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+<html>
+<head>
+<title>pcrejit specification</title>
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#00005A" link="#0066FF" alink="#3399FF" vlink="#2222BB">
+<h1>pcrejit man page</h1>
+<p>
+Return to the <a href="index.html">PCRE index page</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+This page is part of the PCRE HTML documentation. It was generated automatically
+from the original man page. If there is any nonsense in it, please consult the
+man page, in case the conversion went wrong.
+<br>
+<ul>
+<li><a name="TOC1" href="#SEC1">PCRE JUST-IN-TIME COMPILER SUPPORT</a>
+<li><a name="TOC2" href="#SEC2">8-BIT, 16-BIT AND 32-BIT SUPPORT</a>
+<li><a name="TOC3" href="#SEC3">AVAILABILITY OF JIT SUPPORT</a>
+<li><a name="TOC4" href="#SEC4">SIMPLE USE OF JIT</a>
+<li><a name="TOC5" href="#SEC5">UNSUPPORTED OPTIONS AND PATTERN ITEMS</a>
+<li><a name="TOC6" href="#SEC6">RETURN VALUES FROM JIT EXECUTION</a>
+<li><a name="TOC7" href="#SEC7">SAVING AND RESTORING COMPILED PATTERNS</a>
+<li><a name="TOC8" href="#SEC8">CONTROLLING THE JIT STACK</a>
+<li><a name="TOC9" href="#SEC9">JIT STACK FAQ</a>
+<li><a name="TOC10" href="#SEC10">EXAMPLE CODE</a>
+<li><a name="TOC11" href="#SEC11">JIT FAST PATH API</a>
+<li><a name="TOC12" href="#SEC12">SEE ALSO</a>
+<li><a name="TOC13" href="#SEC13">AUTHOR</a>
+<li><a name="TOC14" href="#SEC14">REVISION</a>
+</ul>
+<br><a name="SEC1" href="#TOC1">PCRE JUST-IN-TIME COMPILER SUPPORT</a><br>
+<P>
+Just-in-time compiling is a heavyweight optimization that can greatly speed up
+pattern matching. However, it comes at the cost of extra processing before the
+match is performed. Therefore, it is of most benefit when the same pattern is
+going to be matched many times. This does not necessarily mean many calls of a
+matching function; if the pattern is not anchored, matching attempts may take
+place many times at various positions in the subject, even for a single call.
+Therefore, if the subject string is very long, it may still pay to use JIT for
+one-off matches.
+</P>
+<P>
+JIT support applies only to the traditional Perl-compatible matching function.
+It does not apply when the DFA matching function is being used. The code for
+this support was written by Zoltan Herczeg.
+</P>
+<br><a name="SEC2" href="#TOC1">8-BIT, 16-BIT AND 32-BIT SUPPORT</a><br>
+<P>
+JIT support is available for all of the 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit PCRE
+libraries. To keep this documentation simple, only the 8-bit interface is
+described in what follows. If you are using the 16-bit library, substitute the
+16-bit functions and 16-bit structures (for example, <i>pcre16_jit_stack</i>
+instead of <i>pcre_jit_stack</i>). If you are using the 32-bit library,
+substitute the 32-bit functions and 32-bit structures (for example,
+<i>pcre32_jit_stack</i> instead of <i>pcre_jit_stack</i>).
+</P>
+<br><a name="SEC3" href="#TOC1">AVAILABILITY OF JIT SUPPORT</a><br>
+<P>
+JIT support is an optional feature of PCRE. The "configure" option --enable-jit
+(or equivalent CMake option) must be set when PCRE is built if you want to use
+JIT. The support is limited to the following hardware platforms:
+<pre>
+  ARM v5, v7, and Thumb2
+  Intel x86 32-bit and 64-bit
+  MIPS 32-bit
+  Power PC 32-bit and 64-bit
+  SPARC 32-bit (experimental)
+</pre>
+If --enable-jit is set on an unsupported platform, compilation fails.
+</P>
+<P>
+A program that is linked with PCRE 8.20 or later can tell if JIT support is
+available by calling <b>pcre_config()</b> with the PCRE_CONFIG_JIT option. The
+result is 1 when JIT is available, and 0 otherwise. However, a simple program
+does not need to check this in order to use JIT. The normal API is implemented
+in a way that falls back to the interpretive code if JIT is not available. For
+programs that need the best possible performance, there is also a "fast path"
+API that is JIT-specific.
