qiskit 2.1.0rc1__cp39-abi3-manylinux2014_aarch64.manylinux_2_17_aarch64.whl

qiskit/qpy/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2141 @@
+# This code is part of Qiskit.
+#
+# (C) Copyright IBM 2021, 2022.
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE.txt file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+
+"""
+=====================================
+QPY serialization (:mod:`qiskit.qpy`)
+=====================================
+
+.. currentmodule:: qiskit.qpy
+
+QPY is a binary serialization format for :class:`~.QuantumCircuit`
+objects that is designed to be cross-platform, Python version agnostic,
+and backwards compatible moving forward. QPY should be used if you need
+a mechanism to save or copy between systems a :class:`~.QuantumCircuit`
+that preserves the full Qiskit object structure (except for custom attributes
+defined outside of Qiskit code). This differs from other serialization formats like
+`OpenQASM <https://github.com/openqasm/openqasm>`__ (2.0 or 3.0) which has a
+different abstraction model and can result in a loss of information contained
+in the original circuit (or is unable to represent some aspects of the
+Qiskit objects) or Python's `pickle <https://docs.python.org/3/library/pickle.html>`__
+which will preserve the Qiskit object exactly but will only work for a single Qiskit
+version (it is also
+`potentially insecure <https://docs.python.org/3/library/pickle.html#module-pickle>`__).
+
+Basic Usage
+===========
+
+Using QPY is defined to be straightforward and mirror the user API of the
+serializers in Python's standard library, ``pickle`` and ``json``. There are
+2 user facing functions: :func:`qiskit.qpy.dump` and
+:func:`qiskit.qpy.load` which are used to dump QPY data
+to a file object and load circuits from QPY data in a file object respectively.
+For example:
+
+.. plot::
+    :nofigs:
+    :context: reset
+
+    # This code is hidden from users
+    # It's a hack to avoid writing to file when testing the code examples
+    import io
+    bytestream = io.BytesIO()
+    bytestream.close = lambda: bytestream.seek(0)
+    def open(*args):
+        return bytestream
+
+.. plot::
+    :include-source:
+    :nofigs:
+    :context:
+
+    from qiskit.circuit import QuantumCircuit
+    from qiskit import qpy
+
+    qc = QuantumCircuit(2, name='Bell', metadata={'test': True})
+    qc.h(0)
+    qc.cx(0, 1)
+    qc.measure_all()
+
+    with open('bell.qpy', 'wb') as fd:
+        qpy.dump(qc, fd)
+
+    with open('bell.qpy', 'rb') as fd:
+        new_qc = qpy.load(fd)[0]
+
+The :func:`qiskit.qpy.dump` function also lets you
+include multiple circuits in a single QPY file:
+
+.. plot::
+    :include-source:
+    :nofigs:
+    :context:
+
+    with open('twenty_bells.qpy', 'wb') as fd:
+        qpy.dump([qc] * 20, fd)
+
+and then loading that file will return a list with all the circuits
+
+.. plot::
+    :include-source:
+    :nofigs:
+    :context:
+
+    with open('twenty_bells.qpy', 'rb') as fd:
+        twenty_new_bells = qpy.load(fd)
+
+
+API documentation
+=================
+
+.. autofunction:: load
+.. autofunction:: dump
+.. autofunction:: get_qpy_version
+
+These functions will raise a custom subclass of :exc:`.QiskitError` if they encounter problems
+during serialization or deserialization.
+
+.. autoexception:: QpyError
+
+When a lower-than-maximum target QPY version is set for serialization, but the object to be
+serialized contains features that cannot be represented in that format, a subclass of
+:exc:`QpyError` is raised:
+
+.. autoexception:: UnsupportedFeatureForVersion
+
+Attributes:
+    QPY_VERSION (int): The current QPY format version as of this release. This
+        is the default value of the ``version`` keyword argument on
+        :func:`.qpy.dump` and also the upper bound for accepted values for
+        the same argument. This is also the upper bond on the versions supported
+        by :func:`.qpy.load`.
+
+    QPY_COMPATIBILITY_VERSION (int): The current minimum compatibility QPY
+        format version. This is the minimum version that :func:`.qpy.dump`
+        will accept for the ``version`` keyword argument. :func:`.qpy.load`
+        will be able to load all released format versions of QPY (up until
+        ``QPY_VERSION``).
+
+.. _qpy_compatibility:
+
+QPY Compatibility
+=================
+
+The QPY format is designed to be backwards compatible moving forward. This means
+you should be able to load a QPY with any newer Qiskit version than the one
+that generated it. However, loading a QPY file with an older Qiskit version is
+not supported and may not work.
+
+For example, if you generated a QPY file using qiskit-terra 0.18.1 you could
+load that QPY file with qiskit-terra 0.19.0 and a hypothetical qiskit-terra
+0.29.0. However, loading that QPY file with 0.18.0 is not supported and may not
+work.
+
+Note that circuit metadata and custom :class:`.Annotation` objects are serialized and deserialized
+by user-supplied classes, as the objects themselves are completely user-custom, so the forwards- and
+backwards-compatibility of these is limited by what the user provides.
+
+If a feature being loaded is deprecated in the corresponding qiskit release, QPY will
+raise a :exc:`~.QPYLoadingDeprecatedFeatureWarning` informing of the deprecation period
+and how the feature will be internally handled.
+
+.. autoexception:: QPYLoadingDeprecatedFeatureWarning
+
+.. note::
+
+    With versions of Qiskit before 1.2.4, the ``use_symengine=True`` argument to :func:`.qpy.dump`
+    could cause problems with backwards compatibility if there were :class:`.ParameterExpression`
+    objects to serialize.  In particular:
+
+    * When the loading version of Qiskit is 1.2.4 or greater, QPY files generated with any version
+      of Qiskit >= 0.46.0 can be loaded.  If a version of Qiskit between 0.45.0 and 0.45.3 was used
+      to generate the files, and the non-default argument ``use_symengine=True`` was given to
+      :func:`.qpy.dump`, the file can only be read if the version of ``symengine`` used in the
+      generating environment was in the 0.11 or 0.13 series, but if the environment was created
+      during the support window of Qiskit 0.45, it is likely that ``symengine==0.9.2`` was used.
+
+    * When the loading version of Qiskit is between 0.46.0 and 1.2.2 inclusive, the file can only be
+      read if the installed version of ``symengine`` in the loading environment matches the version
+      used in the generating environment.
+
+    To recover a QPY file that fails with ``symengine`` version-related errors during a call to
+    :func:`.qpy.load`, first attempt to use Qiskit >= 1.2.4 to load the file.  If this still fails,
+    it is likely because Qiskit 0.45.x was used to generate the file with ``use_symengine=True``.
+    In this case, use Qiskit 0.45.3 with ``symengine==0.9.2`` to load the file, and then re-export
+    it to QPY setting ``use_symengine=False``.  The resulting file can then be loaded by any later
+    version of Qiskit.
+
+.. note::
+
+    Starting with Qiskit version 2.0.0, which removed the Pulse module from the library, QPY provides
+    limited support for loading payloads that include pulse data. Loading a ``ScheduleBlock`` payload,
+    a :class:`.QpyError` exception will be raised. Loading a payload for a circuit that contained pulse
+    gates, the output circuit will contain  custom instructions **without** calibration data attached
+    for each pulse gate, leaving them undefined.
+
+QPY format version history
+--------------------------
+
+If you're planning to load a QPY file between different Qiskit versions knowing
+which versions were available in a given release are useful. As the QPY is
+backwards compatible but not forwards compatible you need to ensure a given
+QPY format version was released in the release you're calling :func:`.load`
+with. The following table lists the QPY versions that were supported in every
+Qiskit (and qiskit-terra prior to Qiskit 1.0.0) release going back to the introduction
+of QPY in qiskit-terra 0.18.0.
