qiskit 2.1.0rc1__cp39-abi3-manylinux2014_aarch64.manylinux_2_17_aarch64.whl

qiskit/quantum_info/operators/channel/transformations.py

@@ -0,0 +1,490 @@
+# This code is part of Qiskit.
+#
+# (C) Copyright IBM 2017, 2019.
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE.txt file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+
+# pylint: disable=too-many-return-statements
+
+
+"""
+Transformations between QuantumChannel representations.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+import math
+import numpy as np
+
+from qiskit.exceptions import QiskitError
+from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.predicates import is_hermitian_matrix
+from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.predicates import ATOL_DEFAULT
+
+
+def _transform_rep(input_rep, output_rep, data, input_dim, output_dim):
+    """Transform a QuantumChannel between representation."""
+    if input_rep == output_rep:
+        return data
+    if output_rep == "Choi":
+        return _to_choi(input_rep, data, input_dim, output_dim)
+    if output_rep == "Operator":
+        return _to_operator(input_rep, data, input_dim, output_dim)
+    if output_rep == "SuperOp":
+        return _to_superop(input_rep, data, input_dim, output_dim)
+    if output_rep == "Kraus":
+        return _to_kraus(input_rep, data, input_dim, output_dim)
+    if output_rep == "Chi":
+        return _to_chi(input_rep, data, input_dim, output_dim)
+    if output_rep == "PTM":
+        return _to_ptm(input_rep, data, input_dim, output_dim)
+    if output_rep == "Stinespring":
+        return _to_stinespring(input_rep, data, input_dim, output_dim)
+    raise QiskitError(f"Invalid QuantumChannel {output_rep}")
+
+
+def _to_choi(rep, data, input_dim, output_dim):
+    """Transform a QuantumChannel to the Choi representation."""
+    if rep == "Choi":
+        return data
+    if rep == "Operator":
+        return _from_operator("Choi", data, input_dim, output_dim)
+    if rep == "SuperOp":
+        return _superop_to_choi(data, input_dim, output_dim)
+    if rep == "Kraus":
+        return _kraus_to_choi(data)
+    if rep == "Chi":
+        return _chi_to_choi(data, input_dim)
+    if rep == "PTM":
+        data = _ptm_to_superop(data, input_dim)
+        return _superop_to_choi(data, input_dim, output_dim)
+    if rep == "Stinespring":
+        return _stinespring_to_choi(data, input_dim, output_dim)
+    raise QiskitError(f"Invalid QuantumChannel {rep}")
+
+
+def _to_superop(rep, data, input_dim, output_dim):
+    """Transform a QuantumChannel to the SuperOp representation."""
+    if rep == "SuperOp":
+        return data
+    if rep == "Operator":
+        return _from_operator("SuperOp", data, input_dim, output_dim)
+    if rep == "Choi":
+        return _choi_to_superop(data, input_dim, output_dim)
+    if rep == "Kraus":
+        return _kraus_to_superop(data)
+    if rep == "Chi":
+        data = _chi_to_choi(data, input_dim)
+        return _choi_to_superop(data, input_dim, output_dim)
+    if rep == "PTM":
+        return _ptm_to_superop(data, input_dim)
+    if rep == "Stinespring":
+        return _stinespring_to_superop(data, input_dim, output_dim)
+    raise QiskitError(f"Invalid QuantumChannel {rep}")
+
+
+def _to_kraus(rep, data, input_dim, output_dim):
+    """Transform a QuantumChannel to the Kraus representation."""
+    if rep == "Kraus":
+        return data
+    if rep == "Stinespring":
+        return _stinespring_to_kraus(data, output_dim)
+    if rep == "Operator":
+        return _from_operator("Kraus", data, input_dim, output_dim)
+    # Convert via Choi and Kraus
+    if rep != "Choi":
+        data = _to_choi(rep, data, input_dim, output_dim)
+    return _choi_to_kraus(data, input_dim, output_dim)
+
+
+def _to_chi(rep, data, input_dim, output_dim):
+    """Transform a QuantumChannel to the Chi representation."""
