pygeodesy 24.3.24__py2.py3-none-any.whl

pygeodesy/triaxials.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1484 @@
+
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+u'''Triaxal ellipsoid classes I{ordered} L{Triaxial} and I{unordered} L{Triaxial_} and Jacobi
+conformal projections L{JacobiConformal} and L{JacobiConformalSpherical}, transcoded from
+I{Charles Karney}'s C++ class U{JacobiConformal<https://GeographicLib.SourceForge.io/C++/doc/
+classGeographicLib_1_1JacobiConformal.html#details>} to pure Python and miscellaneous classes
+L{BetaOmega2Tuple}, L{BetaOmega3Tuple}, L{Jacobi2Tuple} and L{TriaxialError}.
+
+Copyright (C) U{Charles Karney<mailto:Karney@Alum.MIT.edu>} (2008-2023).  For more information,
+see the U{GeographicLib<https://GeographicLib.SourceForge.io>} documentation.
+
+@see: U{Geodesics on a triaxial ellipsoid<https://WikiPedia.org/wiki/Geodesics_on_an_ellipsoid#
+      Geodesics_on_a_triaxial_ellipsoid>} and U{Triaxial coordinate systems and their geometrical
+      interpretation<https://www.Topo.Auth.GR/wp-content/uploads/sites/111/2021/12/09_Panou.pdf>}.
+
+@var Triaxials.Amalthea: Triaxial(name='Amalthea', a=125000, b=73000, c=64000, e2ab=0.658944, e2bc=0.231375493, e2ac=0.737856, volume=2446253479595252, area=93239507787.490371704, area_p=93212299402.670425415)
+@var Triaxials.Ariel: Triaxial(name='Ariel', a=581100, b=577900, c=577700, e2ab=0.01098327, e2bc=0.000692042, e2ac=0.011667711, volume=812633172614203904, area=4211301462766.580078125, area_p=4211301574065.829589844)
+@var Triaxials.Earth: Triaxial(name='Earth', a=6378173.435, b=6378103.9, c=6356754.399999999, e2ab=0.000021804, e2bc=0.006683418, e2ac=0.006705077, volume=1083208241574987694080, area=510065911057441.0625, area_p=510065915922713.6875)
+@var Triaxials.Enceladus: Triaxial(name='Enceladus', a=256600, b=251400, c=248300, e2ab=0.040119337, e2bc=0.024509841, e2ac=0.06364586, volume=67094551514082248, area=798618496278.596679688, area_p=798619018175.109863281)
+@var Triaxials.Europa: Triaxial(name='Europa', a=1564130, b=1561230, c=1560930, e2ab=0.003704694, e2bc=0.000384275, e2ac=0.004087546, volume=15966575194402123776, area=30663773697323.51953125, area_p=30663773794562.45703125)
+@var Triaxials.Io: Triaxial(name='Io', a=1829400, b=1819300, c=1815700, e2ab=0.011011391, e2bc=0.003953651, e2ac=0.014921506, volume=25313121117889765376, area=41691875849096.7421875, area_p=41691877397441.2109375)
+@var Triaxials.Mars: Triaxial(name='Mars', a=3394600, b=3393300, c=3376300, e2ab=0.000765776, e2bc=0.009994646, e2ac=0.010752768, volume=162907283585817247744, area=144249140795107.4375, area_p=144249144150662.15625)
+@var Triaxials.Mimas: Triaxial(name='Mimas', a=207400, b=196800, c=190600, e2ab=0.09960581, e2bc=0.062015624, e2ac=0.155444317, volume=32587072869017956, area=493855762247.691894531, area_p=493857714107.9375)
+@var Triaxials.Miranda: Triaxial(name='Miranda', a=240400, b=234200, c=232900, e2ab=0.050915557, e2bc=0.011070811, e2ac=0.061422691, volume=54926187094835456, area=698880863325.756958008, area_p=698881306767.950317383)
+@var Triaxials.Moon: Triaxial(name='Moon', a=1735550, b=1735324, c=1734898, e2ab=0.000260419, e2bc=0.000490914, e2ac=0.000751206, volume=21886698675223740416, area=37838824729886.09375, area_p=37838824733332.2265625)
+@var Triaxials.Tethys: Triaxial(name='Tethys', a=535600, b=528200, c=525800, e2ab=0.027441672, e2bc=0.009066821, e2ac=0.036259685, volume=623086233855821440, area=3528073490771.394042969, area_p=3528074261832.738769531)
+@var Triaxials.WGS84_35: Triaxial(name='WGS84_35', a=6378172, b=6378102, c=6356752.314245179, e2ab=0.00002195, e2bc=0.006683478, e2ac=0.006705281, volume=1083207319768789942272, area=510065621722018.125, area_p=510065626587483.3125)
+'''
+# make sure int/int division yields float quotient, see .basics
+from __future__ import division as _; del _  # PYCHOK semicolon
+
+from pygeodesy.basics import isLatLon, isscalar, map2, _zip,  _ValueError
+from pygeodesy.constants import EPS, EPS0, EPS02, EPS4, INT0, PI2, PI_3, PI4, \
+                               _EPS2e4, float0_, isfinite, isnear1, _0_0, _0_5, \
+                               _1_0, _N_1_0, _N_2_0,  _4_0  # PYCHOK used!
+from pygeodesy.datums import Datum, _spherical_datum, _WGS84,  Ellipsoid, _EWGS84, Fmt
+# from pygeodesy.dms import toDMS  # _MODS
+# from pygeodesy.ellipsoids import Ellipsoid, _EWGS84  # from .datums
+# from pygeodesy.elliptic import Elliptic  # _MODS
+# from pygeodesy.errors import _ValueError  # from .basics
+from pygeodesy.fmath import Fdot, fdot, fmean_, hypot, hypot_, norm2, sqrt0
+from pygeodesy.fsums import Fsum, fsumf_, fsum1f_
+from pygeodesy.interns import NN, _a_, _b_, _beta_, _c_, _distant_, _finite_, \
+                             _height_, _inside_, _near_, _negative_, _not_, \
+                             _NOTEQUAL_, _null_, _opposite_, _outside_, _SPACE_, \
+                             _spherical_, _too_, _x_, _y_
+# from pygeodesy.lazily import _ALL_LAZY, _ALL_MODS as _MODS  # from .vector3d
+from pygeodesy.named import _NamedEnum, _NamedEnumItem, _NamedTuple, _Pass, \
+                            _lazyNamedEnumItem as _lazy
+from pygeodesy.namedTuples import LatLon3Tuple, Vector3Tuple, Vector4Tuple
+from pygeodesy.props import Property_RO, property_RO
+# from pygeodesy.streprs import Fmt  # from .datums
+from pygeodesy.units import Float, Height_, Meter, Meter2, Meter3, Radians, \
+                            Radius, Scalar_, _toDegrees, _toRadians
+from pygeodesy.utily import asin1, atan2d, km2m, m2km, SinCos2, sincos2d_
+from pygeodesy.vector3d import _otherV3d, Vector3d,  _ALL_LAZY, _MODS
+
+from math import atan2, fabs, sqrt
+
+__all__ = _ALL_LAZY.triaxials
+__version__ = '24.01.21'
+
+_not_ordered_ = _not_('ordered')
+_omega_       = 'omega'
+_TRIPS        =  269  # 48-55, Eberly 1074?
+
+
+class _NamedTupleTo(_NamedTuple):  # in .testNamedTuples, like .cartesianBase.RadiusThetaPhi3Tuple
+    '''(INTERNAL) Base for C{-.toDegrees}, C{-.toRadians}.
+    '''
+    def _toDegrees(self, a, b, *c, **toDMS_kwds):
+        a, b, _ = _toDegrees(self, a, b, **toDMS_kwds)
+        return _ or self.classof(a, b, *c, name=self.name)
+
+    def _toRadians(self, a, b, *c):
+        a, b, _ = _toRadians(self, a, b)
+        return _ or self.classof(a, b, *c, name=self.name)
+
+
+class BetaOmega2Tuple(_NamedTupleTo):
+    '''2-Tuple C{(beta, omega)} with I{ellipsoidal} lat- and
+       longitude C{beta} and C{omega} both in L{Radians} (or
+       L{Degrees}).
+    '''
+    _Names_ = (_beta_, _omega_)
+    _Units_ = (_Pass,  _Pass)
+
+    def toDegrees(self, **toDMS_kwds):
+        '''Convert this L{BetaOmega2Tuple} to L{Degrees} or C{toDMS}.
