qiskit 2.1.0rc1__cp39-abi3-manylinux2014_aarch64.manylinux_2_17_aarch64.whl

qiskit/quantum_info/operators/dihedral/dihedral.py

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+# This code is part of Qiskit.
+#
+# (C) Copyright IBM 2019, 2021.
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE.txt file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+
+"""
+CNOTDihedral operator class.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+import itertools
+import numpy as np
+
+from qiskit.exceptions import QiskitError
+from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.base_operator import BaseOperator
+from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.operator import Operator
+from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.symplectic.pauli import Pauli
+from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.scalar_op import ScalarOp
+from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.mixins import generate_apidocs, AdjointMixin
+from qiskit.circuit import QuantumCircuit, Instruction
+from .dihedral_circuits import _append_circuit
+from .polynomial import SpecialPolynomial
+
+
+class CNOTDihedral(BaseOperator, AdjointMixin):
+    """An N-qubit operator from the CNOT-Dihedral group.
+
+     The CNOT-Dihedral group is generated by the quantum gates,
+     :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.CXGate`, :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.TGate`,
+     and :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.XGate`.
+
+     **Representation**
+
+     An :math:`N`-qubit CNOT-Dihedral operator is stored as an affine function and a
+     phase polynomial, based on the convention in references [1, 2].
+
+     The affine function consists of an :math:`N \\times N` invertible binary matrix,
+     and an :math:`N` binary vector.
+
+     The phase polynomial is a polynomial of degree at most 3,
+     in :math:`N` variables, whose coefficients are in the ring Z_8 with 8 elements.
+
+     .. plot::
+        :include-source:
+        :nofigs:
+
+         from qiskit import QuantumCircuit
+         from qiskit.quantum_info import CNOTDihedral
+
+         circ = QuantumCircuit(3)
+         circ.cx(0, 1)
+         circ.x(2)
+         circ.t(1)
+         circ.t(1)
+         circ.t(1)
+         elem = CNOTDihedral(circ)
+
+         # Print the CNOTDihedral element
+         print(elem)
+
+    .. code-block:: text
+
+        phase polynomial =
+        0 + 3*x_0 + 3*x_1 + 2*x_0*x_1
+        affine function =
+         (x_0,x_0 + x_1,x_2 + 1)
+
+
+    **Circuit Conversion**
+
+     CNOTDihedral operators can be initialized from circuits containing *only* the
+     following gates: :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.IGate`,
+     :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.XGate`, :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.YGate`,
+     :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.ZGate`,
+     :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.TGate`, :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.TdgGate`
+     :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.SGate`, :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.SdgGate`,
+     :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.CXGate`, :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.CZGate`,
+     :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.CSGate`, :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.CSdgGate`,
+     :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.SwapGate`, :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.CCZGate`.
+     They can be converted back into a :class:`~qiskit.circuit.QuantumCircuit`,
+     or :class:`~qiskit.circuit.Gate` object using the :meth:`~CNOTDihedral.to_circuit`
+     or :meth:`~CNOTDihderal.to_instruction` methods respectively. Note that this
+     decomposition is not necessarily optimal in terms of number of gates
+     if the number of qubits is more than two.
+
+     CNOTDihedral operators can also be converted to
+     :class:`~qiskit.quantum_info.Operator` objects using the
+     :meth:`to_operator` method. This is done via decomposing to a circuit,
+     and then simulating the circuit as a unitary operator.
+
+     References:
+         1. Shelly Garion and Andrew W. Cross, *Synthesis of CNOT-Dihedral circuits
+            with optimal number of two qubit gates*, `Quantum 4(369), 2020
+            <https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2020-12-07-369/>`_
+         2. Andrew W. Cross, Easwar Magesan, Lev S. Bishop, John A. Smolin and Jay M. Gambetta,
+            *Scalable randomized benchmarking of non-Clifford gates*,
+            npj Quantum Inf 2, 16012 (2016).
