esruby 0.0.0

data/resources/mruby/src/backtrace.c

@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+/*
+** backtrace.c -
+**
+** See Copyright Notice in mruby.h
+*/
+
+#include <mruby.h>
+#include <mruby/variable.h>
+#include <mruby/proc.h>
+#include <mruby/array.h>
+#include <mruby/string.h>
+#include <mruby/class.h>
+#include <mruby/debug.h>
+#include <mruby/error.h>
+#include <mruby/numeric.h>
+#include <mruby/data.h>
+
+struct backtrace_location {
+  int lineno;
+  const char *filename;
+  mrb_sym method_id;
+};
+
+typedef void (*each_backtrace_func)(mrb_state*, struct backtrace_location*, void*);
+
+static const mrb_data_type bt_type = { "Backtrace", mrb_free };
+
+static void
+each_backtrace(mrb_state *mrb, ptrdiff_t ciidx, mrb_code *pc0, each_backtrace_func func, void *data)
+{
+  ptrdiff_t i, j;
+
+  if (ciidx >= mrb->c->ciend - mrb->c->cibase)
+    ciidx = 10; /* ciidx is broken... */
+
+  for (i=ciidx, j=0; i >= 0; i--,j++) {
+    struct backtrace_location loc;
+    mrb_callinfo *ci;
+    mrb_irep *irep;
+    mrb_code *pc;
+
+    ci = &mrb->c->cibase[i];
+
+    if (!ci->proc) continue;
+    if (MRB_PROC_CFUNC_P(ci->proc)) continue;
+
+    irep = ci->proc->body.irep;
+    if (!irep) continue;
+
+    if (mrb->c->cibase[i].err) {
+      pc = mrb->c->cibase[i].err;
+    }
+    else if (i+1 <= ciidx) {
+      pc = &mrb->c->cibase[i+1].pc[-1];
+    }
+    else {
+      pc = pc0;
+    }
+    loc.filename = mrb_debug_get_filename(irep, pc - irep->iseq);
+    loc.lineno = mrb_debug_get_line(irep, pc - irep->iseq);
+
+    if (loc.lineno == -1) continue;
+
+    if (!loc.filename) {
+      loc.filename = "(unknown)";
+    }
+
+    loc.method_id = ci->mid;
+    func(mrb, &loc, data);
+  }
+}
+
+#ifndef MRB_DISABLE_STDIO
+
+static void
+print_backtrace(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value backtrace)
+{
+  int i;
+  mrb_int n;
+  FILE *stream = stderr;
+
+  if (!mrb_array_p(backtrace)) return;
+
+  n = RARRAY_LEN(backtrace) - 1;
+  if (n == 0) return;
+
+  fprintf(stream, "trace (most recent call last):\n");
+  for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+    mrb_value entry = RARRAY_PTR(backtrace)[n-i-1];
+
+    if (mrb_string_p(entry)) {
+      fprintf(stream, "\t[%d] %.*s\n", i, (int)RSTRING_LEN(entry), RSTRING_PTR(entry));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static int
+packed_bt_len(struct backtrace_location *bt, int n)
+{
+  int len = 0;
+  int i;
+
+  for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+    if (!bt[i].filename && !bt[i].lineno && !bt[i].method_id)
+      continue;
+    len++;
+  }
+  return len;
+}
+
+static void
+print_packed_backtrace(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value packed)
+{
+  FILE *stream = stderr;
+  struct backtrace_location *bt;
+  int n, i;
+  int ai = mrb_gc_arena_save(mrb);
+
+  bt = (struct backtrace_location*)mrb_data_check_get_ptr(mrb, packed, &bt_type);
+  if (bt == NULL) return;
+  n = (mrb_int)RDATA(packed)->flags;
+
+  if (packed_bt_len(bt, n) == 0) return;
+  fprintf(stream, "trace (most recent call last):\n");
+  for (i = 0; i<n; i++) {
+    struct backtrace_location *entry = &bt[n-i-1];
+    if (entry->filename == NULL) continue;
+    fprintf(stream, "\t[%d] %s:%d", i, entry->filename, entry->lineno);
+    if (entry->method_id != 0) {
+      const char *method_name;
+
+      method_name = mrb_sym2name(mrb, entry->method_id);
+      fprintf(stream, ":in %s", method_name);
+      mrb_gc_arena_restore(mrb, ai);
+    }
+    fprintf(stream, "\n");
+  }
+}
+
+/* mrb_print_backtrace
+
+   function to retrieve backtrace information from the last exception.
+*/
+
+MRB_API void
+mrb_print_backtrace(mrb_state *mrb)
+{
+  mrb_value backtrace;
+
+  if (!mrb->exc) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  backtrace = mrb_obj_iv_get(mrb, mrb->exc, mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "backtrace"));
+  if (mrb_nil_p(backtrace)) return;
+  if (mrb_array_p(backtrace)) {
+    print_backtrace(mrb, backtrace);
+  }
+  else {
+    print_packed_backtrace(mrb, backtrace);
+  }
+}
+#else
+
+MRB_API void
+mrb_print_backtrace(mrb_state *mrb)
+{
+}
+
+#endif
+
+static void
+count_backtrace_i(mrb_state *mrb,
+                 struct backtrace_location *loc,
+                 void *data)
+{
+  int *lenp = (int*)data;
+
+  if (loc->filename == NULL) return;
+  (*lenp)++;
+}
+
+static void
+pack_backtrace_i(mrb_state *mrb,
+                 struct backtrace_location *loc,
+                 void *data)
+{
+  struct backtrace_location **pptr = (struct backtrace_location**)data;
+  struct backtrace_location *ptr = *pptr;
+
+  if (loc->filename == NULL) return;
+  *ptr = *loc;
+  *pptr = ptr+1;
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+packed_backtrace(mrb_state *mrb)
+{
+  struct RData *backtrace;
+  ptrdiff_t ciidx = mrb->c->ci - mrb->c->cibase;
+  int len = 0;
+  int size;
+  void *ptr;
+
+  each_backtrace(mrb, ciidx, mrb->c->ci->pc, count_backtrace_i, &len);
+  size = len * sizeof(struct backtrace_location);
+  ptr = mrb_malloc(mrb, size);
+  if (ptr) memset(ptr, 0, size);
+  backtrace = mrb_data_object_alloc(mrb, NULL, ptr, &bt_type);
+  backtrace->flags = (unsigned int)len;
+  each_backtrace(mrb, ciidx, mrb->c->ci->pc, pack_backtrace_i, &ptr);
+  return mrb_obj_value(backtrace);
+}
+
+void
+mrb_keep_backtrace(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value exc)
+{
+  mrb_sym sym = mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "backtrace");
+  mrb_value backtrace;
+  int ai;
+
+  if (mrb_iv_defined(mrb, exc, sym)) return;
+  ai = mrb_gc_arena_save(mrb);
+  backtrace = packed_backtrace(mrb);
+  mrb_iv_set(mrb, exc, sym, backtrace);
+  mrb_gc_arena_restore(mrb, ai);
+}
+
+mrb_value
+mrb_unpack_backtrace(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value backtrace)
+{
+  struct backtrace_location *bt;
+  mrb_int n, i;
+  int ai;
+
+  if (mrb_nil_p(backtrace)) {
+  empty_backtrace:
+    return mrb_ary_new_capa(mrb, 0);
+  }
+  if (mrb_array_p(backtrace)) return backtrace;
+  bt = (struct backtrace_location*)mrb_data_check_get_ptr(mrb, backtrace, &bt_type);
+  if (bt == NULL) goto empty_backtrace;
+  n = (mrb_int)RDATA(backtrace)->flags;
+  backtrace = mrb_ary_new_capa(mrb, n);
+  ai = mrb_gc_arena_save(mrb);
+  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    struct backtrace_location *entry = &bt[i];
+    mrb_value btline;
+
+    if (entry->filename == NULL) continue;
+    btline = mrb_format(mrb, "%S:%S",
+                              mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb, entry->filename),
+                              mrb_fixnum_value(entry->lineno));
+    if (entry->method_id != 0) {
+      mrb_str_cat_lit(mrb, btline, ":in ");
+      mrb_str_cat_cstr(mrb, btline, mrb_sym2name(mrb, entry->method_id));
+    }
+    mrb_ary_push(mrb, backtrace, btline);
+    mrb_gc_arena_restore(mrb, ai);
+  }
+
+  return backtrace;
+}
+
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_exc_backtrace(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value exc)
+{
+  mrb_sym attr_name;
+  mrb_value backtrace;
+
+  attr_name = mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "backtrace");
+  backtrace = mrb_iv_get(mrb, exc, attr_name);
+  if (mrb_nil_p(backtrace) || mrb_array_p(backtrace)) {
+    return backtrace;
+  }
+  backtrace = mrb_unpack_backtrace(mrb, backtrace);
+  mrb_iv_set(mrb, exc, attr_name, backtrace);
+  return backtrace;
+}
+
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_get_backtrace(mrb_state *mrb)
+{
+  return mrb_unpack_backtrace(mrb, packed_backtrace(mrb));
+}

data/resources/mruby/src/class.c

@@ -0,0 +1,2546 @@
+/*
+** class.c - Class class
+**
+** See Copyright Notice in mruby.h
+*/
+
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <mruby.h>
+#include <mruby/array.h>
+#include <mruby/class.h>
+#include <mruby/numeric.h>
+#include <mruby/proc.h>
+#include <mruby/string.h>
+#include <mruby/variable.h>
+#include <mruby/error.h>
+#include <mruby/data.h>
+#include <mruby/istruct.h>
+
+KHASH_DEFINE(mt, mrb_sym, mrb_method_t, TRUE, kh_int_hash_func, kh_int_hash_equal)
+
+void
+mrb_gc_mark_mt(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c)
+{
+  khiter_t k;
+  khash_t(mt) *h = c->mt;
+
+  if (!h) return;
+  for (k = kh_begin(h); k != kh_end(h); k++) {
+    if (kh_exist(h, k)) {
+      mrb_method_t m = kh_value(h, k);
+
+      if (MRB_METHOD_PROC_P(m)) {
+        struct RProc *p = MRB_METHOD_PROC(m);
+        mrb_gc_mark(mrb, (struct RBasic*)p);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+size_t
+mrb_gc_mark_mt_size(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c)
+{
+  khash_t(mt) *h = c->mt;
+
+  if (!h) return 0;
+  return kh_size(h);
+}
+
+void
+mrb_gc_free_mt(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c)
+{
+  kh_destroy(mt, mrb, c->mt);
+}
+
+void
+mrb_class_name_class(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *outer, struct RClass *c, mrb_sym id)
+{
+  mrb_value name;
+  mrb_sym nsym = mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "__classname__");
+
+  if (mrb_obj_iv_defined(mrb, (struct RObject*)c, nsym)) return;
+  if (outer == NULL || outer == mrb->object_class) {
+    name = mrb_symbol_value(id);
+  }
+  else {
+    name = mrb_class_path(mrb, outer);
+    if (mrb_nil_p(name)) {      /* unnamed outer class */
+      if (outer != mrb->object_class) {
+        mrb_obj_iv_set(mrb, (struct RObject*)c, mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "__outer__"),
+                       mrb_obj_value(outer));
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+    mrb_str_cat_cstr(mrb, name, "::");
+    mrb_str_cat_cstr(mrb, name, mrb_sym2name(mrb, id));
