qiskit 2.1.0rc1__cp39-abi3-manylinux2014_aarch64.manylinux_2_17_aarch64.whl

qiskit/quantum_info/operators/channel/superop.py

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+# This code is part of Qiskit.
+#
+# (C) Copyright IBM 2017, 2019.
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE.txt file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+
+"""
+Superoperator representation of a Quantum Channel."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import copy as _copy
+import math
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+import numpy as np
+
+from qiskit import _numpy_compat
+from qiskit.circuit.instruction import Instruction
+from qiskit.circuit.quantumcircuit import QuantumCircuit
+from qiskit.exceptions import QiskitError
+from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.base_operator import BaseOperator
+from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.channel.quantum_channel import QuantumChannel
+from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.channel.transformations import _bipartite_tensor, _to_superop
+from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.mixins import generate_apidocs
+from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.op_shape import OpShape
+from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.operator import Operator
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from qiskit import circuit
+    from qiskit.quantum_info.states.densitymatrix import DensityMatrix
+    from qiskit.quantum_info.states.statevector import Statevector
+
+
+class SuperOp(QuantumChannel):
+    r"""Superoperator representation of a quantum channel.
+
+    The Superoperator representation of a quantum channel :math:`\mathcal{E}`
+    is a matrix :math:`S` such that the evolution of a
+    :class:`~qiskit.quantum_info.DensityMatrix` :math:`\rho` is given by
+
+    .. math::
+
+        |\mathcal{E}(\rho)\rangle\!\rangle = S |\rho\rangle\!\rangle
+
+    where the double-ket notation :math:`|A\rangle\!\rangle` denotes a vector
+    formed by stacking the columns of the matrix :math:`A`
+    *(column-vectorization)*.
+
+    See reference [1] for further details.
+
+    References:
+        1. C.J. Wood, J.D. Biamonte, D.G. Cory, *Tensor networks and graphical calculus
+           for open quantum systems*, Quant. Inf. Comp. 15, 0579-0811 (2015).
+           `arXiv:1111.6950 [quant-ph] <https://arxiv.org/abs/1111.6950>`_
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        data: QuantumCircuit | circuit.instruction.Instruction | BaseOperator | np.ndarray,
+        input_dims: tuple | None = None,
+        output_dims: tuple | None = None,
+    ):
+        """Initialize a quantum channel Superoperator operator.
+
+        Args:
+            data: data to initialize superoperator.
+            input_dims: the input subsystem dimensions.
+            output_dims: the output subsystem dimensions.
+
+        Raises:
+            QiskitError: if input data cannot be initialized as a
+                         superoperator.
+
+        Additional Information:
+            If the input or output dimensions are None, they will be
+            automatically determined from the input data. If the input data is
+            a Numpy array of shape (4**N, 4**N) qubit systems will be used. If
+            the input operator is not an N-qubit operator, it will assign a
+            single subsystem with dimension specified by the shape of the input.
+        """
+        # If the input is a raw list or matrix we assume that it is
+        # already a superoperator.
+        if isinstance(data, (list, np.ndarray)):
+            # We initialize directly from superoperator matrix
+            super_mat = np.asarray(data, dtype=complex)
+            # Determine total input and output dimensions
+            dout, din = super_mat.shape
+            input_dim = int(math.sqrt(din))
+            output_dim = int(math.sqrt(dout))
+            if output_dim**2 != dout or input_dim**2 != din:
+                raise QiskitError("Invalid shape for SuperOp matrix.")
+            op_shape = OpShape.auto(
+                dims_l=output_dims, dims_r=input_dims, shape=(output_dim, input_dim)
+            )
+        else:
+            # Otherwise we initialize by conversion from another Qiskit
+            # object into the QuantumChannel.
+            if isinstance(data, (QuantumCircuit, Instruction)):
+                # If the input is a Terra QuantumCircuit or Instruction we
+                # perform a simulation to construct the circuit superoperator.
+                # This will only work if the circuit or instruction can be
+                # defined in terms of instructions which have no classical
+                # register components. The instructions can be gates, reset,
+                # or Kraus instructions. Any conditional gates or measure
+                # will cause an exception to be raised.
+                data = self._init_instruction(data)
+            else:
+                # We use the QuantumChannel init transform to initialize
+                # other objects into a QuantumChannel or Operator object.