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        data: CNOTDihedral | QuantumCircuit | Instruction | None = None,
+        num_qubits: int | None = None,
+        validate: bool = True,
+    ):
+        """Initialize a CNOTDihedral operator object.
+
+        Args:
+            data (CNOTDihedral or QuantumCircuit or ~qiskit.circuit.Instruction):
+                Optional, operator to initialize.
+            num_qubits (int): Optional, initialize an empty CNOTDihedral operator.
+            validate (bool): if True, validates the CNOTDihedral element.
+
+        Raises:
+            QiskitError: if the type is invalid.
+            QiskitError: if validate=True and the CNOTDihedral element is invalid.
+        """
+
+        if num_qubits:
+            # initialize n-qubit identity
+            self._num_qubits = num_qubits
+            # phase polynomial
+            self.poly = SpecialPolynomial(self._num_qubits)
+            # n x n invertible matrix over Z_2
+            self.linear = np.eye(self._num_qubits, dtype=np.int8)
+            # binary shift, n coefficients in Z_2
+            self.shift = np.zeros(self._num_qubits, dtype=np.int8)
+
+        # Initialize from another CNOTDihedral by sharing the underlying
+        # poly, linear and shift
+        elif isinstance(data, CNOTDihedral):
+            self.linear = data.linear
+            self.shift = data.shift
+            self.poly = data.poly
+
+        # Initialize from ScalarOp as N-qubit identity discarding any global phase
+        elif isinstance(data, ScalarOp):
+            if not data.is_unitary() or set(data._input_dims) != {2} or data.num_qubits is None:
+                raise QiskitError("Can only initialize from N-qubit identity ScalarOp.")
+            self._num_qubits = data.num_qubits
+            # phase polynomial
+            self.poly = SpecialPolynomial(self._num_qubits)
+            # n x n invertible matrix over Z_2
+            self.linear = np.eye(self._num_qubits, dtype=np.int8)
+            # binary shift, n coefficients in Z_2
+            self.shift = np.zeros(self._num_qubits, dtype=np.int8)
+
+        # Initialize from a QuantumCircuit or Instruction object
+        elif isinstance(data, (QuantumCircuit, Instruction)):
+            self._num_qubits = data.num_qubits
+            elem = self._from_circuit(data)
+            self.poly = elem.poly
+            self.linear = elem.linear
+            self.shift = elem.shift
+
+        elif isinstance(data, Pauli):
+            self._num_qubits = data.num_qubits
+            elem = self._from_circuit(data.to_instruction())
+            self.poly = elem.poly
+            self.linear = elem.linear
+            self.shift = elem.shift
+
+        else:
+            raise QiskitError("Invalid input type for CNOTDihedral class.")
+
+        # Initialize BaseOperator
+        super().__init__(num_qubits=self._num_qubits)
+
+        # Validate the CNOTDihedral element
+        if validate and not self._is_valid():
+            raise QiskitError("Invalid CNOTDihedral element.")
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        """Unique string identifier for operation type."""
+        return "cnotdihedral"
+
+    @property
+    def num_clbits(self):
+        """Number of classical bits."""
+        return 0
+
+    def _z2matmul(self, left, right):
+        """Compute product of two n x n z2 matrices."""
+        prod = np.mod(np.dot(left, right), 2)
+        return prod
+
+    def _z2matvecmul(self, mat, vec):
+        """Compute mat*vec of n x n z2 matrix and vector."""
+        prod = np.mod(np.dot(mat, vec), 2)
+        return prod
+
+    def _dot(self, other):
+        """Left multiplication self * other."""
+        if self.num_qubits != other.num_qubits:
+            raise QiskitError("Multiplication on different number of qubits.")