+
+           @return: L{BetaOmega2Tuple}C{(beta, omega)} with
+                    C{beta} and C{omega} both in L{Degrees}
+                    or as a L{toDMS} string provided some
+                    B{C{toDMS_kwds}} keyword arguments are
+                    specified.
+        '''
+        return _NamedTupleTo._toDegrees(self, *self, **toDMS_kwds)
+
+    def toRadians(self):
+        '''Convert this L{BetaOmega2Tuple} to L{Radians}.
+
+           @return: L{BetaOmega2Tuple}C{(beta, omega)} with
+                    C{beta} and C{omega} both in L{Radians}.
+        '''
+        return _NamedTupleTo._toRadians(self, *self)
+
+
+class BetaOmega3Tuple(_NamedTupleTo):
+    '''3-Tuple C{(beta, omega, height)} with I{ellipsoidal} lat- and
+       longitude C{beta} and C{omega} both in L{Radians} (or L{Degrees})
+       and the C{height}, rather the (signed) I{distance} to the triaxial's
+       surface (measured along the radial line to the triaxial's center)
+       in C{meter}, conventionally.
+    '''
+    _Names_ = BetaOmega2Tuple._Names_ + (_height_,)
+    _Units_ = BetaOmega2Tuple._Units_ + ( Meter,)
+
+    def toDegrees(self, **toDMS_kwds):
+        '''Convert this L{BetaOmega3Tuple} to L{Degrees} or C{toDMS}.
+
+           @return: L{BetaOmega3Tuple}C{(beta, omega, height)} with
+                    C{beta} and C{omega} both in L{Degrees} or as a
+                    L{toDMS} string provided some B{C{toDMS_kwds}}
+                    keyword arguments are specified.
+        '''
+        return _NamedTupleTo._toDegrees(self, *self, **toDMS_kwds)
+
+    def toRadians(self):
+        '''Convert this L{BetaOmega3Tuple} to L{Radians}.
+
+           @return: L{BetaOmega3Tuple}C{(beta, omega, height)} with
+                    C{beta} and C{omega} both in L{Radians}.
+        '''
+        return _NamedTupleTo._toRadians(self, *self)
+
+    def to2Tuple(self):
+        '''Reduce this L{BetaOmega3Tuple} to a L{BetaOmega2Tuple}.
+        '''
+        return BetaOmega2Tuple(*self[:2])
+
+
+class Jacobi2Tuple(_NamedTupleTo):
+    '''2-Tuple C{(x, y)} with a Jacobi Conformal C{x} and C{y}
+       projection, both in L{Radians} (or L{Degrees}).
+    '''
+    _Names_ = (_x_,   _y_)
+    _Units_ = (_Pass, _Pass)
+
+    def toDegrees(self, **toDMS_kwds):
+        '''Convert this L{Jacobi2Tuple} to L{Degrees} or C{toDMS}.
+
+           @return: L{Jacobi2Tuple}C{(x, y)} with C{x} and C{y}
+                    both in L{Degrees} or as a L{toDMS} string
+                    provided some B{C{toDMS_kwds}} keyword
+                    arguments are specified.
+        '''
+        return _NamedTupleTo._toDegrees(self, *self, **toDMS_kwds)
+
+    def toRadians(self):
+        '''Convert this L{Jacobi2Tuple} to L{Radians}.
+
+           @return: L{Jacobi2Tuple}C{(x, y)} with C{x}
+                    and C{y} both in L{Radians}.
+        '''
+        return _NamedTupleTo._toRadians(self, *self)
+
+
+class Triaxial_(_NamedEnumItem):
+    '''I{Unordered} triaxial ellipsoid and base class.
+
+       Triaxial ellipsoids with right-handed semi-axes C{a}, C{b} and C{c}, oriented
+       such that the large principal ellipse C{ab} is the equator I{Z}=0, I{beta}=0,
+       while the small principal ellipse C{ac} is the prime meridian, plane I{Y}=0,
+       I{omega}=0.
+
+       The four umbilic points, C{abs}(I{omega}) = C{abs}(I{beta}) = C{PI/2}, lie on
+       the middle principal ellipse C{bc} in plane I{X}=0, I{omega}=C{PI/2}.
+
+       @note: I{Geodetic} C{lat}- and C{lon}gitudes are in C{degrees}, I{geodetic}
+              C{phi} and C{lam}bda are in C{radians}, but I{ellipsoidal} lat- and
+              longitude C{beta} and C{omega} are in L{Radians} by default (or in
+              L{Degrees} if converted).
+    '''
+    _ijk = _kji = None
+    _unordered  = True
+
+    def __init__(self, a_triaxial, b=None, c=None, name=NN):
+        '''New I{unordered} L{Triaxial_}.
+
+           @arg a_triaxial: Large, C{X} semi-axis (C{scalar}, conventionally in
+                            C{meter}) or an other L{Triaxial} or L{Triaxial_} instance.
+           @kwarg b: Middle, C{Y} semi-axis (C{meter}, same units as B{C{a}}), required
+                     if C{B{a_triaxial} is scalar}, ignored otherwise.
+           @kwarg c: Small, C{Z} semi-axis (C{meter}, same units as B{C{a}}), required
+                     if C{B{a_triaxial} is scalar}, ignored otherwise.
+           @kwarg name: Optional name (C{str}).
+
+           @raise TriaxialError: Invalid semi-axis or -axes.
+        '''
+        try:
+            a = a_triaxial
+            t = a._abc3 if isinstance(a, Triaxial_) else (
+                   Radius(a=a), Radius(b=b), Radius(c=c))
+        except (TypeError, ValueError) as x:
+            raise TriaxialError(a=a, b=b, c=c, cause=x)
+        if name:
+            self.name = name
+
+        a, b, c = self._abc3 = t
+        if self._unordered:  # == not isinstance(self, Triaxial)
+            s, _, t = sorted(t)
+            if not (isfinite(t) and s > 0):
+                raise TriaxialError(a=a, b=b, c=c)  # txt=_invalid_
+        elif not (isfinite(a) and a >= b >= c > 0):
+            raise TriaxialError(a=a, b=b, c=c, txt=_not_ordered_)
+        elif not (a > c and self._a2c2 > 0 and self.e2ac > 0):
+            raise TriaxialError(a=a, c=c, e2ac=self.e2ac, txt=_spherical_)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.toStr()
+
+    @Property_RO
+    def a(self):
+        '''Get the (largest) C{x} semi-axis (C{meter}, conventionally).
+        '''
+        a, _, _ = self._abc3
+        return a
+
+    @Property_RO
+    def _a2b2(self):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Get C{a**2 - b**2} == E_sub_e**2.
+        '''
+        a, b, _ = self._abc3
+        return ((a - b) * (a + b)) if a != b else _0_0
+
+    @Property_RO
+    def _a2_b2(self):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Get C{(a/b)**2}.
+        '''
+        a, b, _ = self._abc3
+        return (a / b)**2 if a != b else _1_0
+
+    @Property_RO
+    def _a2c2(self):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Get C{a**2 - c**2} == E_sub_x**2.
+        '''
+        a, _, c = self._abc3
+        return ((a - c) * (a + c)) if a != c else _0_0
+
+    @Property_RO
+    def area(self):
+        '''Get the surface area (C{meter} I{squared}).
+        '''
+        c, b, a = sorted(self._abc3)
+        if a > c:
+            a = Triaxial(a, b, c).area if a > b else \
+                Ellipsoid(a, b=c).areax  # a == b
+        else:  # a == c == b
+            a = Meter2(area=a**2 * PI4)
+        return a
+
+    def area_p(self, p=1.6075):
+        '''I{Approximate} the surface area (C{meter} I{squared}).
+
+           @kwarg p: Exponent (C{scalar} > 0), 1.6 for near-spherical or 1.5849625007
+                     for "near-flat" triaxials.
+
+           @see: U{Surface area<https://WikiPedia.org/wiki/Ellipsoid#Approximate_formula>}.
+        '''
+        a, b, c = self._abc3
+        if a == b == c:
+            a *= a
+        else:
+            _p = pow
+            a = _p(fmean_(_p(a * b, p), _p(a * c, p), _p(b * c, p)), _1_0 / p)
+        return Meter2(area_p=a * PI4)
+
+    @Property_RO
+    def b(self):
+        '''Get the (middle) C{y} semi-axis (C{meter}, same units as B{C{a}}).
