qiskit 2.1.0rc1__cp39-abi3-manylinux2014_aarch64.manylinux_2_17_aarch64.whl

qiskit/transpiler/passes/layout/vf2_post_layout.py

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+# This code is part of Qiskit.
+#
+# (C) Copyright IBM 2021.
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE.txt file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+
+
+"""VF2PostLayout pass to find a layout after transpile using subgraph isomorphism"""
+from enum import Enum
+import logging
+import inspect
+import itertools
+import time
+
+from rustworkx import PyDiGraph, vf2_mapping, PyGraph
+
+from qiskit.transpiler.layout import Layout
+from qiskit.transpiler.basepasses import AnalysisPass
+from qiskit.transpiler.exceptions import TranspilerError
+from qiskit.transpiler.passes.layout import vf2_utils
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class VF2PostLayoutStopReason(Enum):
+    """Stop reasons for VF2PostLayout pass."""
+
+    SOLUTION_FOUND = "solution found"
+    NO_BETTER_SOLUTION_FOUND = "no better solution found"
+    NO_SOLUTION_FOUND = "nonexistent solution"
+    MORE_THAN_2Q = ">2q gates in basis"
+
+
+def _target_match(node_a, node_b):
+    # Node A is the set of operations in the target. Node B is the count dict
+    # of operations on the node or edge in the circuit.
+    if isinstance(node_a, set):
+        return node_a.issuperset(node_b.keys())
+    # Node A is the count dict of operations on the node or edge in the circuit
+    # Node B is the set of operations in the target on the same qubit(s).
+    else:
+        return set(node_a).issubset(node_b)
+
+
+class VF2PostLayout(AnalysisPass):
+    """A pass for improving an existing Layout after transpilation of a circuit onto a
+    Coupling graph, as a subgraph isomorphism problem, solved by VF2++.
+
+    Unlike the :class:`~.VF2Layout` transpiler pass which is designed to find an
+    initial layout for a circuit early in the transpilation pipeline this transpiler
+    pass is designed to try and find a better layout after transpilation is complete.
+    The initial layout phase of the transpiler doesn't have as much information available
+    as we do after transpilation. This pass is designed to be paired in a similar pipeline
+    as the layout passes. This pass will strip any idle wires from the circuit, use VF2
+    to find a subgraph in the coupling graph for the circuit to run on with better fidelity
+    and then update the circuit layout to use the new qubits. The algorithm used in this
+    pass is described in `arXiv:2209.15512 <https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.15512>`__.
+
+    If a solution is found that means there is a lower error layout available for the
+    circuit. If a solution is found the layout will be set in the property set as
+    ``property_set['post_layout']``. However, if no solution or no better solution is found, no
+    ``property_set['post_layout']`` is set. The stopping reason is
+    set in ``property_set['VF2PostLayout_stop_reason']`` in all the cases and will be
+    one of the values enumerated in ``VF2PostLayoutStopReason`` which has the
+    following values:
+
+        * ``"solution found"``: If a solution was found.
+        * ``"no better solution found"``: If the initial layout of the circuit is the best solution.
+        * ``"nonexistent solution"``: If no solution was found.
+        * ``">2q gates in basis"``: If VF2PostLayout can't work with the basis of the circuit.
+
+    By default, this pass will construct a heuristic scoring map based on
+    the error rates in the provided ``target``. However, analysis passes can be run prior to this pass
+    and set ``vf2_avg_error_map`` in the property set with a :class:`~.ErrorMap`
+    instance. If a value is ``NaN`` that is treated as an ideal edge
+    For example if an error map is created as::
+
+        from qiskit.transpiler.passes.layout.vf2_utils import ErrorMap
+
+        error_map = ErrorMap(3)
+        error_map.add_error((0, 0), 0.0024)
+        error_map.add_error((0, 1), 0.01)
+        error_map.add_error((1, 1), 0.0032)
+
+    that represents the error map for a 2 qubit target, where the avg 1q error
+    rate is ``0.0024`` on qubit 0 and ``0.0032`` on qubit 1. Then the avg 2q
+    error rate for gates that operate on (0, 1) is 0.01 and (1, 0) is not
+    supported by the target. This will be used for scoring if it's set as the
+    ``vf2_avg_error_map`` key in the property set when :class:`~.VF2PostLayout`
+    is run.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        target=None,
+        seed=None,
+        call_limit=None,
+        time_limit=None,
+        strict_direction=True,
+        max_trials=0,
+    ):
+        """Initialize a ``VF2PostLayout`` pass instance
+
+        Args:
+            target (Target): A target representing the backend device to run ``VF2PostLayout`` on.