+</P>
+<P>
+If your program may sometimes be linked with versions of PCRE that are older
+than 8.20, but you want to use JIT when it is available, you can test
+the values of PCRE_MAJOR and PCRE_MINOR, or the existence of a JIT macro such
+as PCRE_CONFIG_JIT, for compile-time control of your code.
+</P>
+<br><a name="SEC4" href="#TOC1">SIMPLE USE OF JIT</a><br>
+<P>
+You have to do two things to make use of the JIT support in the simplest way:
+<pre>
+  (1) Call <b>pcre_study()</b> with the PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE option for
+      each compiled pattern, and pass the resulting <b>pcre_extra</b> block to
+      <b>pcre_exec()</b>.
+  (2) Use <b>pcre_free_study()</b> to free the <b>pcre_extra</b> block when it is
+      no longer needed, instead of just freeing it yourself. This ensures that
+      any JIT data is also freed.
+</pre>
+For a program that may be linked with pre-8.20 versions of PCRE, you can insert
+<pre>
+  #ifndef PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE
+  #define PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE 0
+  #endif
+</pre>
+so that no option is passed to <b>pcre_study()</b>, and then use something like
+this to free the study data:
+<pre>
+  #ifdef PCRE_CONFIG_JIT
+      pcre_free_study(study_ptr);
+  #else
+      pcre_free(study_ptr);
+  #endif
+</pre>
+PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE requests the JIT compiler to generate code for complete
+matches. If you want to run partial matches using the PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD or
+PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT options of <b>pcre_exec()</b>, you should set one or both of
+the following options in addition to, or instead of, PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE
+when you call <b>pcre_study()</b>:
+<pre>
+  PCRE_STUDY_JIT_PARTIAL_HARD_COMPILE
+  PCRE_STUDY_JIT_PARTIAL_SOFT_COMPILE
+</pre>
+The JIT compiler generates different optimized code for each of the three
+modes (normal, soft partial, hard partial). When <b>pcre_exec()</b> is called,
+the appropriate code is run if it is available. Otherwise, the pattern is
+matched using interpretive code.
+</P>
+<P>
+In some circumstances you may need to call additional functions. These are
+described in the section entitled
+<a href="#stackcontrol">"Controlling the JIT stack"</a>
+below.
+</P>
+<P>
+If JIT support is not available, PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE etc. are ignored, and
+no JIT data is created. Otherwise, the compiled pattern is passed to the JIT
+compiler, which turns it into machine code that executes much faster than the
+normal interpretive code. When <b>pcre_exec()</b> is passed a <b>pcre_extra</b>
+block containing a pointer to JIT code of the appropriate mode (normal or
+hard/soft partial), it obeys that code instead of running the interpreter. The
+result is identical, but the compiled JIT code runs much faster.
+</P>
+<P>
+There are some <b>pcre_exec()</b> options that are not supported for JIT
+execution. There are also some pattern items that JIT cannot handle. Details
+are given below. In both cases, execution automatically falls back to the
+interpretive code. If you want to know whether JIT was actually used for a
+particular match, you should arrange for a JIT callback function to be set up
+as described in the section entitled
+<a href="#stackcontrol">"Controlling the JIT stack"</a>
+below, even if you do not need to supply a non-default JIT stack. Such a
+callback function is called whenever JIT code is about to be obeyed. If the
+execution options are not right for JIT execution, the callback function is not
+obeyed.
+</P>
+<P>
+If the JIT compiler finds an unsupported item, no JIT data is generated. You
+can find out if JIT execution is available after studying a pattern by calling
+<b>pcre_fullinfo()</b> with the PCRE_INFO_JIT option. A result of 1 means that
+JIT compilation was successful. A result of 0 means that JIT support is not
+available, or the pattern was not studied with PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE etc., or
+the JIT compiler was not able to handle the pattern.
+</P>
+<P>
+Once a pattern has been studied, with or without JIT, it can be used as many
+times as you like for matching different subject strings.