+        '''
+        _, b, _ = self._abc3
+        return b
+
+    @Property_RO
+    def _b2c2(self):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Get C{b**2 - c**2} == E_sub_y**2.
+        '''
+        _, b, c = self._abc3
+        return ((b - c) * (b + c)) if b != c else _0_0
+
+    @Property_RO
+    def c(self):
+        '''Get the (smallest) C{z} semi-axis (C{meter}, same units as B{C{a}}).
+        '''
+        _, _, c = self._abc3
+        return c
+
+    @Property_RO
+    def _c2_b2(self):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Get C{(c/b)**2}.
+        '''
+        _, b, c = self._abc3
+        return (c / b)**2 if b != c else _1_0
+
+    @Property_RO
+    def e2ab(self):
+        '''Get the C{ab} ellipse' I{(1st) eccentricity squared} (C{scalar}), M{1 - (b/a)**2}.
+        '''
+        return Float(e2ab=(_1_0 - self._1e2ab) or _0_0)
+
+    @Property_RO
+    def _1e2ab(self):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Get C{1 - e2ab} == C{(b/a)**2}.
+        '''
+        a, b, _ = self._abc3
+        return (b / a)**2 if a != b else _1_0
+
+    @Property_RO
+    def e2ac(self):
+        '''Get the C{ac} ellipse' I{(1st) eccentricity squared} (C{scalar}), M{1 - (c/a)**2}.
+        '''
+        return Float(e2ac=(_1_0 - self._1e2ac) or _0_0)
+
+    @Property_RO
+    def _1e2ac(self):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Get C{1 - e2ac} == C{(c/a)**2}.
+        '''
+        a, _, c = self._abc3
+        return (c / a)**2 if a != c else _1_0
+
+    @Property_RO
+    def e2bc(self):
+        '''Get the C{bc} ellipse' I{(1st) eccentricity squared} (C{scalar}), M{1 - (c/b)**2}.
+        '''
+        return Float(e2bc=(_1_0 - self._1e2bc) or _0_0)
+
+    _1e2bc = _c2_b2  # C{1 - e2bc} == C{(c/b)**2}
+
+    @property_RO
+    def _Elliptic(self):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Get class L{Elliptic}, I{once}.
+        '''
+        Triaxial_._Elliptic = E = _MODS.elliptic.Elliptic  # overwrite property_RO
+        return E
+
+    def hartzell4(self, pov, los=False, name=NN):
+        '''Compute the intersection of this triaxial's surface with a Line-Of-Sight
+           from a Point-Of-View in space.
+
+           @see: Function L{hartzell4<triaxials.hartzell4>} for further details.
+        '''
+        return hartzell4(pov, los=los, tri_biax=self, name=name)
+
+    def height4(self, x_xyz, y=None, z=None, normal=True, eps=EPS):
+        '''Compute the projection on and the height above or below this triaxial's surface.
+
+           @arg x_xyz: X component (C{scalar}) or a cartesian (C{Cartesian}, L{Ecef9Tuple},
+                       L{Vector3d}, L{Vector3Tuple} or L{Vector4Tuple}).
+           @kwarg y: Y component (C{scalar}), required if B{C{x_xyz}} if C{scalar}.
+           @kwarg z: Z component (C{scalar}), required if B{C{x_xyz}} if C{scalar}.
+           @kwarg normal: If C{True} the projection is the I{normal, plumb} to the surface of,
+                          otherwise the C{radial} line to the center of this triaxial (C{bool}).
+           @kwarg eps: Tolerance for root finding and validation (C{scalar}), use a negative
+                       value to skip validation.
+
+           @return: L{Vector4Tuple}C{(x, y, z, h)} with the cartesian coordinates C{x}, C{y}
+                    and C{z} of the projection on or the intersection with and with the height
+                    C{h} above or below the triaxial's surface in C{meter}, conventionally.
+
+           @raise TriaxialError: Non-cartesian B{C{xyz}}, invalid B{C{eps}}, no convergence in
+                  root finding or validation failed.
+
+           @see: Method L{Ellipsoid.height4} and I{Eberly}'s U{Distance from a Point to ...
+                 <https://www.GeometricTools.com/Documentation/DistancePointEllipseEllipsoid.pdf>}.
+        '''
+        v, r = _otherV3d_(x_xyz, y, z), self.isSpherical
+
+        i, h = None, v.length
+        if h < EPS0:  # EPS
+            x = y = z = _0_0
+            h -= min(self._abc3)  # nearest
+        elif r:  # .isSpherical
+            x, y, z = v.times(r / h).xyz
+            h -= r
+        else:
+            x, y, z = v.xyz
+            try:
+                if normal:  # plumb to surface
+                    x, y, z, h, i = _normalTo5(x, y, z, self, eps=eps)
+                else:  # radial to center
+                    x, y, z = self._radialTo3(z, hypot(x, y), y, x)
+                    h = v.minus_(x, y, z).length
+            except Exception as e:
+                raise TriaxialError(x=x, y=y, z=z, cause=e)
+            if h > 0 and self.sideOf(v, eps=EPS0) < 0:
+                h = -h  # below the surface
+        return Vector4Tuple(x, y, z, h, iteration=i, name=self.height4.__name__)
+
+    @Property_RO
+    def isOrdered(self):
+        '''Is this triaxial I{ordered} and I{not spherical} (C{bool})?
+        '''
+        a, b, c = self._abc3
+        return bool(a >= b > c)  # b > c!
+
+    @Property_RO
+    def isSpherical(self):
+        '''Is this triaxial I{spherical} (C{Radius} or INT0)?
+        '''
+        a, b, c = self._abc3
+        return a if a == b == c else INT0
+
+    def _norm2(self, s, c, *a):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Normalize C{s} and C{c} iff not already.
+        '''
+        if fabs(_hypot21(s, c)) > EPS02:
+            s, c = norm2(s, c)
+        if a:
+            s, c = norm2(s * self.b, c * a[0])
+        return float0_(s, c)
+
+    def normal3d(self, x_xyz, y=None, z=None, length=_1_0):
+        '''Get a 3-D vector at a cartesian on and perpendicular to this triaxial's surface.
+
+           @arg x_xyz: X component (C{scalar}) or a cartesian (C{Cartesian},
+                       L{Ecef9Tuple}, L{Vector3d}, L{Vector3Tuple} or L{Vector4Tuple}).
+           @kwarg y: Y component (C{scalar}), required if B{C{x_xyz}} if C{scalar}.
+           @kwarg z: Z component (C{scalar}), required if B{C{x_xyz}} if C{scalar}.
+           @kwarg length: Optional length and in-/outward direction (C{scalar}).
+
+           @return: A C{Vector3d(x_, y_, z_)} normalized to B{C{length}}, pointing
+                    in- or outward for neg- respectively positive B{C{length}}.
+
+           @raise TriaxialError: Zero length cartesian or vector.
+
+           @note: Cartesian location C{(B{x}, B{y}, B{z})} must be on this triaxial's
+                  surface, use method L{Triaxial.sideOf} to validate.
+        '''
+        # n = 2 * (x / a2, y / b2, z / c2)
+        #  == 2 * (x, y * a2 / b2, z * a2 / c2) / a2  # iff ordered
+        #  == 2 * (x, y / _1e2ab, z / _1e2ac) / a2
+        #  == unit(x, y / _1e2ab, z / _1e2ac).times(length)
+        n = self._normal3d.times_(*_otherV3d_(x_xyz, y, z).xyz)
+        if n.length < EPS0:
+            raise TriaxialError(x=x_xyz, y=y, z=z, txt=_null_)
+        return n.times(length / n.length)
+
+    @Property_RO
+    def _normal3d(self):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Get M{Vector3d((d/a)**2, (d/b)**2, (d/c)**2)}, M{d = max(a, b, c)}.
+        '''
+        d = max(self._abc3)
+        t = tuple(((d / x)**2 if x != d else _1_0) for x in self._abc3)
+        return Vector3d(*t, name=self.normal3d.__name__)
+
+    def _order3(self, *abc, **reverse):  # reverse=False
+        '''(INTERNAL) Un-/Order C{a}, C{b} and C{c}.
+
+           @return: 3-Tuple C{(a, b, c)} ordered by or un-ordered
+                    (reverse-ordered) C{ijk} if C{B{reverse}=True}.
+        '''
+        ijk = self._order_ijk(**reverse)
+        return _getitems(abc, *ijk) if ijk else abc
+
+    def _order3d(self, v, **reverse):  # reverse=False
+        '''(INTERNAL) Un-/Order a C{Vector3d}.