+  }
+  mrb_obj_iv_set(mrb, (struct RObject*)c, nsym, name);
+}
+
+static void
+setup_class(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *outer, struct RClass *c, mrb_sym id)
+{
+  mrb_class_name_class(mrb, outer, c, id);
+  mrb_obj_iv_set(mrb, (struct RObject*)outer, id, mrb_obj_value(c));
+}
+
+#define make_metaclass(mrb, c) prepare_singleton_class((mrb), (struct RBasic*)(c))
+
+static void
+prepare_singleton_class(mrb_state *mrb, struct RBasic *o)
+{
+  struct RClass *sc, *c;
+
+  if (o->c->tt == MRB_TT_SCLASS) return;
+  sc = (struct RClass*)mrb_obj_alloc(mrb, MRB_TT_SCLASS, mrb->class_class);
+  sc->flags |= MRB_FLAG_IS_INHERITED;
+  sc->mt = kh_init(mt, mrb);
+  sc->iv = 0;
+  if (o->tt == MRB_TT_CLASS) {
+    c = (struct RClass*)o;
+    if (!c->super) {
+      sc->super = mrb->class_class;
+    }
+    else {
+      sc->super = c->super->c;
+    }
+  }
+  else if (o->tt == MRB_TT_SCLASS) {
+    c = (struct RClass*)o;
+    while (c->super->tt == MRB_TT_ICLASS)
+      c = c->super;
+    make_metaclass(mrb, c->super);
+    sc->super = c->super->c;
+  }
+  else {
+    sc->super = o->c;
+    prepare_singleton_class(mrb, (struct RBasic*)sc);
+  }
+  o->c = sc;
+  mrb_field_write_barrier(mrb, (struct RBasic*)o, (struct RBasic*)sc);
+  mrb_field_write_barrier(mrb, (struct RBasic*)sc, (struct RBasic*)o);
+  mrb_obj_iv_set(mrb, (struct RObject*)sc, mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "__attached__"), mrb_obj_value(o));
+}
+
+static struct RClass*
+class_from_sym(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *klass, mrb_sym id)
+{
+  mrb_value c = mrb_const_get(mrb, mrb_obj_value(klass), id);
+
+  mrb_check_type(mrb, c, MRB_TT_CLASS);
+  return mrb_class_ptr(c);
+}
+
+static struct RClass*
+module_from_sym(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *klass, mrb_sym id)
+{
+  mrb_value c = mrb_const_get(mrb, mrb_obj_value(klass), id);
+
+  mrb_check_type(mrb, c, MRB_TT_MODULE);
+  return mrb_class_ptr(c);
+}
+
+static mrb_bool
+class_ptr_p(mrb_value obj)
+{
+  switch (mrb_type(obj)) {
+  case MRB_TT_CLASS:
+  case MRB_TT_SCLASS:
+  case MRB_TT_MODULE:
+    return TRUE;
+  default:
+    return FALSE;
+  }
+}
+
+static void
+check_if_class_or_module(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj)
+{
+  if (!class_ptr_p(obj)) {
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%S is not a class/module", mrb_inspect(mrb, obj));
+  }
+}
+
+static struct RClass*
+define_module(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym name, struct RClass *outer)
+{
+  struct RClass *m;
+
+  if (mrb_const_defined_at(mrb, mrb_obj_value(outer), name)) {
+    return module_from_sym(mrb, outer, name);
+  }
+  m = mrb_module_new(mrb);
+  setup_class(mrb, outer, m, name);
+
+  return m;
+}
+
+MRB_API struct RClass*
+mrb_define_module_id(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym name)
+{
+  return define_module(mrb, name, mrb->object_class);
+}
+
+MRB_API struct RClass*
+mrb_define_module(mrb_state *mrb, const char *name)
+{
+  return define_module(mrb, mrb_intern_cstr(mrb, name), mrb->object_class);
+}
+
+MRB_API struct RClass*
+mrb_vm_define_module(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value outer, mrb_sym id)
+{
+  check_if_class_or_module(mrb, outer);
+  if (mrb_const_defined_at(mrb, outer, id)) {
+    mrb_value old = mrb_const_get(mrb, outer, id);
+
+    if (mrb_type(old) != MRB_TT_MODULE) {
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%S is not a module", mrb_inspect(mrb, old));
+    }
+    return mrb_class_ptr(old);
+  }
+  return define_module(mrb, id, mrb_class_ptr(outer));
+}
+
+MRB_API struct RClass*
+mrb_define_module_under(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *outer, const char *name)
+{
+  mrb_sym id = mrb_intern_cstr(mrb, name);
+  struct RClass * c = define_module(mrb, id, outer);
+
+  setup_class(mrb, outer, c, id);
+  return c;
+}
+
+static struct RClass*
+find_origin(struct RClass *c)
+{
+  MRB_CLASS_ORIGIN(c);
+  return c;
+}
+
+static struct RClass*
+define_class(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym name, struct RClass *super, struct RClass *outer)
+{
+  struct RClass * c;
+
+  if (mrb_const_defined_at(mrb, mrb_obj_value(outer), name)) {
+    c = class_from_sym(mrb, outer, name);
+    MRB_CLASS_ORIGIN(c);
+    if (super && mrb_class_real(c->super) != super) {
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "superclass mismatch for Class %S (%S not %S)",
+                 mrb_sym2str(mrb, name),
+                 mrb_obj_value(c->super), mrb_obj_value(super));
+    }
+    return c;
+  }
+
+  c = mrb_class_new(mrb, super);
+  setup_class(mrb, outer, c, name);
+
+  return c;
+}
+
+MRB_API struct RClass*
+mrb_define_class_id(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym name, struct RClass *super)
+{
+  if (!super) {
+    mrb_warn(mrb, "no super class for '%S', Object assumed", mrb_sym2str(mrb, name));
+  }
+  return define_class(mrb, name, super, mrb->object_class);
+}
+
+MRB_API struct RClass*
+mrb_define_class(mrb_state *mrb, const char *name, struct RClass *super)
+{
+  return mrb_define_class_id(mrb, mrb_intern_cstr(mrb, name), super);
+}
+
+static mrb_value mrb_bob_init(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value);
+#ifdef MRB_METHOD_CACHE
+static void mc_clear_all(mrb_state *mrb);
+static void mc_clear_by_class(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass*);
+static void mc_clear_by_id(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass*, mrb_sym);
+#else
+#define mc_clear_all(mrb)
+#define mc_clear_by_class(mrb,c)
+#define mc_clear_by_id(mrb,c,s)
+#endif
+
+static void
+mrb_class_inherited(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *super, struct RClass *klass)
+{
+  mrb_value s;
+  mrb_sym mid;
+
+  if (!super)
+    super = mrb->object_class;
+  super->flags |= MRB_FLAG_IS_INHERITED;
+  s = mrb_obj_value(super);
+  mc_clear_by_class(mrb, klass);
+  mid = mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "inherited");
+  if (!mrb_func_basic_p(mrb, s, mid, mrb_bob_init)) {
+    mrb_value c = mrb_obj_value(klass);
+    mrb_funcall_argv(mrb, s, mid, 1, &c);
+  }
+}
+
+MRB_API struct RClass*
+mrb_vm_define_class(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value outer, mrb_value super, mrb_sym id)
+{
+  struct RClass *s;
+  struct RClass *c;
+
+  if (!mrb_nil_p(super)) {
+    if (mrb_type(super) != MRB_TT_CLASS) {
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "superclass must be a Class (%S given)",
+                 mrb_inspect(mrb, super));
+    }
+    s = mrb_class_ptr(super);
+  }
+  else {
+    s = 0;
+  }
+  check_if_class_or_module(mrb, outer);
+  if (mrb_const_defined_at(mrb, outer, id)) {
+    mrb_value old = mrb_const_get(mrb, outer, id);
+
+    if (mrb_type(old) != MRB_TT_CLASS) {
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%S is not a class", mrb_inspect(mrb, old));
+    }
+    c = mrb_class_ptr(old);
+    if (s) {
+      /* check super class */
+      if (mrb_class_real(c->super) != s) {
+        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "superclass mismatch for class %S", old);
+      }
+    }
+    return c;
+  }
+  c = define_class(mrb, id, s, mrb_class_ptr(outer));
+  mrb_class_inherited(mrb, mrb_class_real(c->super), c);
+
+  return c;
+}
+
+MRB_API mrb_bool
+mrb_class_defined(mrb_state *mrb, const char *name)
+{
+  mrb_value sym = mrb_check_intern_cstr(mrb, name);
+  if (mrb_nil_p(sym)) {
+    return FALSE;
+  }
+  return mrb_const_defined(mrb, mrb_obj_value(mrb->object_class), mrb_symbol(sym));
+}
+
+MRB_API mrb_bool
+mrb_class_defined_under(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *outer, const char *name)
+{
+  mrb_value sym = mrb_check_intern_cstr(mrb, name);
+  if (mrb_nil_p(sym)) {
+    return FALSE;
+  }
+  return mrb_const_defined_at(mrb, mrb_obj_value(outer), mrb_symbol(sym));
+}
+
+MRB_API struct RClass*
+mrb_class_get_under(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *outer, const char *name)
+{
+  return class_from_sym(mrb, outer, mrb_intern_cstr(mrb, name));
+}
+
+MRB_API struct RClass*
+mrb_class_get(mrb_state *mrb, const char *name)
+{
+  return mrb_class_get_under(mrb, mrb->object_class, name);
+}
+
+MRB_API struct RClass*
+mrb_exc_get(mrb_state *mrb, const char *name)
+{
+  struct RClass *exc, *e;
+  mrb_value c = mrb_const_get(mrb, mrb_obj_value(mrb->object_class),
+                              mrb_intern_cstr(mrb, name));
+
+  if (mrb_type(c) != MRB_TT_CLASS) {
+    mrb_raise(mrb, mrb->eException_class, "exception corrupted");
+  }
+  exc = e = mrb_class_ptr(c);
+
+  while (e) {
+    if (e == mrb->eException_class)
+      return exc;
+    e = e->super;
+  }
+  return mrb->eException_class;
+}
+
+MRB_API struct RClass*
+mrb_module_get_under(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *outer, const char *name)
+{
+  return module_from_sym(mrb, outer, mrb_intern_cstr(mrb, name));
+}
+
+MRB_API struct RClass*
+mrb_module_get(mrb_state *mrb, const char *name)
+{
+  return mrb_module_get_under(mrb, mrb->object_class, name);
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Defines a class under the namespace of \a outer.
+ * \param outer  a class which contains the new class.
+ * \param id     name of the new class
+ * \param super  a class from which the new class will derive.
+ *               NULL means \c Object class.
+ * \return the created class
+ * \throw TypeError if the constant name \a name is already taken but
+ *                  the constant is not a \c Class.
+ * \throw NameError if the class is already defined but the class can not
+ *                  be reopened because its superclass is not \a super.
