 hex digits (all others are 8)
+        # (gives AAC encoder delay, ref http://code.google.com/p/l-smash/issues/detail?id=1)
+        PrintConv => '$val=~s/ 0+(\w)/ $1/g; $val=~s/^\s+//; $val',
+    },
+    # (CDDB = Compact Disc DataBase)
+    # iTunes_CDDB_1 = <CDDB1 disk ID>+<# tracks>+<logical block address for each track>...
+    'iTunes_CDDB_1' => 'CDDB1Info',
+    'iTunes_CDDB_TrackNumber' => 'CDDBTrackNumber',
+    'Encoding Params' => {
+        Name => 'EncodingParams',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::EncodingParams' },
+    }
+    # also heard about 'iTunPGAP', but I haven't seen a sample
+);
+
+# iTunes audio encoding parameters
+# ref https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/MusicAudio/Reference/AudioCodecServicesRef/Reference/reference.html
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::EncodingParams = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessEncodingParams,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Audio' },
+    # (I have commented out the ones that don't have integer values because they
+    #  probably don't appear, and definitly wouldn't work with current decoding - PH)
+
+    # global codec properties
+    #'lnam' => 'AudioCodecName',
+    #'lmak' => 'AudioCodecManufacturer',
+    #'lfor' => 'AudioCodecFormat',
+    'vpk?' => 'AudioHasVariablePacketByteSizes',
+    #'ifm#' => 'AudioSupportedInputFormats',
+    #'ofm#' => 'AudioSupportedOutputFormats',
+    #'aisr' => 'AudioAvailableInputSampleRates',
+    #'aosr' => 'AudioAvailableOutputSampleRates',
+    'abrt' => 'AudioAvailableBitRateRange',
+    'mnip' => 'AudioMinimumNumberInputPackets',
+    'mnop' => 'AudioMinimumNumberOutputPackets',
+    'cmnc' => 'AudioAvailableNumberChannels',
+    'lmrc' => 'AudioDoesSampleRateConversion',
+    #'aicl' => 'AudioAvailableInputChannelLayoutTags',
+    #'aocl' => 'AudioAvailableOutputChannelLayoutTags',
+    #'if4o' => 'AudioInputFormatsForOutputFormat',
+    #'of4i' => 'AudioOutputFormatsForInputFormat',
+    #'acfi' => 'AudioFormatInfo',
+
+    # instance codec properties
+    'tbuf' => 'AudioInputBufferSize',
+    'pakf' => 'AudioPacketFrameSize',
+    'pakb' => 'AudioMaximumPacketByteSize',
+    #'ifmt' => 'AudioCurrentInputFormat',
+    #'ofmt' => 'AudioCurrentOutputFormat',
+    #'kuki' => 'AudioMagicCookie',
+    'ubuf' => 'AudioUsedInputBufferSize',
+    'init' => 'AudioIsInitialized',
+    'brat' => 'AudioCurrentTargetBitRate',
+    #'cisr' => 'AudioCurrentInputSampleRate',
+    #'cosr' => 'AudioCurrentOutputSampleRate',
+    'srcq' => 'AudioQualitySetting',
+    #'brta' => 'AudioApplicableBitRateRange',
+    #'isra' => 'AudioApplicableInputSampleRates',
+    #'osra' => 'AudioApplicableOutputSampleRates',
+    'pad0' => 'AudioZeroFramesPadded',
+    'prmm' => 'AudioCodecPrimeMethod',
+    #'prim' => 'AudioCodecPrimeInfo',
+    #'icl ' => 'AudioInputChannelLayout',
+    #'ocl ' => 'AudioOutputChannelLayout',
+    #'acs ' => 'AudioCodecSettings',
+    #'acfl' => 'AudioCodecFormatList',
+    'acbf' => 'AudioBitRateControlMode',
+    'vbrq' => 'AudioVBRQuality',
+    'mdel' => 'AudioMinimumDelayMode',
+
+    # deprecated
+    'pakd' => 'AudioRequiresPacketDescription',
+    #'brt#' => 'AudioAvailableBitRates',
+    'acef' => 'AudioExtendFrequencies',
+    'ursr' => 'AudioUseRecommendedSampleRate',
+    'oppr' => 'AudioOutputPrecedence',
+    #'loud' => 'AudioCurrentLoudnessStatistics',
+
+    # others
+    'vers' => 'AudioEncodingParamsVersion', #PH
+    'cdcv' => { #PH
+        Name => 'AudioComponentVersion',
+        ValueConv => 'join ".", unpack("ncc", pack("N",$val))',
+    },
+);
+
+# print to video data block
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Video = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Video' },
+    0 => {
+        Name => 'DisplaySize',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'Normal',
+            1 => 'Double Size',
+            2 => 'Half Size',
+            3 => 'Full Screen',
+            4 => 'Current Size',
+        },
+    },
+    6 => {
+        Name => 'SlideShow',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'No',
+            1 => 'Yes',
+        },
+    },
+);
+
+# 'hnti' atoms
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::HintInfo = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessMOV,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Video' },
+    'rtp ' => {
+        Name => 'RealtimeStreamingProtocol',
+        PrintConv => '$val=~s/^sdp /(SDP) /; $val',
+    },
+    'sdp ' => 'StreamingDataProtocol',
+);
+
+# 'hinf' atoms
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::HintTrackInfo = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessMOV,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Video' },
+    trpY => { Name => 'TotalBytes', Format => 'int64u' }, #(documented)
+    trpy => { Name => 'TotalBytes', Format => 'int64u' }, #(observed)
+    totl => { Name => 'TotalBytes', Format => 'int32u' },
+    nump => { Name => 'NumPackets', Format => 'int64u' },
+    npck => { Name => 'NumPackets', Format => 'int32u' },
+    tpyl => { Name => 'TotalBytesNoRTPHeaders', Format => 'int64u' },
+    tpaY => { Name => 'TotalBytesNoRTPHeaders', Format => 'int32u' }, #(documented)
+    tpay => { Name => 'TotalBytesNoRTPHeaders', Format => 'int32u' }, #(observed)
+    maxr => {
+        Name => 'MaxDataRate',
+        Format => 'int32u',
+        Count => 2,
+        PrintConv => 'my @a=split(" ",$val);sprintf("%d bytes in %.3f s",$a[1],$a[0]/1000)',
+    },
+    dmed => { Name => 'MediaTrackBytes',    Format => 'int64u' },
+    dimm => { Name => 'ImmediateDataBytes', Format => 'int64u' },
+    drep => { Name => 'RepeatedDataBytes',  Format => 'int64u' },
+    tmin => {
+        Name => 'MinTransmissionTime',
+        Format => 'int32u',
+        PrintConv => 'sprintf("%.3f s",$val/1000)',
+    },
+    tmax => {
+        Name => 'MaxTransmissionTime',
+        Format => 'int32u',
+        PrintConv => 'sprintf("%.3f s",$val/1000)',
+    },
+    pmax => { Name => 'LargestPacketSize',  Format => 'int32u' },
+    dmax => {
+        Name => 'LargestPacketDuration',
+        Format => 'int32u',
+        PrintConv => 'sprintf("%.3f s",$val/1000)',
+    },
+    payt => {
+        Name => 'PayloadType',
+        Format => 'undef',  # (necessary to prevent decoding as string!)