+            seed (int): Sets the seed of the PRNG. -1 Means no node shuffling.
+            call_limit (int): The number of state visits to attempt in each execution of
+                VF2.
+            time_limit (float): The total time limit in seconds to run ``VF2PostLayout``
+            strict_direction (bool): Whether the pass is configured to follow
+                the strict direction in the coupling graph. If this is set to
+                false, the pass will treat any edge in the coupling graph as
+                a weak edge and the interaction graph will be undirected. For
+                the purposes of evaluating layouts the avg error rate for
+                each qubit and 2q link will be used. This enables the pass to be
+                run prior to basis translation and work with any 1q and 2q operations.
+                However, if ``strict_direction=True`` the pass expects the input
+                :class:`~.DAGCircuit` object to :meth:`~.VF2PostLayout.run` to be in
+                the target set of instructions.
+            max_trials (int): The maximum number of trials to run VF2 to find
+                a layout. A value of ``0`` (the default) means 'unlimited'.
+
+        Raises:
+            TypeError: At runtime, if ``target`` isn't provided.
+        """
+        super().__init__()
+        self.target = target
+        self.call_limit = call_limit
+        self.time_limit = time_limit
+        self.max_trials = max_trials
+        self.seed = seed
+        self.strict_direction = strict_direction
+        self.avg_error_map = None
+
+    def run(self, dag):
+        """run the layout method"""
+        if self.target is None:
+            raise TranspilerError("A target must be specified or a coupling map must be provided")
+        if not self.strict_direction:
+            self.avg_error_map = self.property_set["vf2_avg_error_map"]
+            if self.avg_error_map is None:
+                self.avg_error_map = vf2_utils.build_average_error_map(self.target, None)
+
+        result = vf2_utils.build_interaction_graph(dag, self.strict_direction)
+        if result is None:
+            self.property_set["VF2PostLayout_stop_reason"] = VF2PostLayoutStopReason.MORE_THAN_2Q
+            return
+        im_graph, im_graph_node_map, reverse_im_graph_node_map, free_nodes = result
+        scoring_bit_list = vf2_utils.build_bit_list(im_graph, im_graph_node_map)
+        scoring_edge_list = vf2_utils.build_edge_list(im_graph)
+
+        # If qargs is None then target is global and ideal so no
+        # scoring is needed
+        if self.target.qargs is None:
+            return
+        if self.strict_direction:
+            cm_graph = PyDiGraph(multigraph=False)
+        else:
+            cm_graph = PyGraph(multigraph=False)
+        # If None is present in qargs there are globally defined ideal operations
+        # we should add these to all entries based on the number of qubits, so we
+        # treat that as a valid operation even if there is no scoring for the
+        # strict direction case
+        global_ops = None
+        if None in self.target.qargs:
+            global_ops = {1: [], 2: []}
+            for op in self.target.operation_names_for_qargs(None):
+                operation = self.target.operation_for_name(op)
+                # If operation is a class this is a variable width ideal instruction
+                # so we treat it as available on both 1 and 2 qubits
+                if inspect.isclass(operation):
+                    global_ops[1].append(op)
+                    global_ops[2].append(op)
+                else:
+                    num_qubits = operation.num_qubits
+                    if num_qubits in global_ops:
+                        global_ops[num_qubits].append(op)
+        op_names = []
+        for i in range(self.target.num_qubits):
+            try:
+                entry = set(self.target.operation_names_for_qargs((i,)))
+            except KeyError:
+                entry = set()
+            if global_ops is not None:
+                entry.update(global_ops[1])
+            op_names.append(entry)
+        cm_graph.add_nodes_from(op_names)
+        for qargs in self.target.qargs:
+            len_args = len(qargs)
+            # If qargs == 1 we already populated it and if qargs > 2 there are no instructions
+            # using those in the circuit because we'd have already returned by this point
+            if len_args == 2:
+                ops = set(self.target.operation_names_for_qargs(qargs))
+                if global_ops is not None:
+                    ops.update(global_ops[2])
+                cm_graph.add_edge(qargs[0], qargs[1], ops)
+        cm_nodes = list(cm_graph.node_indexes())
+        # Filter qubits without any supported operations. If they
+        # don't support any operations, they're not valid for layout selection.