+
+.. list-table:: QPY Format Version History
+   :header-rows: 1
+
+   * - Qiskit (qiskit-terra for < 1.0.0) version
+     - :func:`.dump` format(s) output versions
+     - :func:`.load` maximum supported version (older format versions can always be read)
+   * - 2.1.0
+     - 13, 14, 15
+     - 15
+   * - 2.0.2
+     - 13, 14
+     - 14
+   * - 2.0.1
+     - 13, 14
+     - 14
+   * - 2.0.0
+     - 13, 14
+     - 14
+   * - 1.4.3
+     - 10, 11, 12, 13
+     - 13
+   * - 1.4.2
+     - 10, 11, 12, 13
+     - 13
+   * - 1.4.1
+     - 10, 11, 12, 13
+     - 13
+   * - 1.4.0
+     - 10, 11, 12, 13
+     - 13
+   * - 1.3.3
+     - 10, 11, 12, 13
+     - 13
+   * - 1.3.2
+     - 10, 11, 12, 13
+     - 13
+   * - 1.3.1
+     - 10, 11, 12, 13
+     - 13
+   * - 1.3.0
+     - 10, 11, 12, 13
+     - 13
+   * - 1.2.4
+     - 10, 11, 12
+     - 12
+   * - 1.2.3 (yanked)
+     - 10, 11, 12
+     - 12
+   * - 1.2.2
+     - 10, 11, 12
+     - 12
+   * - 1.2.1
+     - 10, 11, 12
+     - 12
+   * - 1.2.0
+     - 10, 11, 12
+     - 12
+   * - 1.1.0
+     - 10, 11, 12
+     - 12
+   * - 1.0.2
+     - 10, 11
+     - 11
+   * - 1.0.1
+     - 10, 11
+     - 11
+   * - 1.0.0
+     - 10, 11
+     - 11
+   * - 0.46.1
+     - 10
+     - 10
+   * - 0.45.3
+     - 10
+     - 10
+   * - 0.45.2
+     - 10
+     - 10
+   * - 0.45.1
+     - 10
+     - 10
+   * - 0.45.0
+     - 10
+     - 10
+   * - 0.25.3
+     - 9
+     - 9
+   * - 0.25.2
+     - 9
+     - 9
+   * - 0.25.1
+     - 9
+     - 9
+   * - 0.24.2
+     - 8
+     - 8
+   * - 0.24.1
+     - 7
+     - 7
+   * - 0.24.0
+     - 7
+     - 7
+   * - 0.23.3
+     - 6
+     - 6
+   * - 0.23.2
+     - 6
+     - 6
+   * - 0.23.1
+     - 6
+     - 6
+   * - 0.23.0
+     - 6
+     - 6
+   * - 0.22.4
+     - 5
+     - 5
+   * - 0.22.3
+     - 5
+     - 5
+   * - 0.22.2
+     - 5
+     - 5
+   * - 0.22.1
+     - 5
+     - 5
+   * - 0.22.0
+     - 5
+     - 5
+   * - 0.21.2
+     - 5
+     - 5
+   * - 0.21.1
+     - 5
+     - 5
+   * - 0.21.0
+     - 5
+     - 5
+   * - 0.20.2
+     - 4
+     - 4
+   * - 0.20.1
+     - 4
+     - 4
+   * - 0.20.0
+     - 4
+     - 4
+   * - 0.19.2
+     - 4
+     - 4
+   * - 0.19.1
+     - 3
+     - 3
+   * - 0.19.0
+     - 2
+     - 2
+   * - 0.18.3
+     - 1
+     - 1
+   * - 0.18.2
+     - 1
+     - 1
+   * - 0.18.1
+     - 1
+     - 1
+   * - 0.18.0
+     - 1
+     - 1
+
+.. _qpy_format:
+
+QPY Format
+==========
+
+The QPY serialization format is a portable cross-platform binary
+serialization format for :class:`~qiskit.circuit.QuantumCircuit` objects in Qiskit. The basic
+file format is as follows:
+
+A QPY file (or memory object) always starts with the following 6
+byte UTF8 string: ``QISKIT`` which is immediately followed by the overall
+file header. The contents of the file header as defined as a C struct are:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        uint8_t qpy_version;
+        uint8_t qiskit_major_version;
+        uint8_t qiskit_minor_version;
+        uint8_t qiskit_patch_version;
+        uint64_t num_circuits;
+    }
+
+
+From V10 on, a new field is added to the file header struct to represent the
+encoding scheme used for symbolic expressions:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        uint8_t qpy_version;
+        uint8_t qiskit_major_version;
+        uint8_t qiskit_minor_version;
+        uint8_t qiskit_patch_version;
+        uint64_t num_circuits;
+        char symbolic_encoding;
+    }
+
+All values use network byte order [#f1]_ (big endian) for cross platform
+compatibility.
+
+The file header is immediately followed by the circuit payloads.
+Each individual circuit is composed of the following parts in order from top to bottom:
+
+.. code-block:: text
+
+    HEADER
+    METADATA
+    REGISTERS
+    ANNOTATION_HEADER
+    STANDALONE_VARS
+    CUSTOM_DEFINITIONS
+    INSTRUCTIONS
+
+.. versionchanged:: QPY 15
+    ``ANNOTATION_HEADER`` was added between ``REGISTERS`` and ``STANDALONE_VARS``.
+
+.. versionchanged:: QPY 12
+    ``STANDALONE_VARS`` was added between ``REGISTERS`` and ``CUSTOM_DEFINITIONS``.
+
+There is a circuit payload for each circuit (where the total number is dictated
+by ``num_circuits`` in the file header). There is no padding between the
+circuits in the data.
+
+.. _qpy_version_15:
+
+Version 15
+----------
+
+Version 15 adds the concept of custom annotations to the payload format.  QPY itself does not
+specify how annotations are serialized or deserialized, as they are custom user objects.  The format
+does co-operate with sub-serializers, however.
+
+Version 15 adds the ``ANNOTATION_HEADER`` field between the ``STANDALONE_VARS`` and
+``CUSTOM_DEFINITIONS`` fields in the top level of a single circuit payload.  It modifies the
+interpretation of one field of the ``INSTRUCTION`` struct in an ABI-compatible manner, and adds a
+``INSTRUCTION_ANNOTATIONS`` trailer to ``INSTRUCTION`` which is present conditional on a set bit in
+the ``INSTRUCTION`` payload.
+
+New ANNOTATION_HEADER
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The ``ANNOTATION_HEADER`` field is a variable-size payload in the header.  It begins with an
+instance of ``ANNOTATION_HEADER_STATIC``, which is the C struct:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct ANNOTATION_HEADER_STATIC {
+        uint32_t num_namespaces;
+    }
+
+This is immediately followed by ``num_namespaces`` instances of the ``ANNOTATION_STATE`` payload.
+The order of these is important and should be retained during the deserialization process, as
+subsequent ``INSTRUCTION_ANNOTATION`` payloads will index into it.
+
+The ``ANNOTATION_STATE`` payload begins with the fixed C struct:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct ANNOTATION_STATE_HEADER {
+        uint32_t namespace_size;
+        uint64_t state_size;
+    }
+
+This header is immediately followed by ``namespace_size`` bytes of UTF-8 encoded text, which
+comprise the namespace.  Those bytes are immediately followed by ``state_size`` bytes of arbitrary
+data.  The format of this "state" payload is not defined by QPY.  Instead, it is the responsibility
+of an external object associated with the stored namespace.  The format does not dictate how to
+produce these objects; as annotations are entirely custom, the user must supply the serialization
+and deserialization methods.
+
+
+.. _qpy_instruction_v15:
+
+Changes to INSTRUCTION
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The ``INSTRUCTION`` struct is modified in an ABI compatible manner to :ref:`its previous definition
+in version 9 <qpy_instruction_v9>`.  The new struct is the C struct (recall that there is no padding
+between any fields, nor at the end of the struct):
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct INSTRUCTION {
+        uint16_t name_size;
+        uint16_t label_size;
+        uint16_t num_parameters;
+        uint32_t num_qargs;
+        uint32_t num_cargs;
+        uint8_t extras_key;
+        uint16_t conditional_reg_name_size;
+        int64_t conditional_value;
+        uint32_t num_ctrl_qubits;
+        uint32_t ctrl_state;
+    }
+
+where the field ``uint8_t extras_key`` replaces the previous ``uint8_t conditional_key``.  The
+difference is purely in interpretation.  The low two bits of the byte are still interpreted as
+defining the condition and its type.  The high bit of the byte is now a flag, indicated whether an
+``INSTRUCTION_ANNOTATIONS_HEADER`` field is present (if the bit is set) in the trailing data of the
+``INSTRUCTION`` struct.
+
+A complete instruction payload appears in the data stream, including trailing objects and without
+any padding bytes inbetween elements, as:
+
+.. code-block:: text
+
+    struct INSTRUCTION;
+    uint8_t name[name_size];
+    uint8_t label[label_size];
+    uint8_t register[conditional_reg_name_size]; (1)
+    struct INSTRUCTION_PARAM;                    (2)
+    struct INSTRUCTION_ARG[num_qargs];
+    struct INSTRUCTION_ARG[num_cargs];
+    struct INSTRUCTION_PARAM[num_parameters];
+    INSTRUCTION_ANNOTATIONS;                     (3)
+
+The following notes apply:
+
+1. if the two low bits of the ``extras_key`` have the value ``2``, indicating the condition is an
+   ``EXPRESSION``, the ``conditional_reg_name_size`` is always zero.
+2. this field is present if and only if the two low bits of the ``extras_key`` have the value ``2``,
+   indicating the condition is an ``EXPRESSION``.
+3. this field is present if and only if the high bit of the ``extras_key`` is set.  This field has
+   a variable size; see :ref:`qpy_instruction_annotations_v15`.
+
+.. _qpy_instruction_annotations_v15:
+
+New INSTRUCTION_ANNOTATIONS
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The ``INSTRUCTION_ANNOTATIONS`` payload begins with the C struct:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct INSTRUCTION_ANNOTATIONS_HEADER {
+        uint32_t num_annotations;
+    }
+
+This payload is immediately followed by ``num_annotations`` instances of the
+``INSTRUCTION_ANNOTATION`` payload, which is of a variable size.
+
+The ``INSRTUCTION_ANNOTATION`` payload is defined by the following C struct plus a trailing number
+of bytes equal to the ``payload_size``, called ``ANNOTATION_PAYLOAD``.
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct INSTRUCTION_ANNOTATION {
+        uint32_t namespace_index;
+        uint32_t payload_size;
+    }
+
+The ``namespace_index`` is an integer index into the list of defined ``ANNOTATION_NAMESPACE``
+objects in the ``ANNOTATION_HEADER``.  The serialization namespace for an annotation is the UTF-8
+encoded string in the relevant payload.