+                data = self._init_transformer(data)
+            # Now that the input is an operator we convert it to a
+            # SuperOp object
+            op_shape = data._op_shape
+            input_dim, output_dim = data.dim
+            rep = getattr(data, "_channel_rep", "Operator")
+            super_mat = _to_superop(rep, data._data, input_dim, output_dim)
+        # Initialize QuantumChannel
+        super().__init__(super_mat, op_shape=op_shape)
+
+    def __array__(self, dtype=None, copy=_numpy_compat.COPY_ONLY_IF_NEEDED):
+        dtype = self.data.dtype if dtype is None else dtype
+        return np.array(self.data, dtype=dtype, copy=copy)
+
+    @property
+    def _tensor_shape(self):
+        """Return the tensor shape of the superoperator matrix"""
+        return 2 * tuple(reversed(self._op_shape.dims_l())) + 2 * tuple(
+            reversed(self._op_shape.dims_r())
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _bipartite_shape(self):
+        """Return the shape for bipartite matrix"""
+        return (self._output_dim, self._output_dim, self._input_dim, self._input_dim)
+
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # BaseOperator methods
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def conjugate(self):
+        ret = _copy.copy(self)
+        ret._data = np.conj(self._data)
+        return ret
+
+    def transpose(self):
+        ret = _copy.copy(self)
+        ret._data = np.transpose(self._data)
+        ret._op_shape = self._op_shape.transpose()
+        return ret
+
+    def adjoint(self):
+        ret = _copy.copy(self)
+        ret._data = np.conj(np.transpose(self._data))
+        ret._op_shape = self._op_shape.transpose()
+        return ret
+
+    def tensor(self, other: SuperOp) -> SuperOp:
+        if not isinstance(other, SuperOp):
+            other = SuperOp(other)
+        return self._tensor(self, other)
+
+    def expand(self, other: SuperOp) -> SuperOp:
+        if not isinstance(other, SuperOp):
+            other = SuperOp(other)
+        return self._tensor(other, self)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _tensor(cls, a, b):
+        ret = _copy.copy(a)
+        ret._op_shape = a._op_shape.tensor(b._op_shape)
+        ret._data = _bipartite_tensor(
+            a._data, b.data, shape1=a._bipartite_shape, shape2=b._bipartite_shape
+        )
+        return ret
+
+    def compose(self, other: SuperOp, qargs: list | None = None, front: bool = False) -> SuperOp:
+        if qargs is None:
+            qargs = getattr(other, "qargs", None)
+        if not isinstance(other, SuperOp):
+            other = SuperOp(other)
+        # Validate dimensions are compatible and return the composed
+        # operator dimensions
+        new_shape = self._op_shape.compose(other._op_shape, qargs, front)
+        input_dims = new_shape.dims_r()
+        output_dims = new_shape.dims_l()
+
+        # Full composition of superoperators
+        if qargs is None:
+            if front:
+                data = np.dot(self._data, other.data)
+            else:
+                data = np.dot(other.data, self._data)
+            ret = SuperOp(data, input_dims, output_dims)
+            ret._op_shape = new_shape
+            return ret
+
+        # Compute tensor contraction indices from qargs
+        num_qargs_l, num_qargs_r = self._op_shape.num_qargs
+        if front:
+            num_indices = num_qargs_r
+            shift = 2 * num_qargs_l
+            right_mul = True
+        else:
+            num_indices = num_qargs_l
+            shift = 0
+            right_mul = False
+
+        # Reshape current matrix
+        # Note that we must reverse the subsystem dimension order as
+        # qubit 0 corresponds to the right-most position in the tensor
+        # product, which is the last tensor wire index.
+        tensor = np.reshape(self.data, self._tensor_shape)
+        mat = np.reshape(other.data, other._tensor_shape)
+        # Add first set of indices
+        indices = [2 * num_indices - 1 - qubit for qubit in qargs] + [
+            num_indices - 1 - qubit for qubit in qargs
+        ]
+        final_shape = [np.prod(output_dims) ** 2, np.prod(input_dims) ** 2]
+        data = np.reshape(
+            Operator._einsum_matmul(tensor, mat, indices, shift, right_mul), final_shape
+        )
+        ret = SuperOp(data, input_dims, output_dims)
+        ret._op_shape = new_shape
+        return ret
+
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Additional methods
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def _evolve(self, state, qargs=None):
+        """Evolve a quantum state by the quantum channel.
+
+        Args:
+            state (DensityMatrix or Statevector): The input state.
+            qargs (list): a list of quantum state subsystem positions to apply
+                           the quantum channel on.
+
+        Returns:
+            DensityMatrix: the output quantum state as a density matrix.
+
+        Raises:
+            QiskitError: if the quantum channel dimension does not match the
+                         specified quantum state subsystem dimensions.
+        """
+        # Prevent cyclic imports by importing DensityMatrix here
+        # pylint: disable=cyclic-import
+        from qiskit.quantum_info.states.densitymatrix import DensityMatrix
+
+        if not isinstance(state, DensityMatrix):
+            state = DensityMatrix(state)
+
+        if qargs is None:
+            # Evolution on full matrix
+            if state._op_shape.shape[0] != self._op_shape.shape[1]:
+                raise QiskitError(
+                    "Operator input dimension is not equal to density matrix dimension."
