qiskit 2.1.0rc1__cp39-abi3-manylinux2014_aarch64.manylinux_2_17_aarch64.whl

qiskit/quantum_info/operators/symplectic/sparse_pauli_op.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1239 @@
+# This code is part of Qiskit.
+#
+# (C) Copyright IBM 2017, 2022.
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE.txt file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+"""
+N-Qubit Sparse Pauli Operator class.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, List
+
+from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence, Iterable
+from numbers import Number
+from copy import deepcopy
+
+import numpy as np
+import rustworkx as rx
+
+from qiskit._accelerate.sparse_pauli_op import (
+    ZXPaulis,
+    decompose_dense,
+    to_matrix_dense,
+    to_matrix_sparse,
+    unordered_unique,
+)
+from qiskit._accelerate.sparse_observable import SparseObservable
+from qiskit.circuit.parameter import Parameter
+from qiskit.circuit.parameterexpression import ParameterExpression
+from qiskit.circuit.parametertable import ParameterView
+from qiskit.exceptions import QiskitError
+from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.custom_iterator import CustomIterator
+from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.linear_op import LinearOp
+from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.mixins import generate_apidocs
+from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.operator import Operator
+from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.symplectic.pauli import BasePauli
+from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.symplectic.pauli_list import PauliList
+from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.symplectic.pauli import Pauli
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from qiskit.transpiler.layout import TranspileLayout
+
+
+class SparsePauliOp(LinearOp):
+    """Sparse N-qubit operator in a Pauli basis representation.
+
+    This is a sparse representation of an N-qubit matrix
+    :class:`~qiskit.quantum_info.Operator` in terms of N-qubit
+    :class:`~qiskit.quantum_info.PauliList` and complex coefficients.
+
+    It can be used for performing operator arithmetic for hundreds of qubits
+    if the number of non-zero Pauli basis terms is sufficiently small.
+
+    The Pauli basis components are stored as a
+    :class:`~qiskit.quantum_info.PauliList` object and can be accessed
+    using the :attr:`~SparsePauliOp.paulis` attribute. The coefficients
+    are stored as a complex Numpy array vector and can be accessed using
+    the :attr:`~SparsePauliOp.coeffs` attribute.
+
+    .. rubric:: Data type of coefficients
+
+    The default ``dtype`` of the internal ``coeffs`` Numpy array is ``complex128``.  Users can
+    configure this by passing ``np.ndarray`` with a different dtype.  For example, a parameterized
+    :class:`SparsePauliOp` can be made as follows:
+
+    .. plot::
+       :include-source:
+       :nofigs:
+
+        >>> import numpy as np
+        >>> from qiskit.circuit import ParameterVector
+        >>> from qiskit.quantum_info import SparsePauliOp
+
+        >>> SparsePauliOp(["II", "XZ"], np.array(ParameterVector("a", 2)))
+        SparsePauliOp(['II', 'XZ'],
+              coeffs=[ParameterExpression(1.0*a[0]), ParameterExpression(1.0*a[1])])
+
+    .. note::
+
+      Parameterized :class:`SparsePauliOp` does not support the following methods:
+
+      - ``to_matrix(sparse=True)`` since ``scipy.sparse`` cannot have objects as elements.
+      - ``to_operator()`` since :class:`~.quantum_info.Operator` does not support objects.
+      - ``sort``, ``argsort`` since :class:`.ParameterExpression` does not support comparison.
+      - ``equiv`` since :class:`.ParameterExpression` cannot be converted into complex.
+      - ``chop`` since :class:`.ParameterExpression` does not support absolute value.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        data: PauliList | SparsePauliOp | Pauli | list | str,
+        coeffs: np.ndarray | None = None,
+        *,
+        ignore_pauli_phase: bool = False,
+        copy: bool = True,
+    ):
+        """Initialize an operator object.
+
+        Args:
+            data (PauliList or SparsePauliOp or Pauli or list or str): Pauli list of
+                terms.  A list of Pauli strings or a Pauli string is also allowed.
+            coeffs (np.ndarray): complex coefficients for Pauli terms.
+
+                .. note::
+
+                    If ``data`` is a :obj:`~SparsePauliOp` and ``coeffs`` is not ``None``, the value
+                    of the ``SparsePauliOp.coeffs`` will be ignored, and only the passed keyword
+                    argument ``coeffs`` will be used.
+
+            ignore_pauli_phase (bool): if true, any ``phase`` component of a given :obj:`~PauliList`
+                will be assumed to be zero.  This is more efficient in cases where a
+                :obj:`~PauliList` has been constructed purely for this object, and it is already
+                known that the phases in the ZX-convention are zero.  It only makes sense to pass
+                this option when giving :obj:`~PauliList` data.  (Default: False)
+            copy (bool): copy the input data if True, otherwise assign it directly, if possible.
+                (Default: True)
+
+        Raises:
+            QiskitError: If the input data or coeffs are invalid.
+        """
+        if ignore_pauli_phase and not isinstance(data, PauliList):
+            raise QiskitError("ignore_pauli_phase=True is only valid with PauliList data")
+
+        if isinstance(data, SparsePauliOp):
+            if coeffs is None:
+                coeffs = data.coeffs
+            data = data._pauli_list
+            # `SparsePauliOp._pauli_list` is already compatible with the internal ZX-phase
+            # convention.  See `BasePauli._from_array` for the internal ZX-phase convention.
+            ignore_pauli_phase = True
+
+        pauli_list = PauliList(data.copy() if copy and hasattr(data, "copy") else data)
+
+        if coeffs is None:
+            coeffs = np.ones(pauli_list.size, dtype=complex)
+        else:
+            if isinstance(coeffs, np.ndarray):
+                dtype = object if coeffs.dtype == object else complex
+            else:
+                if not isinstance(coeffs, Sequence):
+                    coeffs = [coeffs]
+                if any(isinstance(coeff, ParameterExpression) for coeff in coeffs):
+                    dtype = object
+                else:
+                    dtype = complex
+
+            coeffs_asarray = np.asarray(coeffs, dtype=dtype)
+            coeffs = (
+                coeffs_asarray.copy()
+                if copy and np.may_share_memory(coeffs, coeffs_asarray)
+                else coeffs_asarray
+            )
+
+        if ignore_pauli_phase:
+            # Fast path used in copy operations, where the phase of the PauliList is already known
+            # to be zero.  This path only works if the input data is compatible with the internal
+            # ZX-phase convention.