+</P>
+<br><a name="SEC5" href="#TOC1">UNSUPPORTED OPTIONS AND PATTERN ITEMS</a><br>
+<P>
+The only <b>pcre_exec()</b> options that are supported for JIT execution are
+PCRE_NO_UTF8_CHECK, PCRE_NO_UTF16_CHECK, PCRE_NO_UTF32_CHECK, PCRE_NOTBOL,
+PCRE_NOTEOL, PCRE_NOTEMPTY, PCRE_NOTEMPTY_ATSTART, PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD, and
+PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT.
+</P>
+<P>
+The unsupported pattern items are:
+<pre>
+  \C             match a single byte; not supported in UTF-8 mode
+  (?Cn)          callouts
+  (*PRUNE)       )
+  (*SKIP)        ) backtracking control verbs
+  (*THEN)        )
+</pre>
+Support for some of these may be added in future.
+</P>
+<br><a name="SEC6" href="#TOC1">RETURN VALUES FROM JIT EXECUTION</a><br>
+<P>
+When a pattern is matched using JIT execution, the return values are the same
+as those given by the interpretive <b>pcre_exec()</b> code, with the addition of
+one new error code: PCRE_ERROR_JIT_STACKLIMIT. This means that the memory used
+for the JIT stack was insufficient. See
+<a href="#stackcontrol">"Controlling the JIT stack"</a>
+below for a discussion of JIT stack usage. For compatibility with the
+interpretive <b>pcre_exec()</b> code, no more than two-thirds of the
+<i>ovector</i> argument is used for passing back captured substrings.
+</P>
+<P>
+The error code PCRE_ERROR_MATCHLIMIT is returned by the JIT code if searching a
+very large pattern tree goes on for too long, as it is in the same circumstance
+when JIT is not used, but the details of exactly what is counted are not the
+same. The PCRE_ERROR_RECURSIONLIMIT error code is never returned by JIT
+execution.
+</P>
+<br><a name="SEC7" href="#TOC1">SAVING AND RESTORING COMPILED PATTERNS</a><br>
+<P>
+The code that is generated by the JIT compiler is architecture-specific, and is
+also position dependent. For those reasons it cannot be saved (in a file or
+database) and restored later like the bytecode and other data of a compiled
+pattern. Saving and restoring compiled patterns is not something many people
+do. More detail about this facility is given in the
+<a href="pcreprecompile.html"><b>pcreprecompile</b></a>
+documentation. It should be possible to run <b>pcre_study()</b> on a saved and
+restored pattern, and thereby recreate the JIT data, but because JIT
+compilation uses significant resources, it is probably not worth doing this;
+you might as well recompile the original pattern.
+<a name="stackcontrol"></a></P>
+<br><a name="SEC8" href="#TOC1">CONTROLLING THE JIT STACK</a><br>
+<P>
+When the compiled JIT code runs, it needs a block of memory to use as a stack.
+By default, it uses 32K on the machine stack. However, some large or
+complicated patterns need more than this. The error PCRE_ERROR_JIT_STACKLIMIT
+is given when there is not enough stack. Three functions are provided for
+managing blocks of memory for use as JIT stacks. There is further discussion
+about the use of JIT stacks in the section entitled
+<a href="#stackcontrol">"JIT stack FAQ"</a>
+below.
+</P>
+<P>
+The <b>pcre_jit_stack_alloc()</b> function creates a JIT stack. Its arguments
+are a starting size and a maximum size, and it returns a pointer to an opaque
+structure of type <b>pcre_jit_stack</b>, or NULL if there is an error. The
+<b>pcre_jit_stack_free()</b> function can be used to free a stack that is no
+longer needed. (For the technically minded: the address space is allocated by
+mmap or VirtualAlloc.)
+</P>
+<P>
+JIT uses far less memory for recursion than the interpretive code,
+and a maximum stack size of 512K to 1M should be more than enough for any
+pattern.
+</P>
+<P>
+The <b>pcre_assign_jit_stack()</b> function specifies which stack JIT code
+should use. Its arguments are as follows:
+<pre>
+  pcre_extra         *extra
+  pcre_jit_callback  callback
+  void               *data
+</pre>
+The <i>extra</i> argument must be the result of studying a pattern with
+PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE etc. There are three cases for the values of the other
+two options:
+<pre>
+  (1) If <i>callback</i> is NULL and <i>data</i> is NULL, an internal 32K block
+      on the machine stack is used.
+  (2) If <i>callback</i> is NULL and <i>data</i> is not NULL, <i>data</i> must be
+      a valid JIT stack, the result of calling <b>pcre_jit_stack_alloc()</b>.