+        ValueConv => 'unpack("N",$val) . " " . substr($val, 5)',
+        PrintConv => '$val=~s/ /, /;$val',
+    },
+);
+
+# MP4 media box (ref 5)
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Media = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessMOV,
+    WRITE_PROC => \&WriteQuickTime,
+    GROUPS => { 1 => 'Track#', 2 => 'Video' },
+    NOTES => 'MP4 media box.',
+    mdhd => {
+        Name => 'MediaHeader',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::MediaHeader' },
+    },
+    hdlr => {
+        Name => 'Handler',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Handler' },
+    },
+    minf => {
+        Name => 'MediaInfo',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::MediaInfo' },
+    },
+);
+
+# MP4 media header box (ref 5)
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::MediaHeader = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
+    WRITE_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::WriteBinaryData,
+    GROUPS => { 1 => 'Track#', 2 => 'Video' },
+    FORMAT => 'int32u',
+    DATAMEMBER => [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ],
+    0 => {
+        Name => 'MediaHeaderVersion',
+        RawConv => '$$self{MediaHeaderVersion} = $val',
+    },
+    1 => {
+        Name => 'MediaCreateDate',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
+        %timeInfo,
+        # this is int64u if MediaHeaderVersion == 1 (ref 5/13)
+        Hook => '$$self{MediaHeaderVersion} and $format = "int64u", $varSize += 4',
+    },
+    2 => {
+        Name => 'MediaModifyDate',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
+        %timeInfo,
+        # this is int64u if MediaHeaderVersion == 1 (ref 5/13)
+        Hook => '$$self{MediaHeaderVersion} and $format = "int64u", $varSize += 4',
+    },
+    3 => {
+        Name => 'MediaTimeScale',
+        RawConv => '$$self{MediaTS} = $val',
+    },
+    4 => {
+        Name => 'MediaDuration',
+        RawConv => '$$self{MediaTS} ? $val / $$self{MediaTS} : $val',
+        PrintConv => '$$self{MediaTS} ? ConvertDuration($val) : $val',
+        # this is int64u if MediaHeaderVersion == 1 (ref 5/13)
+        Hook => '$$self{MediaHeaderVersion} and $format = "int64u", $varSize += 4',
+    },
+    5 => {
+        Name => 'MediaLanguageCode',
+        Format => 'int16u',
+        RawConv => '$val ? $val : undef',
+        # allow both Macintosh (for MOV files) and ISO (for MP4 files) language codes
+        ValueConv => '$val < 0x400 ? $val : pack "C*", map { (($val>>$_)&0x1f)+0x60 } 10, 5, 0',
+        PrintConv => q{
+            return $val unless $val =~ /^\d+$/;
+            require Image::ExifTool::Font;
+            return $Image::ExifTool::Font::ttLang{Macintosh}{$val} || "Unknown ($val)";
+        },
+    },
+);
+
+# MP4 media information box (ref 5)
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::MediaInfo = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessMOV,
+    GROUPS => { 1 => 'Track#', 2 => 'Video' },
+    NOTES => 'MP4 media info box.',
+    vmhd => {
+        Name => 'VideoHeader',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::VideoHeader' },
+    },
+    smhd => {
+        Name => 'AudioHeader',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::AudioHeader' },
+    },
+    hmhd => {
+        Name => 'HintHeader',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::HintHeader' },
+    },
+    nmhd => {
+        Name => 'NullMediaHeader',
+        Flags => ['Binary','Unknown'],
+    },
+    dinf => {
+        Name => 'DataInfo',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::DataInfo' },
+    },
+    gmhd => {
+        Name => 'GenMediaHeader',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::GenMediaHeader' },
+    },
+    hdlr => { #PH
+        Name => 'Handler',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Handler' },
+    },
+    stbl => {
+        Name => 'SampleTable',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::SampleTable' },
+    },
+);
+
+# MP4 video media header (ref 5)
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::VideoHeader = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Video' },
+    NOTES => 'MP4 video media header.',
+    FORMAT => 'int16u',
+    2 => {
+        Name => 'GraphicsMode',
+        PrintHex => 1,
+        SeparateTable => 'GraphicsMode',
+        PrintConv => \%graphicsMode,
+    },
+    3 => { Name => 'OpColor', Format => 'int16u[3]' },
+);
+
+# MP4 audio media header (ref 5)
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::AudioHeader = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Audio' },
+    NOTES => 'MP4 audio media header.',
+    FORMAT => 'int16u',
+    2 => { Name => 'Balance', Format => 'fixed16s' },
+);
+
+# MP4 hint media header (ref 5)
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::HintHeader = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
+    NOTES => 'MP4 hint media header.',
+    FORMAT => 'int16u',
+    2 => 'MaxPDUSize',
+    3 => 'AvgPDUSize',
+    4 => { Name => 'MaxBitrate', Format => 'int32u', PrintConv => 'ConvertBitrate($val)' },
+    6 => { Name => 'AvgBitrate', Format => 'int32u', PrintConv => 'ConvertBitrate($val)' },
+);
+
+# MP4 sample table box (ref 5)
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::SampleTable = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessMOV,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Video' },
+    NOTES => 'MP4 sample table box.',
+    stsd => [
+        {
+            Name => 'AudioSampleDesc',
+            Condition => '$$self{HandlerType} and $$self{HandlerType} eq "soun"',
+            SubDirectory => {
+                TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::AudioSampleDesc',
+                Start => 8, # skip version number and count
+            },
+        },{
+            Name => 'VideoSampleDesc',
+            Condition => '$$self{HandlerType} and $$self{HandlerType} eq "vide"',
+            SubDirectory => {
+                TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::ImageDesc',
+                Start => 8, # skip version number and count
+            },
+        },{
+            Name => 'HintSampleDesc',
+            Condition => '$$self{HandlerType} and $$self{HandlerType} eq "hint"',
+            SubDirectory => {
+                TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::HintSampleDesc',
+                Start => 8, # skip version number and count
+            },
+        },{
+            Name => 'OtherSampleDesc',
+            SubDirectory => {
+                TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::OtherSampleDesc',
+                Start => 8, # skip version number and count
+            },
+        },
+        # (Note: "alis" HandlerType handled by the parent audio or video handler)
+    ],
+    stts => [ # decoding time-to-sample table
+        {
+            Name => 'VideoFrameRate',
+            Notes => 'average rate calculated from time-to-sample table for video media',
+            Condition => '$$self{HandlerType} and $$self{HandlerType} eq "vide"',
+            Format => 'undef',  # (necessary to prevent decoding as string!)
+            # (must be RawConv so appropriate MediaTS is used in calculation)
+            RawConv => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::CalcSampleRate($self, \$val)',
+            PrintConv => 'int($val * 1000 + 0.5) / 1000',
+        },
+        {
+            Name => 'TimeToSampleTable',
+            Flags => ['Binary','Unknown'],
+        },
+    ],
+    ctts => {
+        Name => 'CompositionTimeToSample',
+        Flags => ['Binary','Unknown'],
+    },
+    stsc => {
+        Name => 'SampleToChunk',
+        Flags => ['Binary','Unknown'],
+    },
+    stsz => {
+        Name => 'SampleSizes',
+        Flags => ['Binary','Unknown'],
+    },
+    stz2 => {
+        Name => 'CompactSampleSizes',
+        Flags => ['Binary','Unknown'],
+    },
+    stco => {
+        Name => 'ChunkOffset',
+        Flags => ['Binary','Unknown'],
+    },
+    co64 => {
+        Name => 'ChunkOffset64',
+        Flags => ['Binary','Unknown'],
+    },
+    stss => {
+        Name => 'SyncSampleTable',
+        Flags => ['Binary','Unknown'],
+    },
+    stsh => {
+        Name => 'ShadowSyncSampleTable',
+        Flags => ['Binary','Unknown'],
+    },
+    padb => {
+        Name => 'SamplePaddingBits',
+        Flags => ['Binary','Unknown'],
+    },
+    stdp => {
+        Name => 'SampleDegradationPriority',
+        Flags => ['Binary','Unknown'],
+    },
+    sdtp => {
+        Name => 'IdependentAndDisposableSamples',
+        Flags => ['Binary','Unknown'],
+    },
+    sbgp => {
+        Name => 'SampleToGroup',
+        Flags => ['Binary','Unknown'],
+    },
+    sgpd => {
+        Name => 'SampleGroupDescription',
+        Flags => ['Binary','Unknown'],
+    },
+    subs => {
+        Name => 'Sub-sampleInformation',
+        Flags => ['Binary','Unknown'],
+    },
+    cslg => {
+        Name => 'CompositionToDecodeTimelineMapping',
+        Flags => ['Binary','Unknown'],
+    },
+);
+
+# MP4 audio sample description box (ref 5/AtomicParsley 0.9.4 parsley.cpp)
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::AudioSampleDesc = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessHybrid,
+    VARS => { ID_LABEL => 'ID/Index' },
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Audio' },
+    NOTES => q{
+        MP4 audio sample description.  This hybrid atom contains both data and child
+        atoms.