+        # This is only needed in the undirected case because in strict direction
+        # mode the node matcher will not match since none of the circuit ops
+        # will match the cmap ops.
+        if not self.strict_direction:
+            has_operations = set(itertools.chain.from_iterable(self.target.qargs))
+            to_remove = set(cm_graph.node_indices()).difference(has_operations)
+            if to_remove:
+                cm_graph.remove_nodes_from(list(to_remove))
+
+        logger.debug("Running VF2 to find post transpile mappings")
+        if self.target and self.strict_direction:
+            mappings = vf2_mapping(
+                cm_graph,
+                im_graph,
+                node_matcher=_target_match,
+                edge_matcher=_target_match,
+                subgraph=True,
+                id_order=False,
+                induced=False,
+                call_limit=self.call_limit,
+            )
+        else:
+            mappings = vf2_mapping(
+                cm_graph,
+                im_graph,
+                subgraph=True,
+                id_order=False,
+                induced=False,
+                call_limit=self.call_limit,
+            )
+        chosen_layout = None
+        try:
+            if self.strict_direction:
+                initial_layout = Layout({bit: index for index, bit in enumerate(dag.qubits)})
+                chosen_layout_score = self._score_layout(
+                    initial_layout,
+                    im_graph_node_map,
+                    reverse_im_graph_node_map,
+                    im_graph,
+                )
+            else:
+                initial_layout = {
+                    im_graph_node_map[bit]: index
+                    for index, bit in enumerate(dag.qubits)
+                    if bit in im_graph_node_map
+                }
+                chosen_layout_score = vf2_utils.score_layout(
+                    self.avg_error_map,
+                    initial_layout,
+                    im_graph_node_map,
+                    reverse_im_graph_node_map,
+                    im_graph,
+                    self.strict_direction,
+                    edge_list=scoring_edge_list,
+                    bit_list=scoring_bit_list,
+                )
+            chosen_layout = initial_layout
+            stop_reason = VF2PostLayoutStopReason.NO_BETTER_SOLUTION_FOUND
+        # Circuit not in basis so we have nothing to compare against return here
+        except KeyError:
+            self.property_set["VF2PostLayout_stop_reason"] = (
+                VF2PostLayoutStopReason.NO_SOLUTION_FOUND
+            )
+            return
+
+        logger.debug("Initial layout has score %s", chosen_layout_score)
+
+        start_time = time.time()
+        trials = 0
+        for mapping in mappings:
+            trials += 1
+            logger.debug("Running trial: %s", trials)
+            layout_mapping = {im_i: cm_nodes[cm_i] for cm_i, im_i in mapping.items()}
+            if self.strict_direction:
+                layout = Layout(
+                    {reverse_im_graph_node_map[k]: v for k, v in layout_mapping.items()}
+                )
+                layout_score = self._score_layout(
+                    layout, im_graph_node_map, reverse_im_graph_node_map, im_graph
+                )
+            else:
+                layout_score = vf2_utils.score_layout(
+                    self.avg_error_map,
+                    layout_mapping,
+                    im_graph_node_map,
+                    reverse_im_graph_node_map,
+                    im_graph,
+                    self.strict_direction,
+                    edge_list=scoring_edge_list,
+                    bit_list=scoring_bit_list,
+                )
+            logger.debug("Trial %s has score %s", trials, layout_score)
+            if layout_score < chosen_layout_score:
+                layout = Layout(
+                    {reverse_im_graph_node_map[k]: v for k, v in layout_mapping.items()}
+                )
+                logger.debug(