+
+The format of the ``ANNOTATION_PAYLOAD`` object is not specified by QPY.  It is defined by an
+external serialization object associated with the namespace referred to by the ``namespace_index``
+and its associated serializer state in the ``ANNOTATION_HEADER``.
+
+
+Changes within PARAM_EXPR_ELEM_V13
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The struct itself is unchanged.  However, for a ``PARAM_EXPR_ELEM_V13`` representing a
+:meth:`.ParameterExpression.subs` call (with ``op_code = 15``, and therefore ``lhs_type = 'p'`` and
+``rhs_type = 'n'``), the trailing :ref:`qpy_mapping` now maps keys of the raw bytes of the
+:class:`.Parameter` UUIDs to the substituted values.  Previously (in QPY versions 13 and 14), this
+mapping stored the parameter names as the keys.
+
+
+.. _qpy_version_14:
+
+Version 14
+----------
+
+Version 14 adds a new core DURATION type, support for additional :class:`~.types.Type`
+classes :class:`~.types.Float` and :class:`~.types.Duration`, and a new expression
+node type :class:`~.expr.Stretch`.
+
+DURATION
+~~~~~~~~
+
+A :class:`~.circuit.Duration` is encoded by a single-byte ASCII ``char`` that encodes the kind of
+type, followed by a payload that varies depending on the type.  The defined codes are:
+
+==============================  =========  =========================================================
+Qiskit class                    Type code  Payload
+==============================  =========  =========================================================
+:class:`~.circuit.Duration.dt`   ``t``     One ``unsigned long long value``.
+
+:class:`~.circuit.Duration.ns`   ``n``     One ``double value``.
+
+:class:`~.circuit.Duration.us`   ``u``     One ``double value``.
+
+:class:`~.circuit.Duration.ms`   ``m``     One ``double value``.
+
+:class:`~.circuit.Duration.s`    ``s``     One ``double value``.
+
+==============================  =========  =========================================================
+
+Changes to EXPR_VAR_DECLARATION
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The ``EXPR_VAR_DECLARATION`` type is now used to represent both :class:`~.expr.Var` standalone
+variables and :class:`~.expr.Stretch` identifiers. To support this change, the usage type code has
+two new possible entries, in addition to the existing ones:
+
+=========  =========================================================================================
+Type code  Meaning
+=========  =========================================================================================
+``A``      A ``capture`` stretch to the circuit.
+
+``O``      A locally declared stretch to the circuit.
+
+=========  =========================================================================================
+
+Changes to EXPRESSION
+---------------------
+
+The EXPRESSION type code has a new possible entry, ``s``, corresponding to :class:`.expr.Stretch`
+nodes.
+
+=======================  =========  ======================================================  ========
+Qiskit class             Type code  Payload                                                 Children
+=======================  =========  ======================================================  ========
+:class:`~.expr.Stretch`  ``s``      One ``unsigned short var_index``                        0
+=======================  =========  ======================================================  ========
+
+Changes to EXPR_TYPE
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The following table shows the new type classes added in the version:
+
+=========================  =========  ==============================================================
+Qiskit class               Type code  Payload
+=========================  =========  ==============================================================
+:class:`~.types.Float`     ``f``      None.
+
+:class:`~.types.Duration`  ``d``      None.
+
+=========================  =========  ==============================================================
+
+Changes to EXPR_VALUE
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The classical expression's type system now supports new encoding types for value literals, in
+addition to the existing encodings for int and bool. The new value type encodings are below:
+
+===========================  =========  ============================================================
+Python type                  Type code  Payload
+===========================  =========  ============================================================
+``float``                    ``f``      One ``double value``.
+
+:class:`~.circuit.Duration`  ``t``      One ``DURATION``.
+
+===========================  =========  ============================================================
+
+.. _qpy_version_13:
+
+Version 13
+----------
+
+Version 13 added a native Qiskit serialization representation for :class:`.ParameterExpression`.
+Previous QPY versions relied on either ``sympy`` or ``symengine`` to serialize the underlying symbolic
+expression. Starting in Version 13, QPY now represents the sequence of API calls used to create the
+:class:`.ParameterExpression`.
+
+The main change in the serialization format is in the :ref:`qpy_param_expr_v3` payload.  The
+``expr_size`` bytes following the head now contain an array of ``PARAM_EXPR_ELEM_V13`` structs. The
+intent is for this array to be read one struct at a time, where each struct describes one of the
+calls to make to reconstruct the :class:`.ParameterExpression`.
+
+PARAM_EXPR_ELEM_V13
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The struct format is defined as:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        unsigned char op_code;
+        char lhs_type;
+        char lhs[16];
+        char rhs_type;
+        char rhs[16];
+    } PARAM_EXPR_ELEM_V13;
+
+The ``op_code`` field is used to define the operation added to the :class:`.ParameterExpression`.
+The value can be:
+
+.. list-table:: PARAM_EXPR_ELEM_V13 op code values
+   :header-rows: 1
+
+   * - ``op_code``
+     - :class:`.ParameterExpression` method
+   * - 0
+     - :meth:`~.ParameterExpression.__add__`
+   * - 1
+     - :meth:`~.ParameterExpression.__sub__`
+   * - 2
+     - :meth:`~.ParameterExpression.__mul__`
+   * - 3
+     - :meth:`~.ParameterExpression.__truediv__`
+   * - 4
+     - :meth:`~.ParameterExpression.__pow__`
+   * - 5
+     - :meth:`~.ParameterExpression.sin`
+   * - 6
+     - :meth:`~.ParameterExpression.cos`
+   * - 7
+     - :meth:`~.ParameterExpression.tan`
+   * - 8
+     - :meth:`~.ParameterExpression.arcsin`
+   * - 9
+     - :meth:`~.ParameterExpression.arccos`
+   * - 10
+     - :meth:`~.ParameterExpression.exp`
+   * - 11
+     - :meth:`~.ParameterExpression.log`
+   * - 12
+     - :meth:`~.ParameterExpression.sign`
+   * - 13
+     - :meth:`~.ParameterExpression.gradient`
+   * - 14
+     - :meth:`~.ParameterExpression.conjugate`
+   * - 15
+     - :meth:`~.ParameterExpression.subs`
+   * - 16
+     - :meth:`~.ParameterExpression.abs`
+   * - 17
+     - :meth:`~.ParameterExpression.arctan`
+   * - 255
+     - NULL
+
+The ``NULL`` value of 255 is only used to fill the op code field for
+entries that are not actual operations but indicate recursive definitions.
+Then the ``lhs_type`` and ``rhs_type`` fields are used to describe
+the operand types and can be one of the following UTF-8 encoded
+characters:
+
+.. list-table:: PARAM_EXPR_ELEM_V13 operand type values
+   :header-rows: 1
+
+   * - Value
+     - Type
+   * - ``n``
+     - ``None``
+   * - ``p``
+     - :class:`.Parameter`
+   * - ``f``
+     - ``float``
+   * - ``c``
+     - ``complex``
+   * - ``i``
+     - ``int``
+   * - ``s``
+     - Recursive :class:`.ParameterExpression` definition start
+   * - ``e``
+     - Recursive :class:`.ParameterExpression` definition stop
+   * - ``u``
+     - substitution
+
+If the type value is ``f``, ``c``, or ``i``, the corresponding ``lhs`` or ``rhs``
+field widths are 128 bits each. In the case of floats, the literal value is encoded as a double
+with 0 padding, while complex numbers are encoded as real part followed by imaginary part,
+taking up 64 bits each. For ``i``, the value is encoded as a 64 bit signed integer with 0 padding
+for the full 128 bit width. ``n`` is used to represent a ``None`` and typically isn't directly used
+as it indicates an argument that's not used. For ``p`` the data is the UUID for the
+:class:`.Parameter` which can be looked up in the symbol map described in the
+``map_elements`` outer :ref:`qpy_param_expr_v3` payload. If the type value is
+``s`` this marks the start of a a new recursive section for a nested
+:class:`.ParameterExpression`. For example, in the following snippet there is an inner ``expr``
+contained in ``final_expr``, constituting a nested expression::
+
+    from qiskit.circuit import Parameter
+
+    x = Parameter("x")
+    y = Parameter("y")
+    z = Parameter("z")
+
+    expr = (x + y) / 2
+    final_expr = z**2 + expr
+
+When ``s`` is encountered, this indicates that until an ``e` struct is reached, the next structs
+are used for a recursive definition. For both
+``s`` and ``e`` types, the data values are not used, and always set to 0. The type value
+of ``u`` is used to represent a substitution call. This is only used for ``lhs_type``
+and is always paired with an ``rhs_type`` of ``n``. The data value is the size in bytes of
+a :ref:`qpy_mapping` encoded mapping of :class:`.Parameter` names to their value for the
+:meth:`~.ParameterExpression.subs` call. The mapping data is immediately following the
+struct, and the next struct starts immediately after the mapping data.
+
+.. _qpy_version_12:
+
+Version 12
+----------
+
+Version 12 adds support for:
+
+* circuits containing memory-owning :class:`.expr.Var` variables.