+            self._pauli_list = pauli_list
+            self._coeffs = coeffs
+        else:
+            # move the phase of `pauli_list` to `self._coeffs`
+            phase = pauli_list._phase
+            count_y = pauli_list._count_y()
+
+            # Compute exponentiation via integer arithmetic and lookup table to avoid
+            # floating point errors
+            exponent = (phase - count_y) % 4
+            lookup = np.array([1 + 0j, -1j, -1 + 0j, 1j], dtype=coeffs.dtype)
+
+            vals = lookup[exponent]
+            self._coeffs = vals * coeffs
+
+            # Update pauli_list phase
+            pauli_list._phase = np.mod(count_y, 4)
+            self._pauli_list = pauli_list
+
+        if self._coeffs.shape != (self._pauli_list.size,):
+            raise QiskitError(
+                "coeff vector is incorrect shape for number"
+                f" of Paulis {self._coeffs.shape} != {self._pauli_list.size}"
+            )
+        # Initialize LinearOp
+        super().__init__(num_qubits=self._pauli_list.num_qubits)
+
+    def __array__(self, dtype=None, copy=None):
+        if copy is False:
+            raise ValueError("unable to avoid copy while creating an array as requested")
+        arr = self.to_matrix()
+        return arr if dtype is None else arr.astype(dtype, copy=False)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        prefix = "SparsePauliOp("
+        pad = len(prefix) * " "
+        return (
+            f"{prefix}{self.paulis.to_labels()},\n{pad}"
+            f"coeffs={np.array2string(self.coeffs, separator=', ')})"
+        )
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """Entrywise comparison of two SparsePauliOp operators"""
+        return (
+            super().__eq__(other)
+            and self.coeffs.dtype == other.coeffs.dtype
+            and self.coeffs.shape == other.coeffs.shape
+            and self.paulis == other.paulis
+            and (
+                np.allclose(self.coeffs, other.coeffs)
+                if self.coeffs.dtype != object
+                else (self.coeffs == other.coeffs).all()
+            )
+        )
+
+    def equiv(self, other: SparsePauliOp, atol: float | None = None) -> bool:
+        """Check if two SparsePauliOp operators are equivalent.
+
+        Args:
+            other (SparsePauliOp): an operator object.
+            atol: Absolute numerical tolerance for checking equivalence.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the operator is equivalent to ``self``.
+        """
+        if not super().__eq__(other):
+            return False
+        if atol is None:
+            atol = self.atol
+        return np.allclose((self - other).simplify().coeffs, 0.0, atol=atol)
+
+    @property
+    def settings(self) -> dict:
+        """Return settings."""
+        return {"data": self._pauli_list, "coeffs": self._coeffs}
+
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Data accessors
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    @property
+    def size(self):
+        """The number of Pauli of Pauli terms in the operator."""
+        return self._pauli_list.size
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        """Return the size."""
+        return self.size
+
+    @property
+    def paulis(self):
+        """Return the PauliList."""
+        return self._pauli_list
+
+    @paulis.setter
+    def paulis(self, value):
+        if not isinstance(value, PauliList):
+            value = PauliList(value)
+        if value.num_qubits != self.num_qubits:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"incorrect number of qubits: expected {self.num_qubits}, got {value.num_qubits}"
+            )
+        if len(value) != len(self.paulis):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"incorrect number of operators: expected {len(self.paulis)}, got {len(value)}"
+            )
+        self.coeffs *= (-1j) ** value.phase
+        value.phase = 0
+        self._pauli_list = value
+
+    @property
+    def coeffs(self):
+        """Return the Pauli coefficients."""
+        return self._coeffs
+
+    @coeffs.setter
+    def coeffs(self, value):
+        """Set Pauli coefficients."""
+        self._coeffs[:] = value
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        """Return a view of the SparsePauliOp."""
+        # Returns a view of specified rows of the PauliList
+        # This supports all slicing operations the underlying array supports.
+        if isinstance(key, (int, np.integer)):
+            key = [key]
+        return SparsePauliOp(self.paulis[key], self.coeffs[key])
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        """Update SparsePauliOp."""
+        # Modify specified rows of the PauliList
+        if not isinstance(value, SparsePauliOp):
+            value = SparsePauliOp(value)
+        self.paulis[key] = value.paulis
+        self.coeffs[key] = value.coeffs
+
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # LinearOp Methods
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def conjugate(self):
+        # Conjugation conjugates phases and also Y.conj() = -Y
+        # Hence we need to multiply conjugated coeffs by -1
+        # for rows with an odd number of Y terms.
+        # Find rows with Ys
+        ret = self.transpose()
+        ret._coeffs = ret._coeffs.conj()
+        return ret
+
+    def transpose(self):
+        # The only effect transposition has is Y.T = -Y
+        # Hence we need to multiply coeffs by -1 for rows with an
+        # odd number of Y terms.
+        ret = self.copy()
+        minus = (-1) ** ret.paulis._count_y()
+        ret._coeffs *= minus
+        return ret
+
+    def adjoint(self):
+        # Pauli's are self adjoint, so we only need to
+        # conjugate the phases
+        ret = self.copy()
+        ret._coeffs = ret._coeffs.conj()
+        return ret
+
+    def compose(
+        self, other: SparsePauliOp, qargs: list | None = None, front: bool = False
+    ) -> SparsePauliOp:
+        if qargs is None:
+            qargs = getattr(other, "qargs", None)
+
+        if not isinstance(other, SparsePauliOp):
+            other = SparsePauliOp(other)
+
+        # Validate composition dimensions and qargs match
+        self._op_shape.compose(other._op_shape, qargs, front)
+
+        if qargs is not None:
+            x1, z1 = self.paulis.x[:, qargs], self.paulis.z[:, qargs]
+        else:
+            x1, z1 = self.paulis.x, self.paulis.z
+        x2, z2 = other.paulis.x, other.paulis.z
+        num_qubits = other.num_qubits
+
+        # This method is the outer version of `BasePauli.compose`.