+  (3) If <i>callback</i> is not NULL, it must point to a function that is
+      called with <i>data</i> as an argument at the start of matching, in
+      order to set up a JIT stack. If the return from the callback
+      function is NULL, the internal 32K stack is used; otherwise the
+      return value must be a valid JIT stack, the result of calling
+      <b>pcre_jit_stack_alloc()</b>.
+</pre>
+A callback function is obeyed whenever JIT code is about to be run; it is not
+obeyed when <b>pcre_exec()</b> is called with options that are incompatible for
+JIT execution. A callback function can therefore be used to determine whether a
+match operation was executed by JIT or by the interpreter.
+</P>
+<P>
+You may safely use the same JIT stack for more than one pattern (either by
+assigning directly or by callback), as long as the patterns are all matched
+sequentially in the same thread. In a multithread application, if you do not
+specify a JIT stack, or if you assign or pass back NULL from a callback, that
+is thread-safe, because each thread has its own machine stack. However, if you
+assign or pass back a non-NULL JIT stack, this must be a different stack for
+each thread so that the application is thread-safe.
+</P>
+<P>
+Strictly speaking, even more is allowed. You can assign the same non-NULL stack
+to any number of patterns as long as they are not used for matching by multiple
+threads at the same time. For example, you can assign the same stack to all
+compiled patterns, and use a global mutex in the callback to wait until the
+stack is available for use. However, this is an inefficient solution, and not
+recommended.
+</P>
+<P>
+This is a suggestion for how a multithreaded program that needs to set up
+non-default JIT stacks might operate:
+<pre>
+  During thread initalization
+    thread_local_var = pcre_jit_stack_alloc(...)
+  During thread exit
+    pcre_jit_stack_free(thread_local_var)
+  Use a one-line callback function
+    return thread_local_var
+</pre>
+All the functions described in this section do nothing if JIT is not available,
+and <b>pcre_assign_jit_stack()</b> does nothing unless the <b>extra</b> argument
+is non-NULL and points to a <b>pcre_extra</b> block that is the result of a
+successful study with PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE etc.
+<a name="stackfaq"></a></P>
+<br><a name="SEC9" href="#TOC1">JIT STACK FAQ</a><br>
+<P>
+(1) Why do we need JIT stacks?
+<br>
+<br>
+PCRE (and JIT) is a recursive, depth-first engine, so it needs a stack where
+the local data of the current node is pushed before checking its child nodes.
+Allocating real machine stack on some platforms is difficult. For example, the
+stack chain needs to be updated every time if we extend the stack on PowerPC.
+Although it is possible, its updating time overhead decreases performance. So
+we do the recursion in memory.
+</P>
+<P>
+(2) Why don't we simply allocate blocks of memory with <b>malloc()</b>?
+<br>
+<br>
+Modern operating systems have a nice feature: they can reserve an address space
+instead of allocating memory. We can safely allocate memory pages inside this
+address space, so the stack could grow without moving memory data (this is
+important because of pointers). Thus we can allocate 1M address space, and use
+only a single memory page (usually 4K) if that is enough. However, we can still
+grow up to 1M anytime if needed.
+</P>
+<P>
+(3) Who "owns" a JIT stack?
+<br>
+<br>
+The owner of the stack is the user program, not the JIT studied pattern or
+anything else. The user program must ensure that if a stack is used by
+<b>pcre_exec()</b>, (that is, it is assigned to the pattern currently running),
+that stack must not be used by any other threads (to avoid overwriting the same
+memory area). The best practice for multithreaded programs is to allocate a
+stack for each thread, and return this stack through the JIT callback function.
+</P>
+<P>
+(4) When should a JIT stack be freed?
+<br>
+<br>
+You can free a JIT stack at any time, as long as it will not be used by
+<b>pcre_exec()</b> again. When you assign the stack to a pattern, only a pointer
+is set. There is no reference counting or any other magic. You can free the
+patterns and stacks in any order, anytime. Just <i>do not</i> call
+<b>pcre_exec()</b> with a pattern pointing to an already freed stack, as that
+will cause SEGFAULT. (Also, do not free a stack currently used by
+<b>pcre_exec()</b> in another thread). You can also replace the stack for a
+pattern at any time. You can even free the previous stack before assigning a
+replacement.