+
+           @return: Vector3d(x, y, z) un-/ordered.
+        '''
+        ijk = self._order_ijk(**reverse)
+        return v.classof(*_getitems(v.xyz, *ijk)) if ijk else v
+
+    @Property_RO
+    def _ordered4(self):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Helper for C{_hartzell3} and C{_normalTo5}.
+        '''
+        def _order2(reverse, a, b, c):
+            '''(INTERNAL) Un-Order C{a}, C{b} and C{c}.
+
+               @return: 2-Tuple C{((a, b, c), ijk)} with C{a} >= C{b} >= C{c}
+                        and C{ijk} a 3-tuple with the initial indices.
+            '''
+            i, j, k = 0, 1, 2  # range(3)
+            if a < b:
+                a, b, i, j = b, a, j, i
+            if a < c:
+                a, c, i, k = c, a, k, i
+            if b < c:
+                b, c, j, k = c, b, k, j
+            # reverse (k, j, i) since (a, b, c) is reversed-sorted
+            ijk = (k, j, i) if reverse else (None if i < j < k else (i, j, k))
+            return (a, b, c), ijk
+
+        abc, T = self._abc3, self
+        if not self.isOrdered:
+            abc, ijk = _order2(False, *abc)
+            if ijk:
+                _, kji = _order2(True, *ijk)
+                T = Triaxial_(*abc)
+                T._ijk, T._kji = ijk, kji
+        return abc + (T,)
+
+    def _order_ijk(self, reverse=False):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Get the un-/order indices.
+        '''
+        return self._kji if reverse else self._ijk
+
+    def _radialTo3(self, sbeta, cbeta, somega, comega):
+        '''(INTERNAL) I{Unordered} helper for C{.height4}.
+        '''
+        def _rphi(a, b, sphi, cphi):
+            # <https://WikiPedia.org/wiki/Ellipse#Polar_form_relative_to_focus>
+            # polar form: radius(phi) = a * b / hypot(a * sphi, b * cphi)
+            return (b / hypot(sphi, b / a * cphi)) if a > b else (
+                   (a / hypot(cphi, a / b * sphi)) if a < b else a)
+
+        sa, ca = self._norm2(sbeta,  cbeta)
+        sb, cb = self._norm2(somega, comega)
+
+        a, b, c = self._abc3
+        if a != b:
+            a = _rphi(a, b, sb, cb)
+        if a != c:
+            c = _rphi(a, c, sa, ca)
+        z, r = c * sa, c * ca
+        x, y = r * cb, r * sb
+        return x, y, z
+
+    def sideOf(self, x_xyz, y=None, z=None, eps=EPS4):
+        '''Is a cartesian above, below or on the surface of this triaxial?
+
+           @arg x_xyz: X component (C{scalar}) or a cartesian (C{Cartesian},
+                       L{Ecef9Tuple}, L{Vector3d}, L{Vector3Tuple} or L{Vector4Tuple}).
+           @kwarg y: Y component (C{scalar}), required if B{C{x_xyz}} if C{scalar}.
+           @kwarg z: Z component (C{scalar}), required if B{C{x_xyz}} if C{scalar}.
+           @kwarg eps: Near-surface tolerance (C{scalar}, distance I{squared}).
+
+           @return: C{INT0} if C{(B{x}, B{y}, B{z})} is near this triaxial's surface
+                    within tolerance B{C{eps}}, otherwise a signed, radial, normalized
+                    distance I{squared} (C{float}), negative or positive for in-
+                    respectively outside this triaxial.
+
+           @see: Methods L{Triaxial.height4} and L{Triaxial.normal3d}.
+        '''
+        return _sideOf(_otherV3d_(x_xyz, y, z).xyz, self._abc3, eps=eps)
+
+    def toEllipsoid(self, name=NN):
+        '''Convert this triaxial to an L{Ellipsoid}, provided 2 axes match.
+
+           @return: An L{Ellipsoid} with north along this C{Z} axis if C{a == b},
+                    this C{Y} axis if C{a == c} or this C{X} axis if C{b == c}.
+
+           @raise TriaxialError: This C{a != b}, C{b != c} and C{c != a}.
+
+           @see: Method L{Ellipsoid.toTriaxial}.
+        '''
+        a, b, c = self._abc3
+        if a == b:
+            b = c  # N = c-Z
+        elif b == c:  # N = a-X
+            a, b = b, a
+        elif a != c:  # N = b-Y
+            t = _SPACE_(_a_, _NOTEQUAL_, _b_, _NOTEQUAL_, _c_)
+            raise TriaxialError(a=a, b=b, c=c, txt=t)
+        return Ellipsoid(a, b=b, name=name or self.name)
+
+    def toStr(self, prec=9, name=NN, **unused):  # PYCHOK signature
+        '''Return this C{Triaxial} as a string.
+
+           @kwarg prec: Precision, number of decimal digits (0..9).
+           @kwarg name: Override name (C{str}) or C{None} to exclude
+                        this triaxial's name.
+
+           @return: This C{Triaxial}'s attributes (C{str}).
+        '''
+        T  = Triaxial_
+        t  = T.a,
+        J  = JacobiConformalSpherical
+        t += (J.ab, J.bc) if isinstance(self, J) else (T.b, T.c)
+        t += T.e2ab, T.e2bc, T.e2ac
+        J  = JacobiConformal
+        if isinstance(self, J):
+            t += J.xyQ2,
+        t += T.volume, T.area
+        return self._instr(name, prec, props=t, area_p=self.area_p())
+
+    @Property_RO
+    def volume(self):
+        '''Get the volume (C{meter**3}), M{4 / 3 * PI * a * b * c}.
+        '''
+        a, b, c = self._abc3
+        return Meter3(volume=a * b * c * PI_3 * _4_0)
+
+
+class Triaxial(Triaxial_):
+    '''I{Ordered} triaxial ellipsoid.
+
+       @see: L{Triaxial_} for more information.
+    '''
+    _unordered = False
+
+    def __init__(self, a_triaxial, b=None, c=None, name=NN):
+        '''New I{ordered} L{Triaxial}.
+
+           @arg a_triaxial: Largest semi-axis (C{scalar}, conventionally in C{meter})
+                            or an other L{Triaxial} or L{Triaxial_} instance.
+           @kwarg b: Middle semi-axis (C{meter}, same units as B{C{a}}), required
+                     if C{B{a_triaxial} is scalar}, ignored otherwise.
+           @kwarg c: Smallest semi-axis (C{meter}, same units as B{C{a}}), required
+                     if C{B{a_triaxial} is scalar}, ignored otherwise.
+           @kwarg name: Optional name (C{str}).
+
+           @note: The semi-axes must be ordered as C{B{a} >= B{b} >= B{c} > 0} and
+                  must be ellipsoidal, C{B{a} > B{c}}.
+
+           @raise TriaxialError: Semi-axes not ordered, spherical or invalid.
+        '''
+        Triaxial_.__init__(self, a_triaxial, b=b, c=c, name=name)
+
+    @Property_RO
+    def _a2b2_a2c2(self):
+        '''@see: Methods C{.forwardBetaOmega} and C{._k2_kp2}.
+        '''
+        return self._a2b2 / self._a2c2
+
+    @Property_RO
+    def area(self):
+        '''Get the surface area (C{meter} I{squared}).
+
+           @see: U{Surface area<https://WikiPedia.org/wiki/Ellipsoid#Surface_area>}.
+        '''
+        a, b, c = self._abc3
+        if a != b:
+            kp2, k2 = self._k2_kp2  # swapped!
+            aE = self._Elliptic(k2, _0_0, kp2, _1_0)
+            c2 = self._1e2ac      # cos(phi)**2 = (c/a)**2
+            s  = sqrt(self.e2ac)  # sin(phi)**2 =  1 - c2
+            r  = asin1(s)  # phi = atan2(sqrt(c2), s)
+            b *= fsum1f_(aE.fE(r) * s, c / a * c / b,
+                         aE.fF(r) * c2 / s)
+            a  = Meter2(area=a * b * PI2)
+        else:  # a == b > c
+            a  = Ellipsoid(a, b=c).areax
+        return a
+
+    def _exyz3(self, u):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Helper for C{.forwardBetOmg}.