+        # `x1` and `z1` have shape `(self.size, num_qubits)`.
+        # `x2` and `z2` have shape `(other.size, num_qubits)`.
+        # `x1[:, no.newaxis]` results in shape `(self.size, 1, num_qubits)`.
+        # `ar = ufunc(x1[:, np.newaxis], x2)` will be in shape `(self.size, other.size, num_qubits)`.
+        # So, `ar.reshape((-1, num_qubits))` will be in shape `(self.size * other.size, num_qubits)`.
+        # Ref: https://numpy.org/doc/stable/user/theory.broadcasting.html
+
+        phase = np.add.outer(self.paulis._phase, other.paulis._phase).reshape(-1)
+        if front:
+            q = np.logical_and(x1[:, np.newaxis], z2).reshape((-1, num_qubits))
+        else:
+            q = np.logical_and(z1[:, np.newaxis], x2).reshape((-1, num_qubits))
+        # `np.mod` will be applied to `phase` in `SparsePauliOp.__init__`
+        phase = phase + 2 * q.sum(axis=1, dtype=np.uint8)
+
+        x3 = np.logical_xor(x1[:, np.newaxis], x2).reshape((-1, num_qubits))
+        z3 = np.logical_xor(z1[:, np.newaxis], z2).reshape((-1, num_qubits))
+
+        if qargs is None:
+            pauli_list = PauliList(BasePauli(z3, x3, phase))
+        else:
+            x4 = np.repeat(self.paulis.x, other.size, axis=0)
+            z4 = np.repeat(self.paulis.z, other.size, axis=0)
+            x4[:, qargs] = x3
+            z4[:, qargs] = z3
+            pauli_list = PauliList(BasePauli(z4, x4, phase))
+
+        # note: the following is a faster code equivalent to
+        # `coeffs = np.kron(self.coeffs, other.coeffs)`
+        # since `self.coeffs` and `other.coeffs` are both 1d arrays.
+        coeffs = np.multiply.outer(self.coeffs, other.coeffs).ravel()
+        return SparsePauliOp(pauli_list, coeffs, copy=False)
+
+    def tensor(self, other: SparsePauliOp) -> SparsePauliOp:
+        if not isinstance(other, SparsePauliOp):
+            other = SparsePauliOp(other)
+        return self._tensor(self, other)
+
+    def expand(self, other: SparsePauliOp) -> SparsePauliOp:
+        if not isinstance(other, SparsePauliOp):
+            other = SparsePauliOp(other)
+        return self._tensor(other, self)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _tensor(cls, a, b):
+        paulis = a.paulis.tensor(b.paulis)
+        coeffs = np.kron(a.coeffs, b.coeffs)
+        return SparsePauliOp(paulis, coeffs, ignore_pauli_phase=True, copy=False)
+
+    def _add(self, other, qargs=None):
+        if qargs is None:
+            qargs = getattr(other, "qargs", None)
+
+        if not isinstance(other, SparsePauliOp):
+            other = SparsePauliOp(other)
+
+        self._op_shape._validate_add(other._op_shape, qargs)
+
+        paulis = self.paulis._add(other.paulis, qargs=qargs)
+        coeffs = np.hstack((self.coeffs, other.coeffs))
+        return SparsePauliOp(paulis, coeffs, ignore_pauli_phase=True, copy=False)
+
+    def _multiply(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, (Number, ParameterExpression)):
+            raise QiskitError("other is neither a Number nor a Parameter/ParameterExpression")
+        if other == 0:
+            # Check edge case that we deleted all Paulis
+            # In this case we return an identity Pauli with a zero coefficient
+            paulis = PauliList.from_symplectic(
+                np.zeros((1, self.num_qubits), dtype=bool),
+                np.zeros((1, self.num_qubits), dtype=bool),
+            )
+            coeffs = np.array([0j])
+            return SparsePauliOp(paulis, coeffs, ignore_pauli_phase=True, copy=False)
+        # Otherwise we just update the phases
+        return SparsePauliOp(
+            self.paulis.copy(), other * self.coeffs, ignore_pauli_phase=True, copy=False
+        )
+
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Utility Methods
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def is_unitary(self, atol: float | None = None, rtol: float | None = None) -> bool:
+        """Return True if operator is a unitary matrix.
+
+        Args:
+            atol (float): Optional. Absolute tolerance for checking if
+                          coefficients are zero (Default: 1e-8).
+            rtol (float): Optional. relative tolerance for checking if
+                          coefficients are zero (Default: 1e-5).
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the operator is unitary, False otherwise.
+        """
+        # Get default atol and rtol
+        if atol is None:
+            atol = self.atol
+        if rtol is None:
+            rtol = self.rtol
+
+        # Compose with adjoint
+        val = self.compose(self.adjoint()).simplify()
+        # See if the result is an identity
+        return (
+            val.size == 1
+            and np.isclose(val.coeffs[0], 1.0, atol=atol, rtol=rtol)
+            and not np.any(val.paulis.x)
+            and not np.any(val.paulis.z)
+        )
+
+    def simplify(self, atol: float | None = None, rtol: float | None = None) -> SparsePauliOp:
+        """Simplify PauliList by combining duplicates and removing zeros.
+
+        Args:
+            atol (float): Optional. Absolute tolerance for checking if
+                          coefficients are zero (Default: 1e-8).
+            rtol (float): Optional. relative tolerance for checking if
+                          coefficients are zero (Default: 1e-5).
+
+        Returns:
+            SparsePauliOp: the simplified SparsePauliOp operator.