+                    "Found layout %s has a lower score (%s) than previous best %s (%s)",
+                    layout,
+                    layout_score,
+                    chosen_layout,
+                    chosen_layout_score,
+                )
+                chosen_layout = layout
+                chosen_layout_score = layout_score
+                stop_reason = VF2PostLayoutStopReason.SOLUTION_FOUND
+
+            if self.max_trials and trials >= self.max_trials:
+                logger.debug("Trial %s is >= configured max trials %s", trials, self.max_trials)
+                break
+
+            elapsed_time = time.time() - start_time
+            if self.time_limit is not None and elapsed_time >= self.time_limit:
+                logger.debug(
+                    "VFPostLayout has taken %s which exceeds configured max time: %s",
+                    elapsed_time,
+                    self.time_limit,
+                )
+                break
+        if stop_reason == VF2PostLayoutStopReason.SOLUTION_FOUND:
+            chosen_layout = vf2_utils.map_free_qubits(
+                free_nodes,
+                chosen_layout,
+                cm_graph.num_nodes(),
+                reverse_im_graph_node_map,
+                self.avg_error_map,
+            )
+            existing_layout = self.property_set["layout"]
+            # If any ancillas in initial layout map them back to the final layout output
+            if existing_layout is not None and len(existing_layout) > len(chosen_layout):
+                virtual_bits = chosen_layout.get_virtual_bits()
+                used_bits = set(virtual_bits.values())
+                num_qubits = len(cm_graph)
+                for bit in dag.qubits:
+                    if len(chosen_layout) == len(existing_layout):
+                        break
+                    if bit not in virtual_bits:
+                        for i in range(num_qubits):
+                            if i not in used_bits:
+                                used_bits.add(i)
+                                chosen_layout.add(bit, i)
+                                break
+            self.property_set["post_layout"] = chosen_layout
+        else:
+            if chosen_layout is None:
+                stop_reason = VF2PostLayoutStopReason.NO_SOLUTION_FOUND
+            # else the initial layout is optimal -> don't set post_layout, return 'no better solution'
+        self.property_set["VF2PostLayout_stop_reason"] = stop_reason
+
+    def _score_layout(self, layout, bit_map, reverse_bit_map, im_graph):
+        bits = layout.get_virtual_bits()
+        fidelity = 1
+        if self.target is not None:
+            for bit, node_index in bit_map.items():
+                gate_counts = im_graph[node_index]
+                for gate, count in gate_counts.items():
+                    if self.target[gate] is not None and None not in self.target[gate]:
+                        props = self.target[gate][(bits[bit],)]
+                        if props is not None and props.error is not None:
+                            fidelity *= (1 - props.error) ** count
+
+            for edge in im_graph.edge_index_map().values():
+                qargs = (bits[reverse_bit_map[edge[0]]], bits[reverse_bit_map[edge[1]]])
+                gate_counts = edge[2]
+                for gate, count in gate_counts.items():
+                    if self.target[gate] is not None and None not in self.target[gate]:
+                        props = self.target[gate][qargs]
+                        if props is not None and props.error is not None:
+                            fidelity *= (1 - props.error) ** count
+        return 1 - fidelity

qiskit/transpiler/passes/layout/vf2_utils.py

@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+# This code is part of Qiskit.
+#
+# (C) Copyright IBM 2022.
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE.txt file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+
+"""This module contains common utils for vf2 layout passes."""