+ * \post top-level constant named \a name refers the returned class.
+ *
+ * \note if a class named \a name is already defined and its superclass is
+ *       \a super, the function just returns the defined class.
+ */
+MRB_API struct RClass*
+mrb_define_class_under(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *outer, const char *name, struct RClass *super)
+{
+  mrb_sym id = mrb_intern_cstr(mrb, name);
+  struct RClass * c;
+
+#if 0
+  if (!super) {
+    mrb_warn(mrb, "no super class for '%S::%S', Object assumed",
+             mrb_obj_value(outer), mrb_sym2str(mrb, id));
+  }
+#endif
+  c = define_class(mrb, id, super, outer);
+  setup_class(mrb, outer, c, id);
+  return c;
+}
+
+MRB_API void
+mrb_define_method_raw(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, mrb_sym mid, mrb_method_t m)
+{
+  khash_t(mt) *h;
+  khiter_t k;
+  MRB_CLASS_ORIGIN(c);
+  h = c->mt;
+
+  if (MRB_FROZEN_P(c)) {
+    if (c->tt == MRB_TT_MODULE)
+      mrb_raise(mrb, E_FROZEN_ERROR, "can't modify frozen module");
+    else
+      mrb_raise(mrb, E_FROZEN_ERROR, "can't modify frozen class");
+  }
+  if (!h) h = c->mt = kh_init(mt, mrb);
+  k = kh_put(mt, mrb, h, mid);
+  kh_value(h, k) = m;
+  if (MRB_METHOD_PROC_P(m) && !MRB_METHOD_UNDEF_P(m)) {
+    struct RProc *p = MRB_METHOD_PROC(m);
+
+    p->flags |= MRB_PROC_SCOPE;
+    p->c = NULL;
+    mrb_field_write_barrier(mrb, (struct RBasic*)c, (struct RBasic*)p);
+    if (!MRB_PROC_ENV_P(p)) {
+      MRB_PROC_SET_TARGET_CLASS(p, c);
+    }
+  }
+  mc_clear_by_id(mrb, c, mid);
+}
+
+MRB_API void
+mrb_define_method_id(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, mrb_sym mid, mrb_func_t func, mrb_aspec aspec)
+{
+  mrb_method_t m;
+  int ai = mrb_gc_arena_save(mrb);
+
+  MRB_METHOD_FROM_FUNC(m, func);
+  mrb_define_method_raw(mrb, c, mid, m);
+  mrb_gc_arena_restore(mrb, ai);
+}
+
+MRB_API void
+mrb_define_method(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, const char *name, mrb_func_t func, mrb_aspec aspec)
+{
+  mrb_define_method_id(mrb, c, mrb_intern_cstr(mrb, name), func, aspec);
+}
+
+/* a function to raise NotImplementedError with current method name */
+MRB_API void
+mrb_notimplement(mrb_state *mrb)
+{
+  const char *str;
+  mrb_int len;
+  mrb_callinfo *ci = mrb->c->ci;
+
+  if (ci->mid) {
+    str = mrb_sym2name_len(mrb, ci->mid, &len);
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_NOTIMP_ERROR,
+      "%S() function is unimplemented on this machine",
+      mrb_str_new_static(mrb, str, (size_t)len));
+  }
+}
+
+/* a function to be replacement of unimplemented method */
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_notimplement_m(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  mrb_notimplement(mrb);
+  /* not reached */
+  return mrb_nil_value();
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+check_type(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value val, enum mrb_vtype t, const char *c, const char *m)
+{
+  mrb_value tmp;
+
+  tmp = mrb_check_convert_type(mrb, val, t, c, m);
+  if (mrb_nil_p(tmp)) {
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "expected %S", mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb, c));
+  }
+  return tmp;
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+to_str(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value val)
+{
+  return check_type(mrb, val, MRB_TT_STRING, "String", "to_str");
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+to_ary(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value val)
+{
+  return check_type(mrb, val, MRB_TT_ARRAY, "Array", "to_ary");
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+to_hash(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value val)
+{
+  return check_type(mrb, val, MRB_TT_HASH, "Hash", "to_hash");
+}
+
+static mrb_sym
+to_sym(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ss)
+{
+  if (mrb_type(ss) == MRB_TT_SYMBOL) {
+    return mrb_symbol(ss);
+  }
+  else if (mrb_string_p(ss)) {
+    return mrb_intern_str(mrb, to_str(mrb, ss));
+  }
+  else {
+    mrb_value obj = mrb_funcall(mrb, ss, "inspect", 0);
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%S is not a symbol", obj);
+    /* not reached */
+    return 0;
+  }
+}
+
+MRB_API mrb_int
+mrb_get_argc(mrb_state *mrb)
+{
+  mrb_int argc = mrb->c->ci->argc;
+
+  if (argc < 0) {
+    struct RArray *a = mrb_ary_ptr(mrb->c->stack[1]);
+
+    argc = ARY_LEN(a);
+  }
+  return argc;
+}
+
+MRB_API mrb_value*
+mrb_get_argv(mrb_state *mrb)
+{
+  mrb_int argc = mrb->c->ci->argc;
+  mrb_value *array_argv;
+  if (argc < 0) {
+    struct RArray *a = mrb_ary_ptr(mrb->c->stack[1]);
+
+    array_argv = ARY_PTR(a);
+  }
+  else {
+    array_argv = NULL;
+  }
+  return array_argv;
+}
+
+/*
+  retrieve arguments from mrb_state.
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, format, ...)
+
+  returns number of arguments parsed.
+
+  format specifiers:
+
+    string  mruby type     C type                 note
+    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    o:      Object         [mrb_value]
+    C:      class/module   [mrb_value]
+    S:      String         [mrb_value]            when ! follows, the value may be nil
+    A:      Array          [mrb_value]            when ! follows, the value may be nil
+    H:      Hash           [mrb_value]            when ! follows, the value may be nil
+    s:      String         [char*,mrb_int]        Receive two arguments; s! gives (NULL,0) for nil
+    z:      String         [char*]                NUL terminated string; z! gives NULL for nil
+    a:      Array          [mrb_value*,mrb_int]   Receive two arguments; a! gives (NULL,0) for nil
+    f:      Float          [mrb_float]
+    i:      Integer        [mrb_int]
+    b:      Boolean        [mrb_bool]
+    n:      Symbol         [mrb_sym]
+    d:      Data           [void*,mrb_data_type const] 2nd argument will be used to check data type so it won't be modified
+    I:      Inline struct  [void*]
+    &:      Block          [mrb_value]
+    *:      rest argument  [mrb_value*,mrb_int]   The rest of the arguments as an array; *! avoid copy of the stack
+    |:      optional                              Following arguments are optional
+    ?:      optional given [mrb_bool]             true if preceding argument (optional) is given
+ */
+MRB_API mrb_int
+mrb_get_args(mrb_state *mrb, const char *format, ...)
+{
+  const char *fmt = format;
+  char c;
+  mrb_int i = 0;
+  va_list ap;
+  mrb_int argc = mrb_get_argc(mrb);
+  mrb_int arg_i = 0;
+  mrb_value *array_argv = mrb_get_argv(mrb);
+  mrb_bool opt = FALSE;
+  mrb_bool opt_skip = TRUE;
+  mrb_bool given = TRUE;
+
+  va_start(ap, format);
+
+#define ARGV \
+  (array_argv ? array_argv : (mrb->c->stack + 1))
+
+  while ((c = *fmt++)) {
+    switch (c) {
+    case '|':
+      opt = TRUE;
+      break;
+    case '*':
+      opt_skip = FALSE;
+      goto check_exit;
+    case '!':
+      break;
+    case '&': case '?':
+      if (opt) opt_skip = FALSE;
+      break;
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+ check_exit:
+  opt = FALSE;
+  i = 0;
+  while ((c = *format++)) {
+    switch (c) {
+    case '|': case '*': case '&': case '?':
+      break;
+    default:
+      if (argc <= i) {
+        if (opt) {
+          given = FALSE;
+        }
+        else {
+          mrb_raise(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "wrong number of arguments");
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+
+    switch (c) {
+    case 'o':
+      {
+        mrb_value *p;
+
+        p = va_arg(ap, mrb_value*);
+        if (i < argc) {
+          *p = ARGV[arg_i++];
+          i++;
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+    case 'C':
+      {
+        mrb_value *p;
+
+        p = va_arg(ap, mrb_value*);
+        if (i < argc) {
+          mrb_value ss;
+
+          ss = ARGV[arg_i++];
+          if (!class_ptr_p(ss)) {
+            mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%S is not class/module", ss);
+          }
+          *p = ss;
+          i++;
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+    case 'S':
+      {
+        mrb_value *p;
+
+        p = va_arg(ap, mrb_value*);
+        if (*format == '!') {
+          format++;
+          if (i < argc && mrb_nil_p(ARGV[arg_i])) {
+            *p = ARGV[arg_i++];
+            i++;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        if (i < argc) {
+          *p = to_str(mrb, ARGV[arg_i++]);
+          i++;
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+    case 'A':
+      {
+        mrb_value *p;
+
+        p = va_arg(ap, mrb_value*);
+        if (*format == '!') {
+          format++;
+          if (i < argc && mrb_nil_p(ARGV[arg_i])) {
+            *p = ARGV[arg_i++];
+            i++;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        if (i < argc) {
+          *p = to_ary(mrb, ARGV[arg_i++]);
+          i++;
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+    case 'H':
+      {
+        mrb_value *p;
+
+        p = va_arg(ap, mrb_value*);
+        if (*format == '!') {
+          format++;
+          if (i < argc && mrb_nil_p(ARGV[arg_i])) {
+            *p = ARGV[arg_i++];
+            i++;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        if (i < argc) {
+          *p = to_hash(mrb, ARGV[arg_i++]);
+          i++;
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+    case 's':
+      {
+        mrb_value ss;
+        char **ps = 0;
+        mrb_int *pl = 0;
+
+        ps = va_arg(ap, char**);
+        pl = va_arg(ap, mrb_int*);
+        if (*format == '!') {
+          format++;
+          if (i < argc && mrb_nil_p(ARGV[arg_i])) {
+            *ps = NULL;
+            *pl = 0;
+            i++; arg_i++;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        if (i < argc) {
+          ss = to_str(mrb, ARGV[arg_i++]);
+          *ps = RSTRING_PTR(ss);
+          *pl = RSTRING_LEN(ss);
+          i++;
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+    case 'z':
+      {
+        mrb_value ss;
+        const char **ps;
+
+        ps = va_arg(ap, const char**);
+        if (*format == '!') {
+          format++;
+          if (i < argc && mrb_nil_p(ARGV[arg_i])) {
+            *ps = NULL;
+            i++; arg_i++;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        if (i < argc) {
+          ss = to_str(mrb, ARGV[arg_i++]);
+          *ps = mrb_string_value_cstr(mrb, &ss);
+          i++;
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+    case 'a':
+      {
+        mrb_value aa;
+        struct RArray *a;
+        mrb_value **pb;
+        mrb_int *pl;
+
+        pb = va_arg(ap, mrb_value**);
+        pl = va_arg(ap, mrb_int*);
+        if (*format == '!') {
+          format++;
+          if (i < argc && mrb_nil_p(ARGV[arg_i])) {
+            *pb = 0;
+            *pl = 0;
+            i++; arg_i++;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        if (i < argc) {
+          aa = to_ary(mrb, ARGV[arg_i++]);
+          a = mrb_ary_ptr(aa);
+          *pb = ARY_PTR(a);
+          *pl = ARY_LEN(a);
+          i++;
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+    case 'I':
+      {
+        void* *p;
+        mrb_value ss;
+
+        p = va_arg(ap, void**);
+        if (i < argc) {
+          ss = ARGV[arg_i];
+          if (mrb_type(ss) != MRB_TT_ISTRUCT)
+          {
+            mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%S is not inline struct", ss);