+        """
+        # Get default atol and rtol
+        if atol is None:
+            atol = self.atol
+        if rtol is None:
+            rtol = self.rtol
+
+        # Filter non-zero coefficients
+        if self.coeffs.dtype == object:
+
+            def to_complex(coeff):
+                if not hasattr(coeff, "sympify"):
+                    return coeff
+                sympified = coeff.sympify()
+                return complex(sympified) if sympified.is_Number else np.nan
+
+            non_zero = np.logical_not(
+                np.isclose([to_complex(x) for x in self.coeffs], 0, atol=atol, rtol=rtol)
+            )
+        else:
+            non_zero = np.logical_not(np.isclose(self.coeffs, 0, atol=atol, rtol=rtol))
+        paulis_x = self.paulis.x[non_zero]
+        paulis_z = self.paulis.z[non_zero]
+        nz_coeffs = self.coeffs[non_zero]
+
+        array = np.packbits(paulis_x, axis=1).astype(np.uint16) * 256 + np.packbits(
+            paulis_z, axis=1
+        )
+        indexes, inverses = unordered_unique(array)
+
+        if np.all(non_zero) and indexes.shape[0] == array.shape[0]:
+            # No zero operator or duplicate operator
+            return self.copy()
+
+        coeffs = np.zeros(indexes.shape[0], dtype=self.coeffs.dtype)
+        np.add.at(coeffs, inverses, nz_coeffs)
+        # Delete zero coefficient rows
+        if self.coeffs.dtype == object:
+            is_zero = np.array(
+                [np.isclose(to_complex(coeff), 0, atol=atol, rtol=rtol) for coeff in coeffs]
+            )
+        else:
+            is_zero = np.isclose(coeffs, 0, atol=atol, rtol=rtol)
+        # Check edge case that we deleted all Paulis
+        # In this case we return an identity Pauli with a zero coefficient
+        if np.all(is_zero):
+            x = np.zeros((1, self.num_qubits), dtype=bool)
+            z = np.zeros((1, self.num_qubits), dtype=bool)
+            coeffs = np.array([0j], dtype=self.coeffs.dtype)
+        else:
+            non_zero = np.logical_not(is_zero)
+            non_zero_indexes = indexes[non_zero]
+            x = paulis_x[non_zero_indexes]
+            z = paulis_z[non_zero_indexes]
+            coeffs = coeffs[non_zero]
+
+        return SparsePauliOp(
+            PauliList.from_symplectic(z, x), coeffs, ignore_pauli_phase=True, copy=False
+        )
+
+    def argsort(self, weight: bool = False):
+        """Return indices for sorting the rows of the table.
+
+        Returns the composition of permutations in the order of sorting
+        by coefficient and sorting by Pauli.
+        By using the `weight` kwarg the output can additionally be sorted
+        by the number of non-identity terms in the Pauli, where the set of
+        all Pauli's of a given weight are still ordered lexicographically.
+
+        **Example**
+
+        Here is an example of how to use SparsePauliOp argsort.
+
+        .. plot::
+           :include-source:
+           :nofigs:
+
+            import numpy as np
+            from qiskit.quantum_info import SparsePauliOp
+
+            # 2-qubit labels
+            labels = ["XX", "XX", "XX", "YI", "II", "XZ", "XY", "XI"]
+            # coeffs
+            coeffs = [2.+1.j, 2.+2.j, 3.+0.j, 3.+0.j, 4.+0.j, 5.+0.j, 6.+0.j, 7.+0.j]
+
+            # init
+            spo = SparsePauliOp(labels, coeffs)
+            print('Initial Ordering')
+            print(spo)
+
+            # Lexicographic Ordering
+            srt = spo.argsort()
+            print('Lexicographically sorted')
+            print(srt)
+
+            # Lexicographic Ordering
+            srt = spo.argsort(weight=False)
+            print('Lexicographically sorted')
+            print(srt)
+
+            # Weight Ordering
+            srt = spo.argsort(weight=True)
+            print('Weight sorted')
+            print(srt)
+
+        .. code-block:: text
+
+            Initial Ordering
+            SparsePauliOp(['XX', 'XX', 'XX', 'YI', 'II', 'XZ', 'XY', 'XI'],
+                          coeffs=[2.+1.j, 2.+2.j, 3.+0.j, 3.+0.j, 4.+0.j, 5.+0.j, 6.+0.j, 7.+0.j])
+            Lexicographically sorted
+            [4 7 0 1 2 6 5 3]
+            Lexicographically sorted
+            [4 7 0 1 2 6 5 3]
+            Weight sorted
+            [4 7 3 0 1 2 6 5]
+
+        Args:
+            weight (bool): optionally sort by weight if True (Default: False).
+            By using the weight kwarg the output can additionally be sorted
+            by the number of non-identity terms in the Pauli.
+
+        Returns:
+            array: the indices for sorting the table.
+        """
+        sort_coeffs_inds = np.argsort(self._coeffs, kind="stable")
+        pauli_list = self._pauli_list[sort_coeffs_inds]
+        sort_pauli_inds = pauli_list.argsort(weight=weight, phase=False)
+        return sort_coeffs_inds[sort_pauli_inds]
+
+    def sort(self, weight: bool = False):
+        """Sort the rows of the table.
+
+        After sorting the coefficients using numpy's argsort, sort by Pauli.
+        Pauli sort takes precedence.
+        If Pauli is the same, it will be sorted by coefficient.
+        By using the `weight` kwarg the output can additionally be sorted
+        by the number of non-identity terms in the Pauli, where the set of
+        all Pauli's of a given weight are still ordered lexicographically.
+
+        **Example**
+
+        Here is an example of how to use SparsePauliOp sort.