+    if rep == "Chi":
+        return data
+    # Check valid n-qubit input
+    _check_nqubit_dim(input_dim, output_dim)
+    if rep == "Operator":
+        return _from_operator("Chi", data, input_dim, output_dim)
+    # Convert via Choi representation
+    if rep != "Choi":
+        data = _to_choi(rep, data, input_dim, output_dim)
+    return _choi_to_chi(data, input_dim)
+
+
+def _to_ptm(rep, data, input_dim, output_dim):
+    """Transform a QuantumChannel to the PTM representation."""
+    if rep == "PTM":
+        return data
+    # Check valid n-qubit input
+    _check_nqubit_dim(input_dim, output_dim)
+    if rep == "Operator":
+        return _from_operator("PTM", data, input_dim, output_dim)
+    # Convert via Superoperator representation
+    if rep != "SuperOp":
+        data = _to_superop(rep, data, input_dim, output_dim)
+    return _superop_to_ptm(data, input_dim)
+
+
+def _to_stinespring(rep, data, input_dim, output_dim):
+    """Transform a QuantumChannel to the Stinespring representation."""
+    if rep == "Stinespring":
+        return data
+    if rep == "Operator":
+        return _from_operator("Stinespring", data, input_dim, output_dim)
+    # Convert via Superoperator representation
+    if rep != "Kraus":
+        data = _to_kraus(rep, data, input_dim, output_dim)
+    return _kraus_to_stinespring(data, input_dim, output_dim)
+
+
+def _to_operator(rep, data, input_dim, output_dim):
+    """Transform a QuantumChannel to the Operator representation."""
+    if rep == "Operator":
+        return data
+    if rep == "Stinespring":
+        return _stinespring_to_operator(data, output_dim)
+    # Convert via Kraus representation
+    if rep != "Kraus":
+        data = _to_kraus(rep, data, input_dim, output_dim)
+    return _kraus_to_operator(data)
+
+
+def _from_operator(rep, data, input_dim, output_dim):
+    """Transform Operator representation to other representation."""
+    if rep == "Operator":
+        return data
+    if rep == "SuperOp":
+        return np.kron(np.conj(data), data)
+    if rep == "Choi":
+        vec = np.ravel(data, order="F")
+        return np.outer(vec, np.conj(vec))
+    if rep == "Kraus":
+        return [data], None
+    if rep == "Stinespring":
+        return data, None
+    if rep == "Chi":
+        _check_nqubit_dim(input_dim, output_dim)
+        data = _from_operator("Choi", data, input_dim, output_dim)
+        return _choi_to_chi(data, input_dim)
+    if rep == "PTM":
+        _check_nqubit_dim(input_dim, output_dim)
+        data = _from_operator("SuperOp", data, input_dim, output_dim)
+        return _superop_to_ptm(data, input_dim)
+    raise QiskitError(f"Invalid QuantumChannel {rep}")
+
+
+def _kraus_to_operator(data):
+    """Transform Kraus representation to Operator representation."""
+    if data[1] is not None or len(data[0]) > 1:
+        raise QiskitError("Channel cannot be converted to Operator representation")
+    return data[0][0]
+
+
+def _stinespring_to_operator(data, output_dim):
+    """Transform Stinespring representation to Operator representation."""
+    trace_dim = data[0].shape[0] // output_dim
+    if data[1] is not None or trace_dim != 1:
+        raise QiskitError("Channel cannot be converted to Operator representation")
+    return data[0]
+
+
+def _superop_to_choi(data, input_dim, output_dim):
+    """Transform SuperOp representation to Choi representation."""
+    shape = (output_dim, output_dim, input_dim, input_dim)
+    return _reshuffle(data, shape)
+
+
+def _choi_to_superop(data, input_dim, output_dim):
+    """Transform Choi to SuperOp representation."""
+    shape = (input_dim, output_dim, input_dim, output_dim)
+    return _reshuffle(data, shape)
+
+
+def _kraus_to_choi(data):
+    """Transform Kraus representation to Choi representation."""
+    choi = 0
+    kraus_l, kraus_r = data
+    if kraus_r is None:
+        for i in kraus_l:
+            vec = i.ravel(order="F")
+            choi += np.outer(vec, vec.conj())
+    else:
+        for i, j in zip(kraus_l, kraus_r):
+            choi += np.outer(i.ravel(order="F"), j.ravel(order="F").conj())
+    return choi
+
+
+def _choi_to_kraus(data, input_dim, output_dim, atol=ATOL_DEFAULT):
+    """Transform Choi representation to Kraus representation."""