+    },
+    4  => {
+        Name => 'AudioFormat',
+        Format => 'undef[4]',
+        RawConv => q{
+            $$self{AudioFormat} = $val;
+            return undef unless $val =~ /^[\w ]{4}$/i;
+            # check for protected audio format
+            $self->OverrideFileType('M4P') if $val eq 'drms' and $$self{VALUE}{FileType} eq 'M4A';
+            return $val;
+        },
+    },
+    20 => { #PH
+        Name => 'AudioVendorID',
+        Condition => '$$self{AudioFormat} ne "mp4s"',
+        Format => 'undef[4]',
+        RawConv => '$val eq "\0\0\0\0" ? undef : $val',
+        PrintConv => \%vendorID,
+        SeparateTable => 'VendorID',
+    },
+    24 => { Name => 'AudioChannels',        Format => 'int16u' },
+    26 => { Name => 'AudioBitsPerSample',   Format => 'int16u' },
+    32 => { Name => 'AudioSampleRate',      Format => 'fixed32u' },
+#
+# Observed offsets for child atoms of various AudioFormat types:
+#
+#   AudioFormat  Offset  Child atoms
+#   -----------  ------  ----------------
+#   mp4a         52 *    wave, chan, esds
+#   in24         52      wave, chan
+#   "ms\0\x11"   52      wave
+#   sowt         52      chan
+#   mp4a         36 *    esds, pinf
+#   drms         36      esds, sinf
+#   samr         36      damr
+#   alac         36      alac
+#
+# (* child atoms found at different offsets in mp4a)
+#
+    pinf => {
+        Name => 'PurchaseInfo',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::ProtectionInfo' },
+    },
+    sinf => { # "protection scheme information"
+        Name => 'ProtectionInfo', #3
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::ProtectionInfo' },
+    },
+    # chan - 16/36 bytes
+    # esds - 31/40/42/43 bytes - ES descriptor (ref 3)
+    damr => { #3
+        Name => 'DecodeConfig',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::DecodeConfig' },
+    },
+    wave => {
+        Name => 'Wave',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Wave' },
+    },
+    # alac - 28 bytes
+);
+
+# AMR decode config box (ref 3)
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::DecodeConfig = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Audio' },
+    0 => {
+        Name => 'EncoderVendor',
+        Format => 'undef[4]',
+    },
+    4 => 'EncoderVersion',
+    # 5 - int16u - packet modes
+    # 7 - int8u - number of packet mode changes
+    # 8 - int8u - bytes per packet
+);
+
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::ProtectionInfo = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessMOV,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Audio' },
+    NOTES => 'Child atoms found in "sinf" and/or "pinf" atoms.',
+    frma => 'OriginalFormat',
+    # imif - IPMP information
+    schm => {
+        Name => 'SchemeType',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::SchemeType' },
+    },
+    schi => {
+        Name => 'SchemeInfo',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::SchemeInfo' },
+    },
+    # skcr
+    # enda
+);
+
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Wave = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessMOV,
+    frma => 'PurchaseFileFormat',
+    # "ms\0\x11" - 20 bytes
+);
+
+# scheme type atom
+# ref http://xhelmboyx.tripod.com/formats/mp4-layout.txt
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::SchemeType = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Audio' },
+    # 0 - 4 bytes version
+    4 => { Name => 'SchemeType',    Format => 'undef[4]' },
+    8 => { Name => 'SchemeVersion', Format => 'int16u' },
+    10 => { Name => 'SchemeURL',    Format => 'string[$size-10]' },
+);
+
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::SchemeInfo = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessMOV,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Audio' },
+    user => {
+        Name => 'UserID',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Author' },
+        ValueConv => '"0x" . unpack("H*",$val)',
+    },
+    cert => { # ref http://www.onvif.org/specs/stream/ONVIF-ExportFileFormat-Spec-v100.pdf
+        Name => 'Certificate',
+        ValueConv => '"0x" . unpack("H*",$val)',
+    },
+    'key ' => {
+        Name => 'KeyID',
+        ValueConv => '"0x" . unpack("H*",$val)',
+    },
+    iviv => {
+        Name => 'InitializationVector',
+        ValueConv => 'unpack("H*",$val)',
+    },
+    righ => {
+        Name => 'Rights',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Author' },
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Rights' },
+    },
+    name => { Name => 'UserName', Groups => { 2 => 'Author' } },
+    # chtb
+    # priv - private data
+    # sign
+    # adkm - Adobe DRM key management system (ref http://download.macromedia.com/f4v/video_file_format_spec_v10_1.pdf)
+    # iKMS
+    # iSFM
+    # iSLT
+);
+
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Rights = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessRights,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Audio' },
+    veID => 'ItemVendorID', #PH ("VendorID" ref 19)
+    plat => 'Platform', #18?
+    aver => 'VersionRestrictions', #19 ("appversion?" ref 18)
+    tran => 'TransactionID', #18
+    song => 'ItemID', #19 ("appid" ref 18)
+    tool => {
+        Name => 'ItemTool', #PH (guess) ("itunes build?" ref 18)
+        Format => 'string',
+    },
+    medi => 'MediaFlags', #PH (?)
+    mode => 'ModeFlags', #PH (?) 0x04 is HD flag (https://compilr.com/heksesang/requiem-mac/UnDrm.java)
+);
+
+# MP4 hint sample description box (ref 5)
+# (ref https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/QuickTime/QTFF/QTFFChap3/qtff3.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40000939-CH205-SW1)
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::HintSampleDesc = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessHybrid,
+    VARS => { ID_LABEL => 'ID/Index' },
+    NOTES => 'MP4 hint sample description.',
+    4  => { Name => 'HintFormat', Format => 'undef[4]' },
+    # 14 - int16u DataReferenceIndex
+    16 => { Name => 'HintTrackVersion', Format => 'int16u' },
+    # 18 - int16u LastCompatibleHintTrackVersion
+    20 => { Name => 'MaxPacketSize', Format => 'int32u' },
+#
+# Observed offsets for child atoms of various HintFormat types:
+#
+#   HintFormat   Offset  Child atoms
+#   -----------  ------  ----------------
+#   "rtp "       24      tims
+#
+    tims => { Name => 'RTPTimeScale',               Format => 'int32u' },
+    tsro => { Name => 'TimestampRandomOffset',      Format => 'int32u' },
+    snro => { Name => 'SequenceNumberRandomOffset', Format => 'int32u' },
+);
+
+# MP4 generic sample description box
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::OtherSampleDesc = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessHybrid,
+    4 => { Name => 'OtherFormat', Format => 'undef[4]' },
+#
+# Observed offsets for child atoms of various OtherFormat types:
+#
+#   OtherFormat  Offset  Child atoms
+#   -----------  ------  ----------------
+#   avc1         86      avcC
+#   mp4a         36      esds
+#   mp4s         16      esds
+#   tmcd         34      name
+#
+);
+
+# MP4 data information box (ref 5)
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::DataInfo = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessMOV,
+    NOTES => 'MP4 data information box.',
+    dref => {
+        Name => 'DataRef',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::DataRef',
+            Start => 8,
+        },
+    },
+);
+
+# Generic media header
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::GenMediaHeader = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessMOV,
+    gmin => {
+        Name => 'GenMediaInfo',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::GenMediaInfo' },
+    },
+    text => {
+        Name => 'Text',
+        Flags => ['Binary','Unknown'],
+    },
+    tmcd => {
+        Name => 'TimeCode',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::TimeCode' },
+    },
+);
+
+# TimeCode header
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::TimeCode = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessMOV,
+    tcmi => {
+        Name => 'TCMediaInfo',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::TCMediaInfo' },
+    },
+);
+
+# TimeCode media info (ref 12)
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::TCMediaInfo = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Video' },
+    4 => {
+        Name => 'TextFont',
+        Format => 'int16u',
+        PrintConv => { 0 => 'System' },
+    },
+    6 => {
+        Name => 'TextFace',
+        Format => 'int16u',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'Plain',
+            BITMASK => {
+                0 => 'Bold',
+                1 => 'Italic',
+                2 => 'Underline',
+                3 => 'Outline',
+                4 => 'Shadow',
+                5 => 'Condense',
+                6 => 'Extend',
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    8 => {
+        Name => 'TextSize',
+        Format => 'int16u',
+    },
+    # 10 - reserved
+    12 => {
+        Name => 'TextColor',
+        Format => 'int16u[3]',
+    },
+    18 => {
+        Name => 'BackgroundColor',
+        Format => 'int16u[3]',
+    },
+    24 => {
+        Name => 'FontName',
+        Format => 'pstring',
+        ValueConv => '$self->Decode($val, $self->Options("CharsetQuickTime"))',
+    },
+);
+
+# Generic media info (ref http://sourceforge.jp/cvs/view/ntvrec/ntvrec/libqtime/gmin.h?view=co)
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::GenMediaInfo = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Video' },
+    0  => 'GenMediaVersion',
+    1  => { Name => 'GenFlags',   Format => 'int8u[3]' },
+    4  => { Name => 'GenGraphicsMode',
+        Format => 'int16u',
+        PrintHex => 1,
+        SeparateTable => 'GraphicsMode',
+        PrintConv => \%graphicsMode,
+    },
+    6  => { Name => 'GenOpColor', Format => 'int16u[3]' },
+    12 => { Name => 'GenBalance', Format => 'fixed16s' },
+);
+
+# MP4 data reference box (ref 5)
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::DataRef = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessMOV,
+    NOTES => 'MP4 data reference box.',
+    'url ' => {
+        Name => 'URL',
+        Format => 'undef',  # (necessary to prevent decoding as string!)