+          }
+          *p = mrb_istruct_ptr(ss);
+          arg_i++;
+          i++;
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+#ifndef MRB_WITHOUT_FLOAT
+    case 'f':
+      {
+        mrb_float *p;
+
+        p = va_arg(ap, mrb_float*);
+        if (i < argc) {
+          *p = mrb_to_flo(mrb, ARGV[arg_i]);
+          arg_i++;
+          i++;
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+#endif
+    case 'i':
+      {
+        mrb_int *p;
+
+        p = va_arg(ap, mrb_int*);
+        if (i < argc) {
+          switch (mrb_type(ARGV[arg_i])) {
+            case MRB_TT_FIXNUM:
+              *p = mrb_fixnum(ARGV[arg_i]);
+              break;
+#ifndef MRB_WITHOUT_FLOAT
+            case MRB_TT_FLOAT:
+              {
+                mrb_float f = mrb_float(ARGV[arg_i]);
+
+                if (!FIXABLE_FLOAT(f)) {
+                  mrb_raise(mrb, E_RANGE_ERROR, "float too big for int");
+                }
+                *p = (mrb_int)f;
+              }
+              break;
+#endif
+            case MRB_TT_STRING:
+              mrb_raise(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "no implicit conversion of String into Integer");
+              break;
+            default:
+              *p = mrb_fixnum(mrb_Integer(mrb, ARGV[arg_i]));
+              break;
+          }
+          arg_i++;
+          i++;
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+    case 'b':
+      {
+        mrb_bool *boolp = va_arg(ap, mrb_bool*);
+
+        if (i < argc) {
+          mrb_value b = ARGV[arg_i++];
+          *boolp = mrb_test(b);
+          i++;
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+    case 'n':
+      {
+        mrb_sym *symp;
+
+        symp = va_arg(ap, mrb_sym*);
+        if (i < argc) {
+          mrb_value ss;
+
+          ss = ARGV[arg_i++];
+          *symp = to_sym(mrb, ss);
+          i++;
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+    case 'd':
+      {
+        void** datap;
+        struct mrb_data_type const* type;
+
+        datap = va_arg(ap, void**);
+        type = va_arg(ap, struct mrb_data_type const*);
+        if (*format == '!') {
+          format++;
+          if (i < argc && mrb_nil_p(ARGV[arg_i])) {
+            *datap = 0;
+            i++; arg_i++;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        if (i < argc) {
+          *datap = mrb_data_get_ptr(mrb, ARGV[arg_i++], type);
+          ++i;
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case '&':
+      {
+        mrb_value *p, *bp;
+
+        p = va_arg(ap, mrb_value*);
+        if (mrb->c->ci->argc < 0) {
+          bp = mrb->c->stack + 2;
+        }
+        else {
+          bp = mrb->c->stack + mrb->c->ci->argc + 1;
+        }
+        *p = *bp;
+      }
+      break;
+    case '|':
+      if (opt_skip && i == argc) return argc;
+      opt = TRUE;
+      break;
+    case '?':
+      {
+        mrb_bool *p;
+
+        p = va_arg(ap, mrb_bool*);
+        *p = given;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case '*':
+      {
+        mrb_value **var;
+        mrb_int *pl;
+        mrb_bool nocopy = array_argv ? TRUE : FALSE;
+
+        if (*format == '!') {
+          format++;
+          nocopy = TRUE;
+        }
+        var = va_arg(ap, mrb_value**);
+        pl = va_arg(ap, mrb_int*);
+        if (argc > i) {
+          *pl = argc-i;
+          if (*pl > 0) {
+            if (nocopy) {
+              *var = ARGV+arg_i;
+            }
+            else {
+              mrb_value args = mrb_ary_new_from_values(mrb, *pl, ARGV+arg_i);
+              RARRAY(args)->c = NULL;
+              *var = RARRAY_PTR(args);
+            }
+          }
+          i = argc;
+          arg_i += *pl;
+        }
+        else {
+          *pl = 0;
+          *var = NULL;
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+    default:
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "invalid argument specifier %S", mrb_str_new(mrb, &c, 1));
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+#undef ARGV
+
+  if (!c && argc > i) {
+    mrb_raise(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "wrong number of arguments");
+  }
+  va_end(ap);
+  return i;
+}
+
+static struct RClass*
+boot_defclass(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *super)
+{
+  struct RClass *c;
+
+  c = (struct RClass*)mrb_obj_alloc(mrb, MRB_TT_CLASS, mrb->class_class);
+  if (super) {
+    c->super = super;
+    mrb_field_write_barrier(mrb, (struct RBasic*)c, (struct RBasic*)super);
+  }
+  else {
+    c->super = mrb->object_class;
+  }
+  c->mt = kh_init(mt, mrb);
+  return c;
+}
+
+static void
+boot_initmod(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *mod)
+{
+  if (!mod->mt) {
+    mod->mt = kh_init(mt, mrb);
+  }
+}
+
+static struct RClass*
+include_class_new(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *m, struct RClass *super)
+{
+  struct RClass *ic = (struct RClass*)mrb_obj_alloc(mrb, MRB_TT_ICLASS, mrb->class_class);
+  if (m->tt == MRB_TT_ICLASS) {
+    m = m->c;
+  }
+  MRB_CLASS_ORIGIN(m);
+  ic->iv = m->iv;
+  ic->mt = m->mt;
+  ic->super = super;
+  if (m->tt == MRB_TT_ICLASS) {
+    ic->c = m->c;
+  }
+  else {
+    ic->c = m;
+  }
+  return ic;
+}
+
+static int
+include_module_at(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, struct RClass *ins_pos, struct RClass *m, int search_super)
+{
+  struct RClass *p, *ic;
+  void *klass_mt = find_origin(c)->mt;
+
+  while (m) {
+    int superclass_seen = 0;
+
+    if (m->flags & MRB_FLAG_IS_PREPENDED)
+      goto skip;
+
+    if (klass_mt && klass_mt == m->mt)
+      return -1;
+
+    p = c->super;
+    while (p) {
+      if (p->tt == MRB_TT_ICLASS) {
+        if (p->mt == m->mt) {
+          if (!superclass_seen) {
+            ins_pos = p; /* move insert point */
+          }
+          goto skip;
+        }
+      } else if (p->tt == MRB_TT_CLASS) {
+        if (!search_super) break;
+        superclass_seen = 1;
+      }
+      p = p->super;
+    }
+
+    ic = include_class_new(mrb, m, ins_pos->super);
+    m->flags |= MRB_FLAG_IS_INHERITED;
+    ins_pos->super = ic;
+    mrb_field_write_barrier(mrb, (struct RBasic*)ins_pos, (struct RBasic*)ic);
+    mc_clear_by_class(mrb, ins_pos);
+    ins_pos = ic;
+  skip:
+    m = m->super;
+  }
+  mc_clear_all(mrb);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+MRB_API void
+mrb_include_module(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, struct RClass *m)
+{
+  int changed = include_module_at(mrb, c, find_origin(c), m, 1);
+  if (changed < 0) {
+    mrb_raise(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "cyclic include detected");
+  }
+}
+
+MRB_API void
+mrb_prepend_module(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, struct RClass *m)
+{
+  struct RClass *origin;
+  int changed = 0;
+
+  if (!(c->flags & MRB_FLAG_IS_PREPENDED)) {
+    origin = (struct RClass*)mrb_obj_alloc(mrb, MRB_TT_ICLASS, c);
+    origin->flags |= MRB_FLAG_IS_ORIGIN | MRB_FLAG_IS_INHERITED;
+    origin->super = c->super;
+    c->super = origin;
+    origin->mt = c->mt;
+    c->mt = kh_init(mt, mrb);
+    mrb_field_write_barrier(mrb, (struct RBasic*)c, (struct RBasic*)origin);
+    c->flags |= MRB_FLAG_IS_PREPENDED;
+  }
+  changed = include_module_at(mrb, c, c, m, 0);
+  if (changed < 0) {
+    mrb_raise(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "cyclic prepend detected");
+  }
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_mod_prepend_features(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
+{
+  mrb_value klass;
+
+  mrb_check_type(mrb, mod, MRB_TT_MODULE);
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "C", &klass);
+  mrb_prepend_module(mrb, mrb_class_ptr(klass), mrb_class_ptr(mod));
+  return mod;
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_mod_append_features(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
+{
+  mrb_value klass;
+
+  mrb_check_type(mrb, mod, MRB_TT_MODULE);
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "C", &klass);
+  mrb_include_module(mrb, mrb_class_ptr(klass), mrb_class_ptr(mod));
+  return mod;
+}
+
+/* 15.2.2.4.28 */
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     mod.include?(module)    -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns <code>true</code> if <i>module</i> is included in
+ *  <i>mod</i> or one of <i>mod</i>'s ancestors.
+ *
+ *     module A
+ *     end
+ *     class B
+ *       include A
+ *     end
+ *     class C < B
+ *     end
+ *     B.include?(A)   #=> true
+ *     C.include?(A)   #=> true
+ *     A.include?(A)   #=> false
+ */
+static mrb_value
+mrb_mod_include_p(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
+{
+  mrb_value mod2;
+  struct RClass *c = mrb_class_ptr(mod);
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "C", &mod2);
+  mrb_check_type(mrb, mod2, MRB_TT_MODULE);
+
+  while (c) {
+    if (c->tt == MRB_TT_ICLASS) {
+      if (c->c == mrb_class_ptr(mod2)) return mrb_true_value();
+    }
+    c = c->super;
+  }
+  return mrb_false_value();
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_mod_ancestors(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  mrb_value result;
+  struct RClass *c = mrb_class_ptr(self);
+  result = mrb_ary_new(mrb);
+  while (c) {
+    if (c->tt == MRB_TT_ICLASS) {
+      mrb_ary_push(mrb, result, mrb_obj_value(c->c));
+    }
+    else if (!(c->flags & MRB_FLAG_IS_PREPENDED)) {
+      mrb_ary_push(mrb, result, mrb_obj_value(c));
+    }
+    c = c->super;
+  }
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_mod_extend_object(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
+{
+  mrb_value obj;
+
+  mrb_check_type(mrb, mod, MRB_TT_MODULE);
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &obj);
+  mrb_include_module(mrb, mrb_class_ptr(mrb_singleton_class(mrb, obj)), mrb_class_ptr(mod));
+  return mod;
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_mod_included_modules(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  mrb_value result;
+  struct RClass *c = mrb_class_ptr(self);
+  struct RClass *origin = c;
+
+  MRB_CLASS_ORIGIN(origin);
+  result = mrb_ary_new(mrb);
+  while (c) {
+    if (c != origin && c->tt == MRB_TT_ICLASS) {
+      if (c->c->tt == MRB_TT_MODULE) {
+        mrb_ary_push(mrb, result, mrb_obj_value(c->c));
+      }
+    }
+    c = c->super;
+  }
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_mod_initialize(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
+{
+  mrb_value b;
+  struct RClass *m = mrb_class_ptr(mod);
+  boot_initmod(mrb, m); /* bootstrap a newly initialized module */
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "|&", &b);
+  if (!mrb_nil_p(b)) {
+    mrb_yield_with_class(mrb, b, 1, &mod, mod, m);
+  }
+  return mod;
+}
+
+mrb_value mrb_class_instance_method_list(mrb_state*, mrb_bool, struct RClass*, int);
+
+/* 15.2.2.4.33 */
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     mod.instance_methods(include_super=true)   -> array
+ *
+ *  Returns an array containing the names of the public and protected instance
+ *  methods in the receiver. For a module, these are the public and protected methods;
+ *  for a class, they are the instance (not singleton) methods. With no
+ *  argument, or with an argument that is <code>false</code>, the
+ *  instance methods in <i>mod</i> are returned, otherwise the methods
+ *  in <i>mod</i> and <i>mod</i>'s superclasses are returned.