+    import scipy.linalg
+
+    # Check if hermitian matrix
+    if is_hermitian_matrix(data, atol=atol):
+        # Ideally we'd use `eigh`, but `scipy.linalg.eigh` has stability problems on macOS (at a
+        # minimum from SciPy 1.1 to 1.13 with the bundled OpenBLAS, or ~0.3.6 before they started
+        # bundling one in).  The Schur form of a Hermitian matrix is guaranteed diagonal:
+        #
+        #       H = U T U+   for upper-triangular T.
+        #   => H+ = U T+ U+
+        #   =>  T = T+       because H = H+, and thus T cannot have super-diagonal elements.
+        #
+        # So the eigenvalues are on the diagonal, therefore the basis-transformation matrix must be
+        # a spanning set of the eigenspace.
+        #
+        # In addition, to prevent `numpy.linalg` errors when the matrix A is ill-conditioned,
+        # we apply a small perturbation, replacing A by A + eI. Since (A + eI)x = kx is
+        # equivalent to Ax = (k-e)x, it means that the eigenvectors of A + eI and A are the same,
+        # and we can perfectly recover the eigenvalues of A from the eigenvalues of A + eI by
+        # subtracting e.
+        apply_perturbation = np.linalg.cond(data) >= 1e10
+
+        if apply_perturbation:
+            data += 1e-10 * np.eye(data.shape[0])
+
+        triangular, vecs = scipy.linalg.schur(data)
+        values = triangular.diagonal().real
+
+        if apply_perturbation:
+            values = values - 1e-10
+
+        # If we're not a CP map, fall-through back to the generalization handling.  Since we needed
+        # to get the eigenvalues anyway, we can do the CP check manually rather than deferring to a
+        # separate re-calculation.
+        if all(values >= -atol):
+            kraus = [
+                math.sqrt(value) * vec.reshape((output_dim, input_dim), order="F")
+                for value, vec in zip(values, vecs.T)
+                if abs(value) > atol
+            ]
+            # If we are converting a zero matrix, we need to return a Kraus set with a single
+            # zero-element Kraus matrix
+            if not kraus:
+                kraus = [np.zeros((output_dim, input_dim), dtype=complex)]
+            return kraus, None
+        # Fall through.
+    # Non-CP-map generalized Kraus representation.
+    mat_u, svals, mat_vh = scipy.linalg.svd(data)
+    kraus_l = []
+    kraus_r = []
+    for val, vec_l, vec_r in zip(svals, mat_u.T, mat_vh.conj()):
+        kraus_l.append(np.sqrt(val) * vec_l.reshape((output_dim, input_dim), order="F"))
+        kraus_r.append(np.sqrt(val) * vec_r.reshape((output_dim, input_dim), order="F"))
+    return kraus_l, kraus_r
+
+
+def _stinespring_to_kraus(data, output_dim):
+    """Transform Stinespring representation to Kraus representation."""
+    kraus_pair = []
+    for stine in data:
+        if stine is None:
+            kraus_pair.append(None)
+        else:
+            trace_dim = stine.shape[0] // output_dim
+            iden = np.eye(output_dim)
+            kraus = []
+            for j in range(trace_dim):
+                vec = np.zeros(trace_dim)
+                vec[j] = 1
+                kraus.append(np.kron(iden, vec[None, :]).dot(stine))
+            kraus_pair.append(kraus)
+    return tuple(kraus_pair)
+
+
+def _stinespring_to_choi(data, input_dim, output_dim):
+    """Transform Stinespring representation to Choi representation."""
+    trace_dim = data[0].shape[0] // output_dim
+    stine_l = np.reshape(data[0], (output_dim, trace_dim, input_dim))
+    if data[1] is None:
+        stine_r = stine_l
+    else:
+        stine_r = np.reshape(data[1], (output_dim, trace_dim, input_dim))
+    return np.reshape(
+        np.einsum("iAj,kAl->jilk", stine_l, stine_r.conj()), 2 * [input_dim * output_dim]
+    )
+
+
+def _stinespring_to_superop(data, input_dim, output_dim):
+    """Transform Stinespring representation to SuperOp representation."""