+        '''
+        if u > 0:
+            u2 = u**2
+            x  = u * sqrt0(_1_0 + self._a2c2 / u2, Error=TriaxialError)
+            y  = u * sqrt0(_1_0 + self._b2c2 / u2, Error=TriaxialError)
+        else:
+            x  = y = u = _0_0
+        return x, y, u
+
+    def forwardBetaOmega(self, beta, omega, height=0, name=NN):
+        '''Convert I{ellipsoidal} lat- and longitude C{beta}, C{omega}
+           and height to cartesian.
+
+           @arg beta: Ellipsoidal latitude (C{radians} or L{Degrees}).
+           @arg omega: Ellipsoidal longitude (C{radians} or L{Degrees}).
+           @arg height: Height above or below the ellipsoid's surface (C{meter}, same
+                        units as this triaxial's C{a}, C{b} and C{c} semi-axes).
+           @kwarg name: Optional name (C{str}).
+
+           @return: A L{Vector3Tuple}C{(x, y, z)}.
+
+           @see: Method L{Triaxial.reverseBetaOmega} and U{Expressions (23-25)<https://
+                 www.Topo.Auth.GR/wp-content/uploads/sites/111/2021/12/09_Panou.pdf>}.
+        '''
+        if height:
+            h = self._Height(height)
+            x, y, z = self._exyz3(h + self.c)
+        else:
+            x, y, z = self._abc3  # == self._exyz3(self.c)
+        if z:  # and x and y:
+            sa, ca = SinCos2(beta)
+            sb, cb = SinCos2(omega)
+
+            r  = self._a2b2_a2c2
+            x *= cb * sqrt0(ca**2 + r * sa**2, Error=TriaxialError)
+            y *= ca * sb
+            z *= sa * sqrt0(_1_0  - r * cb**2, Error=TriaxialError)
+        return Vector3Tuple(x, y, z, name=name)
+
+    def forwardBetaOmega_(self, sbeta, cbeta, somega, comega, name=NN):
+        '''Convert I{ellipsoidal} lat- and longitude C{beta} and C{omega}
+           to cartesian coordinates I{on the triaxial's surface}.
+
+           @arg sbeta: Ellipsoidal latitude C{sin(beta)} (C{scalar}).
+           @arg cbeta: Ellipsoidal latitude C{cos(beta)} (C{scalar}).
+           @arg somega: Ellipsoidal longitude C{sin(omega)} (C{scalar}).
+           @arg comega: Ellipsoidal longitude C{cos(omega)} (C{scalar}).
+           @kwarg name: Optional name (C{str}).
+
+           @return: A L{Vector3Tuple}C{(x, y, z)} on the surface.
+
+           @raise TriaxialError: This triaxial is near-spherical.
+
+           @see: Method L{Triaxial.reverseBetaOmega}, U{Triaxial ellipsoid coordinate
+                 system<https://WikiPedia.org/wiki/Geodesics_on_an_ellipsoid#
+                 Triaxial_ellipsoid_coordinate_system>} and U{expressions (23-25)<https://
+                 www.Topo.Auth.GR/wp-content/uploads/sites/111/2021/12/09_Panou.pdf>}.
+        '''
+        t = self._radialTo3(sbeta, cbeta, somega, comega)
+        return Vector3Tuple(*t, name=name)
+
+    def forwardCartesian(self, x_xyz, y=None, z=None, name=NN, **normal_eps):
+        '''Project a cartesian on this triaxial.
+
+           @arg x_xyz: X component (C{scalar}) or a cartesian (C{Cartesian},
+                       L{Ecef9Tuple}, L{Vector3d}, L{Vector3Tuple} or L{Vector4Tuple}).
+           @kwarg y: Y component (C{scalar}), required if B{C{x_xyz}} if C{scalar}.
+           @kwarg z: Z component (C{scalar}), required if B{C{x_xyz}} if C{scalar}.
+           @kwarg name: Optional name (C{str}).
+           @kwarg normal_eps: Optional keyword arguments C{B{normal}=True} and
+                              C{B{eps}=EPS}, see method L{Triaxial.height4}.
+
+           @see: Method L{Triaxial.height4} for further information and method
+                 L{Triaxial.reverseCartesian} to reverse the projection.
+        '''
+        t = self.height4(x_xyz, y, z, **normal_eps)
+        _ = t.rename(name)
+        return t
+
+    def forwardLatLon(self, lat, lon, height=0, name=NN):
+        '''Convert I{geodetic} lat-, longitude and heigth to cartesian.
+
+           @arg lat: Geodetic latitude (C{degrees}).
+           @arg lon: Geodetic longitude (C{degrees}).
+           @arg height: Height above the ellipsoid (C{meter}, same units
+                        as this triaxial's C{a}, C{b} and C{c} axes).
+           @kwarg name: Optional name (C{str}).
+
+           @return: A L{Vector3Tuple}C{(x, y, z)}.
+
+           @see: Method L{Triaxial.reverseLatLon} and U{Expressions (9-11)<https://
+                 www.Topo.Auth.GR/wp-content/uploads/sites/111/2021/12/09_Panou.pdf>}.
+        '''
+        return self._forwardLatLon3(height, name, *sincos2d_(lat, lon))
+
+    def forwardLatLon_(self, slat, clat, slon, clon, height=0, name=NN):
+        '''Convert I{geodetic} lat-, longitude and heigth to cartesian.
+
+           @arg slat: Geodetic latitude C{sin(lat)} (C{scalar}).
+           @arg clat: Geodetic latitude C{cos(lat)} (C{scalar}).
+           @arg slon: Geodetic longitude C{sin(lon)} (C{scalar}).
+           @arg clon: Geodetic longitude C{cos(lon)} (C{scalar}).
+           @arg height: Height above the ellipsoid (C{meter}, same units
+                        as this triaxial's axes C{a}, C{b} and C{c}).
+           @kwarg name: Optional name (C{str}).
+
+           @return: A L{Vector3Tuple}C{(x, y, z)}.
+
+           @see: Method L{Triaxial.reverseLatLon} and U{Expressions (9-11)<https://
+                 www.Topo.Auth.GR/wp-content/uploads/sites/111/2021/12/09_Panou.pdf>}.
+        '''
+        sa, ca = self._norm2(slat, clat)
+        sb, cb = self._norm2(slon, clon)
+        return self._forwardLatLon3(height, name, sa, ca, sb, cb)
+
+    def _forwardLatLon3(self, height, name, sa, ca, sb, cb):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Helper for C{.forwardLatLon} and C{.forwardLatLon_}.
+        '''
+        ca_x_sb = ca * sb
+        h = self._Height(height)
+        # 1 - (1 - (c/a)**2) * sa**2 - (1 - (b/a)**2) * ca**2 * sb**2
+        t = fsumf_(_1_0, -self.e2ac * sa**2, -self.e2ab * ca_x_sb**2)
+        n = self.a / sqrt0(t, Error=TriaxialError)  # prime vertical
+        x = (h + n)               * ca * cb
+        y = (h + n * self._1e2ab) * ca_x_sb
+        z = (h + n * self._1e2ac) * sa
+        return Vector3Tuple(x, y, z, name=name)
+
+    def _Height(self, height):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Validate a C{height}.
+        '''
+        return Height_(height=height, low=-self.c, Error=TriaxialError)
+
+    @Property_RO
+    def _k2_kp2(self):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Get C{k2} and C{kp2} for C{._xE}, C{._yE} and C{.area}.
+        '''
+        # k2  = a2b2 / a2c2 * c2_b2
+        # kp2 = b2c2 / a2c2 * a2_b2
+        # b2  = b**2
+        # xE  = Elliptic(k2,  -a2b2 / b2, kp2, a2_b2)
+        # yE  = Elliptic(kp2, +b2c2 / b2, k2,  c2_b2)
+        # aE  = Elliptic(kp2,  0,         k2,  1)
+        return (self._a2b2_a2c2         * self._c2_b2,
+                self._b2c2 / self._a2c2 * self._a2_b2)
+
+    def _radialTo3(self, sbeta, cbeta, somega, comega):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Convert I{ellipsoidal} lat- and longitude C{beta} and
+           C{omega} to cartesian coordinates I{on the triaxial's surface},
+           also I{ordered} helper for C{.height4}.