+
+        .. plot::
+           :include-source:
+           :nofigs:
+
+            import numpy as np
+            from qiskit.quantum_info import SparsePauliOp
+
+            # 2-qubit labels
+            labels = ["XX", "XX", "XX", "YI", "II", "XZ", "XY", "XI"]
+            # coeffs
+            coeffs = [2.+1.j, 2.+2.j, 3.+0.j, 3.+0.j, 4.+0.j, 5.+0.j, 6.+0.j, 7.+0.j]
+
+            # init
+            spo = SparsePauliOp(labels, coeffs)
+            print('Initial Ordering')
+            print(spo)
+
+            # Lexicographic Ordering
+            srt = spo.sort()
+            print('Lexicographically sorted')
+            print(srt)
+
+            # Lexicographic Ordering
+            srt = spo.sort(weight=False)
+            print('Lexicographically sorted')
+            print(srt)
+
+            # Weight Ordering
+            srt = spo.sort(weight=True)
+            print('Weight sorted')
+            print(srt)
+
+        .. code-block:: text
+
+            Initial Ordering
+            SparsePauliOp(['XX', 'XX', 'XX', 'YI', 'II', 'XZ', 'XY', 'XI'],
+                          coeffs=[2.+1.j, 2.+2.j, 3.+0.j, 3.+0.j, 4.+0.j, 5.+0.j, 6.+0.j, 7.+0.j])
+            Lexicographically sorted
+            SparsePauliOp(['II', 'XI', 'XX', 'XX', 'XX', 'XY', 'XZ', 'YI'],
+                          coeffs=[4.+0.j, 7.+0.j, 2.+1.j, 2.+2.j, 3.+0.j, 6.+0.j, 5.+0.j, 3.+0.j])
+            Lexicographically sorted
+            SparsePauliOp(['II', 'XI', 'XX', 'XX', 'XX', 'XY', 'XZ', 'YI'],
+                          coeffs=[4.+0.j, 7.+0.j, 2.+1.j, 2.+2.j, 3.+0.j, 6.+0.j, 5.+0.j, 3.+0.j])
+            Weight sorted
+            SparsePauliOp(['II', 'XI', 'YI', 'XX', 'XX', 'XX', 'XY', 'XZ'],
+                          coeffs=[4.+0.j, 7.+0.j, 3.+0.j, 2.+1.j, 2.+2.j, 3.+0.j, 6.+0.j, 5.+0.j])
+
+        Args:
+            weight (bool): optionally sort by weight if True (Default: False).
+            By using the weight kwarg the output can additionally be sorted
+            by the number of non-identity terms in the Pauli.
+
+        Returns:
+            SparsePauliOp: a sorted copy of the original table.
+        """
+        indices = self.argsort(weight=weight)
+        return SparsePauliOp(self._pauli_list[indices], self._coeffs[indices])
+
+    def chop(self, tol: float = 1e-14) -> SparsePauliOp:
+        """Set real and imaginary parts of the coefficients to 0 if ``< tol`` in magnitude.
+
+        For example, the operator representing ``1+1e-17j X + 1e-17 Y`` with a tolerance larger
+        than ``1e-17`` will be reduced to ``1 X`` whereas :meth:`.SparsePauliOp.simplify` would
+        return ``1+1e-17j X``.
+
+        If a both the real and imaginary part of a coefficient is 0 after chopping, the
+        corresponding Pauli is removed from the operator.
+
+        Args:
+            tol (float): The absolute tolerance to check whether a real or imaginary part should
+                be set to 0.
+
+        Returns:
+            SparsePauliOp: This operator with chopped coefficients.
+        """
+        realpart_nonzero = np.abs(self.coeffs.real) > tol
+        imagpart_nonzero = np.abs(self.coeffs.imag) > tol
+
+        remaining_indices = np.logical_or(realpart_nonzero, imagpart_nonzero)
+        remaining_real = realpart_nonzero[remaining_indices]
+        remaining_imag = imagpart_nonzero[remaining_indices]
+
+        if len(remaining_real) == 0:  # if no Paulis are left
+            x = np.zeros((1, self.num_qubits), dtype=bool)
+            z = np.zeros((1, self.num_qubits), dtype=bool)
+            coeffs = np.array([0j], dtype=complex)
+        else:
+            coeffs = np.zeros(np.count_nonzero(remaining_indices), dtype=complex)
+            coeffs.real[remaining_real] = self.coeffs.real[realpart_nonzero]
+            coeffs.imag[remaining_imag] = self.coeffs.imag[imagpart_nonzero]
+
+            x = self.paulis.x[remaining_indices]
+            z = self.paulis.z[remaining_indices]
+
+        return SparsePauliOp(
+            PauliList.from_symplectic(z, x), coeffs, ignore_pauli_phase=True, copy=False
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def sum(ops: list[SparsePauliOp]) -> SparsePauliOp:
+        """Sum of SparsePauliOps.
+
+        This is a specialized version of the builtin ``sum`` function for SparsePauliOp
+        with smaller overhead.
+
+        Args:
+            ops (list[SparsePauliOp]): a list of SparsePauliOps.
+
+        Returns:
+            SparsePauliOp: the SparsePauliOp representing the sum of the input list.
+
+        Raises:
+            QiskitError: if the input list is empty.
+            QiskitError: if the input list includes an object that is not SparsePauliOp.
+            QiskitError: if the numbers of qubits of the objects in the input list do not match.
+        """
+        if len(ops) == 0:
+            raise QiskitError("Input list is empty")
+        if not all(isinstance(op, SparsePauliOp) for op in ops):
+            raise QiskitError("Input list includes an object that is not SparsePauliOp")
+        for other in ops[1:]:
+            ops[0]._op_shape._validate_add(other._op_shape)
+
+        z = np.vstack([op.paulis.z for op in ops])
+        x = np.vstack([op.paulis.x for op in ops])
+        phase = np.hstack([op.paulis._phase for op in ops])
+        pauli_list = PauliList(BasePauli(z, x, phase))
+        coeffs = np.hstack([op.coeffs for op in ops])
+        return SparsePauliOp(pauli_list, coeffs, ignore_pauli_phase=True, copy=False)
+
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Additional conversions
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_operator(
+        obj: Operator, atol: float | None = None, rtol: float | None = None
+    ) -> SparsePauliOp:
+        """Construct from an Operator objector.
+
+        Note that the cost of this construction is exponential in general because the number of
+        possible Pauli terms in the decomposition is exponential in the number of qubits.
+
+        Internally this uses an implementation of the "tensorized Pauli decomposition" presented in
+        `Hantzko, Binkowski and Gupta (2023) <https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.13421>`__.
+
+        Args:
+            obj (Operator): an N-qubit operator.
+            atol (float): Optional. Absolute tolerance for checking if coefficients are zero
+                (Default: 1e-8).  Since the comparison is to zero, in effect the tolerance used is
+                the maximum of ``atol`` and ``rtol``.