+
+from collections import defaultdict
+import random
+
+import numpy as np
+from rustworkx import PyDiGraph, PyGraph, connected_components
+
+from qiskit.circuit import ForLoopOp
+from qiskit.converters import circuit_to_dag
+from qiskit.transpiler.target import Target
+from qiskit._accelerate import vf2_layout
+from qiskit._accelerate.nlayout import NLayout
+from qiskit._accelerate.error_map import ErrorMap
+
+
+def build_interaction_graph(dag, strict_direction=True):
+    """Build an interaction graph from a dag."""
+    im_graph = PyDiGraph(multigraph=False) if strict_direction else PyGraph(multigraph=False)
+    im_graph_node_map = {}
+    reverse_im_graph_node_map = {}
+
+    class MultiQEncountered(Exception):
+        """Used to singal an error-status return from the DAG visitor."""
+
+    def _visit(dag, weight, wire_map):
+        for node in dag.op_nodes(include_directives=False):
+            if node.is_control_flow():
+                if isinstance(node.op, ForLoopOp):
+                    inner_weight = len(node.op.params[0]) * weight
+                else:
+                    inner_weight = weight
+                for block in node.op.blocks:
+                    inner_wire_map = {
+                        inner: wire_map[outer] for outer, inner in zip(node.qargs, block.qubits)
+                    }
+                    _visit(circuit_to_dag(block), inner_weight, inner_wire_map)
+                continue
+            len_args = len(node.qargs)
+            qargs = [wire_map[q] for q in node.qargs]
+            if len_args == 1:
+                if qargs[0] not in im_graph_node_map:
+                    weights = defaultdict(int)
+                    weights[node.name] += weight
+                    im_graph_node_map[qargs[0]] = im_graph.add_node(weights)
+                    reverse_im_graph_node_map[im_graph_node_map[qargs[0]]] = qargs[0]
+                else:
+                    im_graph[im_graph_node_map[qargs[0]]][node.name] += weight
+            if len_args == 2:
+                if qargs[0] not in im_graph_node_map:
+                    im_graph_node_map[qargs[0]] = im_graph.add_node(defaultdict(int))
+                    reverse_im_graph_node_map[im_graph_node_map[qargs[0]]] = qargs[0]
+                if qargs[1] not in im_graph_node_map:
+                    im_graph_node_map[qargs[1]] = im_graph.add_node(defaultdict(int))
+                    reverse_im_graph_node_map[im_graph_node_map[qargs[1]]] = qargs[1]
+                edge = (im_graph_node_map[qargs[0]], im_graph_node_map[qargs[1]])
+                if im_graph.has_edge(*edge):
+                    im_graph.get_edge_data(*edge)[node.name] += weight
+                else:
+                    weights = defaultdict(int)
+                    weights[node.name] += weight
+                    im_graph.add_edge(*edge, weights)
+            if len_args > 2:
+                raise MultiQEncountered()
+
+    try:
+        _visit(dag, 1, {bit: bit for bit in dag.qubits})
+    except MultiQEncountered:
+        return None
+    # Remove components with no 2q interactions from interaction graph
+    # these will be evaluated separately independently of scoring isomorphic
+    # mappings. This is not done for strict direction because for post layout
+    # we need to factor in local operation constraints when evaluating a graph
+    free_nodes = {}
+    if not strict_direction:
+        conn_comp = connected_components(im_graph)
+        for comp in conn_comp:
+            if len(comp) == 1:
+                index = comp.pop()
+                free_nodes[index] = im_graph[index]
+                im_graph.remove_node(index)
+
+    return im_graph, im_graph_node_map, reverse_im_graph_node_map, free_nodes
+
+
+def build_edge_list(im_graph):
+    """Generate an edge list for scoring."""
+    return vf2_layout.EdgeList(
+        [((edge[0], edge[1]), sum(edge[2].values())) for edge in im_graph.edge_index_map().values()]
+    )
+
+
+def build_bit_list(im_graph, bit_map):
+    """Generate a bit list for scoring."""