+        RawConv => q{
+            # ignore if self-contained (flags bit 0 set)
+            return undef if unpack("N",$val) & 0x01;
+            $_ = substr($val,4); s/\0.*//s; $_;
+        },
+    },
+    'urn ' => {
+        Name => 'URN',
+        Format => 'undef',  # (necessary to prevent decoding as string!)
+        RawConv => q{
+            return undef if unpack("N",$val) & 0x01;
+            $_ = substr($val,4); s/\0.*//s; $_;
+        },
+    },
+);
+
+# MP4 handler box (ref 5)
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Handler = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Video' },
+    4 => { #PH
+        Name => 'HandlerClass',
+        Format => 'undef[4]',
+        RawConv => '$val eq "\0\0\0\0" ? undef : $val',
+        PrintConv => {
+            mhlr => 'Media Handler',
+            dhlr => 'Data Handler',
+        },
+    },
+    8 => {
+        Name => 'HandlerType',
+        Format => 'undef[4]',
+        RawConv => '$$self{HandlerType} = $val unless $val eq "alis" or $val eq "url "; $val',
+        PrintConvColumns => 2,
+        PrintConv => {
+            alis => 'Alias Data', #PH
+            crsm => 'Clock Reference', #3
+            hint => 'Hint Track',
+            ipsm => 'IPMP', #3
+            m7sm => 'MPEG-7 Stream', #3
+            mdir => 'Metadata', #3
+            mdta => 'Metadata Tags', #PH
+            mjsm => 'MPEG-J', #3
+            ocsm => 'Object Content', #3
+            odsm => 'Object Descriptor', #3
+            priv => 'Private', #PH
+            sdsm => 'Scene Description', #3
+            soun => 'Audio Track',
+            text => 'Text', #PH (but what type? subtitle?)
+            tmcd => 'Time Code', #PH
+           'url '=> 'URL', #3
+            vide => 'Video Track',
+            subp => 'Subpicture', #http://www.google.nl/patents/US7778526
+        },
+    },
+    12 => { #PH
+        Name => 'HandlerVendorID',
+        Format => 'undef[4]',
+        RawConv => '$val eq "\0\0\0\0" ? undef : $val',
+        PrintConv => \%vendorID,
+        SeparateTable => 'VendorID',
+    },
+    24 => {
+        Name => 'HandlerDescription',
+        Format => 'string',
+        # (sometimes this is a Pascal string, and sometimes it is a C string)
+        RawConv => q{
+            $val=substr($val,1,ord($1)) if $val=~/^([\0-\x1f])/ and ord($1)<length($val);
+            length $val ? $val : undef;
+        },
+    },
+);
+
+# Flip uuid data (ref PH)
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Flip = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
+    FORMAT => 'int32u',
+    FIRST_ENTRY => 0,
+    NOTES => 'Found in MP4 files from Flip Video cameras.',
+    GROUPS => { 1 => 'MakerNotes', 2 => 'Image' },
+    1 => 'PreviewImageWidth',
+    2 => 'PreviewImageHeight',
+    13 => 'PreviewImageLength',
+    14 => { # (confirmed for FlipVideoMinoHD)
+        Name => 'SerialNumber',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
+        Format => 'string[16]',
+    },
+    28 => {
+        Name => 'PreviewImage',
+        Format => 'undef[$val{13}]',
+        RawConv => '$self->ValidateImage(\$val, $tag)',
+    },
+);
+
+# QuickTime composite tags
+%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Composite = (
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Video' },
+    Rotation => {
+        Require => {
+            0 => 'QuickTime:MatrixStructure',
+            1 => 'QuickTime:HandlerType',
+        },
+        ValueConv => 'Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::CalcRotation($self)',
+    },
+    AvgBitrate => {
+        Priority => 0,  # let QuickTime::AvgBitrate take priority
+        Require => {
+            0 => 'QuickTime::MovieDataSize',
+            1 => 'QuickTime::Duration',
+        },
+        RawConv => q{
+            return undef unless $val[1];
+            $val[1] /= $$self{TimeScale} if $$self{TimeScale};
+            my $key = 'MovieDataSize';
+            my $size = $val[0];
+            for (;;) {
+                $key = $self->NextTagKey($key) or last;
+                $size += $self->GetValue($key);
+            }
+            return int($size * 8 / $val[1] + 0.5);
+        },
+        PrintConv => 'ConvertBitrate($val)',
+    },
+    GPSLatitude => {
+        Require => 'QuickTime:GPSCoordinates',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Location' },
+        ValueConv => 'my @c = split " ", $val; $c[0]',
+        PrintConv => q{
+            require Image::ExifTool::GPS;
+            Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, 'N');
+        },
+    },
+    GPSLongitude => {
+        Require => 'QuickTime:GPSCoordinates',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Location' },
+        ValueConv => 'my @c = split " ", $val; $c[1]',
+        PrintConv => q{
+            require Image::ExifTool::GPS;
+            Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, 'E');
+        },
+    },
+    # split altitude into GPSAltitude/GPSAltitudeRef like EXIF and XMP
+    GPSAltitude => {
+        Require => 'QuickTime:GPSCoordinates',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Location' },
+        Priority => 0, # (because it may not exist)
+        ValueConv => 'my @c = split " ", $val; defined $c[2] ? abs($c[2]) : undef',
+        PrintConv => '"$val m"',
+    },
+    GPSAltitudeRef  => {
+        Require => 'QuickTime:GPSCoordinates',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Location' },
+        Priority => 0, # (because altitude information may not exist)
+        ValueConv => 'my @c = split " ", $val; defined $c[2] ? ($c[2] < 0 ? 1 : 0) : undef',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'Above Sea Level',
+            1 => 'Below Sea Level',
+        },
+    },
+    GPSLatitude2 => {
+        Name => 'GPSLatitude',
+        Require => 'QuickTime:LocationInformation',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Location' },
+        ValueConv => '$val =~ /Lat=([-+.\d]+)/; abs($1)',
+        PrintConv => q{
+            require Image::ExifTool::GPS;
+            Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, 'N');
+        },
+    },
+    GPSLongitude2 => {
+        Name => 'GPSLongitude',
+        Require => 'QuickTime:LocationInformation',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Location' },
+        ValueConv => '$val =~ /Lon=([-+.\d]+)/; abs($1)',
+        PrintConv => q{
+            require Image::ExifTool::GPS;
+            Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, 'E');
+        },
+    },
+    GPSAltitude2 => {
+        Name => 'GPSAltitude',
+        Require => 'QuickTime:LocationInformation',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Location' },
+        ValueConv => '$val =~ /Alt=([-+.\d]+)/; abs($1)',
+        PrintConv => '"$val m"',
+    },
+    GPSAltitudeRef2  => {
+        Name => 'GPSAltitudeRef',
+        Require => 'QuickTime:LocationInformation',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Location' },
+        ValueConv => '$val =~ /Alt=([-+.\d]+)/; $1 < 0 ? 1 : 0',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'Above Sea Level',
+            1 => 'Below Sea Level',
+        },
+    },
+    CDDBDiscPlayTime => {
+        Require => 'CDDB1Info',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Audio' },
+        ValueConv => '$val =~ /^..([a-z0-9]{4})/i ? hex($1) : undef',
+        PrintConv => 'ConvertDuration($val)',
+    },
+    CDDBDiscTracks => {
+        Require => 'CDDB1Info',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Audio' },
+        ValueConv => '$val =~ /^.{6}([a-z0-9]{2})/i ? hex($1) : undef',
+    },
+);
+
+# add our composite tags
+Image::ExifTool::AddCompositeTags('Image::ExifTool::QuickTime');
+
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# AutoLoad our writer routines when necessary
+#
+sub AUTOLOAD
+{
+    return Image::ExifTool::DoAutoLoad($AUTOLOAD, @_);
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Calculate rotation of video track
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref
+# Returns: rotation angle or undef
+sub CalcRotation($)
+{
+    my $et = shift;
+    my $value = $$et{VALUE};
+    my ($i, $track);
+    # get the video track family 1 group (ie. "Track1");
+    for ($i=0; ; ++$i) {
+        my $idx = $i ? " ($i)" : '';
+        my $tag = "HandlerType$idx";
+        last unless $$value{$tag};
+        next unless $$value{$tag} eq 'vide';
+        $track = $et->GetGroup($tag, 1);
+        last;
+    }
+    return undef unless $track;
+    # get the video track matrix
+    for ($i=0; ; ++$i) {
+        my $idx = $i ? " ($i)" : '';
+        my $tag = "MatrixStructure$idx";
+        last unless $$value{$tag};
+        next unless $et->GetGroup($tag, 1) eq $track;
+        my @a = split ' ', $$value{$tag};
+        return undef unless $a[0] or $a[1];
+        # calculate the rotation angle (assume uniform rotation)
+        my $angle = atan2($a[1], $a[0]) * 180 / 3.14159;
+        $angle += 360 if $angle < 0;
+        return int($angle * 1000 + 0.5) / 1000;
+    }
+    return undef;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Determine the average sample rate from a time-to-sample table
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) time-to-sample table data ref
+# Returns: average sample rate (in Hz)
+sub CalcSampleRate($$)
+{
+    my ($et, $valPt) = @_;
+    my @dat = unpack('N*', $$valPt);
+    my ($num, $dur) = (0, 0);
+    my $i;
+    for ($i=2; $i<@dat-1; $i+=2) {
+        $num += $dat[$i];               # total number of samples
+        $dur += $dat[$i] * $dat[$i+1];  # total sample duration
+    }
+    return undef unless $num and $dur and $$et{MediaTS};
+    return $num * $$et{MediaTS} / $dur;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Fix incorrect format for ImageWidth/Height as written by Pentax
+sub FixWrongFormat($)
+{
+    my $val = shift;
+    return undef unless $val;
+    if ($val & 0xffff0000) {
+        $val = unpack('n',pack('N',$val));
+    }
+    return $val;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Convert ISO 6709 string to standard lag/lon format
+# Inputs: 0) ISO 6709 string (lat, lon, and optional alt)
+# Returns: position in decimal degress with altitude if available
+# Notes: Wikipedia indicates altitude may be in feet -- how is this specified?