+
+Changes to HEADER
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The HEADER struct for an individual circuit has added three ``uint32_t`` counts of the input,
+captured and locally declared variables in the circuit.  The new form looks like:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        uint16_t name_size;
+        char global_phase_type;
+        uint16_t global_phase_size;
+        uint32_t num_qubits;
+        uint32_t num_clbits;
+        uint64_t metadata_size;
+        uint32_t num_registers;
+        uint64_t num_instructions;
+        uint32_t num_vars;
+    } HEADER_V12;
+
+The ``HEADER_V12`` struct is followed immediately by the same name, global-phase, metadata
+and register information as the V2 version of the header.  Immediately following the registers is
+``num_vars`` instances of ``EXPR_VAR_STANDALONE`` that define the variables in this circuit.  After
+that, the data continues with custom definitions and instructions as in prior versions of QPY.
+
+
+EXPR_VAR_DECLARATION
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+An ``EXPR_VAR_DECLARATION`` defines an :class:`.expr.Var` instance that is standalone; that is, it
+represents a self-owned memory location rather than wrapping a :class:`.Clbit` or
+:class:`.ClassicalRegister`.  The payload is a C struct:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        char uuid_bytes[16];
+        char usage;
+        uint16_t name_size;
+    }
+
+which is immediately followed by an ``EXPR_TYPE`` payload and then ``name_size`` bytes of UTF-8
+encoding string data containing the name of the variable.
+
+The ``char`` usage type code takes the following values:
+
+=========  =========================================================================================
+Type code  Meaning
+=========  =========================================================================================
+``I``      An ``input`` variable to the circuit.
+
+``C``      A ``capture`` variable to the circuit.
+
+``L``      A locally declared variable to the circuit.
+=========  =========================================================================================
+
+
+Changes to EXPR_VAR
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The ``EXPR_VAR`` variable has gained a new type code and payload, in addition to the pre-existing ones:
+
+===========================  =========  ============================================================
+Python class                 Type code  Payload
+===========================  =========  ============================================================
+:class:`.UUID`               ``U``      One ``uint32_t`` index of the variable into the series of
+                                        ``EXPR_VAR_STANDALONE`` variables that were written
+                                        immediately after the circuit header.
+===========================  =========  ============================================================
+
+Notably, this new type-code indexes into pre-defined variables from the circuit header, rather than
+redefining the variable again in each location it is used.
+
+
+Changes to EXPRESSION
+---------------------
+
+The EXPRESSION type code has a new possible entry, ``i``, corresponding to :class:`.expr.Index`
+nodes.
+
+======================  =========  =======================================================  ========
+Qiskit class            Type code  Payload                                                  Children
+======================  =========  =======================================================  ========
+:class:`~.expr.Index`   ``i``      No additional payload. The children are the target       2
+                                   and the index, in that order.
+======================  =========  =======================================================  ========
+
+
+.. _qpy_version_11:
+
+Version 11
+----------
+
+Version 11 is identical to Version 10 except for the following.
+First, the names in the CUSTOM_INSTRUCTION blocks
+have a suffix of the form ``"_{uuid_hex}"`` where ``uuid_hex`` is a uuid
+hexadecimal string such as returned by :attr:`.UUID.hex`. For example:
+``"b3ecab5b4d6a4eb6bc2b2dbf18d83e1e"``.
+Second, it adds support for :class:`.AnnotatedOperation`
+objects. The base operation of an annotated operation is stored using the INSTRUCTION block,
+and an additional ``type`` value ``'a'``is added to indicate that the custom instruction is an
+annotated operation. The list of modifiers are stored as instruction parameters using INSTRUCTION_PARAM,
+with an additional value ``'m'`` is added to indicate that the parameter is of type
+:class:`~qiskit.circuit.annotated_operation.Modifier`. Each modifier is stored using the
+MODIFIER struct.
+
+.. _modifier_qpy:
+
+MODIFIER
+~~~~~~~~
+
+This represents :class:`~qiskit.circuit.annotated_operation.Modifier`
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        char type;
+        uint32_t num_ctrl_qubits;
+        uint32_t ctrl_state;
+        double power;
+    }
+
+This is sufficient to store different types of modifiers required for serializing objects
+of type :class:`.AnnotatedOperation`.
+The field ``type`` is either ``'i'``, ``'c'`` or ``'p'``, representing whether the modifier
+is respectively an inverse modifier, a control modifier or a power modifier. In the second
+case, the fields ``num_ctrl_qubits`` and ``ctrl_state`` specify the control logic of the base
+operation, and in the third case the field ``power`` represents the power of the base operation.
+
+.. _qpy_version_10:
+
+Version 10
+----------
+
+Version 10 adds support for:
+
+* symengine-native serialization for objects of type :class:`~.ParameterExpression` as well as
+  symbolic expressions in Pulse schedule blocks.
+* new fields in the :class:`~.TranspileLayout` class added in the Qiskit 0.45.0 release.
+
+The symbolic_encoding field is added to the file header, and a new encoding type char
+is introduced, mapped to each symbolic library as follows: ``p`` refers to sympy
+encoding and ``e`` refers to symengine encoding.
+
+Changes to FILE_HEADER
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The contents of FILE_HEADER after V10 are defined as a C struct as:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        uint8_t qpy_version;
+        uint8_t qiskit_major_version;
+        uint8_t qiskit_minor_version;
+        uint8_t qiskit_patch_version;
+        uint64_t num_circuits;
+        char symbolic_encoding;
+    } FILE_HEADER_V10;
+
+Changes to LAYOUT
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The ``LAYOUT`` struct is updated to have an additional ``input_qubit_count`` field.
+With version 10 the ``LAYOUT`` struct is now:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        char exists;
+        int32_t initial_layout_size;
+        int32_t input_mapping_size;
+        int32_t final_layout_size;
+        uint32_t extra_registers;
+        int32_t input_qubit_count;
+    }
+
+The rest of the layout data after the ``LAYOUT`` struct is represented as in previous versions. If
+``input qubit_count`` is < 0 that indicates that both ``_input_qubit_count``
+and ``_output_qubit_list`` in the :class:`~.TranspileLayout` object are ``None``.
+
+.. _qpy_version_9:
+
+Version 9
+---------
+
+Version 9 adds support for classical :class:`~.expr.Expr` nodes and their associated
+:class:`~.types.Type`\\ s.
+
+
+EXPRESSION
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+An :class:`~.expr.Expr` node is represented by a stream of variable-width data.  A node itself is
+represented by (in order in the byte stream):
+
+#. a one-byte type code discriminator;
+#. an EXPR_TYPE object;
+#. a type-code-specific additional payload;
+#. a type-code-specific number of child EXPRESSION payloads (the number of these is implied by the
+   type code and not explicitly stored).
+
+Each of these are described in the following table:
+
+======================  =========  =======================================================  ========
+Qiskit class            Type code  Payload                                                  Children
+======================  =========  =======================================================  ========
+:class:`~.expr.Var`     ``x``      One ``EXPR_VAR``.                                        0
+
+:class:`~.expr.Value`   ``v``      One ``EXPR_VALUE``.                                      0
+
+:class:`~.expr.Cast`    ``c``      One ``_Bool``  that corresponds to the value of          1
+                                   ``implicit``.
+
+:class:`~.expr.Unary`   ``u``      One ``uint8_t`` with the same numeric value as the       1
+                                   :class:`.Unary.Op`.
+
+:class:`~.expr.Binary`  ``b``      One ``uint8_t`` with the same numeric value as the       2
+                                   :class:`.Binary.Op`.
+======================  =========  =======================================================  ========
+
+
+EXPR_TYPE
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+A :class:`~.types.Type` is encoded by a single-byte ASCII ``char`` that encodes the kind of type,
+followed by a payload that varies depending on the type.  The defined codes are:
+
+======================  =========  =================================================================
+Qiskit class            Type code  Payload
+======================  =========  =================================================================
+:class:`~.types.Bool`   ``b``      None.
+
+:class:`~.types.Uint`   ``u``      One ``uint32_t width``.
+======================  =========  =================================================================
+
+
+EXPR_VAR
+~~~~~~~~
+
+This represents a runtime variable of a :class:`~.expr.Var` node.  These are a type code, followed
+by a type-code-specific payload:
+
+===========================  =========  ============================================================
+Python class                 Type code  Payload
+===========================  =========  ============================================================
+:class:`.Clbit`              ``C``      One ``uint32_t index`` that is the index of the
+                                        :class:`.Clbit` in the containing circuit.
+
+:class:`.ClassicalRegister`  ``R``      One ``uint16_t reg_name_size``, followed by that many bytes
+                                        of UTF-8 string data of the register name.
+===========================  =========  ============================================================
+
+
+EXPR_VALUE
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This represents a literal object in the classical type system, such as an integer.  Currently there
+are very few such literals.  These are encoded as a type code, followed by a type-code-specific
+payload.
+
+===========  =========  ============================================================================
+Python type  Type code  Payload
+===========  =========  ============================================================================
+``bool``     ``b``      One ``_Bool value``.
+
+``int``      ``i``      One ``uint8_t num_bytes``, followed by the integer encoded into that many
+                        many bytes (network order) in a two's complement representation.