+        result = CNOTDihedral(num_qubits=self.num_qubits)
+        result.shift = [
+            (x[0] + x[1]) % 2 for x in zip(self._z2matvecmul(self.linear, other.shift), self.shift)
+        ]
+        result.linear = self._z2matmul(self.linear, other.linear)
+        # Compute x' = B1*x + c1 using the p_j identity
+        new_vars = []
+        for i in range(self.num_qubits):
+            support = np.arange(self.num_qubits)[np.nonzero(other.linear[i])]
+            poly = SpecialPolynomial(self.num_qubits)
+            poly.set_pj(support)
+            if other.shift[i] == 1:
+                poly = -1 * poly
+                poly.weight_0 = (poly.weight_0 + 1) % 8
+            new_vars.append(poly)
+        # p' = p1 + p2(x')
+        result.poly = other.poly + self.poly.evaluate(new_vars)
+        return result
+
+    def _compose(self, other):
+        """Right multiplication other * self."""
+        if self.num_qubits != other.num_qubits:
+            raise QiskitError("Multiplication on different number of qubits.")
+        result = CNOTDihedral(num_qubits=self.num_qubits)
+        result.shift = [
+            (x[0] + x[1]) % 2 for x in zip(self._z2matvecmul(other.linear, self.shift), other.shift)
+        ]
+        result.linear = self._z2matmul(other.linear, self.linear)
+        # Compute x' = B1*x + c1 using the p_j identity
+        new_vars = []
+        for i in range(self.num_qubits):
+            support = np.arange(other.num_qubits)[np.nonzero(self.linear[i])]
+            poly = SpecialPolynomial(self.num_qubits)
+            poly.set_pj(support)
+            if self.shift[i] == 1:
+                poly = -1 * poly
+                poly.weight_0 = (poly.weight_0 + 1) % 8
+            new_vars.append(poly)
+        # p' = p1 + p2(x')
+        result.poly = self.poly + other.poly.evaluate(new_vars)
+        return result
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """Test equality."""
+        return (
+            isinstance(other, CNOTDihedral)
+            and self.poly == other.poly
+            and (self.linear == other.linear).all()
+            and (self.shift == other.shift).all()
+        )
+
+    def _append_cx(self, i, j):
+        """Apply a CX gate to this element.
+        Left multiply the element by CX(i, j).
+        """
+
+        if not 0 <= i < self.num_qubits or not 0 <= j < self.num_qubits:
+            raise QiskitError("CX qubits are out of bounds.")
+        self.linear[j] = (self.linear[i] + self.linear[j]) % 2
+        self.shift[j] = (self.shift[i] + self.shift[j]) % 2
+
+    def _append_phase(self, k, i):
+        """Apply an k-th power of T to this element.
+        Left multiply the element by T_i^k.
+        """
+        if not 0 <= i < self.num_qubits:
+            raise QiskitError("phase qubit out of bounds.")
+        # If the kth bit is flipped, conjugate this gate
+        if self.shift[i] == 1:
+            k = (7 * k) % 8
+        # Take all subsets \alpha of the support of row i
+        # of weight up to 3 and add k*(-2)**(|\alpha| - 1) mod 8
+        # to the corresponding term.
+        support = np.arange(self.num_qubits)[np.nonzero(self.linear[i])]
+        subsets_2 = itertools.combinations(support, 2)
+        subsets_3 = itertools.combinations(support, 3)
+        for j in support:
+            value = self.poly.get_term([j])
+            self.poly.set_term([j], (value + k) % 8)
+        for j in subsets_2:
+            value = self.poly.get_term(list(j))
+            self.poly.set_term(list(j), (value + -2 * k) % 8)
+        for j in subsets_3:
+            value = self.poly.get_term(list(j))
+            self.poly.set_term(list(j), (value + 4 * k) % 8)
+
+    def _append_x(self, i):
+        """Apply X to this element.
+        Left multiply the element by X(i).
+        """
+        if not 0 <= i < self.num_qubits:
+            raise QiskitError("X qubit out of bounds.")
+        self.shift[i] = (self.shift[i] + 1) % 2
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        """Return formatted string representation."""