+sub ConvertISO6709($)
+{
+    my $val = shift;
+    if ($val =~ /^([-+]\d{2}(?:\.\d*)?)([-+]\d{3}(?:\.\d*)?)([-+]\d+)?/) {
+        $val = ($1 + 0) . ' ' . ($2 + 0);
+        $val .= ' ' . ($3 + 0) if $3;
+    } elsif ($val =~ /^([-+])(\d{2})(\d{2}(?:\.\d*)?)([-+])(\d{3})(\d{2}(?:\.\d*)?)([-+]\d+)?/) {
+        my $lat = $2 + $3 / 60;
+        $lat = -$lat if $1 eq '-';
+        my $lon = $5 + $6 / 60;
+        $lon = -$lon if $4 eq '-';
+        $val = "$lat $lon";
+        $val .= ' ' . ($7 + 0) if $7;
+    } elsif ($val =~ /^([-+])(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2}(?:\.\d*)?)([-+])(\d{3})(\d{2})(\d{2}(?:\.\d*)?)([-+]\d+)?/) {
+        my $lat = $2 + $3 / 60 + $4 / 3600;
+        $lat = -$lat if $1 eq '-';
+        my $lon = $6 + $7 / 60 + $8 / 3600;
+        $lon = -$lon if $5 eq '-';
+        $val = "$lat $lon";
+        $val .= ' ' . ($9 + 0) if $9;
+    }
+    return $val;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Convert Nero chapter list (ref ffmpeg libavformat/movenc.c)
+# Inputs: 0) binary chpl data
+# Returns: chapter list
+sub ConvertChapterList($)
+{
+    my $val = shift;
+    my $size = length $val;
+    return '<invalid>' if $size < 9;
+    my $num = Get8u(\$val, 8);
+    my ($i, @chapters);
+    my $pos = 9;
+    for ($i=0; $i<$num; ++$i) {
+        last if $pos + 9 > $size;
+        my $dur = Get64u(\$val, $pos) / 10000000;
+        my $len = Get8u(\$val, $pos + 8);
+        last if $pos + 9 + $len > $size;
+        my $title = substr($val, $pos + 9, $len);
+        $pos += 9 + $len;
+        push @chapters, "$dur $title";
+    }
+    return \@chapters;  # return as a list
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Print conversion for a Nero chapter list item
+# Inputs: 0) ValueConv chapter string
+# Returns: formatted chapter string
+sub PrintChapter($)
+{
+    my $val = shift;
+    $val =~ /^(\S+) (.*)/ or return $val;
+    my ($dur, $title) = ($1, $2);
+    my $h = int($dur / 3600);
+    $dur -= $h * 3600;
+    my $m = int($dur / 60);
+    my $s = $dur - $m * 60;
+    return sprintf("[%d:%.2d:%06.3f] %s",$h,$m,$s,$title);
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Format GPSCoordinates for printing
+# Inputs: 0) string with numerical lat, lon and optional alt, separated by spaces
+#         1) ExifTool object reference
+# Returns: PrintConv value
+sub PrintGPSCoordinates($)
+{
+    my ($val, $et) = @_;
+    require Image::ExifTool::GPS;
+    my @v = split ' ', $val;
+    my $prt = Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($et, $v[0], 1, "N") . ', ' .
+              Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($et, $v[1], 1, "E");
+    if (defined $v[2]) {
+        $prt .= ', ' . ($v[2] < 0 ? -$v[2] . ' m Below' : $v[2] . ' m Above') . ' Sea Level';
+    }
+    return $prt;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Unpack packed ISO 639/T language code
+# Inputs: 0) packed language code (or undef)
+# Returns: language code, or undef for default language, or 'err' for format error
+sub UnpackLang($)
+{
+    my $lang = shift;
+    if ($lang) {
+        # language code is packed in 5-bit characters
+        $lang = pack "C*", map { (($lang>>$_)&0x1f)+0x60 } 10, 5, 0;
+        # validate language code
+        if ($lang =~ /^[a-z]+$/) {
+            # treat 'eng' or 'und' as the default language
+            undef $lang if $lang eq 'und' or $lang eq 'eng';
+        } else {
+            $lang = 'err';  # invalid language code
+        }
+    }
+    return $lang;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Process MPEG-4 MTDT atom (ref 11)
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
+# Returns: 1 on success
+sub ProcessMetaData($$$)
+{
+    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
+    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
+    my $dirLen = length $$dataPt;
+    my $verbose = $et->Options('Verbose');
+    return 0 unless $dirLen >= 2;
+    my $count = Get16u($dataPt, 0);
+    $verbose and $et->VerboseDir('MetaData', $count);
+    my $i;
+    my $pos = 2;
+    for ($i=0; $i<$count; ++$i) {
+        last if $pos + 10 > $dirLen;
+        my $size = Get16u($dataPt, $pos);
+        last if $size < 10 or $size + $pos > $dirLen;
+        my $tag  = Get32u($dataPt, $pos + 2);
+        my $lang = Get16u($dataPt, $pos + 6);
+        my $enc  = Get16u($dataPt, $pos + 8);
+        my $val  = substr($$dataPt, $pos + 10, $size);
+        my $tagInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTablePtr, $tag);
+        if ($tagInfo) {
+            # convert language code to ASCII (ignore read-only bit)
+            $lang = UnpackLang($lang);
+            # handle alternate languages
+            if ($lang) {
+                my $langInfo = Image::ExifTool::GetLangInfo($tagInfo, $lang);
+                $tagInfo = $langInfo if $langInfo;
+            }
+            $verbose and $et->VerboseInfo($tag, $tagInfo,
+                Value  => $val,
+                DataPt => $dataPt,
+                Start  => $pos + 10,
+                Size   => $size - 10,
+            );
+            # convert from UTF-16 BE if necessary
+            $val = $et->Decode($val, 'UCS2') if $enc == 1;
+            if ($enc == 0 and $$tagInfo{Unknown}) {
+                # binary data
+                $et->FoundTag($tagInfo, \$val);
+            } else {
+                $et->FoundTag($tagInfo, $val);
+            }
+        }
+        $pos += $size;
+    }
+    return 1;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Process hybrid binary data + QuickTime container (ref PH)
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
+# Returns: 1 on success
+sub ProcessHybrid($$$)
+{
+    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
+    # brute-force search for child atoms after first 8 bytes of binary data
+    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
+    my $pos = ($$dirInfo{DirStart} || 0) + 8;
+    my $len = length($$dataPt);
+    my $try = $pos;
+    my $childPos;
+
+    while ($pos <= $len - 8) {
+        my $tag = substr($$dataPt, $try+4, 4);
+        # look only for well-behaved tag ID's
+        $tag =~ /[^\w ]/ and $try = ++$pos, next;
+        my $size = Get32u($dataPt, $try);
+        if ($size + $try == $len) {
+            # the atom ends exactly at the end of the parent -- this must be it
+            $childPos = $pos;
+            $$dirInfo{DirLen} = $pos;   # the binary data ends at the first child atom
+            last;
+        }
+        if ($size < 8 or $size + $try > $len - 8) {
+            $try = ++$pos;  # fail.  try next position
+        } else {
+            $try += $size;  # could be another atom following this
+        }
+    }
+    # process binary data
+    $$dirInfo{MixedTags} = 1; # ignore non-integer tag ID's
+    $et->ProcessBinaryData($dirInfo, $tagTablePtr);
+    # process child atoms if found
+    if ($childPos) {
+        $$dirInfo{DirStart} = $childPos;
+        $$dirInfo{DirLen} = $len - $childPos;
+        ProcessMOV($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr);
+    }
+    return 1;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Process iTunes 'righ' atom (ref PH)
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
+# Returns: 1 on success
+sub ProcessRights($$$)
+{
+    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
+    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
+    my $dataPos = $$dirInfo{Base};
+    my $dirLen = length $$dataPt;
+    my $unknown = $$et{OPTIONS}{Unkown} || $$et{OPTIONS}{Verbose};
+    my $pos;
+    $et->VerboseDir('righ', $dirLen / 8);
+    for ($pos = 0; $pos + 8 <= $dirLen; $pos += 8) {
+        my $tag = substr($$dataPt, $pos, 4);
+        last if $tag eq "\0\0\0\0";
+        my $val = substr($$dataPt, $pos + 4, 4);
+        my $tagInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTablePtr, $tag);
+        unless ($tagInfo) {
+            next unless $unknown;