+===========  =========  ============================================================================
+
+
+.. _qpy_instruction_v9:
+
+Changes to INSTRUCTION
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+To support the use of :class:`~.expr.Expr` nodes in the fields :attr:`.IfElseOp.condition`,
+:attr:`.WhileLoopOp.condition` and :attr:`.SwitchCaseOp.target`, the INSTRUCTION struct is changed
+in an ABI compatible-manner to :ref:`its previous definition <qpy_instruction_v5>`.  The new struct
+is the C struct:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        uint16_t name_size;
+        uint16_t label_size;
+        uint16_t num_parameters;
+        uint32_t num_qargs;
+        uint32_t num_cargs;
+        uint8_t conditional_key;
+        uint16_t conditional_reg_name_size;
+        int64_t conditional_value;
+        uint32_t num_ctrl_qubits;
+        uint32_t ctrl_state;
+    }
+
+where the only change is that a ``uint8_t conditional_key`` entry has replaced ``_Bool
+has_conditional``.  This new ``conditional_key`` takes the following numeric values, with these
+effects:
+
+=====  =============================================================================================
+Value  Effects
+=====  =============================================================================================
+0      The instruction has its ``.condition`` field set to ``None``.  The
+       ``conditional_reg_name_size`` and ``conditional_value`` fields should be ignored.
+
+1      The instruction has its ``.condition`` field set to a 2-tuple of either a :class:`.Clbit`
+       or a :class:`.ClassicalRegister`, and a integer of value ``conditional_value``.  The
+       INSTRUCTION payload, including its trailing data is parsed exactly as it would be in QPY
+       versions less than 8.
+
+2      The instruction has its ``.condition`` field set to a :class:`~.expr.Expr` node.  The
+       ``conditional_reg_name_size`` and ``conditional_value`` fields should be ignored.  The data
+       following the struct is followed (as in QPY versions less than 9) by ``name_size`` bytes of
+       UTF-8 string data for the class name and ``label_size`` bytes of UTF-8 string data for the
+       label (if any). Then, there is one INSTRUCTION_PARAM, which will contain an EXPRESSION. After
+       that, parsing continues with the INSTRUCTION_ARG structs, as in previous versions of QPY.
+=====  =============================================================================================
+
+
+Changes to INSTRUCTION_PARAM
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+A new type code ``x`` is added that defines an EXPRESSION parameter.
+
+
+.. _qpy_version_8:
+
+Version 8
+---------
+
+Version 8 adds support for handling a :class:`~.TranspileLayout` stored in the
+:attr:`.QuantumCircuit.layout` attribute. In version 8 immediately following the
+calibrations block at the end of the circuit payload there is now the
+``LAYOUT`` struct. This struct outlines the size of the three attributes of a
+:class:`~.TranspileLayout` class.
+
+LAYOUT
+~~~~~~
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        char exists;
+        int32_t initial_layout_size;
+        int32_t input_mapping_size;
+        int32_t final_layout_size;
+        uint32_t extra_registers;
+    }
+
+If any of the signed values are ``-1`` this indicates the corresponding
+attribute is ``None``.
+
+Immediately following the ``LAYOUT`` struct there is a :ref:`qpy_registers` struct
+for ``extra_registers`` (specifically the format introduced in :ref:`qpy_version_4`)
+standalone register definitions that aren't present in the circuit. Then there
+are ``initial_layout_size`` ``INITIAL_LAYOUT_BIT`` structs to define the
+:attr:`.TranspileLayout.initial_layout` attribute.
+
+INITIAL_LAYOUT_BIT
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        int32_t index;
+        int32_t register_size;
+    }
+
+Where a value of ``-1`` indicates ``None`` (as in no register is associated
+with the bit). Following each ``INITIAL_LAYOUT_BIT`` struct is ``register_size``
+bytes for a ``utf8`` encoded string for the register name.
+
+Following the initial layout there is ``input_mapping_size`` array of
+``uint32_t`` integers representing the positions of the physical bit from the
+initial layout. This enables constructing a list of virtual bits where the
+array index is its input mapping position.
+
+Finally, there is an array of ``final_layout_size`` ``uint32_t`` integers. Each
+element is an index in the circuit's ``qubits`` attribute which enables building
+a mapping from qubit starting position to the output position at the end of the
+circuit.
+
+.. _qpy_version_7:
+
+Version 7
+---------
+
+Version 7 adds support for :class:`.~Reference` instruction and serialization of
+a ``ScheduleBlock`` program while keeping its reference to subroutines::
+
+    from qiskit import pulse
+    from qiskit import qpy
+
+    with pulse.build() as schedule:
+        pulse.reference("cr45p", "q0", "q1")
+        pulse.reference("x", "q0")
+        pulse.reference("cr45p", "q0", "q1")
+
+    with open('template_ecr.qpy', 'wb') as fd:
+        qpy.dump(schedule, fd)
+
+The conventional :ref:`qpy_schedule_block` data model is preserved, but in
+version 7 it is immediately followed by an extra :ref:`qpy_mapping` utf8 bytes block
+representing the data of the referenced subroutines.
+
+New type key character is added to the :ref:`qpy_schedule_instructions` group
+for the :class:`.~Reference` instruction.
+
+- ``y``: :class:`~qiskit.pulse.instructions.Reference` instruction
+
+New type key character is added to the :ref:`qpy_schedule_operands` group
+for the operands of :class:`.~Reference` instruction,
+which is a tuple of strings, e.g. ("cr45p", "q0", "q1").
+
+- ``o``: string (operand string)
+
+Note that this is the same encoding with the built-in Python string, however,
+the standard value encoding in QPY uses ``s`` type character for string data,
+which conflicts with the :class:`~qiskit.pulse.library.SymbolicPulse` in the scope of
+pulse instruction operands. A special type character ``o`` is reserved for
+the string data that appears in the pulse instruction operands.
+
+In addition, version 7 adds two new type keys to the INSTRUCTION_PARM struct.  ``"d"`` is followed
+by no data and represents the literal value :data:`.CASE_DEFAULT` for switch-statement support.
+``"R"`` represents a :class:`.ClassicalRegister` or :class:`.Clbit`, and is followed by the same
+format as the description of register or classical bit as used in the first element of :ref:`the
+condition of an INSTRUCTION field <qpy_instructions>`.
+
+.. _qpy_version_6:
+
+Version 6
+---------
+
+Version 6 adds support for :class:`.~ScalableSymbolicPulse`. These objects are saved and read
+like `SymbolicPulse` objects, and the class name is added to the data to correctly handle
+the class selection.
+
+`SymbolicPulse` block now starts with SYMBOLIC_PULSE_V2 header:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        uint16_t class_name_size;
+        uint16_t type_size;
+        uint16_t envelope_size;
+        uint16_t constraints_size;
+        uint16_t valid_amp_conditions_size;
+        _bool amp_limited;
+    }
+
+The only change compared to :ref:`qpy_version_5` is the addition of `class_name_size`. The header
+is then immediately followed by ``class_name_size`` utf8 bytes with the name of the class. Currently,
+either `SymbolicPulse` or `ScalableSymbolicPulse` are supported. The rest of the data is then
+identical to :ref:`qpy_version_5`.
+
+.. _qpy_version_5:
+
+Version 5
+---------
+
+Version 5 changes from :ref:`qpy_version_4` by adding support for ``ScheduleBlock``
+and changing two payloads the INSTRUCTION metadata payload and the CUSTOM_INSTRUCTION block.
+These now have new fields to better account for :class:`~.ControlledGate` objects in a circuit.
+In addition, new payload MAP_ITEM is defined to implement the :ref:`qpy_mapping` block.
+
+With the support of ``ScheduleBlock``, now :class:`~.QuantumCircuit` can be
+serialized together with :attr:`~.QuantumCircuit.calibrations`, or
+`Pulse Gates <https://quantum.cloud.ibm.com/docs/guides/pulse>`_.
+In QPY version 5 and above, :ref:`qpy_circuit_calibrations` payload is
+packed after the :ref:`qpy_instructions` block.
+
+In QPY version 5 and above,
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        char type;
+    }
+
+immediately follows the file header block to represent the program type stored in the file.
+
+- When ``type==c``, :class:`~.QuantumCircuit` payload follows
+- When ``type==s``, ``ScheduleBlock`` payload follows
+
+.. note::
+
+    Different programs cannot be packed together in the same file.
+    You must create different files for different program types.
+    Multiple objects with the same type can be saved in a single file.
+
+.. _qpy_schedule_block:
+
+SCHEDULE_BLOCK
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+``ScheduleBlock`` is first supported in QPY Version 5. This allows
+users to save pulse programs in the QPY binary format as follows:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from qiskit import pulse, qpy
+
+    with pulse.build() as schedule:
+        pulse.play(pulse.Gaussian(160, 0.1, 40), pulse.DriveChannel(0))
+
+    with open('schedule.qpy', 'wb') as fd:
+        qpy.dump(schedule, fd)
+
+    with open('schedule.qpy', 'rb') as fd:
+        new_schedule = qpy.load(fd)[0]
+
+Note that circuit and schedule block are serialized and deserialized through
+the same QPY interface. Input data type is implicitly analyzed and
+no extra option is required to save the schedule block.
+
+.. _qpy_schedule_block_header:
+
+SCHEDULE_BLOCK_HEADER
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+``ScheduleBlock`` block starts with the following header:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        uint16_t name_size;
+        uint64_t metadata_size;
+        uint16_t num_element;
+    }
+
+which is immediately followed by ``name_size`` utf8 bytes of schedule name and
+``metadata_size`` utf8 bytes of the JSON serialized metadata dictionary
+attached to the schedule.
+
+.. _qpy_schedule_alignments:
+
+SCHEDULE_BLOCK_ALIGNMENTS
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Then, alignment context of the schedule block starts with ``char``
+representing the supported context type followed by the :ref:`qpy_sequence` block representing
+the parameters associated with the alignment context :attr:`AlignmentKind._context_params`.