+ *
+ *     module A
+ *       def method1()  end
+ *     end
+ *     class B
+ *       def method2()  end
+ *     end
+ *     class C < B
+ *       def method3()  end
+ *     end
+ *
+ *     A.instance_methods                #=> [:method1]
+ *     B.instance_methods(false)         #=> [:method2]
+ *     C.instance_methods(false)         #=> [:method3]
+ *     C.instance_methods(true).length   #=> 43
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_mod_instance_methods(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
+{
+  struct RClass *c = mrb_class_ptr(mod);
+  mrb_bool recur = TRUE;
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "|b", &recur);
+  return mrb_class_instance_method_list(mrb, recur, c, 0);
+}
+
+/* implementation of module_eval/class_eval */
+mrb_value mrb_mod_module_eval(mrb_state*, mrb_value);
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_mod_dummy_visibility(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
+{
+  return mod;
+}
+
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_singleton_class(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value v)
+{
+  struct RBasic *obj;
+
+  switch (mrb_type(v)) {
+  case MRB_TT_FALSE:
+    if (mrb_nil_p(v))
+      return mrb_obj_value(mrb->nil_class);
+    return mrb_obj_value(mrb->false_class);
+  case MRB_TT_TRUE:
+    return mrb_obj_value(mrb->true_class);
+  case MRB_TT_CPTR:
+    return mrb_obj_value(mrb->object_class);
+  case MRB_TT_SYMBOL:
+  case MRB_TT_FIXNUM:
+#ifndef MRB_WITHOUT_FLOAT
+  case MRB_TT_FLOAT:
+#endif
+    mrb_raise(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't define singleton");
+    return mrb_nil_value();    /* not reached */
+  default:
+    break;
+  }
+  obj = mrb_basic_ptr(v);
+  prepare_singleton_class(mrb, obj);
+  return mrb_obj_value(obj->c);
+}
+
+MRB_API void
+mrb_define_singleton_method(mrb_state *mrb, struct RObject *o, const char *name, mrb_func_t func, mrb_aspec aspec)
+{
+  prepare_singleton_class(mrb, (struct RBasic*)o);
+  mrb_define_method_id(mrb, o->c, mrb_intern_cstr(mrb, name), func, aspec);
+}
+
+MRB_API void
+mrb_define_class_method(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, const char *name, mrb_func_t func, mrb_aspec aspec)
+{
+  mrb_define_singleton_method(mrb, (struct RObject*)c, name, func, aspec);
+}
+
+MRB_API void
+mrb_define_module_function(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, const char *name, mrb_func_t func, mrb_aspec aspec)
+{
+  mrb_define_class_method(mrb, c, name, func, aspec);
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, c, name, func, aspec);
+}
+
+#ifdef MRB_METHOD_CACHE
+static void
+mc_clear_all(mrb_state *mrb)
+{
+  struct mrb_cache_entry *mc = mrb->cache;
+  int i;
+
+  for (i=0; i<MRB_METHOD_CACHE_SIZE; i++) {
+    mc[i].c = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+static void
+mc_clear_by_class(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c)
+{
+  struct mrb_cache_entry *mc = mrb->cache;
+  int i;
+
+  if (c->flags & MRB_FLAG_IS_INHERITED) {
+    mc_clear_all(mrb);
+    c->flags &= ~MRB_FLAG_IS_INHERITED;
+    return;
+  }
+  for (i=0; i<MRB_METHOD_CACHE_SIZE; i++) {
+    if (mc[i].c == c) mc[i].c = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+static void
+mc_clear_by_id(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, mrb_sym mid)
+{
+  struct mrb_cache_entry *mc = mrb->cache;
+  int i;
+
+  if (c->flags & MRB_FLAG_IS_INHERITED) {
+    mc_clear_all(mrb);
+    c->flags &= ~MRB_FLAG_IS_INHERITED;
+    return;
+  }
+  for (i=0; i<MRB_METHOD_CACHE_SIZE; i++) {
+    if (mc[i].c == c || mc[i].mid == mid)
+      mc[i].c = 0;
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+MRB_API mrb_method_t
+mrb_method_search_vm(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass **cp, mrb_sym mid)
+{
+  khiter_t k;
+  mrb_method_t m;
+  struct RClass *c = *cp;
+#ifdef MRB_METHOD_CACHE
+  struct RClass *oc = c;
+  int h = kh_int_hash_func(mrb, ((intptr_t)oc) ^ mid) & (MRB_METHOD_CACHE_SIZE-1);
+  struct mrb_cache_entry *mc = &mrb->cache[h];
+
+  if (mc->c == c && mc->mid == mid) {
+    *cp = mc->c0;
+    return mc->m;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  while (c) {
+    khash_t(mt) *h = c->mt;
+
+    if (h) {
+      k = kh_get(mt, mrb, h, mid);
+      if (k != kh_end(h)) {
+        m = kh_value(h, k);
+        if (MRB_METHOD_UNDEF_P(m)) break;
+        *cp = c;
+#ifdef MRB_METHOD_CACHE
+        mc->c = oc;
+        mc->c0 = c;
+        mc->mid = mid;
+        mc->m = m;
+#endif
+        return m;
+      }
+    }
+    c = c->super;
+  }
+  MRB_METHOD_FROM_PROC(m, NULL);
+  return m;                  /* no method */
+}
+
+MRB_API mrb_method_t
+mrb_method_search(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass* c, mrb_sym mid)
+{
+  mrb_method_t m;
+
+  m = mrb_method_search_vm(mrb, &c, mid);
+  if (MRB_METHOD_UNDEF_P(m)) {
+    mrb_value inspect = mrb_funcall(mrb, mrb_obj_value(c), "inspect", 0);
+    if (mrb_string_p(inspect) && RSTRING_LEN(inspect) > 64) {
+      inspect = mrb_any_to_s(mrb, mrb_obj_value(c));
+    }
+    mrb_name_error(mrb, mid, "undefined method '%S' for class %S",
+               mrb_sym2str(mrb, mid), inspect);
+  }
+  return m;
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+attr_reader(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj)
+{
+  mrb_value name = mrb_proc_cfunc_env_get(mrb, 0);
+  return mrb_iv_get(mrb, obj, to_sym(mrb, name));
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_mod_attr_reader(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
+{
+  struct RClass *c = mrb_class_ptr(mod);
+  mrb_value *argv;
+  mrb_int argc, i;
+  int ai;
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "*", &argv, &argc);
+  ai = mrb_gc_arena_save(mrb);
+  for (i=0; i<argc; i++) {
+    mrb_value name, str;
+    mrb_sym method, sym;
+    struct RProc *p;
+    mrb_method_t m;
+
+    method = to_sym(mrb, argv[i]);
+    name = mrb_sym2str(mrb, method);
+    str = mrb_str_new_capa(mrb, RSTRING_LEN(name)+1);
+    mrb_str_cat_lit(mrb, str, "@");
+    mrb_str_cat_str(mrb, str, name);
+    sym = mrb_intern_str(mrb, str);
+    mrb_iv_check(mrb, sym);
+    name = mrb_symbol_value(sym);
+    p = mrb_proc_new_cfunc_with_env(mrb, attr_reader, 1, &name);
+    MRB_METHOD_FROM_PROC(m, p);
+    mrb_define_method_raw(mrb, c, method, m);
+    mrb_gc_arena_restore(mrb, ai);
+  }
+  return mrb_nil_value();
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+attr_writer(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj)
+{
+  mrb_value name = mrb_proc_cfunc_env_get(mrb, 0);
+  mrb_value val;
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &val);
+  mrb_iv_set(mrb, obj, to_sym(mrb, name), val);
+  return val;
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_mod_attr_writer(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
+{
+  struct RClass *c = mrb_class_ptr(mod);
+  mrb_value *argv;
+  mrb_int argc, i;
+  int ai;
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "*", &argv, &argc);
+  ai = mrb_gc_arena_save(mrb);
+  for (i=0; i<argc; i++) {
+    mrb_value name, str, attr;
+    mrb_sym method, sym;
+    struct RProc *p;
+    mrb_method_t m;
+
+    method = to_sym(mrb, argv[i]);
+
+    /* prepare iv name (@name) */
+    name = mrb_sym2str(mrb, method);
+    str = mrb_str_new_capa(mrb, RSTRING_LEN(name)+1);
+    mrb_str_cat_lit(mrb, str, "@");
+    mrb_str_cat_str(mrb, str, name);
+    sym = mrb_intern_str(mrb, str);
+    mrb_iv_check(mrb, sym);
+    attr = mrb_symbol_value(sym);
+
+    /* prepare method name (name=) */
+    str = mrb_str_new_capa(mrb, RSTRING_LEN(str));
+    mrb_str_cat_str(mrb, str, name);
+    mrb_str_cat_lit(mrb, str, "=");
+    method = mrb_intern_str(mrb, str);
+
+    p = mrb_proc_new_cfunc_with_env(mrb, attr_writer, 1, &attr);
+    MRB_METHOD_FROM_PROC(m, p);
+    mrb_define_method_raw(mrb, c, method, m);
+    mrb_gc_arena_restore(mrb, ai);
+  }
+  return mrb_nil_value();
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_instance_alloc(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value cv)
+{
+  struct RClass *c = mrb_class_ptr(cv);
+  struct RObject *o;
+  enum mrb_vtype ttype = MRB_INSTANCE_TT(c);
+
+  if (c->tt == MRB_TT_SCLASS)
+    mrb_raise(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't create instance of singleton class");
+
+  if (ttype == 0) ttype = MRB_TT_OBJECT;
+  if (ttype <= MRB_TT_CPTR) {
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't create instance of %S", cv);
+  }
+  o = (struct RObject*)mrb_obj_alloc(mrb, ttype, c);
+  return mrb_obj_value(o);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     class.new(args, ...)    ->  obj
+ *
+ *  Creates a new object of <i>class</i>'s class, then
+ *  invokes that object's <code>initialize</code> method,
+ *  passing it <i>args</i>. This is the method that ends
+ *  up getting called whenever an object is constructed using
+ *  `.new`.