+    trace_dim = data[0].shape[0] // output_dim
+    stine_l = np.reshape(data[0], (output_dim, trace_dim, input_dim))
+    if data[1] is None:
+        stine_r = stine_l
+    else:
+        stine_r = np.reshape(data[1], (output_dim, trace_dim, input_dim))
+    return np.reshape(
+        np.einsum("iAj,kAl->ikjl", stine_r.conj(), stine_l),
+        (output_dim * output_dim, input_dim * input_dim),
+    )
+
+
+def _kraus_to_stinespring(data, input_dim, output_dim):
+    """Transform Kraus representation to Stinespring representation."""
+    stine_pair = [None, None]
+    for i, kraus in enumerate(data):
+        if kraus is not None:
+            num_kraus = len(kraus)
+            stine = np.zeros((output_dim * num_kraus, input_dim), dtype=complex)
+            for j, mat in enumerate(kraus):
+                vec = np.zeros(num_kraus)
+                vec[j] = 1
+                stine += np.kron(mat, vec[:, None])
+            stine_pair[i] = stine
+    return tuple(stine_pair)
+
+
+def _kraus_to_superop(data):
+    """Transform Kraus representation to SuperOp representation."""
+    kraus_l, kraus_r = data
+    superop = 0
+    if kraus_r is None:
+        for i in kraus_l:
+            superop += np.kron(np.conj(i), i)
+    else:
+        for i, j in zip(kraus_l, kraus_r):
+            superop += np.kron(np.conj(j), i)
+    return superop
+
+
+def _chi_to_choi(data, input_dim):
+    """Transform Chi representation to a Choi representation."""
+    num_qubits = int(math.log2(input_dim))
+    return _transform_from_pauli(data, num_qubits)
+
+
+def _choi_to_chi(data, input_dim):
+    """Transform Choi representation to the Chi representation."""
+    num_qubits = int(math.log2(input_dim))
+    return _transform_to_pauli(data, num_qubits)
+
+
+def _ptm_to_superop(data, input_dim):
+    """Transform PTM representation to SuperOp representation."""
+    num_qubits = int(math.log2(input_dim))
+    return _transform_from_pauli(data, num_qubits)
+
+
+def _superop_to_ptm(data, input_dim):
+    """Transform SuperOp representation to PTM representation."""
+    num_qubits = int(math.log2(input_dim))
+    return _transform_to_pauli(data, num_qubits)
+
+
+def _bipartite_tensor(mat1, mat2, shape1=None, shape2=None):
+    """Tensor product (A ⊗ B) to bipartite matrices and reravel indices.
+
+    This is used for tensor product of superoperators and Choi matrices.
+
+    Args:
+        mat1 (matrix_like): a bipartite matrix A
+        mat2 (matrix_like): a bipartite matrix B
+        shape1 (tuple): bipartite-shape for matrix A (a0, a1, a2, a3)
+        shape2 (tuple): bipartite-shape for matrix B (b0, b1, b2, b3)
+
+    Returns:
+        np.array: a bipartite matrix for reravel(A ⊗ B).
+
+    Raises:
+        QiskitError: if input matrices are wrong shape.
+    """
+    # Convert inputs to numpy arrays
+    mat1 = np.array(mat1)
+    mat2 = np.array(mat2)
+
+    # Determine bipartite dimensions if not provided
+    dim_a0, dim_a1 = mat1.shape
+    dim_b0, dim_b1 = mat2.shape
+    if shape1 is None:
+        sdim_a0 = int(math.sqrt(dim_a0))
+        sdim_a1 = int(math.sqrt(dim_a1))
+        shape1 = (sdim_a0, sdim_a0, sdim_a1, sdim_a1)
+    if shape2 is None:
+        sdim_b0 = int(math.sqrt(dim_b0))
+        sdim_b1 = int(math.sqrt(dim_b1))
+        shape2 = (sdim_b0, sdim_b0, sdim_b1, sdim_b1)
+    # Check dimensions
+    if len(shape1) != 4 or shape1[0] * shape1[1] != dim_a0 or shape1[2] * shape1[3] != dim_a1:
+        raise QiskitError("Invalid shape_a")
+    if len(shape2) != 4 or shape2[0] * shape2[1] != dim_b0 or shape2[2] * shape2[3] != dim_b1:
+        raise QiskitError("Invalid shape_b")
+
+    return _reravel(mat1, mat2, shape1, shape2)
+
+
+def _reravel(mat1, mat2, shape1, shape2):
+    """Reravel two bipartite matrices."""