+        '''
+        sa, ca  =  self._norm2(sbeta,  cbeta)
+        sb, cb  =  self._norm2(somega, comega)
+
+        b2_a2   =  self._1e2ab  # ==  (b/a)**2
+        c2_a2   = -self._1e2ac  # == -(c/a)**2
+        a2c2_a2 =  self.  e2ac  # (a**2 - c**2) / a**2 == 1 - (c/a)**2
+
+        x2 = Fsum(_1_0, -b2_a2 * sa**2, c2_a2 * ca**2).fover(a2c2_a2)
+        z2 = Fsum(c2_a2,         sb**2, b2_a2 * cb**2).fover(a2c2_a2)
+
+        x, y, z = self._abc3
+        x *= cb * sqrt0(x2, Error=TriaxialError)
+        y *= ca * sb
+        z *= sa * sqrt0(z2, Error=TriaxialError)
+        return x, y, z
+
+    def reverseBetaOmega(self, x_xyz, y=None, z=None, name=NN):
+        '''Convert cartesian to I{ellipsoidal} lat- and longitude, C{beta}, C{omega}
+           and height.
+
+           @arg x_xyz: X component (C{scalar}) or a cartesian (C{Cartesian},
+                       L{Ecef9Tuple}, L{Vector3d}, L{Vector3Tuple} or L{Vector4Tuple}).
+           @kwarg y: Y component (C{scalar}), required if B{C{x_xyz}} if C{scalar}.
+           @kwarg z: Z component (C{scalar}), required if B{C{x_xyz}} if C{scalar}.
+           @kwarg name: Optional name (C{str}).
+
+           @return: A L{BetaOmega3Tuple}C{(beta, omega, height)} with C{beta} and
+                    C{omega} in L{Radians} and (radial) C{height} in C{meter}, same
+                    units as this triaxial's axes.
+
+           @see: Methods L{Triaxial.forwardBetaOmega} and L{Triaxial.forwardBetaOmega_}
+                 and U{Expressions (21-22)<https://www.Topo.Auth.GR/wp-content/uploads/
+                 sites/111/2021/12/09_Panou.pdf>}.
+        '''
+        v = _otherV3d_(x_xyz, y, z)
+        a, b, h = self._reverseLatLon3(v, atan2, v, self.forwardBetaOmega_)
+        return BetaOmega3Tuple(Radians(beta=a), Radians(omega=b), h, name=name)
+
+    def reverseCartesian(self, x_xyz, y=None, z=None, h=0, normal=True, eps=_EPS2e4, name=NN):
+        '''"Unproject" a cartesian on to a cartesion I{off} this triaxial's surface.
+
+           @arg x_xyz: X component (C{scalar}) or a cartesian (C{Cartesian},
+                       L{Ecef9Tuple}, L{Vector3d}, L{Vector3Tuple} or L{Vector4Tuple}).
+           @kwarg y: Y component (C{scalar}), required if B{C{x_xyz}} if C{scalar}.
+           @kwarg z: Z component (C{scalar}), required if B{C{x_xyz}} if C{scalar}.
+           @arg h: Height above or below this triaxial's surface (C{meter}, same units
+                   as the axes).
+           @kwarg normal: If C{True} the height is C{normal} to the surface, otherwise
+                          C{radially} to the center of this triaxial (C{bool}).
+           @kwarg eps: Tolerance for surface test (C{scalar}).
+           @kwarg name: Optional name (C{str}).
+
+           @return: A L{Vector3Tuple}C{(x, y, z)}.
+
+           @raise TrialError: Cartesian C{(x, y, z)} not on this triaxial's surface.
+
+           @see: Methods L{Triaxial.forwardCartesian} and L{Triaxial.height4}.
+        '''
+        v = _otherV3d_(x_xyz, y, z, name=name)
+        s = _sideOf(v.xyz, self._abc3, eps=eps)
+        if s:  # PYCHOK no cover
+            t = _SPACE_((_inside_ if s < 0 else _outside_), self.toRepr())
+            raise TriaxialError(eps=eps, sideOf=s, x=v.x, y=v.y, z=v.z, txt=t)
+
+        if h:
+            if normal:
+                v = v.plus(self.normal3d(*v.xyz, length=h))
+            elif v.length > EPS0:
+                v = v.times(_1_0 + (h / v.length))
+        return v.xyz  # Vector3Tuple
+
+    def reverseLatLon(self, x_xyz, y=None, z=None, name=NN):
+        '''Convert cartesian to I{geodetic} lat-, longitude and height.
+
+           @arg x_xyz: X component (C{scalar}) or a cartesian (C{Cartesian},
+                       L{Ecef9Tuple}, L{Vector3d}, L{Vector3Tuple} or L{Vector4Tuple}).
+           @kwarg y: Y component (C{scalar}), required if B{C{x_xyz}} if C{scalar}.
+           @kwarg z: Z component (C{scalar}), required if B{C{x_xyz}} if C{scalar}.
+           @kwarg name: Optional name (C{str}).
+
+           @return: A L{LatLon3Tuple}C{(lat, lon, height)} with C{lat} and C{lon}
+                    in C{degrees} and (radial) C{height} in C{meter}, same units
+                    as this triaxial's axes.
+
+           @see: Methods L{Triaxial.forwardLatLon} and L{Triaxial.forwardLatLon_}
+                 and U{Expressions (4-5)<https://www.Topo.Auth.GR/wp-content/uploads/
+                 sites/111/2021/12/09_Panou.pdf>}.
+        '''
+        v = _otherV3d_(x_xyz, y, z)
+        s =  v.times_(self._1e2ac,  # == 1 - e_sub_x**2
+                      self._1e2bc,  # == 1 - e_sub_y**2
+                     _1_0)
+        t = self._reverseLatLon3(s, atan2d, v, self.forwardLatLon_)
+        return LatLon3Tuple(*t, name=name)
+
+    def _reverseLatLon3(self, s, atan2_, v, forward_):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Helper for C{.reverseBetOmg} and C{.reverseLatLon}.
+        '''
+        x, y, z = s.xyz
+        d = hypot( x, y)
+        a = atan2_(z, d)
+        b = atan2_(y, x)
+        h = v.minus_(*forward_(z, d, y, x)).length
+        return a, b, h
+
+
+class JacobiConformal(Triaxial):
+    '''This is a conformal projection of a triaxial ellipsoid to a plane in which the
+       C{X} and C{Y} grid lines are straight.
+
+       Ellipsoidal coordinates I{beta} and I{omega} are converted to Jacobi Conformal
+       I{y} respectively I{x} separately.  Jacobi's coordinates have been multiplied
+       by C{sqrt(B{a}**2 - B{c}**2) / (2 * B{b})} so that the customary results are
+       returned in the case of an ellipsoid of revolution.
+
+       Copyright (C) U{Charles Karney<mailto:Karney@Alum.MIT.edu>} (2014-2023) and
+       licensed under the MIT/X11 License.
+
+       @note: This constructor can I{not be used to specify a sphere}, see alternate
+              L{JacobiConformalSpherical}.
+
+       @see: L{Triaxial}, C++ class U{JacobiConformal<https://GeographicLib.SourceForge.io/
+             C++/doc/classGeographicLib_1_1JacobiConformal.html#details>}, U{Jacobi's conformal
+             projection<https://GeographicLib.SourceForge.io/C++/doc/jacobi.html>} and Jacobi,
+             C. G. J. I{U{Vorlesungen über Dynamik<https://Books.Google.com/books?
+             id=ryEOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA212>}}, page 212ff.
+    '''
+
+    @Property_RO
+    def _xE(self):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Get the x-elliptic function.
+        '''
+        k2, kp2 = self._k2_kp2
+        # -a2b2 / b2 == (b2 - a2) / b2 == 1 - a2 / b2 == 1 - a2_b2
+        return self._Elliptic(k2, _1_0 - self._a2_b2, kp2, self._a2_b2)
+
+    def xR(self, omega):
+        '''Compute a Jacobi Conformal C{x} projection.
+
+           @arg omega: Ellipsoidal longitude (C{radians} or L{Degrees}).
+
+           @return: The C{x} projection (L{Radians}).
+        '''
+        return self.xR_(*SinCos2(omega))
+
+    def xR_(self, somega, comega):
+        '''Compute a Jacobi Conformal C{x} projection.
+
+           @arg somega: Ellipsoidal longitude C{sin(omega)} (C{scalar}).
+           @arg comega: Ellipsoidal longitude C{cos(omega)} (C{scalar}).
+
+           @return: The C{x} projection (L{Radians}).
+        '''
+        s, c = self._norm2(somega, comega, self.a)
+        return Radians(x=self._xE.fPi(s, c) * self._a2_b2)
+
+    @Property_RO
+    def xyQ2(self):
+        '''Get the Jacobi Conformal quadrant size (L{Jacobi2Tuple}C{(x, y)}).