+The context type char is mapped to each alignment subclass as follows:
+
+- ``l``: :class:`~.AlignLeft`
+- ``r``: :class:`~.AlignRight`
+- ``s``: :class:`~.AlignSequential`
+- ``e``: :class:`~.AlignEquispaced`
+
+Note that :class:`~.AlignFunc` context is not supported because of the callback function
+stored in the context parameters.
+
+.. _qpy_schedule_instructions:
+
+SCHEDULE_BLOCK_INSTRUCTIONS
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This alignment block is further followed by ``num_element`` length of block elements which may
+consist of nested schedule blocks and schedule instructions.
+Each schedule instruction starts with ``char`` representing the instruction type
+followed by the :ref:`qpy_sequence` block representing the instruction
+:attr:`~qiskit.pulse.instructions.Instruction.operands`.
+Note that the data structure of pulse :class:`~qiskit.pulse.instructions.Instruction`
+is unified so that instance can be uniquely determined by the class and a tuple of operands.
+The mapping of type char to the instruction subclass is defined as follows:
+
+- ``a``: :class:`~qiskit.pulse.instructions.Acquire` instruction
+- ``p``: :class:`~qiskit.pulse.instructions.Play` instruction
+- ``d``: :class:`~qiskit.pulse.instructions.Delay` instruction
+- ``f``: :class:`~qiskit.pulse.instructions.SetFrequency` instruction
+- ``g``: :class:`~qiskit.pulse.instructions.ShiftFrequency` instruction
+- ``q``: :class:`~qiskit.pulse.instructions.SetPhase` instruction
+- ``r``: :class:`~qiskit.pulse.instructions.ShiftPhase` instruction
+- ``b``: :class:`~qiskit.pulse.instructions.RelativeBarrier` instruction
+- ``t``: :class:`~qiskit.pulse.instructions.TimeBlockade` instruction
+- ``y``: :class:`~qiskit.pulse.instructions.Reference` instruction (new in version 0.7)
+
+.. _qpy_schedule_operands:
+
+SCHEDULE_BLOCK_OPERANDS
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The operands of these instances can be serialized through the standard QPY value serialization
+mechanism, however there are special object types that only appear in the schedule operands.
+Since the operands are serialized as :ref:`qpy_sequence`, each element must be packed with the
+INSTRUCTION_PARAM pack struct, where each payload starts with a header block consists of
+the char ``type`` and uint64_t ``size``.
+Special objects start with the following type key:
+
+- ``c``: :class:`~qiskit.pulse.channels.Channel`
+- ``w``: :class:`~qiskit.pulse.library.Waveform`
+- ``s``: :class:`~qiskit.pulse.library.SymbolicPulse`
+- ``o``: string (operand string, new in version 0.7)
+
+.. _qpy_schedule_channel:
+
+CHANNEL
+~~~~~~~
+
+Channel block starts with channel subtype ``char`` that maps an object data to
+:class:`~qiskit.pulse.channels.Channel` subclass. Mapping is defined as follows:
+
+- ``d``: :class:`~qiskit.pulse.channels.DriveChannel`
+- ``c``: :class:`~qiskit.pulse.channels.ControlChannel`
+- ``m``: :class:`~qiskit.pulse.channels.MeasureChannel`
+- ``a``: :class:`~qiskit.pulse.channels.AcquireChannel`
+- ``e``: :class:`~qiskit.pulse.channels.MemorySlot`
+- ``r``: :class:`~qiskit.pulse.channels.RegisterSlot`
+
+The key is immediately followed by the channel index serialized as the INSTRUCTION_PARAM.
+
+.. _qpy_schedule_waveform:
+
+Waveform
+~~~~~~~~
+
+Waveform block starts with WAVEFORM header:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        double epsilon;
+        uint32_t data_size;
+        _bool amp_limited;
+    }
+
+which is followed by ``data_size`` bytes of complex ``ndarray`` binary generated by numpy.save_.
+This represents the complex IQ data points played on a quantum device.
+:attr:`~qiskit.pulse.library.Waveform.name` is saved after the samples in the
+INSTRUCTION_PARAM pack struct, which can be string or ``None``.
+
+.. _numpy.save: https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.save.html
+
+.. _qpy_schedule_symbolic_pulse:
+
+SymbolicPulse
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+SymbolicPulse block starts with SYMBOLIC_PULSE header:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        uint16_t type_size;
+        uint16_t envelope_size;
+        uint16_t constraints_size;
+        uint16_t valid_amp_conditions_size;
+        _bool amp_limited;
+    }
+
+which is followed by ``type_size`` utf8 bytes of :attr:`.SymbolicPulse.pulse_type` string
+that represents a class of waveform, such as "Gaussian" or "GaussianSquare".
+Then, ``envelope_size``, ``constraints_size``, ``valid_amp_conditions_size`` utf8 bytes of
+serialized symbolic expressions are generated for :attr:`.SymbolicPulse.envelope`,
+:attr:`.SymbolicPulse.constraints`, and :attr:`.SymbolicPulse.valid_amp_conditions`, respectively.
+Since string representation of these expressions are usually lengthy,
+the expression binary is generated by the python zlib_ module with data compression.
+
+To uniquely specify a pulse instance, we also need to store the associated parameters,
+which consist of ``duration`` and the rest of parameters as a dictionary.
+Dictionary parameters are first dumped in the :ref:`qpy_mapping` form, and then ``duration``
+is dumped with the INSTRUCTION_PARAM pack struct.
+Lastly, :attr:`~qiskit.pulse.library.SymbolicPulse.name` is saved also with the
+INSTRUCTION_PARAM pack struct, which can be string or ``None``.
+
+.. _zlib: https://docs.python.org/3/library/zlib.html
+
+.. _qpy_mapping:
+
+MAPPING
+~~~~~~~
+
+The MAPPING is a representation for arbitrary mapping object. This is a fixed length
+:ref:`qpy_sequence` of key-value pair represented by the MAP_ITEM payload.
+
+A MAP_ITEM starts with a header defined as:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        uint16_t key_size;
+        char type;
+        uint16_t size;
+    }
+
+which is immediately followed by the ``key_size`` utf8 bytes representing
+the dictionary key in string and ``size`` utf8 bytes of arbitrary object data of
+QPY serializable ``type``.
+
+.. _qpy_circuit_calibrations:
+
+CIRCUIT_CALIBRATIONS
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The CIRCUIT_CALIBRATIONS block is a dictionary to define pulse calibrations of the custom
+instruction set. This block starts with the following CALIBRATION header:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        uint16_t num_cals;
+    }
+
+which is followed by the ``num_cals`` length of calibration entries, each starts with
+the CALIBRATION_DEF header:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        uint16_t name_size;
+        uint16_t num_qubits;
+        uint16_t num_params;
+        char type;
+    }
+
+The calibration definition header is then followed by ``name_size`` utf8 bytes of
+the gate name, ``num_qubits`` length of integers representing a sequence of qubits,
+and ``num_params`` length of INSTRUCTION_PARAM payload for parameters
+associated to the custom instruction.
+The ``type`` indicates the class of pulse program which is either, in principle,
+``ScheduleBlock`` or :class:`~.Schedule`. As of QPY Version 5,
+only ``ScheduleBlock`` payload is supported.
+Finally, :ref:`qpy_schedule_block` payload is packed for each CALIBRATION_DEF entry.
+
+.. _qpy_instruction_v5:
+
+INSTRUCTION
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The INSTRUCTION block was modified to add two new fields ``num_ctrl_qubits`` and ``ctrl_state``
+which are used to model the :attr:`.ControlledGate.num_ctrl_qubits` and
+:attr:`.ControlledGate.ctrl_state` attributes. The new payload packed struct
+format is:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        uint16_t name_size;
+        uint16_t label_size;
+        uint16_t num_parameters;
+        uint32_t num_qargs;
+        uint32_t num_cargs;
+        _Bool has_conditional;
+        uint16_t conditional_reg_name_size;
+        int64_t conditional_value;
+        uint32_t num_ctrl_qubits;
+        uint32_t ctrl_state;
+    }
+
+The rest of the instruction payload is the same. You can refer to
+:ref:`qpy_instructions` for the details of the full payload.
+
+CUSTOM_INSTRUCTION
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The CUSTOM_INSTRUCTION block in QPY version 5 adds a new field
+``base_gate_size`` which is used to define the size of the
+:class:`qiskit.circuit.Instruction` object stored in the
+:attr:`.ControlledGate.base_gate` attribute for a custom
+:class:`~.ControlledGate` object. With this change the CUSTOM_INSTRUCTION
+metadata block becomes:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        uint16_t name_size;
+        char type;
+        uint32_t num_qubits;
+        uint32_t num_clbits;
+        _Bool custom_definition;
+        uint64_t size;
+        uint32_t num_ctrl_qubits;
+        uint32_t ctrl_state;
+        uint64_t base_gate_size
+    }
+
+Immediately following the CUSTOM_INSTRUCTION struct is the utf8 encoded name
+of size ``name_size``.
+
+If ``custom_definition`` is ``True`` that means that the immediately following
+``size`` bytes contains a QPY circuit data which can be used for the custom
+definition of that gate. If ``custom_definition`` is ``False`` then the
+instruction can be considered opaque (ie no definition). The ``type`` field
+determines what type of object will get created with the custom definition.