+            my $name = $tag;
+            $name =~ s/([\x00-\x1f\x7f-\xff])/'x'.unpack('H*',$1)/eg;
+            $tagInfo = {
+                Name => "Unknown_$name",
+                Description => "Unknown $name",
+                Unknown => 1,
+            },
+            AddTagToTable($tagTablePtr, $tag, $tagInfo);
+        }
+        $val = '0x' . unpack('H*', $val) unless $$tagInfo{Format};
+        $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, $tag, $val,
+            DataPt  => $dataPt,
+            DataPos => $dataPos,
+            Start   => $pos + 4,
+            Size    => 4,
+        );
+    }
+    return 1;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Process iTunes Encoding Params (ref PH)
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
+# Returns: 1 on success
+sub ProcessEncodingParams($$$)
+{
+    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
+    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
+    my $dirLen = length $$dataPt;
+    my $pos;
+    $et->VerboseDir('Encoding Params', $dirLen / 8);
+    for ($pos = 0; $pos + 8 <= $dirLen; $pos += 8) {
+        my ($tag, $val) = unpack("x${pos}a4N", $$dataPt);
+        $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, $tag, $val);
+    }
+    return 1;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Process Meta keys and add tags to the ItemList table ('mdta' handler) (ref PH)
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
+# Returns: 1 on success
+sub ProcessKeys($$$)
+{
+    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
+    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
+    my $dirLen = length $$dataPt;
+    my $out;
+    if ($et->Options('Verbose')) {
+        $et->VerboseDir('Keys');
+        $out = $et->Options('TextOut');
+    }
+    my $pos = 8;
+    my $index = 1;
+    my $infoTable = GetTagTable('Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::ItemList');
+    my $userTable = GetTagTable('Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::UserData');
+    while ($pos < $dirLen - 4) {
+        my $len = unpack("x${pos}N", $$dataPt);
+        last if $len < 8 or $pos + $len > $dirLen;
+        delete $$tagTablePtr{$index};
+        my $ns  = substr($$dataPt, $pos + 4, 4);
+        my $tag = substr($$dataPt, $pos + 8, $len - 8);
+        $tag =~ s/\0.*//s; # truncate at null
+        if ($ns eq 'mdta') {
+            $tag =~ s/^com\.apple\.quicktime\.//;   # remove common apple quicktime domain
+        }
+        next unless $tag;
+        # (I have some samples where the tag is a reversed ItemList or UserData tag ID)
+        my $tagInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTablePtr, $tag);
+        unless ($tagInfo) {
+            $tagInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($infoTable, $tag);
+            unless ($tagInfo) {
+                $tagInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($userTable, $tag);
+                if (not $tagInfo and $tag =~ /^\w{3}\xa9$/) {
+                    $tag = pack('N', unpack('V', $tag));
+                    $tagInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($infoTable, $tag);
+                    $tagInfo or $tagInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($userTable, $tag);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        my ($newInfo, $msg);
+        if ($tagInfo) {
+            $newInfo = {
+                Name      => $$tagInfo{Name},
+                Format    => $$tagInfo{Format},
+                ValueConv => $$tagInfo{ValueConv},
+                PrintConv => $$tagInfo{PrintConv},
+            };
+            my $groups = $$tagInfo{Groups};
+            $$newInfo{Groups} = { %$groups } if $groups;
+        } elsif ($tag =~ /^[-\w.]+$/) {
+            # create info for tags with reasonable id's
+            my $name = $tag;
+            $name =~ s/\.(.)/\U$1/g;
+            $newInfo = { Name => ucfirst($name) };
+            $msg = ' (Unknown)';
+        }
+        # substitute this tag in the ItemList table with the given index
+        delete $$infoTable{$index};
+        if ($newInfo) {
+            $msg or $msg = '';
+            AddTagToTable($infoTable, $index, $newInfo);
+            $out and printf $out "%sAdded ItemList Tag 0x%.4x = $tag$msg\n", $$et{INDENT}, $index;
+        }
+        $pos += $len;
+        ++$index;
+    }
+    return 1;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Process a QuickTime atom
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) optional tag table ref
+# Returns: 1 on success
+sub ProcessMOV($$;$)
+{
+    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
+    my $raf = $$dirInfo{RAF};
+    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
+    my $verbose = $et->Options('Verbose');
+    my $dataPos = $$dirInfo{Base} || 0;
+    my $charsetQuickTime = $et->Options('CharsetQuickTime');
+    my ($buff, $tag, $size, $track, $isUserData, %triplet);
+
+    # more convenient to package data as a RandomAccess file
+    $raf or $raf = new File::RandomAccess($dataPt);
+    # skip leading bytes if necessary
+    if ($$dirInfo{DirStart}) {
+        $raf->Seek($$dirInfo{DirStart}, 1) or return 0;
+        $dataPos += $$dirInfo{DirStart};
+    }
+    # read size/tag name atom header
+    $raf->Read($buff,8) == 8 or return 0;
+    $dataPos += 8;
+    if ($tagTablePtr) {
+        $isUserData = ($tagTablePtr eq \%Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::UserData);
+    } else {
+        $tagTablePtr = GetTagTable('Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::Main');
+    }
+    ($size, $tag) = unpack('Na4', $buff);
+    if ($dataPt) {
+        $verbose and $et->VerboseDir($$dirInfo{DirName});
+    } else {
+        # check on file type if called with a RAF
+        $$tagTablePtr{$tag} or return 0;
+        if ($tag eq 'ftyp' and $size >= 12) {
+            # read ftyp atom to see what type of file this is
+            my $fileType;
+            if ($raf->Read($buff, $size-8) == $size-8) {
+                $raf->Seek(-($size-8), 1);
+                my $type = substr($buff, 0, 4);
+                # see if we know the extension for this file type
+                if ($ftypLookup{$type} and $ftypLookup{$type} =~ /\(\.(\w+)/) {
+                    $fileType = $1;
+                # check compatible brands
+                } elsif ($buff =~ /^.{8}(.{4})+(mp41|mp42)/s) {
+                    $fileType = 'MP4';
+                } elsif ($buff =~ /^.{8}(.{4})+(f4v )/s) {
+                    $fileType = 'F4V';
+                } elsif ($buff =~ /^.{8}(.{4})+(qt  )/s) {
+                    $fileType = 'MOV';
+                }
+            }
+            $fileType or $fileType = 'MP4'; # default to MP4
+            $et->SetFileType($fileType, $mimeLookup{$fileType} || 'video/mp4');
+        } else {
+            $et->SetFileType();       # MOV
+        }
+        SetByteOrder('MM');
+    }
+    for (;;) {
+        if ($size < 8) {
+            if ($size == 0) {
+                if ($dataPt) {
+                    # a zero size isn't legal for contained atoms, but Canon uses it to
+                    # terminate the CNTH atom (ie. CanonEOS100D.mov), so tolerate it here
+                    my $pos = $raf->Tell() - 4;
+                    $raf->Seek(0,2);
+                    my $str = $$dirInfo{DirName} . ' with ' . ($raf->Tell() - $pos) . ' bytes';
+                    $et->VPrint(0,"$$et{INDENT}\[Terminator found in $str remaining]");
+                } else {
+                    $tag = sprintf("0x%.8x",Get32u(\$tag,0)) if $tag =~ /[\x00-\x1f\x7f-\xff]/;
+                    $et->VPrint(0,"$$et{INDENT}Tag '$tag' extends to end of file");
+                }
+                last;
+            }
+            $size == 1 or $et->Warn('Invalid atom size'), last;
+            # read extended atom size
+            $raf->Read($buff, 8) == 8 or last;
+            $dataPos += 8;