+    # Reshuffle indices
+    left_dims = shape1[:2] + shape2[:2]
+    right_dims = shape1[2:] + shape2[2:]
+    tensor_shape = left_dims + right_dims
+    final_shape = (np.prod(left_dims), np.prod(right_dims))
+    # Tensor product matrices
+    data = np.kron(mat1, mat2)
+    data = np.reshape(
+        np.transpose(np.reshape(data, tensor_shape), (0, 2, 1, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7)), final_shape
+    )
+    return data
+
+
+def _transform_to_pauli(data, num_qubits):
+    """Change of basis of bipartite matrix representation."""
+    # Change basis: um_{i=0}^3 |i>><\sigma_i|
+    basis_mat = np.array(
+        [[1, 0, 0, 1], [0, 1, 1, 0], [0, -1j, 1j, 0], [1, 0j, 0, -1]], dtype=complex
+    )
+    # Note that we manually renormalized after change of basis
+    # to avoid rounding errors from square-roots of 2.
+    cob = basis_mat
+    for _ in range(num_qubits - 1):
+        dim = int(math.sqrt(len(cob)))
+        cob = np.reshape(
+            np.transpose(
+                np.reshape(np.kron(basis_mat, cob), (4, dim * dim, 2, 2, dim, dim)),
+                (0, 1, 2, 4, 3, 5),
+            ),
+            (4 * dim * dim, 4 * dim * dim),
+        )
+    return np.dot(np.dot(cob, data), cob.conj().T) / 2**num_qubits
+
+
+def _transform_from_pauli(data, num_qubits):
+    """Change of basis of bipartite matrix representation."""
+    # Change basis: sum_{i=0}^3 =|\sigma_i>><i|
+    basis_mat = np.array(
+        [[1, 0, 0, 1], [0, 1, 1j, 0], [0, 1, -1j, 0], [1, 0j, 0, -1]], dtype=complex
+    )
+    # Note that we manually renormalized after change of basis
+    # to avoid rounding errors from square-roots of 2.
+    cob = basis_mat
+    for _ in range(num_qubits - 1):
+        dim = int(math.sqrt(len(cob)))
+        cob = np.reshape(
+            np.transpose(
+                np.reshape(np.kron(basis_mat, cob), (2, 2, dim, dim, 4, dim * dim)),
+                (0, 2, 1, 3, 4, 5),
+            ),
+            (4 * dim * dim, 4 * dim * dim),
+        )
+    return np.dot(np.dot(cob, data), cob.conj().T) / 2**num_qubits
+
+
+def _reshuffle(mat, shape):
+    """Reshuffle the indices of a bipartite matrix A[ij,kl] -> A[lj,ki]."""
+    return np.reshape(
+        np.transpose(np.reshape(mat, shape), (3, 1, 2, 0)),
+        (shape[3] * shape[1], shape[0] * shape[2]),
+    )
+
+
+def _check_nqubit_dim(input_dim, output_dim):
+    """Return true if dims correspond to an n-qubit channel."""
+    if input_dim != output_dim:
+        raise QiskitError(
+            f"Not an n-qubit channel: input_dim ({input_dim}) != output_dim ({output_dim})"
+        )
+    num_qubits = int(math.log2(input_dim))
+    if 2**num_qubits != input_dim:
+        raise QiskitError("Not an n-qubit channel: input_dim != 2 ** n")

qiskit/quantum_info/operators/custom_iterator.py

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# This code is part of Qiskit.
+#
+# (C) Copyright IBM 2017, 2020
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE.txt file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+"""
+Custom Lazy Iterator class
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+
+
+class CustomIterator(ABC):
+    """Lazy custom iteration and item access."""
+
+    def __init__(self, obj):
+        self.obj = obj
+        self._iter = 0
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        """Get next item"""
+        # This method should be overridden for lazy conversion of
+        # iterator only at a given key value
+        pass
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"<{type(self.obj)}_iterator at {hex(id(self))}>"
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.obj)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        self._iter = 0
+        return self
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        if self._iter >= len(self):
+            raise StopIteration
+        self._iter += 1
+        return self[self._iter - 1]

qiskit/quantum_info/operators/dihedral/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# This code is part of Qiskit.
+#
+# (C) Copyright IBM 2019, 2021.
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE.txt file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+
+"""
+CNOTDihedral Operators
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+from .dihedral import CNOTDihedral