+    bit_list = np.zeros(len(im_graph), dtype=np.int32)
+    for node_index in bit_map.values():
+        try:
+            bit_list[node_index] = sum(im_graph[node_index].values())
+        # If node_index not in im_graph that means there was a standalone
+        # node we will score/sort separately outside the vf2 mapping, so we
+        # can skip the hole
+        except IndexError:
+            pass
+    return bit_list
+
+
+def score_layout(
+    avg_error_map,
+    layout_mapping,
+    bit_map,
+    _reverse_bit_map,
+    im_graph,
+    strict_direction=False,
+    run_in_parallel=False,
+    edge_list=None,
+    bit_list=None,
+):
+    """Score a layout given an average error map."""
+    if layout_mapping:
+        size = max(max(layout_mapping), max(layout_mapping.values()))
+    else:
+        size = 0
+    nlayout = NLayout(layout_mapping, size + 1, size + 1)
+    if bit_list is None:
+        bit_list = build_bit_list(im_graph, bit_map)
+    if edge_list is None:
+        edge_list = build_edge_list(im_graph)
+    return vf2_layout.score_layout(
+        bit_list, edge_list, avg_error_map, nlayout, strict_direction, run_in_parallel
+    )
+
+
+def build_dummy_target(coupling_map) -> Target:
+    """Build a dummy target with no error rates that represents the coupling in ``coupling_map``."""
+    # The choice of basis gates is completely arbitrary, and we have no source of error rates.
+    # We just want _something_ to represent the coupling constraints.
+    return Target.from_configuration(
+        basis_gates=["u", "cx"], num_qubits=coupling_map.size(), coupling_map=coupling_map
+    )
+
+
+def build_average_error_map(target, coupling_map):
+    """Build an average error map used for scoring layouts pre-basis translation."""
+    num_qubits = 0
+    if target is not None and target.qargs is not None:
+        num_qubits = target.num_qubits
+        avg_map = ErrorMap(len(target.qargs))
+    elif coupling_map is not None:
+        num_qubits = coupling_map.size()
+        avg_map = ErrorMap(num_qubits + coupling_map.graph.num_edges())
+    else:
+        # If coupling map is not defined almost certainly we don't have any
+        # data to build an error map, but just in case initialize an empty
+        # object
+        avg_map = ErrorMap(0)
+    built = False
+    if target is not None and target.qargs is not None:
+        for qargs in target.qargs:
+            if qargs is None:
+                continue
+            qarg_error = 0.0
+            count = 0
+            for op in target.operation_names_for_qargs(qargs):
+                inst_props = target[op].get(qargs, None)
+                if inst_props is not None and inst_props.error is not None:
+                    count += 1
+                    qarg_error += inst_props.error
+            if count > 0:
+                if len(qargs) == 1:
+                    qargs = (qargs[0], qargs[0])
+                avg_map.add_error(qargs, qarg_error / count)
+                built = True
+    # if there are no error rates in the target we should fallback to using the degree heuristic
+    # used for a coupling map. To do this we can build the coupling map from the target before
+    # running the fallback heuristic
+    if not built and target is not None and coupling_map is None:
+        coupling_map = target.build_coupling_map()
+    if not built and coupling_map is not None and num_qubits is not None:
+        for qubit in range(num_qubits):
+            neighbor_set = set(coupling_map.graph.successor_indices(qubit))
+            neighbor_set.update(coupling_map.graph.predecessor_indices(qubit))
+            degree = len(neighbor_set)
+            avg_map.add_error((qubit, qubit), degree / num_qubits)
+        for edge in coupling_map.graph.edge_list():
+            avg_map.add_error(edge, (avg_map[edge[0], edge[0]] + avg_map[edge[1], edge[1]]) / 2)
+            built = True
+    if built:
+        return avg_map
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def shuffle_coupling_graph(coupling_map, seed, strict_direction=True):
+    """Create a shuffled coupling graph from a coupling map."""