+            my ($hi, $lo) = unpack('NN', $buff);
+            if ($hi or $lo > 0x7fffffff) {
+                if ($hi > 0x7fffffff) {
+                    $et->Warn('Invalid atom size');
+                    last;
+                } elsif (not $et->Options('LargeFileSupport')) {
+                    $et->Warn('End of processing at large atom (LargeFileSupport not enabled)');
+                    last;
+                }
+            }
+            $size = $hi * 4294967296 + $lo - 16;
+            $size < 0 and $et->Warn('Invalid extended size'), last;
+        } else {
+            $size -= 8;
+        }
+        if ($isUserData and $$et{SET_GROUP1}) {
+            my $tagInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTablePtr, $tag);
+            # add track name to UserData tags inside tracks
+            $tag = $$et{SET_GROUP1} . $tag;
+            if (not $$tagTablePtr{$tag} and $tagInfo) {
+                my %newInfo = %$tagInfo;
+                foreach ('Name', 'Description') {
+                    next unless $$tagInfo{$_};
+                    $newInfo{$_} = $$et{SET_GROUP1} . $$tagInfo{$_};
+                    $newInfo{$_} =~ s/^(Track\d+)Track/$1/; # remove duplicate "Track" in name
+                }
+                AddTagToTable($tagTablePtr, $tag, \%newInfo);
+            }
+        }
+        my $tagInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTablePtr, $tag);
+        # allow numerical tag ID's
+        unless ($tagInfo) {
+            my $num = unpack('N', $tag);
+            if ($$tagTablePtr{$num}) {
+                $tagInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTablePtr, $num);
+                $tag = $num;
+            }
+        }
+        # generate tagInfo if Unknown option set
+        if (not defined $tagInfo and ($$et{OPTIONS}{Unknown} or
+            $verbose or $tag =~ /^\xa9/))
+        {
+            my $name = $tag;
+            my $n = ($name =~ s/([\x00-\x1f\x7f-\xff])/'x'.unpack('H*',$1)/eg);
+            # print in hex if tag is numerical
+            $name = sprintf('0x%.4x',unpack('N',$tag)) if $n > 2;
+            if ($name =~ /^xa9(.*)/) {
+                $tagInfo = {
+                    Name => "UserData_$1",
+                    Description => "User Data $1",
+                };
+            } else {
+                $tagInfo = {
+                    Name => "Unknown_$name",
+                    Description => "Unknown $name",
+                    Unknown => 1,
+                    Binary => 1,
+                };
+            }
+            AddTagToTable($tagTablePtr, $tag, $tagInfo);
+        }
+        # save required tag sizes
+        if ($$tagTablePtr{"$tag-size"}) {
+            $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, "$tag-size", $size);
+            $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, "$tag-offset", $raf->Tell()) if $$tagTablePtr{"$tag-offset"};
+        }
+        # load values only if associated with a tag (or verbose) and < 16MB long
+        if ((defined $tagInfo or $verbose) and $size < 0x1000000) {
+            my $val;
+            my $missing = $size - $raf->Read($val, $size);
+            if ($missing) {
+                $et->Warn("Truncated '$tag' data (missing $missing bytes)");
+                last;
+            }
+            # use value to get tag info if necessary
+            $tagInfo or $tagInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTablePtr, $tag, \$val);
+            my $hasData = ($$dirInfo{HasData} and $val =~ /\0...data\0/s);
+            if ($verbose and not $hasData) {
+                my $tval;
+                if ($tagInfo and $$tagInfo{Format}) {
+                    $tval = ReadValue(\$val, 0, $$tagInfo{Format}, $$tagInfo{Count}, length($val));
+                }
+                $et->VerboseInfo($tag, $tagInfo,
+                    Value   => $tval,
+                    DataPt  => \$val,
+                    DataPos => $dataPos,
+                    Size    => $size,
+                    Format  => $tagInfo ? $$tagInfo{Format} : undef,
+                );
+            }
+            # handle iTunesInfo mean/name/data triplets
+            if ($tagInfo and $$tagInfo{Triplet}) {
+                if ($tag eq 'data' and $triplet{mean} and $triplet{name}) {
+                    $tag = $triplet{name};
+                    # add 'mean' to name unless it is 'com.apple.iTunes'
+                    $tag = $triplet{mean} . '/' . $tag unless $triplet{mean} eq 'com.apple.iTunes';
+                    $tagInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTablePtr, $tag, \$val);
+                    unless ($tagInfo) {
+                        my $name = $triplet{name};
+                        my $desc = $name;
+                        $name =~ tr/-_a-zA-Z0-9//dc;
+                        $desc =~ tr/_/ /;
+                        $tagInfo = {
+                            Name => $name,
+                            Description => $desc,
+                        };
+                        AddTagToTable($tagTablePtr, $tag, $tagInfo);
+                    }
+                    # ignore 8-byte header
+                    $val = substr($val, 8) if length($val) >= 8;
+                    unless ($$tagInfo{Format} or $$tagInfo{SubDirectory}) {
+                        # extract as binary if it contains any non-ASCII or control characters
+                        if ($val =~ /[^\x20-\x7e]/) {
+                            my $buff = $val;
+                            $val = \$buff;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    undef %triplet;
+                } else {
+                    undef %triplet if $tag eq 'mean';
+                    $triplet{$tag} = substr($val,4) if length($val) > 4;
+                    undef $tagInfo;  # don't store this tag
+                }
+            }
+            if ($tagInfo) {
+                my $subdir = $$tagInfo{SubDirectory};
+                if ($subdir) {
+                    my $start = $$subdir{Start} || 0;
+                    my ($base, $dPos) = ($dataPos, 0);
+                    if ($$subdir{Base}) {
+                        $dPos -= eval $$subdir{Base};
+                        $base -= $dPos;
+                    }
+                    my %dirInfo = (
+                        DataPt   => \$val,
+                        DataLen  => $size,
+                        DirStart => $start,
+                        DirLen   => $size - $start,
+                        DirName  => $$subdir{DirName} || $$tagInfo{Name},
+                        HasData  => $$subdir{HasData},
+                        Multi    => $$subdir{Multi},
+                        DataPos  => $dPos,
+                        # Base needed for IsOffset tags in binary data
+                        Base     => $base,
+                    );
+                    $dirInfo{BlockInfo} = $tagInfo if $$tagInfo{BlockExtract};
+                    if ($$subdir{ByteOrder} and $$subdir{ByteOrder} =~ /^Little/) {
+                        SetByteOrder('II');
+                    }
+                    my $oldGroup1 = $$et{SET_GROUP1};
+                    if ($$tagInfo{Name} eq 'Track') {
+                        $track or $track = 0;
+                        $$et{SET_GROUP1} = 'Track' . (++$track);
+                    }
+                    my $subTable = GetTagTable($$subdir{TagTable});
+                    my $proc = $$subdir{ProcessProc};
+                    # make ProcessMOV() the default processing procedure for subdirectories
+                    $proc = \&ProcessMOV unless $proc or $$subTable{PROCESS_PROC};
+                    $et->ProcessDirectory(\%dirInfo, $subTable, $proc) if $size > $start;
+                    $$et{SET_GROUP1} = $oldGroup1;
+                    SetByteOrder('MM');
+                } elsif ($hasData) {
+                    # handle atoms containing 'data' tags
+                    # (currently ignore contained atoms: 'itif', 'name', etc.)