+            rtol (float): Optional. relative tolerance for checking if coefficients are zero
+                (Default: 1e-5).  Since the comparison is to zero, in effect the tolerance used is
+                the maximum of ``atol`` and ``rtol``.
+
+        Returns:
+            SparsePauliOp: the SparsePauliOp representation of the operator.
+
+        Raises:
+            QiskitError: if the input operator is not an N-qubit operator.
+        """
+        # Get default atol and rtol
+        if atol is None:
+            atol = SparsePauliOp.atol
+        if rtol is None:
+            rtol = SparsePauliOp.rtol
+        tol = max((atol, rtol))
+
+        if not isinstance(obj, Operator):
+            obj = Operator(obj)
+
+        # Check dimension is N-qubit operator
+        num_qubits = obj.num_qubits
+        if num_qubits is None:
+            raise QiskitError("Input Operator is not an N-qubit operator.")
+        zx_paulis = decompose_dense(obj.data, tol)
+        # Indirection through `BasePauli` is because we're already supplying the phase in the ZX
+        # convention.
+        pauli_list = PauliList(BasePauli(zx_paulis.z, zx_paulis.x, zx_paulis.phases))
+        return SparsePauliOp(pauli_list, zx_paulis.coeffs, ignore_pauli_phase=True, copy=False)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_list(
+        obj: Iterable[tuple[str, complex]], dtype: type = complex, *, num_qubits: int = None
+    ) -> SparsePauliOp:
+        """Construct from a list of Pauli strings and coefficients.
+
+        For example, the 5-qubit Hamiltonian
+
+        .. math::
+
+            H = Z_1 X_4 + 2 Y_0 Y_3
+
+        can be constructed as
+
+        .. plot::
+           :include-source:
+           :nofigs:
+
+            from qiskit.quantum_info import SparsePauliOp
+
+            # via tuples and the full Pauli string
+            op = SparsePauliOp.from_list([("XIIZI", 1), ("IYIIY", 2)])
+
+        Args:
+            obj (Iterable[Tuple[str, complex]]): The list of 2-tuples specifying the Pauli terms.
+            dtype (type): The dtype of coeffs (Default: complex).
+            num_qubits (int): The number of qubits of the operator (Default: None).
+
+        Returns:
+            SparsePauliOp: The SparsePauliOp representation of the Pauli terms.
+
+        Raises:
+            QiskitError: If an empty list is passed and num_qubits is None.
+            QiskitError: If num_qubits and the objects in the input list do not match.
+        """
+        obj = list(obj)  # To convert zip or other iterable
+        size = len(obj)
+
+        if size == 0 and num_qubits is None:
+            raise QiskitError(
+                "Could not determine the number of qubits from an empty list. Try passing num_qubits."
+            )
+        if size > 0 and num_qubits is not None:
+            if len(obj[0][0]) != num_qubits:
+                raise QiskitError(
+                    f"num_qubits ({num_qubits}) and the objects in the input list do not match."
+                )
+        if num_qubits is None:
+            num_qubits = len(obj[0][0])
+        if size == 0:
+            obj = [("I" * num_qubits, 0)]
+            size = len(obj)
+
+        coeffs = np.zeros(size, dtype=dtype)
+        labels = np.zeros(size, dtype=f"<U{num_qubits}")
+        for i, item in enumerate(obj):
+            labels[i] = item[0]
+            coeffs[i] = item[1]
+
+        paulis = PauliList(labels)
+        return SparsePauliOp(paulis, coeffs, copy=False)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_sparse_list(
+        obj: Iterable[tuple[str, list[int], complex]],
+        num_qubits: int,
+        do_checks: bool = True,
+        dtype: type = complex,
+    ) -> SparsePauliOp:
+        """Construct from a list of local Pauli strings and coefficients.
+
+        Each list element is a 3-tuple of a local Pauli string, indices where to apply it,
+        and a coefficient.
+
+        For example, the 5-qubit Hamiltonian
+
+        .. math::
+
+            H = Z_1 X_4 + 2 Y_0 Y_3
+
+        can be constructed as
+
+        .. plot::
+           :include-source:
+           :nofigs:
+
+            from qiskit.quantum_info import SparsePauliOp
+
+            # via triples and local Paulis with indices
+            op = SparsePauliOp.from_sparse_list([("ZX", [1, 4], 1), ("YY", [0, 3], 2)], num_qubits=5)
+
+            # equals the following construction from "dense" Paulis
+            op = SparsePauliOp.from_list([("XIIZI", 1), ("IYIIY", 2)])
+
+        Args:
+            obj (Iterable[tuple[str, list[int], complex]]): The list 3-tuples specifying the Paulis.
+            num_qubits (int): The number of qubits of the operator.
+            do_checks (bool): The flag of checking if the input indices are not duplicated
+            (Default: True).
+            dtype (type): The dtype of coeffs (Default: complex).
+
+        Returns:
+            SparsePauliOp: The SparsePauliOp representation of the Pauli terms.
+
+        Raises:
+            QiskitError: If the number of qubits is incompatible with the indices of the Pauli terms.
+            QiskitError: If the designated qubit is already assigned.
+        """
+        obj = list(obj)  # To convert zip or other iterable
+        size = len(obj)
+
+        if size == 0:
+            obj = [("I" * num_qubits, range(num_qubits), 0)]
+            size = len(obj)
+
+        coeffs = np.zeros(size, dtype=dtype)
+        labels = np.zeros(size, dtype=f"<U{num_qubits}")
+
+        for i, (paulis, indices, coeff) in enumerate(obj):
+            if do_checks and len(indices) != len(set(indices)):
+                raise QiskitError("Input indices are duplicated.")
+            # construct the full label based off the non-trivial Paulis and indices
+            label = ["I"] * num_qubits
+            for pauli, index in zip(paulis, indices):
+                if index >= num_qubits:
+                    raise QiskitError(
+                        f"The number of qubits ({num_qubits}) is smaller than a required index {index}."