+ *
+ */
+
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_instance_new(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value cv)
+{
+  mrb_value obj, blk;
+  mrb_value *argv;
+  mrb_int argc;
+  mrb_sym init;
+  mrb_method_t m;
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "*&", &argv, &argc, &blk);
+  obj = mrb_instance_alloc(mrb, cv);
+  init = mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "initialize");
+  m = mrb_method_search(mrb, mrb_class(mrb, obj), init);
+  if (MRB_METHOD_CFUNC_P(m)) {
+    mrb_func_t f = MRB_METHOD_CFUNC(m);
+    if (f != mrb_bob_init) {
+      f(mrb, obj);
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+    mrb_funcall_with_block(mrb, obj, init, argc, argv, blk);
+  }
+
+  return obj;
+}
+
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_obj_new(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, mrb_int argc, const mrb_value *argv)
+{
+  mrb_value obj;
+  mrb_sym mid;
+
+  obj = mrb_instance_alloc(mrb, mrb_obj_value(c));
+  mid = mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "initialize");
+  if (!mrb_func_basic_p(mrb, obj, mid, mrb_bob_init)) {
+    mrb_funcall_argv(mrb, obj, mid, argc, argv);
+  }
+  return obj;
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_class_initialize(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value c)
+{
+  mrb_value a, b;
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "|C&", &a, &b);
+  if (!mrb_nil_p(b)) {
+    mrb_yield_with_class(mrb, b, 1, &c, c, mrb_class_ptr(c));
+  }
+  return c;
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_class_new_class(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value cv)
+{
+  mrb_int n;
+  mrb_value super, blk;
+  mrb_value new_class;
+  mrb_sym mid;
+
+  n = mrb_get_args(mrb, "|C&", &super, &blk);
+  if (n == 0) {
+    super = mrb_obj_value(mrb->object_class);
+  }
+  new_class = mrb_obj_value(mrb_class_new(mrb, mrb_class_ptr(super)));
+  mid = mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "initialize");
+  if (!mrb_func_basic_p(mrb, new_class, mid, mrb_bob_init)) {
+    mrb_funcall_with_block(mrb, new_class, mid, n, &super, blk);
+  }
+  mrb_class_inherited(mrb, mrb_class_ptr(super), mrb_class_ptr(new_class));
+  return new_class;
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_class_superclass(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value klass)
+{
+  struct RClass *c;
+
+  c = mrb_class_ptr(klass);
+  c = find_origin(c)->super;
+  while (c && c->tt == MRB_TT_ICLASS) {
+    c = find_origin(c)->super;
+  }
+  if (!c) return mrb_nil_value();
+  return mrb_obj_value(c);
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_bob_init(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value cv)
+{
+  return mrb_nil_value();
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_bob_not(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value cv)
+{
+  return mrb_bool_value(!mrb_test(cv));
+}
+
+/* 15.3.1.3.1  */
+/* 15.3.1.3.10 */
+/* 15.3.1.3.11 */
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     obj == other        -> true or false
+ *     obj.equal?(other)   -> true or false
+ *     obj.eql?(other)     -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Equality---At the <code>Object</code> level, <code>==</code> returns
+ *  <code>true</code> only if <i>obj</i> and <i>other</i> are the
+ *  same object. Typically, this method is overridden in descendant
+ *  classes to provide class-specific meaning.
+ *
+ *  Unlike <code>==</code>, the <code>equal?</code> method should never be
+ *  overridden by subclasses: it is used to determine object identity
+ *  (that is, <code>a.equal?(b)</code> iff <code>a</code> is the same
+ *  object as <code>b</code>).
+ *
+ *  The <code>eql?</code> method returns <code>true</code> if
+ *  <i>obj</i> and <i>anObject</i> have the same value. Used by
+ *  <code>Hash</code> to test members for equality.  For objects of
+ *  class <code>Object</code>, <code>eql?</code> is synonymous with
+ *  <code>==</code>. Subclasses normally continue this tradition, but
+ *  there are exceptions. <code>Numeric</code> types, for example,
+ *  perform type conversion across <code>==</code>, but not across
+ *  <code>eql?</code>, so:
+ *
+ *     1 == 1.0     #=> true
+ *     1.eql? 1.0   #=> false
+ */
+mrb_value
+mrb_obj_equal_m(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  mrb_value arg;
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &arg);
+  return mrb_bool_value(mrb_obj_equal(mrb, self, arg));
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_obj_not_equal_m(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  mrb_value arg;
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &arg);
+  return mrb_bool_value(!mrb_equal(mrb, self, arg));
+}
+
+MRB_API mrb_bool
+mrb_obj_respond_to(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass* c, mrb_sym mid)
+{
+  mrb_method_t m;
+
+  m = mrb_method_search_vm(mrb, &c, mid);
+  if (MRB_METHOD_UNDEF_P(m)) {
+    return FALSE;
+  }
+  return TRUE;
+}
+
+MRB_API mrb_bool
+mrb_respond_to(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj, mrb_sym mid)
+{
+  return mrb_obj_respond_to(mrb, mrb_class(mrb, obj), mid);
+}
+
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_class_path(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c)
+{
+  mrb_value path;
+  mrb_sym nsym = mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "__classname__");
+
+  path = mrb_obj_iv_get(mrb, (struct RObject*)c, nsym);
+  if (mrb_nil_p(path)) {
+    /* no name (yet) */
+    return mrb_class_find_path(mrb, c);
+  }
+  else if (mrb_symbol_p(path)) {
+    /* topleve class/module */
+    const char *str;
+    mrb_int len;
+
+    str = mrb_sym2name_len(mrb, mrb_symbol(path), &len);
+    return mrb_str_new(mrb, str, len);
+  }
+  return mrb_str_dup(mrb, path);
+}
+
+MRB_API struct RClass*
+mrb_class_real(struct RClass* cl)
+{
+  if (cl == 0)
+    return NULL;
+  while ((cl->tt == MRB_TT_SCLASS) || (cl->tt == MRB_TT_ICLASS)) {
+    cl = cl->super;
+  }
+  return cl;
+}
+
+MRB_API const char*
+mrb_class_name(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass* c)
+{
+  mrb_value path = mrb_class_path(mrb, c);
+  if (mrb_nil_p(path)) {
+    path = mrb_str_new_lit(mrb, "#<Class:");
+    mrb_str_concat(mrb, path, mrb_ptr_to_str(mrb, c));
+    mrb_str_cat_lit(mrb, path, ">");
+  }
+  return RSTRING_PTR(path);
+}
+
+MRB_API const char*
+mrb_obj_classname(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj)
+{
+  return mrb_class_name(mrb, mrb_obj_class(mrb, obj));
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Ensures a class can be derived from super.
+ *
+ * \param super a reference to an object.
+ * \exception TypeError if \a super is not a Class or \a super is a singleton class.
+ */
+static void
+mrb_check_inheritable(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *super)
+{
+  if (super->tt != MRB_TT_CLASS) {
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "superclass must be a Class (%S given)", mrb_obj_value(super));
+  }
+  if (super->tt == MRB_TT_SCLASS) {
+    mrb_raise(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't make subclass of singleton class");
+  }
+  if (super == mrb->class_class) {
+    mrb_raise(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't make subclass of Class");
+  }
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Creates a new class.
+ * \param super     a class from which the new class derives.
+ * \exception TypeError \a super is not inheritable.
+ * \exception TypeError \a super is the Class class.
+ */
+MRB_API struct RClass*
+mrb_class_new(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *super)
+{
+  struct RClass *c;
+
+  if (super) {
+    mrb_check_inheritable(mrb, super);
+  }
+  c = boot_defclass(mrb, super);
+  if (super) {
+    MRB_SET_INSTANCE_TT(c, MRB_INSTANCE_TT(super));
+  }
+  make_metaclass(mrb, c);
+
+  return c;
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Creates a new module.
+ */
+MRB_API struct RClass*
+mrb_module_new(mrb_state *mrb)
+{
+  struct RClass *m = (struct RClass*)mrb_obj_alloc(mrb, MRB_TT_MODULE, mrb->module_class);
+  boot_initmod(mrb, m);
+  return m;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     obj.class    => class
+ *
+ *  Returns the class of <i>obj</i>, now preferred over
+ *  <code>Object#type</code>, as an object's type in Ruby is only
+ *  loosely tied to that object's class. This method must always be
+ *  called with an explicit receiver, as <code>class</code> is also a
+ *  reserved word in Ruby.
+ *
+ *     1.class      #=> Fixnum
+ *     self.class   #=> Object
+ */
+
+MRB_API struct RClass*
+mrb_obj_class(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj)
+{
+  return mrb_class_real(mrb_class(mrb, obj));
+}
+
+MRB_API void
+mrb_alias_method(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, mrb_sym a, mrb_sym b)
+{
+  mrb_method_t m = mrb_method_search(mrb, c, b);
+
+  mrb_define_method_raw(mrb, c, a, m);
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Defines an alias of a method.
+ * \param klass  the class which the original method belongs to
+ * \param name1  a new name for the method
+ * \param name2  the original name of the method
+ */
+MRB_API void
+mrb_define_alias(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *klass, const char *name1, const char *name2)
+{
+  mrb_alias_method(mrb, klass, mrb_intern_cstr(mrb, name1), mrb_intern_cstr(mrb, name2));
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   mod.to_s   -> string
+ *
+ * Return a string representing this module or class. For basic
+ * classes and modules, this is the name. For singletons, we
+ * show information on the thing we're attached to as well.