+        out = "phase polynomial = \n"
+        out += str(self.poly)
+        out += "\naffine function = \n"
+        out += " ("
+        for row in range(self.num_qubits):
+            wrote = False
+            for col in range(self.num_qubits):
+                if self.linear[row][col] != 0:
+                    if wrote:
+                        out += " + x_" + str(col)
+                    else:
+                        out += "x_" + str(col)
+                        wrote = True
+            if self.shift[row] != 0:
+                out += " + 1"
+            if row != self.num_qubits - 1:
+                out += ","
+        out += ")\n"
+        return out
+
+    def to_circuit(self):
+        """Return a QuantumCircuit implementing the CNOT-Dihedral element.
+
+        Return:
+            QuantumCircuit: a circuit implementation of the CNOTDihedral object.
+
+        References:
+            1. Shelly Garion and Andrew W. Cross, *Synthesis of CNOT-Dihedral circuits
+               with optimal number of two qubit gates*, `Quantum 4(369), 2020
+               <https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2020-12-07-369/>`_
+            2. Andrew W. Cross, Easwar Magesan, Lev S. Bishop, John A. Smolin and Jay M. Gambetta,
+               *Scalable randomized benchmarking of non-Clifford gates*,
+               npj Quantum Inf 2, 16012 (2016).
+        """
+        # pylint: disable=cyclic-import
+        from qiskit.synthesis.cnotdihedral import synth_cnotdihedral_full
+
+        return synth_cnotdihedral_full(self)
+
+    def to_instruction(self):
+        """Return a Gate instruction implementing the CNOTDihedral object."""
+        return self.to_circuit().to_gate()
+
+    def _from_circuit(self, circuit):
+        """Initialize from a QuantumCircuit or Instruction.
+
+        Args:
+            circuit (QuantumCircuit or ~qiskit.circuit.Instruction):
+                instruction to initialize.
+        Returns:
+            CNOTDihedral: the CNOTDihedral object for the circuit.
+        Raises:
+            QiskitError: if the input instruction is not CNOTDihedral or contains
+                         classical register instruction.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(circuit, (QuantumCircuit, Instruction)):
+            raise QiskitError("Input must be a QuantumCircuit or Instruction")
+
+        # Initialize an identity CNOTDihedral object
+        elem = CNOTDihedral(num_qubits=self._num_qubits)
+        _append_circuit(elem, circuit)
+        return elem
+
+    def __array__(self, dtype=None, copy=None):
+        if copy is False:
+            raise ValueError("unable to avoid copy while creating an array as requested")
+        arr = self.to_matrix()
+        return arr if dtype is None else arr.astype(dtype, copy=False)
+
+    def to_matrix(self):
+        """Convert operator to Numpy matrix."""
+        return self.to_operator().data
+
+    def to_operator(self) -> Operator:
+        """Convert to an Operator object."""
+        return Operator(self.to_instruction())
+
+    def compose(
+        self, other: CNOTDihedral, qargs: list | None = None, front: bool = False
+    ) -> CNOTDihedral:
+        if qargs is not None:
+            raise NotImplementedError("compose method does not support qargs.")
+        if self.num_qubits != other.num_qubits:
+            raise QiskitError("Incompatible dimension for composition")
+        if front:
+            other = self._dot(other)
+        else:
+            other = self._compose(other)
+        other.poly.weight_0 = 0  # set global phase
+        return other
+
+    def _tensor(self, other, reverse=False):
+        """Returns the tensor product operator."""
+
+        if not isinstance(other, CNOTDihedral):
+            raise QiskitError("Tensored element is not a CNOTDihderal object.")