+        '''
+        return Jacobi2Tuple(Radians(x=self._a2_b2 * self._xE.cPi),
+                            Radians(y=self._c2_b2 * self._yE.cPi),
+                            name=JacobiConformal.xyQ2.name)
+
+    def xyR2(self, beta, omega, name=NN):
+        '''Compute a Jacobi Conformal C{x} and C{y} projection.
+
+           @arg beta: Ellipsoidal latitude (C{radians} or L{Degrees}).
+           @arg omega: Ellipsoidal longitude (C{radians} or L{Degrees}).
+           @kwarg name: Optional name (C{str}).
+
+           @return: A L{Jacobi2Tuple}C{(x, y)}.
+        '''
+        return self.xyR2_(*(SinCos2(beta) + SinCos2(omega)),
+                          name=name or self.xyR2.__name__)
+
+    def xyR2_(self, sbeta, cbeta, somega, comega, name=NN):
+        '''Compute a Jacobi Conformal C{x} and C{y} projection.
+
+           @arg sbeta: Ellipsoidal latitude C{sin(beta)} (C{scalar}).
+           @arg cbeta: Ellipsoidal latitude C{cos(beta)} (C{scalar}).
+           @arg somega: Ellipsoidal longitude C{sin(omega)} (C{scalar}).
+           @arg comega: Ellipsoidal longitude C{cos(omega)} (C{scalar}).
+           @kwarg name: Optional name (C{str}).
+
+           @return: A L{Jacobi2Tuple}C{(x, y)}.
+        '''
+        return Jacobi2Tuple(self.xR_(somega, comega),
+                            self.yR_(sbeta,  cbeta),
+                            name=name or self.xyR2_.__name__)
+
+    @Property_RO
+    def _yE(self):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Get the x-elliptic function.
+        '''
+        kp2, k2 = self._k2_kp2  # swapped!
+        # b2c2 / b2 == (b2 - c2) / b2 == 1 - c2 / b2 == e2bc
+        return self._Elliptic(k2, self.e2bc, kp2, self._c2_b2)
+
+    def yR(self, beta):
+        '''Compute a Jacobi Conformal C{y} projection.
+
+           @arg beta: Ellipsoidal latitude (C{radians} or L{Degrees}).
+
+           @return: The C{y} projection (L{Radians}).
+        '''
+        return self.yR_(*SinCos2(beta))
+
+    def yR_(self, sbeta, cbeta):
+        '''Compute a Jacobi Conformal C{y} projection.
+
+           @arg sbeta: Ellipsoidal latitude C{sin(beta)} (C{scalar}).
+           @arg cbeta: Ellipsoidal latitude C{cos(beta)} (C{scalar}).
+
+           @return: The C{y} projection (L{Radians}).
+        '''
+        s, c = self._norm2(sbeta, cbeta, self.c)
+        return Radians(y=self._yE.fPi(s, c) * self._c2_b2)
+
+
+class JacobiConformalSpherical(JacobiConformal):
+    '''An alternate, I{spherical} L{JacobiConformal} projection.
+
+       @see: L{JacobiConformal} for other and more details.
+    '''
+    _ab = _bc = 0
+
+    def __init__(self, radius_triaxial, ab=0, bc=0, name=NN):
+        '''New L{JacobiConformalSpherical}.
+
+           @arg radius_triaxial: Radius (C{scalar}, conventionally in
+                       C{meter}) or an other L{JacobiConformalSpherical},
+                       L{JacobiConformal} or ordered L{Triaxial}.
+           @kwarg ab: Relative magnitude of C{B{a} - B{b}} (C{meter},
+                      same units as C{scalar B{radius}}.
+           @kwarg bc: Relative magnitude of C{B{b} - B{c}} (C{meter},
+                      same units as C{scalar B{radius}}.
+           @kwarg name: Optional name (C{str}).
+
+           @raise TriaxialError: Invalid B{C{radius_triaxial}}, negative
+                                 B{C{ab}}, negative B{C{bc}} or C{(B{ab}
+                                 + B{bc})} not positive.
+
+           @note: If B{C{radius_triaxial}} is a L{JacobiConformalSpherical}
+                  and if B{C{ab}} and B{C{bc}} are both zero or C{None},
+                  the B{C{radius_triaxial}}'s C{ab}, C{bc}, C{a}, C{b}
+                  and C{c} are copied.
+        '''
+        try:
+            r = radius_triaxial
+            if isinstance(r, Triaxial):  # ordered only
+                t = r._abc3
+                j = isinstance(r, JacobiConformalSpherical) and not bool(ab or bc)
+            else:
+                t = (Radius(radius=r),) * 3
+                j =  False
+            self._ab = r.ab if j else Scalar_(ab=ab)  # low=0
+            self._bc = r.bc if j else Scalar_(bc=bc)  # low=0
+            if (self.ab + self.bc) <= 0:
+                raise ValueError(_negative_)
+            a, _,  c = self._abc3 = t
+            if not (a >= c and isfinite(self._a2b2)
+                           and isfinite(self._a2c2)):
+                raise ValueError(_not_(_finite_))
+        except (TypeError, ValueError) as x:
+            raise TriaxialError(radius_triaxial=r, ab=ab, bc=bc, cause=x)
+        if name:
+            self.name = name
+
+    @Property_RO
+    def ab(self):
+        '''Get relative magnitude C{ab} (C{meter}, same units as B{C{a}}).
+        '''
+        return self._ab
+
+    @Property_RO
+    def _a2b2(self):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Get C{a**2 - b**2} == ab * (a + b).
+        '''
+        a, b, _ = self._abc3
+        return self.ab * (a + b)
+
+    @Property_RO
+    def _a2c2(self):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Get C{a**2 - c**2} == a2b2 + b2c2.
+        '''
+        return self._a2b2 + self._b2c2
+
+    @Property_RO
+    def bc(self):
+        '''Get relative magnitude C{bc} (C{meter}, same units as B{C{a}}).
+        '''
+        return self._bc
+
+    @Property_RO
+    def _b2c2(self):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Get C{b**2 - c**2} == bc * (b + c).
+        '''
+        _, b, c = self._abc3
+        return self.bc * (b + c)
+
+    @Property_RO
+    def radius(self):
+        '''Get radius (C{meter}, conventionally).
+        '''
+        return self.a
+
+
+class TriaxialError(_ValueError):
+    '''Raised for L{Triaxial} issues.
+    '''
+    pass  # ...
+
+
+class Triaxials(_NamedEnum):
+    '''(INTERNAL) L{Triaxial} registry, I{must} be a sub-class
+       to accommodate the L{_LazyNamedEnumItem} properties.
+    '''
+    def _Lazy(self, *abc, **name):
+        '''(INTERNAL) Instantiate the C{Triaxial}.
+        '''
+        a, b, c = map(km2m, abc)
+        return Triaxial(a, b, c, **name)
+
+Triaxials = Triaxials(Triaxial, Triaxial_)  # PYCHOK singleton
+'''Some pre-defined L{Triaxial}s, all I{lazily} instantiated.'''
+# <https://ArxIV.org/pdf/1909.06452.pdf> Table 1 Semi-axes in Km
+# <https://www.JPS.NASA.gov/education/images/pdf/ss-moons.pdf>
+# <https://link.Springer.com/article/10.1007/s00190-022-01650-9>
+_EWGS84_35 = _EWGS84.a + 35, _EWGS84.a - 35, _EWGS84.b
+Triaxials._assert(                 # a (Km)       b (Km)     c (Km)     planet
+    Amalthea  = _lazy('Amalthea',  125.0,        73.0,      64),      # Jupiter
+    Ariel     = _lazy('Ariel',     581.1,       577.9,     577.7),    # Uranus
+    Earth     = _lazy('Earth',    6378.173435, 6378.1039, 6356.7544),
+    Enceladus = _lazy('Enceladus', 256.6,       251.4,     248.3),    # Saturn
+    Europa    = _lazy('Europa',   1564.13,     1561.23,   1560.93),   # Jupiter
+    Io        = _lazy('Io',       1829.4,      1819.3,    1815.7),    # Jupiter
+    Mars      = _lazy('Mars',     3394.6,      3393.3,    3376.3),
+    Mimas     = _lazy('Mimas',     207.4,       196.8,     190.6),    # Saturn
+    Miranda   = _lazy('Miranda',   240.4,       234.2,     232.9),    # Uranus
+    Moon      = _lazy('Moon',     1735.55,     1735.324,  1734.898),  # Earth
+    Tethys    = _lazy('Tethys',    535.6,       528.2,     525.8),    # Saturn
+    WGS84_35  = _lazy('WGS84_35', *map2(m2km, _EWGS84_35)))
+del _EWGS84_35
+
+
+def _getitems(items, *indices):
+    '''(INTERNAL) Get the C{items} at the given I{indices}.