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_mod_to_s(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value klass)
+{
+  mrb_value str;
+
+  if (mrb_type(klass) == MRB_TT_SCLASS) {
+    mrb_value v = mrb_iv_get(mrb, klass, mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "__attached__"));
+
+    str = mrb_str_new_lit(mrb, "#<Class:");
+
+    if (class_ptr_p(v)) {
+      mrb_str_cat_str(mrb, str, mrb_inspect(mrb, v));
+    }
+    else {
+      mrb_str_cat_str(mrb, str, mrb_any_to_s(mrb, v));
+    }
+    return mrb_str_cat_lit(mrb, str, ">");
+  }
+  else {
+    struct RClass *c;
+    mrb_value path;
+
+    str = mrb_str_new_capa(mrb, 32);
+    c = mrb_class_ptr(klass);
+    path = mrb_class_path(mrb, c);
+
+    if (mrb_nil_p(path)) {
+      switch (mrb_type(klass)) {
+        case MRB_TT_CLASS:
+          mrb_str_cat_lit(mrb, str, "#<Class:");
+          break;
+
+        case MRB_TT_MODULE:
+          mrb_str_cat_lit(mrb, str, "#<Module:");
+          break;
+
+        default:
+          /* Shouldn't be happened? */
+          mrb_str_cat_lit(mrb, str, "#<??????:");
+          break;
+      }
+      mrb_str_concat(mrb, str, mrb_ptr_to_str(mrb, c));
+      return mrb_str_cat_lit(mrb, str, ">");
+    }
+    else {
+      return path;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_mod_alias(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
+{
+  struct RClass *c = mrb_class_ptr(mod);
+  mrb_sym new_name, old_name;
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "nn", &new_name, &old_name);
+  mrb_alias_method(mrb, c, new_name, old_name);
+  return mrb_nil_value();
+}
+
+static void
+undef_method(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, mrb_sym a)
+{
+  if (!mrb_obj_respond_to(mrb, c, a)) {
+    mrb_name_error(mrb, a, "undefined method '%S' for class '%S'", mrb_sym2str(mrb, a), mrb_obj_value(c));
+  }
+  else {
+    mrb_method_t m;
+
+    MRB_METHOD_FROM_PROC(m, NULL);
+    mrb_define_method_raw(mrb, c, a, m);
+  }
+}
+
+MRB_API void
+mrb_undef_method(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, const char *name)
+{
+  undef_method(mrb, c, mrb_intern_cstr(mrb, name));
+}
+
+MRB_API void
+mrb_undef_class_method(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, const char *name)
+{
+  mrb_undef_method(mrb,  mrb_class_ptr(mrb_singleton_class(mrb, mrb_obj_value(c))), name);
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_mod_undef(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
+{
+  struct RClass *c = mrb_class_ptr(mod);
+  mrb_int argc;
+  mrb_value *argv;
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "*", &argv, &argc);
+  while (argc--) {
+    undef_method(mrb, c, to_sym(mrb, *argv));
+    argv++;
+  }
+  return mrb_nil_value();
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+mod_define_method(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  struct RClass *c = mrb_class_ptr(self);
+  struct RProc *p;
+  mrb_method_t m;
+  mrb_sym mid;
+  mrb_value proc = mrb_undef_value();
+  mrb_value blk;
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "n|o&", &mid, &proc, &blk);
+  switch (mrb_type(proc)) {
+    case MRB_TT_PROC:
+      blk = proc;
+      break;
+    case MRB_TT_UNDEF:
+      /* ignored */
+      break;
+    default:
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "wrong argument type %S (expected Proc)", mrb_obj_value(mrb_obj_class(mrb, proc)));
+      break;
+  }
+  if (mrb_nil_p(blk)) {
+    mrb_raise(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "no block given");
+  }
+  p = (struct RProc*)mrb_obj_alloc(mrb, MRB_TT_PROC, mrb->proc_class);
+  mrb_proc_copy(p, mrb_proc_ptr(blk));
+  p->flags |= MRB_PROC_STRICT;
+  MRB_METHOD_FROM_PROC(m, p);
+  mrb_define_method_raw(mrb, c, mid, m);
+  return mrb_symbol_value(mid);
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+top_define_method(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  return mod_define_method(mrb, mrb_obj_value(mrb->object_class));
+}
+
+static void
+check_cv_name_str(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value str)
+{
+  const char *s = RSTRING_PTR(str);
+  mrb_int len = RSTRING_LEN(str);
+
+  if (len < 3 || !(s[0] == '@' && s[1] == '@')) {
+    mrb_name_error(mrb, mrb_intern_str(mrb, str), "'%S' is not allowed as a class variable name", str);
+  }
+}
+
+static void
+check_cv_name_sym(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym id)
+{
+  check_cv_name_str(mrb, mrb_sym2str(mrb, id));
+}
+
+/* 15.2.2.4.16 */
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     obj.class_variable_defined?(symbol)    -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns <code>true</code> if the given class variable is defined
+ *  in <i>obj</i>.
+ *
+ *     class Fred
+ *       @@foo = 99
+ *     end
+ *     Fred.class_variable_defined?(:@@foo)    #=> true
+ *     Fred.class_variable_defined?(:@@bar)    #=> false
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_mod_cvar_defined(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
+{
+  mrb_sym id;
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "n", &id);
+  check_cv_name_sym(mrb, id);
+  return mrb_bool_value(mrb_cv_defined(mrb, mod, id));
+}
+
+/* 15.2.2.4.17 */
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     mod.class_variable_get(symbol)    -> obj
+ *
+ *  Returns the value of the given class variable (or throws a
+ *  <code>NameError</code> exception). The <code>@@</code> part of the
+ *  variable name should be included for regular class variables
+ *
+ *     class Fred
+ *       @@foo = 99
+ *     end
+ *     Fred.class_variable_get(:@@foo)     #=> 99
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_mod_cvar_get(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
+{
+  mrb_sym id;
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "n", &id);
+  check_cv_name_sym(mrb, id);
+  return mrb_cv_get(mrb, mod, id);
+}
+
+/* 15.2.2.4.18 */
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     obj.class_variable_set(symbol, obj)    -> obj
+ *
+ *  Sets the class variable names by <i>symbol</i> to
+ *  <i>object</i>.
+ *
+ *     class Fred
+ *       @@foo = 99
+ *       def foo
+ *         @@foo
+ *       end
+ *     end
+ *     Fred.class_variable_set(:@@foo, 101)     #=> 101
+ *     Fred.new.foo                             #=> 101
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_mod_cvar_set(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
+{
+  mrb_value value;
+  mrb_sym id;
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "no", &id, &value);
+  check_cv_name_sym(mrb, id);
+  mrb_cv_set(mrb, mod, id, value);
+  return value;
+}
+
+/* 15.2.2.4.39 */
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     remove_class_variable(sym)    -> obj
+ *
+ *  Removes the definition of the <i>sym</i>, returning that
+ *  constant's value.
+ *
+ *     class Dummy
+ *       @@var = 99
+ *       puts @@var
+ *       p class_variables
+ *       remove_class_variable(:@@var)
+ *       p class_variables
+ *     end
+ *
+ *  <em>produces:</em>
+ *
+ *     99
+ *     [:@@var]
+ *     []
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_mod_remove_cvar(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
+{
+  mrb_value val;
+  mrb_sym id;
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "n", &id);
+  check_cv_name_sym(mrb, id);
+
+  val = mrb_iv_remove(mrb, mod, id);
+  if (!mrb_undef_p(val)) return val;
+
+  if (mrb_cv_defined(mrb, mod, id)) {
+    mrb_name_error(mrb, id, "cannot remove %S for %S",
+                   mrb_sym2str(mrb, id), mod);
+  }
+
+  mrb_name_error(mrb, id, "class variable %S not defined for %S",
+                 mrb_sym2str(mrb, id), mod);
+
+ /* not reached */
+ return mrb_nil_value();
+}
+
+/* 15.2.2.4.34 */
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     mod.method_defined?(symbol)    -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns +true+ if the named method is defined by
+ *  _mod_ (or its included modules and, if _mod_ is a class,
+ *  its ancestors). Public and protected methods are matched.
+ *
+ *     module A
+ *       def method1()  end
+ *     end
+ *     class B
+ *       def method2()  end
+ *     end
+ *     class C < B
+ *       include A
+ *       def method3()  end
+ *     end
+ *
+ *     A.method_defined? :method1    #=> true
+ *     C.method_defined? "method1"   #=> true
+ *     C.method_defined? "method2"   #=> true
+ *     C.method_defined? "method3"   #=> true
+ *     C.method_defined? "method4"   #=> false
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_mod_method_defined(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
+{
+  mrb_sym id;
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "n", &id);
+  return mrb_bool_value(mrb_obj_respond_to(mrb, mrb_class_ptr(mod), id));
+}
+
+static void
+remove_method(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod, mrb_sym mid)
+{
+  struct RClass *c = mrb_class_ptr(mod);
+  khash_t(mt) *h = find_origin(c)->mt;
+  khiter_t k;
+
+  if (h) {
+    k = kh_get(mt, mrb, h, mid);
+    if (k != kh_end(h)) {
+      kh_del(mt, mrb, h, k);
+      mrb_funcall(mrb, mod, "method_removed", 1, mrb_symbol_value(mid));
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  mrb_name_error(mrb, mid, "method '%S' not defined in %S",
+    mrb_sym2str(mrb, mid), mod);
+}
+
+/* 15.2.2.4.41 */
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     remove_method(symbol)   -> self
+ *
+ *  Removes the method identified by _symbol_ from the current
+ *  class. For an example, see <code>Module.undef_method</code>.