+
+        if reverse:
+            elem0 = self
+            elem1 = other
+        else:
+            elem0 = other
+            elem1 = self
+
+        result = CNOTDihedral(num_qubits=elem0.num_qubits + elem1.num_qubits)
+        linear = np.block(
+            [
+                [elem0.linear, np.zeros((elem0.num_qubits, elem1.num_qubits), dtype=np.int8)],
+                [np.zeros((elem1.num_qubits, elem0.num_qubits), dtype=np.int8), elem1.linear],
+            ]
+        )
+        result.linear = linear
+        shift = np.block([elem0.shift, elem1.shift])
+        result.shift = shift
+
+        for i in range(elem0.num_qubits):
+            value = elem0.poly.get_term([i])
+            result.poly.set_term([i], value)
+            for j in range(i):
+                value = elem0.poly.get_term([j, i])
+                result.poly.set_term([j, i], value)
+                for k in range(j):
+                    value = elem0.poly.get_term([k, j, i])
+                    result.poly.set_term([k, j, i], value)
+
+        for i in range(elem1.num_qubits):
+            value = elem1.poly.get_term([i])
+            result.poly.set_term([i + elem0.num_qubits], value)
+            for j in range(i):
+                value = elem1.poly.get_term([j, i])
+                result.poly.set_term([j + elem0.num_qubits, i + elem0.num_qubits], value)
+                for k in range(j):
+                    value = elem1.poly.get_term([k, j, i])
+                    result.poly.set_term(
+                        [k + elem0.num_qubits, j + elem0.num_qubits, i + elem0.num_qubits], value
+                    )
+
+        return result
+
+    def tensor(self, other: CNOTDihedral) -> CNOTDihedral:
+        return self._tensor(other, reverse=True)
+
+    def expand(self, other: CNOTDihedral) -> CNOTDihedral:
+        return self._tensor(other, reverse=False)
+
+    def adjoint(self):
+        circ = self.to_instruction()
+        result = self._from_circuit(circ.inverse())
+        return result
+
+    def conjugate(self):
+        circ = self.to_instruction()
+        new_circ = QuantumCircuit(self.num_qubits)
+        bit_indices = {bit: index for index, bit in enumerate(circ.definition.qubits)}
+        for instruction in circ.definition:
+            new_qubits = [bit_indices[tup] for tup in instruction.qubits]
+            if instruction.operation.name == "p":
+                params = 2 * np.pi - instruction.operation.params[0]
+                new_circ.p(params, new_qubits)
+            elif instruction.operation.name == "t":
+                instruction.operation.name = "tdg"
+                new_circ.append(instruction.operation, new_qubits)
+            elif instruction.operation.name == "tdg":
+                instruction.operation.name = "t"
+                new_circ.append(instruction.operation, new_qubits)
+            elif instruction.operation.name == "s":
+                instruction.operation.name = "sdg"
+                new_circ.append(instruction.operation, new_qubits)
+            elif instruction.operation.name == "sdg":
+                instruction.operation.name = "s"
+                new_circ.append(instruction.operation, new_qubits)
+            else:
+                new_circ.append(instruction.operation, new_qubits)
+        result = self._from_circuit(new_circ)
+        return result
+
+    def transpose(self):
+        circ = self.to_instruction()
+        result = self._from_circuit(circ.reverse_ops())
+        return result
+
+    def _is_valid(self):
+        """Return True if input is a CNOTDihedral element."""
+
+        if (
+            self.poly.weight_0 != 0
+            or len(self.poly.weight_1) != self.num_qubits
+            or len(self.poly.weight_2) != int(self.num_qubits * (self.num_qubits - 1) / 2)
+            or len(self.poly.weight_3)
+            != int(self.num_qubits * (self.num_qubits - 1) * (self.num_qubits - 2) / 6)
+        ):
+            return False
+        if (
+            (self.linear).shape != (self.num_qubits, self.num_qubits)
+            or len(self.shift) != self.num_qubits
+            or not np.allclose((np.linalg.det(self.linear) % 2), 1)
+        ):
+            return False
+        if (
+            not (set(self.poly.weight_1.flatten())).issubset({0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7})
+            or not (set(self.poly.weight_2.flatten())).issubset({0, 2, 4, 6})
+            or not (set(self.poly.weight_3.flatten())).issubset({0, 4})
+        ):
+            return False
+        if not (set(self.shift.flatten())).issubset({0, 1}) or not (
+            set(self.linear.flatten())
+        ).issubset({0, 1}):
+            return False
+        return True
+
+
+# Update docstrings for API docs
+generate_apidocs(CNOTDihedral)