+                )
+            # We reshape in column-major vectorization (Fortran order in Numpy)
+            # since that is how the SuperOp is defined
+            vec = np.ravel(state.data, order="F")
+            mat = np.reshape(
+                np.dot(self.data, vec), (self._output_dim, self._output_dim), order="F"
+            )
+            return DensityMatrix(mat, dims=self.output_dims())
+        # Otherwise we are applying an operator only to subsystems
+        # Check dimensions of subsystems match the operator
+        if state.dims(qargs) != self.input_dims():
+            raise QiskitError(
+                "Operator input dimensions are not equal to statevector subsystem dimensions."
+            )
+        # Reshape statevector and operator
+        tensor = np.reshape(state.data, state._op_shape.tensor_shape)
+        mat = np.reshape(self.data, self._tensor_shape)
+        # Construct list of tensor indices of statevector to be contracted
+        num_indices = len(state.dims())
+        indices = [num_indices - 1 - qubit for qubit in qargs] + [
+            2 * num_indices - 1 - qubit for qubit in qargs
+        ]
+        tensor = Operator._einsum_matmul(tensor, mat, indices)
+        # Replace evolved dimensions
+        new_dims = list(state.dims())
+        output_dims = self.output_dims()
+        for i, qubit in enumerate(qargs):
+            new_dims[qubit] = output_dims[i]
+        new_dim = np.prod(new_dims)
+        # reshape tensor to density matrix
+        tensor = np.reshape(tensor, (new_dim, new_dim))
+        return DensityMatrix(tensor, dims=new_dims)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_instruction(cls, instruction):
+        """Convert a QuantumCircuit or Instruction to a SuperOp."""
+        # Convert circuit to an instruction
+        if isinstance(instruction, QuantumCircuit):
+            instruction = instruction.to_instruction()
+        # Initialize an identity superoperator of the correct size
+        # of the circuit
+        op = SuperOp(np.eye(4**instruction.num_qubits))
+        op._append_instruction(instruction)
+        return op
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _instruction_to_superop(cls, obj):
+        """Return superop for instruction if defined or None otherwise."""
+        if not isinstance(obj, Instruction):
+            raise QiskitError("Input is not an instruction.")
+        chan = None
+        if obj.name == "reset":
+            # For superoperator evolution we can simulate a reset as
+            # a non-unitary superoperator matrix
+            chan = SuperOp(np.array([[1, 0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0]]))
+        if obj.name == "kraus":
+            kraus = obj.params
+            dim = len(kraus[0])
+            chan = SuperOp(_to_superop("Kraus", (kraus, None), dim, dim))
+        elif hasattr(obj, "to_matrix"):
+            # If instruction is a gate first we see if it has a
+            # `to_matrix` definition and if so use that.
+            try:
+                kraus = [obj.to_matrix()]
+                dim = len(kraus[0])
+                chan = SuperOp(_to_superop("Kraus", (kraus, None), dim, dim))
+            except QiskitError:
+                pass
+        return chan
+
+    def _append_instruction(self, obj, qargs=None):
+        """Update the current Operator by apply an instruction."""
+        from qiskit.circuit.barrier import Barrier
+
+        chan = self._instruction_to_superop(obj)
+        if chan is not None:
+            # Perform the composition and inplace update the current state
+            # of the operator
+            op = self.compose(chan, qargs=qargs)
+            self._data = op.data
+        elif isinstance(obj, Barrier):
+            return
+        else:
+            # If the instruction doesn't have a matrix defined we use its
+            # circuit decomposition definition if it exists, otherwise we
+            # cannot compose this gate and raise an error.
+            if obj.definition is None:
+                raise QiskitError(f"Cannot apply Instruction: {obj.name}")
+            if not isinstance(obj.definition, QuantumCircuit):
+                raise QiskitError(
+                    f"{obj.name} instruction definition is {type(obj.definition)}; "
+                    "expected QuantumCircuit"
+                )
+            qubit_indices = {bit: idx for idx, bit in enumerate(obj.definition.qubits)}
+            for instruction in obj.definition.data:
+                if instruction.clbits:
+                    raise QiskitError(
+                        "Cannot apply instruction with classical bits:"
+                        f" {instruction.operation.name}"
+                    )
+                # Get the integer position of the flat register
+                if qargs is None:
+                    new_qargs = [qubit_indices[tup] for tup in instruction.qubits]
+                else:
+                    new_qargs = [qargs[qubit_indices[tup]] for tup in instruction.qubits]
+                self._append_instruction(instruction.operation, qargs=new_qargs)
+
+
+# Update docstrings for API docs
+generate_apidocs(SuperOp)