+                    my $pos = 0;
+                    for (;;) {
+                        last if $pos + 16 > $size;
+                        my ($len, $type, $flags, $ctry, $lang) = unpack("x${pos}Na4Nnn", $val);
+                        last if $pos + $len > $size;
+                        my $value;
+                        my $format = $$tagInfo{Format};
+                        if ($type eq 'data' and $len >= 16) {
+                            $pos += 16;
+                            $len -= 16;
+                            $value = substr($val, $pos, $len);
+                            # format flags (ref 12):
+                            # 0x0=binary, 0x1=UTF-8, 0x2=UTF-16, 0x3=ShiftJIS,
+                            # 0x4=UTF-8  0x5=UTF-16, 0xd=JPEG, 0xe=PNG,
+                            # 0x15=signed int, 0x16=unsigned int, 0x17=float,
+                            # 0x18=double, 0x1b=BMP, 0x1c='meta' atom
+                            if ($stringEncoding{$flags}) {
+                                # handle all string formats
+                                $value = $et->Decode($value, $stringEncoding{$flags});
+                            } else {
+                                if (not $format) {
+                                    if ($flags == 0x15 or $flags == 0x16) {
+                                        $format = { 1=>'int8', 2=>'int16', 4=>'int32' }->{$len};
+                                        $format .= $flags == 0x15 ? 's' : 'u' if $format;
+                                    } elsif ($flags == 0x17) {
+                                        $format = 'float';
+                                    } elsif ($flags == 0x18) {
+                                        $format = 'double';
+                                    } elsif ($flags == 0x00) {
+                                        # read 1 and 2-byte binary as integers
+                                        if ($len == 1) {
+                                            $format = 'int8u',
+                                        } elsif ($len == 2) {
+                                            $format = 'int16u',
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                if ($format) {
+                                    $value = ReadValue(\$value, 0, $format, $$tagInfo{Count}, $len);
+                                } elsif (not $$tagInfo{ValueConv}) {
+                                    # make binary data a scalar reference unless a ValueConv exists
+                                    my $buf = $value;
+                                    $value = \$buf;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        my $langInfo;
+                        if ($ctry or $lang) {
+                            # ignore country ('ctry') and language lists ('lang') for now
+                            undef $ctry if $ctry and $ctry <= 255;
+                            undef $lang if $lang and $lang <= 255;
+                            $lang = UnpackLang($lang);
+                            # add country code if specified
+                            if ($ctry) {
+                                $ctry = unpack('a2',pack('n',$ctry)); # unpack as ISO 3166-1
+                                # treat 'ZZ' like a default country (see ref 12)
+                                undef $ctry if $ctry eq 'ZZ';
+                                if ($ctry and $ctry =~ /^[A-Z]{2}$/) {
+                                    $lang or $lang = 'und';
+                                    $lang .= "-$ctry";
+                                }
+                            }
+                            $langInfo = Image::ExifTool::GetLangInfo($tagInfo, $lang) if $lang;
+                        }
+                        $langInfo or $langInfo = $tagInfo;
+                        $et->VerboseInfo($tag, $langInfo,
+                            Value   => ref $value ? $$value : $value,
+                            DataPt  => \$val,
+                            DataPos => $dataPos,
+                            Start   => $pos,
+                            Size    => $len,
+                            Format  => $format,
+                            Extra   => sprintf(", Type='$type', Flags=0x%x",$flags)
+                        ) if $verbose;
+                        $et->FoundTag($langInfo, $value) if defined $value;
+                        $pos += $len;
+                    }
+                } elsif ($tag =~ /^\xa9/ or $$tagInfo{IText}) {
+                    # parse international text to extract all languages
+                    my $pos = 0;
+                    for (;;) {
+                        last if $pos + 4 > $size;
+                        my ($len, $lang) = unpack("x${pos}nn", $val);
+                        $pos += 4;
+                        # according to the QuickTime spec (ref 12), $len should include
+                        # 4 bytes for length and type words, but nobody (including
+                        # Apple, Pentax and Kodak) seems to add these in, so try
+                        # to allow for either
+                        if ($pos + $len > $size) {
+                            $len -= 4;
+                            last if $pos + $len > $size or $len < 0;
+                        }
+                        # ignore any empty entries (or null padding) after the first
+                        next if not $len and $pos;
+                        my $str = substr($val, $pos, $len);
+                        my $langInfo;
+                        if ($lang < 0x400) {
+                            # this is a Macintosh language code
+                            # a language code of 0 is Macintosh english, so treat as default
+                            if ($lang) {
+                                # use Font.pm to look up language string
+                                require Image::ExifTool::Font;
+                                $lang = $Image::ExifTool::Font::ttLang{Macintosh}{$lang};
+                            }
+                            # the spec says only "Macintosh text encoding", but
+                            # allow this to be configured by the user
+                            $str = $et->Decode($str, $charsetQuickTime);
+                        } else {
+                            # convert language code to ASCII (ignore read-only bit)
+                            $lang = UnpackLang($lang);
+                            # may be either UTF-8 or UTF-16BE
+                            my $enc = $str=~s/^\xfe\xff// ? 'UTF16' : 'UTF8';
+                            $str = $et->Decode($str, $enc);
+                        }
+                        $langInfo = Image::ExifTool::GetLangInfo($tagInfo, $lang) if $lang;
+                        $et->FoundTag($langInfo || $tagInfo, $str);
+                        $pos += $len;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    my $format = $$tagInfo{Format};
+                    if ($format) {
+                        $val = ReadValue(\$val, 0, $format, $$tagInfo{Count}, length($val));
+                    }
+                    my $key = $et->FoundTag($tagInfo, $val);
+                    # decode if necessary (NOTE: must be done after RawConv)
+                    if (defined $key and (not $format or $format =~ /^string/) and
+                        not $$tagInfo{Unknown} and not $$tagInfo{ValueConv} and
+                        not $$tagInfo{Binary} and defined $$et{VALUE}{$key} and not ref $val)
+                    {
+                        my $vp = \$$et{VALUE}{$key};
+                        if (not ref $$vp and length($$vp) <= 65536 and $$vp =~ /[\x80-\xff]/) {
+                            # the encoding of this is not specified, so use CharsetQuickTime
+                            $$vp = $et->Decode($$vp, $charsetQuickTime);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            $et->VerboseInfo($tag, $tagInfo,
+                Size  => $size,
+                Extra => sprintf(' at offset 0x%.4x', $raf->Tell()),
+            ) if $verbose;
+            $raf->Seek($size, 1) or $et->Warn("Truncated '$tag' data"), last;
+        }
+        $raf->Read($buff, 8) == 8 or last;
+        $dataPos += $size + 8;
+        ($size, $tag) = unpack('Na4', $buff);
+    }
+    return 1;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Process a QuickTime Image File
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object reference, 1) directory information reference
+# Returns: 1 on success
+sub ProcessQTIF($$)
+{
+    my ($et, $dirInfo) = @_;
+    my $table = GetTagTable('Image::ExifTool::QuickTime::ImageFile');
+    return ProcessMOV($et, $dirInfo, $table);
+}
+
+1;  # end
+
+__END__
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+Image::ExifTool::QuickTime - Read QuickTime and MP4 meta information
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+This module is used by Image::ExifTool
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+This module contains routines required by Image::ExifTool to extract
+information from QuickTime and MP4 video, and M4A audio files.
+
+=head1 AUTHOR
+
+Copyright 2003-2014, Phil Harvey (phil at owl.phy.queensu.ca)
+
+This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+under the same terms as Perl itself.
+
+=head1 REFERENCES
+
+=over 4
+
+=item L<http://developer.apple.com/mac/library/documentation/QuickTime/QTFF/QTFFChap1/qtff1.html>
+
+=item L<http://search.cpan.org/dist/MP4-Info-1.04/>
+
+=item L<http://www.geocities.com/xhelmboyx/quicktime/formats/mp4-layout.txt>
+
+=item L<http://wiki.multimedia.cx/index.php?title=Apple_QuickTime>
+
+=item L<http://atomicparsley.sourceforge.net/mpeg-4files.html>
+
+=item L<http://wiki.multimedia.cx/index.php?title=QuickTime_container>
+
+=item L<http://code.google.com/p/mp4v2/wiki/iTunesMetadata>
+
+=item L<http://www.canieti.com.mx/assets/files/1011/IEC_100_1384_DC.pdf>
+
+=item L<http://www.adobe.com/devnet/flv/pdf/video_file_format_spec_v10.pdf>
+
+=back
+
+=head1 SEE ALSO
+
+L<Image::ExifTool::TagNames/QuickTime Tags>,
+L<Image::ExifTool(3pm)|Image::ExifTool>
+
+=cut
+