+    if strict_direction:
+        cm_graph = coupling_map.graph
+    else:
+        cm_graph = coupling_map.graph.to_undirected(multigraph=False)
+    cm_nodes = list(cm_graph.node_indexes())
+    if seed != -1:
+        random.Random(seed).shuffle(cm_nodes)
+        shuffled_cm_graph = type(cm_graph)()
+        shuffled_cm_graph.add_nodes_from(cm_nodes)
+        new_edges = [(cm_nodes[edge[0]], cm_nodes[edge[1]]) for edge in cm_graph.edge_list()]
+        shuffled_cm_graph.add_edges_from_no_data(new_edges)
+        cm_nodes = [k for k, v in sorted(enumerate(cm_nodes), key=lambda item: item[1])]
+        cm_graph = shuffled_cm_graph
+    return cm_graph, cm_nodes
+
+
+def map_free_qubits(
+    free_nodes, partial_layout, num_physical_qubits, reverse_bit_map, avg_error_map
+):
+    """Add any free nodes to a layout."""
+    if not free_nodes:
+        return partial_layout
+    if avg_error_map is not None:
+        free_qubits = sorted(
+            set(range(num_physical_qubits)) - partial_layout.get_physical_bits().keys(),
+            key=lambda bit: avg_error_map.get((bit, bit), 1.0),
+        )
+    # If no error map is available this means there is no scoring heuristic available for this
+    # backend and we can just randomly pick a free qubit
+    else:
+        free_qubits = list(
+            set(range(num_physical_qubits)) - partial_layout.get_physical_bits().keys()
+        )
+    for im_index in sorted(free_nodes, key=lambda x: sum(free_nodes[x].values())):
+        if not free_qubits:
+            return None
+        selected_qubit = free_qubits.pop(0)
+        partial_layout.add(reverse_bit_map[im_index], selected_qubit)
+    return partial_layout

qiskit/transpiler/passes/optimization/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# This code is part of Qiskit.
+#
+# (C) Copyright IBM 2017, 2018.
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE.txt file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+
+"""Module containing transpiler optimization passes."""
+
+from .optimize_1q_gates import Optimize1qGates
+from .optimize_1q_decomposition import Optimize1qGatesDecomposition
+from .collect_2q_blocks import Collect2qBlocks
+from .collect_multiqubit_blocks import CollectMultiQBlocks
+from .consolidate_blocks import ConsolidateBlocks
+from .commutation_analysis import CommutationAnalysis
+from .commutative_cancellation import CommutativeCancellation
+from .commutative_inverse_cancellation import CommutativeInverseCancellation
+from .optimize_1q_commutation import Optimize1qGatesSimpleCommutation
+from .optimize_swap_before_measure import OptimizeSwapBeforeMeasure
+from .remove_reset_in_zero_state import RemoveResetInZeroState
+from .remove_final_reset import RemoveFinalReset
+from .remove_diagonal_gates_before_measure import RemoveDiagonalGatesBeforeMeasure
+from .hoare_opt import HoareOptimizer
+from .template_optimization import TemplateOptimization
+from .inverse_cancellation import InverseCancellation
+from .collect_1q_runs import Collect1qRuns
+from .collect_linear_functions import CollectLinearFunctions
+from .reset_after_measure_simplification import ResetAfterMeasureSimplification
+from .optimize_cliffords import OptimizeCliffords
+from .collect_cliffords import CollectCliffords
+from .elide_permutations import ElidePermutations
+from .optimize_annotated import OptimizeAnnotated
+from .remove_identity_equiv import RemoveIdentityEquivalent
+from .split_2q_unitaries import Split2QUnitaries
+from .collect_and_collapse import CollectAndCollapse
+from .contract_idle_wires_in_control_flow import ContractIdleWiresInControlFlow
+from .optimize_clifford_t import OptimizeCliffordT