+                    )
+                label[~index] = pauli
+
+            labels[i] = "".join(label)
+            coeffs[i] = coeff
+
+        paulis = PauliList(labels)
+        return SparsePauliOp(paulis, coeffs, copy=False)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_sparse_observable(obs: SparseObservable) -> SparsePauliOp:
+        r"""Initialize from a :class:`.SparseObservable`.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            A :class:`.SparseObservable` can efficiently represent eigenstate projectors
+            (such as :math:`|0\langle\rangle 0|`), but a :class:`.SparsePauliOp` **cannot**.
+            If the input ``obs`` has :math:`n` single-qubit projectors, the resulting
+            :class:`.SparsePauliOp` will use :math:`2^n` terms, which is an exponentially
+            expensive representation that can quickly run out of memory.
+
+        Args:
+            obs: The :class:`.SparseObservable` to convert.
+
+        Returns:
+            A :class:`.SparsePauliOp` version of the observable.
+        """
+        as_sparse_list = obs.as_paulis().to_sparse_list()
+        return SparsePauliOp.from_sparse_list(as_sparse_list, obs.num_qubits)
+
+    def to_list(self, array: bool = False):
+        """Convert to a list Pauli string labels and coefficients.
+
+        For operators with a lot of terms converting using the ``array=True``
+        kwarg will be more efficient since it allocates memory for
+        the full Numpy array of labels in advance.
+
+        Args:
+            array (bool): return a Numpy array if True, otherwise
+                          return a list (Default: False).
+
+        Returns:
+            list or array: List of pairs (label, coeff) for rows of the PauliList.
+        """
+        # Dtype for a structured array with string labels and complex coeffs
+        pauli_labels = self.paulis.to_labels(array=True)
+        labels = np.zeros(
+            self.size, dtype=[("labels", pauli_labels.dtype), ("coeffs", self.coeffs.dtype)]
+        )
+        labels["labels"] = pauli_labels
+        labels["coeffs"] = self.coeffs
+        if array:
+            return labels
+        return labels.tolist()
+
+    def to_sparse_list(self):
+        """Convert to a sparse Pauli list format with elements (pauli, qubits, coefficient)."""
+        pauli_labels = self.paulis.to_labels()
+        sparse_list = [
+            (*sparsify_label(label), coeff) for label, coeff in zip(pauli_labels, self.coeffs)
+        ]
+        return sparse_list
+
+    def to_matrix(self, sparse: bool = False, force_serial: bool = False) -> np.ndarray:
+        """Convert to a dense or sparse matrix.
+
+        Args:
+            sparse: if ``True`` return a sparse CSR matrix, otherwise return dense Numpy
+                array (the default).
+            force_serial: if ``True``, use an unthreaded implementation, regardless of the state of
+                the `Qiskit threading-control environment variables
+                <https://quantum.cloud.ibm.com/docs/guides/configure-qiskit-local#environment-variables>`__.
+                By default, this will use threaded parallelism over the available CPUs.
+
+        Returns:
+            array: A dense matrix if `sparse=False`.
+            csr_matrix: A sparse matrix in CSR format if `sparse=True`.
+        """
+        if self.coeffs.dtype == object:
+            # Fallback to slow Python-space method.
+            return sum(self.matrix_iter(sparse=sparse))
+
+        pauli_list = self.paulis
+        zx = ZXPaulis(
+            pauli_list.x.astype(np.bool_),
+            pauli_list.z.astype(np.bool_),
+            pauli_list.phase.astype(np.uint8),
+            self.coeffs.astype(np.complex128),
+        )
+        if sparse:
+            from scipy.sparse import csr_matrix
+
+            data, indices, indptr = to_matrix_sparse(zx, force_serial=force_serial)
+            side = 1 << self.num_qubits
+            return csr_matrix((data, indices, indptr), shape=(side, side))
+        return to_matrix_dense(zx, force_serial=force_serial)
+
+    def to_operator(self) -> Operator:
+        """Convert to a matrix Operator object"""
+        return Operator(self.to_matrix())
+
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Custom Iterators
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def label_iter(self):
+        """Return a label representation iterator.
+
+        This is a lazy iterator that converts each term in the SparsePauliOp
+        into a tuple (label, coeff). To convert the entire table to labels
+        use the :meth:`to_labels` method.
+
+        Returns:
+            LabelIterator: label iterator object for the SparsePauliOp.
+        """
+
+        class LabelIterator(CustomIterator):
+            """Label representation iteration and item access."""
+
+            def __repr__(self):
+                return f"<SparsePauliOp_label_iterator at {hex(id(self))}>"
+
+            def __getitem__(self, key):
+                coeff = self.obj.coeffs[key]
+                pauli = self.obj.paulis.label_iter()[key]
+                return (pauli, coeff)
+
+        return LabelIterator(self)
+
+    def matrix_iter(self, sparse: bool = False):
+        """Return a matrix representation iterator.
+
+        This is a lazy iterator that converts each term in the SparsePauliOp
+        into a matrix as it is used. To convert to a single matrix use the
+        :meth:`to_matrix` method.
+
+        Args:
+            sparse (bool): optionally return sparse CSR matrices if True,
+                           otherwise return Numpy array matrices
+                           (Default: False)
+
+        Returns:
+            MatrixIterator: matrix iterator object for the PauliList.
+        """
+
+        class MatrixIterator(CustomIterator):
+            """Matrix representation iteration and item access."""
+
+            def __repr__(self):
+                return f"<SparsePauliOp_matrix_iterator at {hex(id(self))}>"
+
+            def __getitem__(self, key):
+                coeff = self.obj.coeffs[key]
+                mat = self.obj.paulis[key].to_matrix(sparse)
+                return coeff * mat
+
+        return MatrixIterator(self)
+
+    def noncommutation_graph(self, qubit_wise: bool) -> rx.PyGraph:
+        """Create the non-commutation graph of this SparsePauliOp.
+
+        This transforms the measurement operator grouping problem into graph coloring problem. The
+        constructed graph contains one node for each Pauli. The nodes will be connecting for any two
+        Pauli terms that do _not_ commute.
+
+        Args:
+            qubit_wise (bool): whether the commutation rule is applied to the whole operator,
+                or on a per-qubit basis.