+</P>
+<P>
+(5) Should I allocate/free a stack every time before/after calling
+<b>pcre_exec()</b>?
+<br>
+<br>
+No, because this is too costly in terms of resources. However, you could
+implement some clever idea which release the stack if it is not used in let's
+say two minutes. The JIT callback can help to achieve this without keeping a
+list of the currently JIT studied patterns.
+</P>
+<P>
+(6) OK, the stack is for long term memory allocation. But what happens if a
+pattern causes stack overflow with a stack of 1M? Is that 1M kept until the
+stack is freed?
+<br>
+<br>
+Especially on embedded sytems, it might be a good idea to release memory
+sometimes without freeing the stack. There is no API for this at the moment.
+Probably a function call which returns with the currently allocated memory for
+any stack and another which allows releasing memory (shrinking the stack) would
+be a good idea if someone needs this.
+</P>
+<P>
+(7) This is too much of a headache. Isn't there any better solution for JIT
+stack handling?
+<br>
+<br>
+No, thanks to Windows. If POSIX threads were used everywhere, we could throw
+out this complicated API.
+</P>
+<br><a name="SEC10" href="#TOC1">EXAMPLE CODE</a><br>
+<P>
+This is a single-threaded example that specifies a JIT stack without using a
+callback.
+<pre>
+  int rc;
+  int ovector[30];
+  pcre *re;
+  pcre_extra *extra;
+  pcre_jit_stack *jit_stack;
+  re = pcre_compile(pattern, 0, &error, &erroffset, NULL);
+  /* Check for errors */
+  extra = pcre_study(re, PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE, &error);
+  jit_stack = pcre_jit_stack_alloc(32*1024, 512*1024);
+  /* Check for error (NULL) */
+  pcre_assign_jit_stack(extra, NULL, jit_stack);
+  rc = pcre_exec(re, extra, subject, length, 0, 0, ovector, 30);
+  /* Check results */
+  pcre_free(re);
+  pcre_free_study(extra);
+  pcre_jit_stack_free(jit_stack);
+</PRE>
+</P>
+<br><a name="SEC11" href="#TOC1">JIT FAST PATH API</a><br>
+<P>
+Because the API described above falls back to interpreted execution when JIT is
+not available, it is convenient for programs that are written for general use
+in many environments. However, calling JIT via <b>pcre_exec()</b> does have a
+performance impact. Programs that are written for use where JIT is known to be
+available, and which need the best possible performance, can instead use a
+"fast path" API to call JIT execution directly instead of calling
+<b>pcre_exec()</b> (obviously only for patterns that have been successfully
+studied by JIT).
+</P>
+<P>
+The fast path function is called <b>pcre_jit_exec()</b>, and it takes exactly
+the same arguments as <b>pcre_exec()</b>, plus one additional argument that
+must point to a JIT stack. The JIT stack arrangements described above do not
+apply. The return values are the same as for <b>pcre_exec()</b>.
+</P>
+<P>
+When you call <b>pcre_exec()</b>, as well as testing for invalid options, a
+number of other sanity checks are performed on the arguments. For example, if
+the subject pointer is NULL, or its length is negative, an immediate error is
+given. Also, unless PCRE_NO_UTF[8|16|32] is set, a UTF subject string is tested
+for validity. In the interests of speed, these checks do not happen on the JIT
+fast path, and if invalid data is passed, the result is undefined.
+</P>
+<P>
+Bypassing the sanity checks and the <b>pcre_exec()</b> wrapping can give
+speedups of more than 10%.
+</P>
+<br><a name="SEC12" href="#TOC1">SEE ALSO</a><br>
+<P>
+<b>pcreapi</b>(3)
+</P>
+<br><a name="SEC13" href="#TOC1">AUTHOR</a><br>
+<P>
+Philip Hazel (FAQ by Zoltan Herczeg)
+<br>
+University Computing Service
+<br>
+Cambridge CB2 3QH, England.
+<br>
+</P>
+<br><a name="SEC14" href="#TOC1">REVISION</a><br>
+<P>
+Last updated: 31 October 2012
+<br>
+Copyright &copy; 1997-2012 University of Cambridge.
+<br>
+<p>
+Return to the <a href="index.html">PCRE index page</a>.
+</p>