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_mod_remove_method(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
+{
+  mrb_int argc;
+  mrb_value *argv;
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "*", &argv, &argc);
+  while (argc--) {
+    remove_method(mrb, mod, to_sym(mrb, *argv));
+    argv++;
+  }
+  return mod;
+}
+
+
+
+static void
+check_const_name_str(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value str)
+{
+  if (RSTRING_LEN(str) < 1 || !ISUPPER(*RSTRING_PTR(str))) {
+    mrb_name_error(mrb, mrb_intern_str(mrb, str), "wrong constant name %S", str);
+  }
+}
+
+static void
+check_const_name_sym(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym id)
+{
+  check_const_name_str(mrb, mrb_sym2str(mrb, id));
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+const_defined(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod, mrb_sym id, mrb_bool inherit)
+{
+  if (inherit) {
+    return mrb_bool_value(mrb_const_defined(mrb, mod, id));
+  }
+  return mrb_bool_value(mrb_const_defined_at(mrb, mod, id));
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_mod_const_defined(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
+{
+  mrb_sym id;
+  mrb_bool inherit = TRUE;
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "n|b", &id, &inherit);
+  check_const_name_sym(mrb, id);
+  return const_defined(mrb, mod, id, inherit);
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_const_get_sym(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod, mrb_sym id)
+{
+  check_const_name_sym(mrb, id);
+  return mrb_const_get(mrb, mod, id);
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_mod_const_get(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
+{
+  mrb_value path;
+  mrb_sym id;
+  char *ptr;
+  mrb_int off, end, len;
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &path);
+
+  if (mrb_symbol_p(path)) {
+    /* const get with symbol */
+    id = mrb_symbol(path);
+    return mrb_const_get_sym(mrb, mod, id);
+  }
+
+  /* const get with class path string */
+  path = mrb_string_type(mrb, path);
+  ptr = RSTRING_PTR(path);
+  len = RSTRING_LEN(path);
+  off = 0;
+
+  while (off < len) {
+    end = mrb_str_index_lit(mrb, path, "::", off);
+    end = (end == -1) ? len : end;
+    id = mrb_intern(mrb, ptr+off, end-off);
+    mod = mrb_const_get_sym(mrb, mod, id);
+    off = (end == len) ? end : end+2;
+  }
+
+  return mod;
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_mod_const_set(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
+{
+  mrb_sym id;
+  mrb_value value;
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "no", &id, &value);
+  check_const_name_sym(mrb, id);
+  mrb_const_set(mrb, mod, id, value);
+  return value;
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_mod_remove_const(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
+{
+  mrb_sym id;
+  mrb_value val;
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "n", &id);
+  check_const_name_sym(mrb, id);
+  val = mrb_iv_remove(mrb, mod, id);
+  if (mrb_undef_p(val)) {
+    mrb_name_error(mrb, id, "constant %S not defined", mrb_sym2str(mrb, id));
+  }
+  return val;
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_mod_const_missing(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
+{
+  mrb_sym sym;
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "n", &sym);
+
+  if (mrb_class_real(mrb_class_ptr(mod)) != mrb->object_class) {
+    mrb_name_error(mrb, sym, "uninitialized constant %S::%S",
+                   mod,
+                   mrb_sym2str(mrb, sym));
+  }
+  else {
+    mrb_name_error(mrb, sym, "uninitialized constant %S",
+                   mrb_sym2str(mrb, sym));
+  }
+  /* not reached */
+  return mrb_nil_value();
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_mod_s_constants(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
+{
+  mrb_raise(mrb, E_NOTIMP_ERROR, "Module.constants not implemented");
+  return mrb_nil_value();       /* not reached */
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_mod_eqq(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
+{
+  mrb_value obj;
+  mrb_bool eqq;
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &obj);
+  eqq = mrb_obj_is_kind_of(mrb, obj, mrb_class_ptr(mod));
+
+  return mrb_bool_value(eqq);
+}
+
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_mod_module_function(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
+{
+  mrb_value *argv;
+  mrb_int argc, i;
+  mrb_sym mid;
+  mrb_method_t m;
+  struct RClass *rclass;
+  int ai;
+
+  mrb_check_type(mrb, mod, MRB_TT_MODULE);
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "*", &argv, &argc);
+  if (argc == 0) {
+    /* set MODFUNC SCOPE if implemented */
+    return mod;
+  }
+
+  /* set PRIVATE method visibility if implemented */
+  /* mrb_mod_dummy_visibility(mrb, mod); */
+
+  for (i=0; i<argc; i++) {
+    mrb_check_type(mrb, argv[i], MRB_TT_SYMBOL);
+
+    mid = mrb_symbol(argv[i]);
+    rclass = mrb_class_ptr(mod);
+    m = mrb_method_search(mrb, rclass, mid);
+
+    prepare_singleton_class(mrb, (struct RBasic*)rclass);
+    ai = mrb_gc_arena_save(mrb);
+    mrb_define_method_raw(mrb, rclass->c, mid, m);
+    mrb_gc_arena_restore(mrb, ai);
+  }
+
+  return mod;
+}
+
+/* implementation of __id__ */
+mrb_value mrb_obj_id_m(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self);
+/* implementation of instance_eval */
+mrb_value mrb_obj_instance_eval(mrb_state*, mrb_value);
+/* implementation of Module.nesting */
+mrb_value mrb_mod_s_nesting(mrb_state*, mrb_value);
+
+static mrb_value
+inspect_main(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
+{
+  return mrb_str_new_lit(mrb, "main");
+}
+
+void
+mrb_init_class(mrb_state *mrb)
+{
+  struct RClass *bob;           /* BasicObject */
+  struct RClass *obj;           /* Object */
+  struct RClass *mod;           /* Module */
+  struct RClass *cls;           /* Class */
+
+  /* boot class hierarchy */
+  bob = boot_defclass(mrb, 0);
+  obj = boot_defclass(mrb, bob); mrb->object_class = obj;
+  mod = boot_defclass(mrb, obj); mrb->module_class = mod;/* obj -> mod */
+  cls = boot_defclass(mrb, mod); mrb->class_class = cls; /* obj -> cls */
+  /* fix-up loose ends */
+  bob->c = obj->c = mod->c = cls->c = cls;
+  make_metaclass(mrb, bob);
+  make_metaclass(mrb, obj);
+  make_metaclass(mrb, mod);
+  make_metaclass(mrb, cls);
+
+  /* name basic classes */
+  mrb_define_const(mrb, bob, "BasicObject", mrb_obj_value(bob));
+  mrb_define_const(mrb, obj, "BasicObject", mrb_obj_value(bob));
+  mrb_define_const(mrb, obj, "Object",      mrb_obj_value(obj));
+  mrb_define_const(mrb, obj, "Module",      mrb_obj_value(mod));
+  mrb_define_const(mrb, obj, "Class",       mrb_obj_value(cls));
+
+  /* name each classes */
+  mrb_class_name_class(mrb, NULL, bob, mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "BasicObject"));
+  mrb_class_name_class(mrb, NULL, obj, mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "Object")); /* 15.2.1 */
+  mrb_class_name_class(mrb, NULL, mod, mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "Module")); /* 15.2.2 */
+  mrb_class_name_class(mrb, NULL, cls, mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "Class"));  /* 15.2.3 */
+
+  mrb->proc_class = mrb_define_class(mrb, "Proc", mrb->object_class);  /* 15.2.17 */
+  MRB_SET_INSTANCE_TT(mrb->proc_class, MRB_TT_PROC);
+
+  MRB_SET_INSTANCE_TT(cls, MRB_TT_CLASS);
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, bob, "initialize",              mrb_bob_init,             MRB_ARGS_NONE());
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, bob, "!",                       mrb_bob_not,              MRB_ARGS_NONE());
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, bob, "==",                      mrb_obj_equal_m,          MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)); /* 15.3.1.3.1  */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, bob, "!=",                      mrb_obj_not_equal_m,      MRB_ARGS_REQ(1));
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, bob, "__id__",                  mrb_obj_id_m,             MRB_ARGS_NONE()); /* 15.3.1.3.3  */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, bob, "__send__",                mrb_f_send,               MRB_ARGS_ANY());  /* 15.3.1.3.4  */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, bob, "instance_eval",           mrb_obj_instance_eval,    MRB_ARGS_ANY());  /* 15.3.1.3.18 */
+
+  mrb_define_class_method(mrb, cls, "new",               mrb_class_new_class,      MRB_ARGS_OPT(1));
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, cls, "superclass",              mrb_class_superclass,     MRB_ARGS_NONE()); /* 15.2.3.3.4 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, cls, "new",                     mrb_instance_new,         MRB_ARGS_ANY());  /* 15.2.3.3.3 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, cls, "initialize",              mrb_class_initialize,     MRB_ARGS_OPT(1)); /* 15.2.3.3.1 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, cls, "inherited",               mrb_bob_init,             MRB_ARGS_REQ(1));
+
+  MRB_SET_INSTANCE_TT(mod, MRB_TT_MODULE);
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "class_variable_defined?", mrb_mod_cvar_defined,     MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)); /* 15.2.2.4.16 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "class_variable_get",      mrb_mod_cvar_get,         MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)); /* 15.2.2.4.17 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "class_variable_set",      mrb_mod_cvar_set,         MRB_ARGS_REQ(2)); /* 15.2.2.4.18 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "extend_object",           mrb_mod_extend_object,    MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)); /* 15.2.2.4.25 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "extended",                mrb_bob_init,             MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)); /* 15.2.2.4.26 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "prepended",               mrb_bob_init,             MRB_ARGS_REQ(1));
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "prepend_features",        mrb_mod_prepend_features, MRB_ARGS_REQ(1));
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "include?",                mrb_mod_include_p,        MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)); /* 15.2.2.4.28 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "append_features",         mrb_mod_append_features,  MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)); /* 15.2.2.4.10 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "class_eval",              mrb_mod_module_eval,      MRB_ARGS_ANY());  /* 15.2.2.4.15 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "included",                mrb_bob_init,             MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)); /* 15.2.2.4.29 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "included_modules",        mrb_mod_included_modules, MRB_ARGS_NONE()); /* 15.2.2.4.30 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "initialize",              mrb_mod_initialize,       MRB_ARGS_NONE()); /* 15.2.2.4.31 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "instance_methods",        mrb_mod_instance_methods, MRB_ARGS_ANY());  /* 15.2.2.4.33 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "method_defined?",         mrb_mod_method_defined,   MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)); /* 15.2.2.4.34 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "module_eval",             mrb_mod_module_eval,      MRB_ARGS_ANY());  /* 15.2.2.4.35 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "module_function",         mrb_mod_module_function,  MRB_ARGS_ANY());
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "private",                 mrb_mod_dummy_visibility, MRB_ARGS_ANY());  /* 15.2.2.4.36 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "protected",               mrb_mod_dummy_visibility, MRB_ARGS_ANY());  /* 15.2.2.4.37 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "public",                  mrb_mod_dummy_visibility, MRB_ARGS_ANY());  /* 15.2.2.4.38 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "remove_class_variable",   mrb_mod_remove_cvar,      MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)); /* 15.2.2.4.39 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "remove_method",           mrb_mod_remove_method,    MRB_ARGS_ANY());  /* 15.2.2.4.41 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "method_removed",          mrb_bob_init,             MRB_ARGS_REQ(1));
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "attr_reader",             mrb_mod_attr_reader,      MRB_ARGS_ANY());  /* 15.2.2.4.13 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "attr_writer",             mrb_mod_attr_writer,      MRB_ARGS_ANY());  /* 15.2.2.4.14 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "to_s",                    mrb_mod_to_s,             MRB_ARGS_NONE());
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "inspect",                 mrb_mod_to_s,             MRB_ARGS_NONE());
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "alias_method",            mrb_mod_alias,            MRB_ARGS_ANY());  /* 15.2.2.4.8 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "ancestors",               mrb_mod_ancestors,        MRB_ARGS_NONE()); /* 15.2.2.4.9 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "undef_method",            mrb_mod_undef,            MRB_ARGS_ANY());  /* 15.2.2.4.41 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "const_defined?",          mrb_mod_const_defined,    MRB_ARGS_ARG(1,1)); /* 15.2.2.4.20 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "const_get",               mrb_mod_const_get,        MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)); /* 15.2.2.4.21 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "const_set",               mrb_mod_const_set,        MRB_ARGS_REQ(2)); /* 15.2.2.4.23 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "constants",               mrb_mod_constants,        MRB_ARGS_OPT(1)); /* 15.2.2.4.24 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "remove_const",            mrb_mod_remove_const,     MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)); /* 15.2.2.4.40 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "const_missing",           mrb_mod_const_missing,    MRB_ARGS_REQ(1));
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "define_method",           mod_define_method,        MRB_ARGS_ARG(1,1));
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "class_variables",         mrb_mod_class_variables,  MRB_ARGS_NONE()); /* 15.2.2.4.19 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "===",                     mrb_mod_eqq,              MRB_ARGS_REQ(1));
+  mrb_define_class_method(mrb, mod, "constants",         mrb_mod_s_constants,      MRB_ARGS_ANY());  /* 15.2.2.3.1 */
+  mrb_define_class_method(mrb, mod, "nesting",           mrb_mod_s_nesting,        MRB_ARGS_REQ(0)); /* 15.2.2.3.2 */
+
+  mrb_undef_method(mrb, cls, "append_features");
+  mrb_undef_method(mrb, cls, "extend_object");
+
+  mrb->top_self = (struct RObject*)mrb_obj_alloc(mrb, MRB_TT_OBJECT, mrb->object_class);
+  mrb_define_singleton_method(mrb, mrb->top_self, "inspect", inspect_main, MRB_ARGS_NONE());
+  mrb_define_singleton_method(mrb, mrb->top_self, "to_s", inspect_main, MRB_ARGS_NONE());
+  mrb_define_singleton_method(mrb, mrb->top_self, "define_method", top_define_method, MRB_ARGS_ARG(1,1));
+}