+
+        Returns:
+            rustworkx.PyGraph: the non-commutation graph with nodes for each Pauli and edges
+                indicating a non-commutation relation. Each node will hold the index of the Pauli
+                term it corresponds to in its data. The edges of the graph hold no data.
+        """
+        return self.paulis.noncommutation_graph(qubit_wise)
+
+    def group_commuting(self, qubit_wise: bool = False) -> list[SparsePauliOp]:
+        """Partition a SparsePauliOp into sets of commuting Pauli strings.
+
+        Args:
+            qubit_wise (bool): whether the commutation rule is applied to the whole operator,
+                or on a per-qubit basis.  For example:
+
+                .. plot::
+                   :include-source:
+                   :nofigs:
+
+                    >>> from qiskit.quantum_info import SparsePauliOp
+                    >>> op = SparsePauliOp.from_list([("XX", 2), ("YY", 1), ("IZ",2j), ("ZZ",1j)])
+                    >>> op.group_commuting()
+                    [SparsePauliOp(["IZ", "ZZ"], coeffs=[0.+2.j, 0.+1j]),
+                     SparsePauliOp(["XX", "YY"], coeffs=[2.+0.j, 1.+0.j])]
+                    >>> op.group_commuting(qubit_wise=True)
+                    [SparsePauliOp(['XX'], coeffs=[2.+0.j]),
+                     SparsePauliOp(['YY'], coeffs=[1.+0.j]),
+                     SparsePauliOp(['IZ', 'ZZ'], coeffs=[0.+2.j, 0.+1.j])]
+
+        Returns:
+            list[SparsePauliOp]: List of SparsePauliOp where each SparsePauliOp contains
+                commuting Pauli operators.
+        """
+        groups = self.paulis._commuting_groups(qubit_wise)
+        return [self[group] for group in groups.values()]
+
+    @property
+    def parameters(self) -> ParameterView:
+        r"""Return the free ``Parameter``\s in the coefficients."""
+        ret = set()
+        for coeff in self.coeffs:
+            if isinstance(coeff, ParameterExpression):
+                ret |= coeff.parameters
+        return ParameterView(ret)
+
+    def assign_parameters(
+        self,
+        parameters: (
+            Mapping[Parameter, complex | ParameterExpression]
+            | Sequence[complex | ParameterExpression]
+        ),
+        inplace: bool = False,
+    ) -> SparsePauliOp | None:
+        r"""Bind the free ``Parameter``\s in the coefficients to provided values.
+
+        Args:
+            parameters: The values to bind the parameters to.
+            inplace: If ``False``, a copy of the operator with the bound parameters is returned.
+                If ``True`` the operator itself is modified.
+
+        Returns:
+            A copy of the operator with bound parameters, if ``inplace`` is ``False``, otherwise
+            ``None``.
+        """
+        if inplace:
+            bound = self
+        else:
+            bound = deepcopy(self)
+
+        # turn the parameters to a dictionary
+        if isinstance(parameters, Sequence):
+            free_parameters = bound.parameters
+            if len(parameters) != len(free_parameters):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Mismatching number of values ({len(parameters)}) and parameters "
+                    f"({len(free_parameters)}). For partial binding please pass a dictionary of "
+                    "{parameter: value} pairs."
+                )
+            parameters = dict(zip(free_parameters, parameters))
+
+        for i, coeff in enumerate(bound.coeffs):
+            if isinstance(coeff, ParameterExpression):
+                for key in coeff.parameters & parameters.keys():
+                    coeff = coeff.assign(key, parameters[key])
+                if len(coeff.parameters) == 0:
+                    coeff = complex(coeff)
+                bound.coeffs[i] = coeff
+
+        return None if inplace else bound
+
+    def apply_layout(
+        self, layout: TranspileLayout | List[int] | None, num_qubits: int | None = None
+    ) -> SparsePauliOp:
+        """Apply a transpiler layout to this :class:`~.SparsePauliOp`
+
+        Args:
+            layout: Either a :class:`~.TranspileLayout`, a list of integers or None.
+                    If both layout and num_qubits are none, a copy of the operator is
+                    returned.
+            num_qubits: The number of qubits to expand the operator to. If not
+                provided then if ``layout`` is a :class:`~.TranspileLayout` the
+                number of the transpiler output circuit qubits will be used by
+                default. If ``layout`` is a list of integers the permutation
+                specified will be applied without any expansion. If layout is
+                None, the operator will be expanded to the given number of qubits.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new :class:`.SparsePauliOp` with the provided layout applied
+        """
+        from qiskit.transpiler.layout import TranspileLayout
+
+        if layout is None and num_qubits is None:
+            return self.copy()
+
+        n_qubits = self.num_qubits
+        if isinstance(layout, TranspileLayout):
+            n_qubits = len(layout._output_qubit_list)
+            layout = layout.final_index_layout()
+        if num_qubits is not None:
+            if num_qubits < n_qubits:
+                raise QiskitError(
+                    f"The input num_qubits is too small, a {num_qubits} qubit layout cannot be "
+                    f"applied to a {n_qubits} qubit operator"
+                )
+            n_qubits = num_qubits
+        if layout is None:
+            layout = list(range(self.num_qubits))
+        else:
+            if any(x < 0 or x >= n_qubits for x in layout):
+                raise QiskitError("Provided layout contains indices outside the number of qubits.")
+            if len(set(layout)) != len(layout):
+                raise QiskitError("Provided layout contains duplicate indices.")
+        if self.num_qubits == 0:
+            return type(self)(["I" * n_qubits] * self.size, self.coeffs)
+        new_op = type(self)("I" * n_qubits)
+        return new_op.compose(self, qargs=layout)
+
+
+def sparsify_label(pauli_string):
+    """Return a sparse format of a Pauli string, e.g. "XIIIZ" -> ("XZ", [0, 4])."""
+    qubits = [i for i, label in enumerate(reversed(pauli_string)) if label != "I"]
+    sparse_label = "".join(pauli_string[~i] for i in qubits)
+
+    return sparse_label, qubits
+
+
+# Update docstrings for API docs
+generate_apidocs(SparsePauliOp)