+If it's ``'g'`` it will be a :class:`~qiskit.circuit.Gate` object, ``'i'``
+it will be a :class:`~qiskit.circuit.Instruction` object.
+
+Following this the next ``base_gate_size`` bytes contain the ``INSTRUCTION``
+payload for the :attr:`.ControlledGate.base_gate`.
+
+Additionally an addition value for ``type`` is added ``'c'`` which is used to
+indicate the custom instruction is a custom :class:`~.ControlledGate`.
+
+.. _qpy_version_4:
+
+Version 4
+---------
+
+Version 4 is identical to :ref:`qpy_version_3` except that it adds 2 new type strings
+to the INSTRUCTION_PARAM struct, ``z`` to represent ``None`` (which is encoded as
+no data), ``q`` to represent a :class:`.QuantumCircuit` (which is encoded as
+a QPY circuit), ``r`` to represent a ``range`` of integers (which is encoded as
+a :ref:`qpy_range_pack`), and ``t`` to represent a ``sequence`` (which is encoded as
+defined by :ref:`qpy_sequence`). Additionally, version 4 changes the type of register
+index mapping array from ``uint32_t`` to ``int64_t``. If the values of any of the
+array elements are negative they represent a register bit that is not present in the
+circuit.
+
+The :ref:`qpy_registers` header format has also been updated to
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        char type;
+        _Bool standalone;
+        uint32_t size;
+        uint16_t name_size;
+        _bool in_circuit;
+    }
+
+which just adds the ``in_circuit`` field which represents whether the register is
+part of the circuit or not.
+
+.. _qpy_range_pack:
+
+RANGE
+~~~~~
+
+A RANGE is a representation of a ``range`` object. It is defined as:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        int64_t start;
+        int64_t stop;
+        int64_t step;
+    }
+
+.. _qpy_sequence:
+
+SEQUENCE
+~~~~~~~~
+
+A SEQUENCE is a representation of an arbitrary sequence object. As sequence are just fixed length
+containers of arbitrary python objects their QPY can't fully represent any sequence,
+but as long as the contents in a sequence are other QPY serializable types for
+the INSTRUCTION_PARAM payload the ``sequence`` object can be serialized.
+
+A sequence instruction parameter starts with a header defined as:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        uint64_t size;
+    }
+
+followed by ``size`` elements that are INSTRUCTION_PARAM payloads, where each of
+these define an element in the sequence. The sequence object will be typecasted
+into proper type, e.g. ``tuple``, afterwards.
+
+.. _qpy_version_3:
+
+Version 3
+---------
+
+Version 3 of the QPY format is identical to :ref:`qpy_version_2` except that it defines
+a struct format to represent a :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.PauliEvolutionGate`
+natively in QPY. To accomplish this the :ref:`qpy_custom_definition` struct now supports
+a new type value ``'p'`` to represent a :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.PauliEvolutionGate`.
+Enties in the custom instructions tables have unique name generated that start with the
+string ``"###PauliEvolutionGate_"`` followed by a uuid string. This gate name is reservered
+in QPY and if you have a custom :class:`~qiskit.circuit.Instruction` object with a definition
+set and that name prefix it will error. If it's of type ``'p'`` the data payload is defined
+as follows:
+
+.. _pauli_evo_qpy:
+
+PAULI_EVOLUTION
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This represents the high level :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.PauliEvolutionGate`
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        uint64_t operator_count;
+        _Bool standalone_op;
+        char time_type;
+        uint64_t time_size;
+        uint64_t synthesis_size;
+    }
+
+This is immediately followed by ``operator_count`` elements defined by the :ref:`qpy_pauli_sum_op`
+payload.  Following that we have ``time_size`` bytes representing the ``time`` attribute. If
+``standalone_op`` is ``True`` then there must only be a single operator. The
+encoding of these bytes is determined by the value of ``time_type``. Possible values of
+``time_type`` are ``'f'``, ``'p'``, and ``'e'``. If ``time_type`` is ``'f'`` it's a double,
+``'p'`` defines a :class:`~qiskit.circuit.Parameter` object  which is represented by a
+:ref:`qpy_param_struct`, ``e`` defines a :class:`~qiskit.circuit.ParameterExpression` object
+(that's not a :class:`~qiskit.circuit.Parameter`) which is represented by a :ref:`qpy_param_expr`.
+Following that is ``synthesis_size`` bytes which is a utf8 encoded json payload representing
+the :class:`.EvolutionSynthesis` class used by the gate.
+
+.. _qpy_pauli_sum_op:
+
+SPARSE_PAULI_OP_LIST_ELEM
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This represents an instance of :class:`.SparsePauliOp`.
+
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        uint32_t pauli_op_size;
+    }
+
+which is immediately followed by ``pauli_op_size`` bytes which are .npy format [#f2]_
+data which represents the :class:`~qiskit.quantum_info.SparsePauliOp`.
+
+Version 3 of the QPY format also defines a struct format to represent a
+:class:`~qiskit.circuit.ParameterVectorElement` as a distinct subclass from
+a :class:`~qiskit.circuit.Parameter`. This adds a new parameter type char ``'v'``
+to represent a :class:`~qiskit.circuit.ParameterVectorElement` which is now
+supported as a type string value for an INSTRUCTION_PARAM. The payload for these
+parameters are defined below as :ref:`qpy_param_vector`.
+
+.. _qpy_param_vector:
+
+PARAMETER_VECTOR_ELEMENT
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+A PARAMETER_VECTOR_ELEMENT represents a :class:`~qiskit.circuit.ParameterVectorElement`
+object the data for a INSTRUCTION_PARAM. The contents of the PARAMETER_VECTOR_ELEMENT are
+defined as:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        uint16_t vector_name_size;
+        uint64_t vector_size;
+        char uuid[16];
+        uint64_t index;
+    }
+
+which is immediately followed by ``vector_name_size`` utf8 bytes representing
+the parameter's vector name.
+
+.. _qpy_param_expr_v3:
+
+
+PARAMETER_EXPR
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Additionally, since QPY format version v3 distinguishes between a
+:class:`~qiskit.circuit.Parameter` and :class:`~qiskit.circuit.ParameterVectorElement`
+the payload for a :class:`~qiskit.circuit.ParameterExpression` needs to be updated
+to distinguish between the types. The following is the modified payload format
+which is mostly identical to the format in Version 1 and :ref:`qpy_version_2` but just
+modifies the ``map_elements`` struct to include a symbol type field.
+
+A PARAMETER_EXPR represents a :class:`~qiskit.circuit.ParameterExpression`
+object that the data for an INSTRUCTION_PARAM. The contents of a PARAMETER_EXPR
+are defined as:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        uint64_t map_elements;
+        uint64_t expr_size;
+    }
+
+Immediately following the header is ``expr_size`` bytes of utf8 data containing
+the expression string, which is the sympy srepr of the expression for the
+parameter expression. Following that is a symbol map which contains
+``map_elements`` elements with the format
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        char symbol_type;
+        char type;
+        uint64_t size;
+    }
+
+The ``symbol_type`` key determines the payload type of the symbol representation
+for the element. If it's ``p`` it represents a :class:`~qiskit.circuit.Parameter`
+and if it's ``v`` it represents a :class:`~qiskit.circuit.ParameterVectorElement`.
+The map element struct is immediately followed by the symbol map key payload, if
+``symbol_type`` is ``p`` then it is followed immediately by a :ref:`qpy_param_struct`
+object (both the struct and utf8 name bytes) and if ``symbol_type`` is ``v``
+then the struct is imediately followed by :ref:`qpy_param_vector` (both the struct
+and utf8 name bytes). That is followed by ``size`` bytes for the
+data of the symbol. The data format is dependent on the value of ``type``. If
+``type`` is ``p`` then it represents a :class:`~qiskit.circuit.Parameter` and
+size will be 0, the value will just be the same as the key. Similarly if the
+``type`` is ``v`` then it represents a :class:`~qiskit.circuit.ParameterVectorElement`
+and size will be 0 as the value will just be the same as the key. If
+``type`` is ``f`` then it represents a double precision float. If ``type`` is
+``c`` it represents a double precision complex, which is represented by the
+:ref:`qpy_complex`. Finally, if type is ``i`` it represents an integer which is an
+``int64_t``.
+
+.. _qpy_version_2:
+
+Version 2
+---------
+
+Version 2 of the QPY format is identical to version 1 except for the HEADER
+section is slightly different. You can refer to the :ref:`qpy_version_1` section
+for the details on the rest of the payload format.
+
+HEADER
+~~~~~~
+
+The contents of HEADER are defined as a C struct are:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        uint16_t name_size;
+        char global_phase_type;
+        uint16_t global_phase_size;
+        uint32_t num_qubits;
+        uint32_t num_clbits;
+        uint64_t metadata_size;
+        uint32_t num_registers;
+        uint64_t num_instructions;
+    }
+
+This is immediately followed by ``name_size`` bytes of utf8 data for the name
+of the circuit. Following this is immediately ``global_phase_size`` bytes
+representing the global phase. The content of that data is dictated by the
+value of ``global_phase_type``. If it's ``'f'`` the data is a float and is the
+size of a ``double``. If it's ``'p'`` defines a :class:`~qiskit.circuit.Parameter`
+object  which is represented by a PARAM struct (see below), ``e`` defines a
+:class:`~qiskit.circuit.ParameterExpression` object (that's not a
+:class:`~qiskit.circuit.Parameter`) which is represented by a PARAM_EXPR struct
+(see below).
+
+.. _qpy_version_1:
+
+Version 1
+---------
+
+HEADER
+~~~~~~
+
+The contents of HEADER as defined as a C struct are:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        uint16_t name_size;
+        double global_phase;
+        uint32_t num_qubits;
+        uint32_t num_clbits;
+        uint64_t metadata_size;
+        uint32_t num_registers;
+        uint64_t num_instructions;
+    }
+
+This is immediately followed by ``name_size`` bytes of utf8 data for the name
+of the circuit.
+
+METADATA
+~~~~~~~~
+
+The METADATA field is a UTF8 encoded JSON string. After reading the HEADER
+(which is a fixed size at the start of the QPY file) and the ``name`` string
+you then read the ``metadata_size`` number of bytes and parse the JSON to get
+the metadata for the circuit.
+
+.. _qpy_registers:
+
+REGISTERS
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+The contents of REGISTERS is a number of REGISTER object. If num_registers is
+> 0 then after reading METADATA you read that number of REGISTER structs defined
+as:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        char type;
+        _Bool standalone;
+        uint32_t size;
+        uint16_t name_size;
+    }
+
+``type`` can be ``'q'`` or ``'c'``.
+
+Immediately following the REGISTER struct is the utf8 encoded register name of
+size ``name_size``. After the ``name`` utf8 bytes there is then an array of
+int64_t values of size ``size`` that contains a map of the register's index to
+the circuit's qubit index. For example, array element 0's value is the index
+of the ``register[0]``'s position in the containing circuit's qubits list.
+
+.. note::
+
+    Prior to QPY :ref:`qpy_version_4` the type of array elements was uint32_t. This was changed
+    to enable negative values which represent bits in the array not present in the
+    circuit
+
+
+The standalone boolean determines whether the register is constructed as a
+standalone register that was added to the circuit or was created from existing
+bits. A register is considered standalone if it has bits constructed solely
+as part of it, for example::
+
+    qr = QuantumRegister(2)
+    qc = QuantumCircuit(qr)
+
+the register ``qr`` would be a standalone register. While something like::
+
+    bits = [Qubit(), Qubit()]
+    qr2 = QuantumRegister(bits=bits)
+    qc = QuantumCircuit(qr2)
+
+``qr2`` would have ``standalone`` set to ``False``.
+
+
+.. _qpy_custom_definition:
+
+CUSTOM_DEFINITIONS
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This section specifies custom definitions for any of the instructions in the circuit.
+
+CUSTOM_DEFINITION_HEADER contents are defined as:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        uint64_t size;
+    }
+
+If size is greater than 0 that means the circuit contains custom instruction(s).
+Each custom instruction is defined with a CUSTOM_INSTRUCTION block defined as:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        uint16_t name_size;
+        char type;
+        uint32_t num_qubits;
+        uint32_t num_clbits;
+        _Bool custom_definition;
+        uint64_t size;
+    }
+
+Immediately following the CUSTOM_INSTRUCTION struct is the utf8 encoded name
+of size ``name_size``.
+
+If ``custom_definition`` is ``True`` that means that the immediately following
+``size`` bytes contains a QPY circuit data which can be used for the custom
+definition of that gate. If ``custom_definition`` is ``False`` then the
+instruction can be considered opaque (ie no definition). The ``type`` field
+determines what type of object will get created with the custom definition.
+If it's ``'g'`` it will be a :class:`~qiskit.circuit.Gate` object, ``'i'``
+it will be a :class:`~qiskit.circuit.Instruction` object.
+
+.. _qpy_instructions:
+
+INSTRUCTIONS
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The contents of INSTRUCTIONS is a list of INSTRUCTION metadata objects
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        uint16_t name_size;
+        uint16_t label_size;
+        uint16_t num_parameters;
+        uint32_t num_qargs;
+        uint32_t num_cargs;
+        _Bool has_conditional;
+        uint16_t conditional_reg_name_size;
+        int64_t conditional_value;
+    }
+
+This metadata object is immediately followed by ``name_size`` bytes of utf8 bytes
+for the ``name``. ``name`` here is the Qiskit class name for the Instruction
+class if it's defined in Qiskit. Otherwise it falls back to the custom
+instruction name. Following the ``name`` bytes there are ``label_size`` bytes of
+utf8 data for the label if one was set on the instruction. Following the label
+bytes if ``has_conditional`` is ``True`` then there are
+``conditional_reg_name_size`` bytes of utf8 data for the name of the conditional
+register name. In case of single classical bit conditions the register name
+utf8 data will be prefixed with a null character "\\x00" and then a utf8 string
+integer representing the classical bit index in the circuit that the condition
+is on.
+
+This is immediately followed by the INSTRUCTION_ARG structs for the list of
+arguments of that instruction. These are in the order of all quantum arguments
+(there are num_qargs of these) followed by all classical arguments (num_cargs
+of these).
+
+The contents of each INSTRUCTION_ARG is:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        char type;
+        uint32_t index;
+    }
+
+``type`` can be ``'q'`` or ``'c'``.
+
+After all arguments for an instruction the parameters are specified with
+``num_parameters`` INSTRUCTION_PARAM structs.
+
+The contents of each INSTRUCTION_PARAM is:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        char type;
+        uint64_t size;
+    }
+
+After each INSTRUCTION_PARAM the next ``size`` bytes are the parameter's data.
+The ``type`` field can be ``'i'``, ``'f'``, ``'p'``, ``'e'``, ``'s'``, ``'c'``
+or ``'n'`` which dictate the format. For ``'i'`` it's an integer, ``'f'`` it's
+a double, ``'s'`` if it's a string (encoded as utf8), ``'c'`` is a complex and
+the data is represented by the struct format in the :ref:`qpy_param_expr` section.
+``'p'`` defines a :class:`~qiskit.circuit.Parameter` object  which is
+represented by a :ref:`qpy_param_struct` struct, ``e`` defines a
+:class:`~qiskit.circuit.ParameterExpression` object (that's not a
+:class:`~qiskit.circuit.Parameter`) which is represented by a :ref:`qpy_param_expr`
+struct (on QPY format :ref:`qpy_version_3` the format is tweak slightly see:
+:ref:`qpy_param_expr_v3`), ``'n'`` represents an object from numpy (either an
+``ndarray`` or a numpy type) which means the data is .npy format [#f2]_ data,
+and in QPY :ref:`qpy_version_3` ``'v'`` represents a
+:class:`~qiskit.circuit.ParameterVectorElement` which is represented by a
+:ref:`qpy_param_vector` struct.
+
+.. _qpy_param_struct:
+
+PARAMETER
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+A PARAMETER represents a :class:`~qiskit.circuit.Parameter` object the data for
+a INSTRUCTION_PARAM. The contents of the PARAMETER are defined as:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        uint16_t name_size;
+        char uuid[16];
+    }
+
+which is immediately followed by ``name_size`` utf8 bytes representing the
+parameter name.
+
+.. _qpy_param_expr:
+
+PARAMETER_EXPR
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+A PARAMETER_EXPR represents a :class:`~qiskit.circuit.ParameterExpression`
+object that the data for an INSTRUCTION_PARAM. The contents of a PARAMETER_EXPR
+are defined as:
+
+The PARAMETER_EXPR data starts with a header:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        uint64_t map_elements;
+        uint64_t expr_size;
+    }
+
+Immediately following the header is ``expr_size`` bytes of utf8 data containing
+the expression string, which is the sympy srepr of the expression for the
+parameter expression. Follwing that is a symbol map which contains
+``map_elements`` elements with the format
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        char type;
+        uint64_t size;
+    }
+
+Which is followed immediately by ``PARAMETER`` object (both the struct and utf8
+name bytes) for the symbol map key. That is followed by ``size`` bytes for the
+data of the symbol. The data format is dependent on the value of ``type``. If
+``type`` is ``p`` then it represents a :class:`~qiskit.circuit.Parameter` and
+size will be 0, the value will just be the same as the key. If
+``type`` is ``f`` then it represents a double precision float. If ``type`` is
+``c`` it represents a double precision complex, which is represented by :ref:`qpy_complex`.
+Finally, if type is ``i`` it represents an integer which is an ``int64_t``.
+
+.. _qpy_complex:
+
+COMPLEX
+~~~~~~~
+
+When representing a double precision complex value in QPY the following
+struct is used:
+
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    struct {
+        double real;
+        double imag;
+    }
+
+this matches the internal C representation of Python's complex type. [#f3]_
+
+References
+==========
+
+.. [#f1] https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1700
+.. [#f2] https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.lib.format.html
+.. [#f3] https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/complex.html#c.Py_complex
+"""
+
+from .exceptions import QpyError, UnsupportedFeatureForVersion, QPYLoadingDeprecatedFeatureWarning
+from .interface import dump, load, get_qpy_version
+
+# For backward compatibility. Provide, Runtime, Experiment call these private functions.
+from .binary_io import (
+    _write_instruction,
+    _read_instruction,
+    _write_parameter_expression,
+    _read_parameter_expression,
+    _read_parameter_expression_v3,
+)
+from .common import QPY_VERSION, QPY_COMPATIBILITY_VERSION