+
+       @return: C{Type(items[i] for i in indices)} with
+                C{Type = type(items)}, any C{type} having
+                the special method C{__getitem__}.
+    '''
+    return type(items)(map(items.__getitem__, indices))
+
+
+def _hartzell3(pov, los, Tun):  # in .ellipsoids.hartzell4, .formy.hartzell
+    '''(INTERNAL) Hartzell's "Satellite Line-of-Sight Intersection ...",
+       formula from a Point-Of-View to an I{un-/ordered} Triaxial.
+    '''
+    def _toUvwV3d(los, pov):
+        try:  # pov must be LatLon or Cartesian if los is a Los
+            v = los.toUvw(pov)
+        except (AttributeError, TypeError):
+            v = _otherV3d(los=los)
+        return v
+
+    p3 = _otherV3d(pov=pov.toCartesian() if isLatLon(pov) else pov)
+    if los is True:  # normal
+        a, b, c, d, i = _normalTo5(p3.x, p3.y, p3.z, Tun)
+        return type(p3)(a, b, c), d, i
+
+    u3 = p3.negate() if los is False or los is None else _toUvwV3d(los, pov)
+
+    a, b, c, T = Tun._ordered4
+
+    a2     =  a**2  # largest, factored out
+    b2, p2 = (b**2, T._1e2ab) if b != a else (a2, _1_0)
+    c2, q2 = (c**2, T._1e2ac) if c != a else (a2, _1_0)
+
+    p3 = T._order3d(p3)
+    u3 = T._order3d(u3).unit()  # unit vector, opposing signs
+
+    x2, y2, z2 = p3.x2y2z2  # p3.times_(p3).xyz
+    ux, vy, wz = u3.times_(p3).xyz
+    u2, v2, w2 = u3.x2y2z2  # u3.times_(u3).xyz
+
+    t = (p2 * c2),  c2, b2
+    m = fdot(t, u2, v2, w2)  # a2 factored out
+    if m < EPS0:  # zero or near-null LOS vector
+        raise _ValueError(_near_(_null_))
+
+    r = fsumf_(b2 * w2,      c2 * v2,      -v2 * z2,      vy * wz * 2,
+              -w2 * y2,     -u2 * y2 * q2, -u2 * z2 * p2, ux * wz * 2 * p2,
+              -w2 * x2 * p2, b2 * u2 * q2, -v2 * x2 * q2, ux * vy * 2 * q2)
+    if r > 0:  # a2 factored out
+        r = sqrt(r) * b * c  # == a * a * b * c / a2
+    elif r < 0:  # LOS pointing away from or missing the triaxial
+        raise _ValueError(_opposite_ if max(ux, vy, wz) > 0 else _outside_)
+
+    d = Fdot(t, ux, vy, wz).fadd_(r).fover(m)  # -r for antipode, a2 factored out
+    if d > 0:  # POV inside or LOS outside or missing the triaxial
+        s = fsumf_(_N_1_0, x2 / a2, y2 / b2, z2 / c2)  # like _sideOf
+        raise _ValueError(_outside_ if s > 0 else _inside_)
+    elif fsum1f_(x2, y2, z2) < d**2:  # d past triaxial's center
+        raise _ValueError(_too_(_distant_))
+
+    v = p3.minus(u3.times(d))  # cartesian type(pov) or Vector3d
+    h = p3.minus(v).length  # distance to pov == -d
+    return T._order3d(v, reverse=True), h, None
+
+
+def hartzell4(pov, los=False, tri_biax=_WGS84, name=NN):
+    '''Compute the intersection of a tri-/biaxial ellipsoid and a Line-Of-Sight
+       from a Point-Of-View outside.
+
+       @arg pov: Point-Of-View outside the tri-/biaxial (C{Cartesian}, L{Ecef9Tuple}
+                 C{LatLon} or L{Vector3d}).
+       @kwarg los: Line-Of-Sight, I{direction} to the tri-/biaxial (L{Los}, L{Vector3d}),
+                   C{True} for the I{normal, plumb} onto the surface or C{False} or
+                   C{None} to point to the center of the tri-/biaxial.
+       @kwarg tri_biax: A triaxial (L{Triaxial}, L{Triaxial_}, L{JacobiConformal} or
+                        L{JacobiConformalSpherical}) or biaxial ellipsoid (L{Datum},
+                        L{Ellipsoid}, L{Ellipsoid2}, L{a_f2Tuple} or C{scalar} radius,
+                        conventionally in C{meter}).
+       @kwarg name: Optional name (C{str}).
+
+       @return: L{Vector4Tuple}C{(x, y, z, h)} on the tri-/biaxial's surface, with C{h}
+                the distance from B{C{pov}} to C{(x, y, z)} I{along the} B{C{los}}, all
+                in C{meter}, conventionally.
+
+       @raise TriaxialError: Invalid B{C{pov}} or B{C{pov}} inside the tri-/biaxial or
+                             invalid B{C{los}} or B{C{los}} points outside or away from
+                             the tri-/biaxial.
+
+       @raise TypeError: Invalid B{C{tri_biax}}, C{ellipsoid} or C{datum}.
+
+       @see: Class L{pygeodesy3.Los}, functions L{pygeodesy.tyr3d} and L{pygeodesy.hartzell}
+             and U{lookAtSpheroid<https://PyPI.org/project/pymap3d>} and U{"Satellite
+             Line-of-Sight Intersection with Earth"<https://StephenHartzell.Medium.com/
+             satellite-line-of-sight-intersection-with-earth-d786b4a6a9b6>}.
+    '''
+    n = hartzell4.__name__
+    if isinstance(tri_biax, Triaxial_):
+        T = tri_biax
+    else:
+        D = tri_biax if isinstance(tri_biax, Datum) else \
+                  _spherical_datum(tri_biax, name=n)
+        T = D.ellipsoid._triaxial
+    try:
+        v, h, i = _hartzell3(pov, los, T)
+    except Exception as x:
+        raise TriaxialError(pov=pov, los=los, tri_biax=tri_biax, cause=x)
+    return Vector4Tuple(v.x, v.y, v.z, h, iteration=i, name=name or n)
+
+
+def _hypot21(x, y, z=0):
+    '''(INTERNAL)  Compute M{x**2 + y**2 + z**2 - 1} with C{max(fabs(x),
+       fabs(y), fabs(z))} rarely greater than 1.0.
+    '''
+    return fsumf_(_1_0, x**2, y**2, (z**2 if z else _0_0), _N_2_0)
+
+
+def _normalTo4(x, y, a, b, eps=EPS):
+    '''(INTERNAL) Nearest point on and distance to a 2-D ellipse, I{unordered}.
+
+       @see: Function C{pygeodesy.ellipsoids._normalTo3} and I{Eberly}'s U{Distance
+             from a Point to ... an Ellipse ...<https://www.GeometricTools.com/
+             Documentation/DistancePointEllipseEllipsoid.pdf>}.
+    '''
+    if b > a:
+        b, a, d, i = _normalTo4(y, x, b, a, eps=eps)
+        return a, b, d, i
+
+    if not (b > 0 and isfinite(a)):
+        raise _ValueError(a=a, b=b)
+
+    i, _a = None, fabs
+    if y:
+        if x:
+            u = _a(x / a)
+            v = _a(y / b)
+            g = _hypot21(u, v)
+            if _a(g) < EPS02:  # on the ellipse
+                a, b, d = x, y, _0_0
+            else:
+                r = (b / a)**2
+                t, i = _rootXd(_1_0 / r, 0, u, 0, v, g, eps)
+                a = x / (t * r + _1_0)
+                b = y / (t     + _1_0)
+                d = hypot(x - a, y - b)
+        else:  # x == 0
+            if y < 0:
+                b = -b
+            a, d = x, _a(y - b)
+
+    else:  # y == 0
+        n =  a * x
+        d = (a + b) * (a - b)
+        if d > _a(n):  # PYCHOK no cover
+            r  = n / d
+            a *= r
+            r = _1_0 - r**2
+            if r > EPS02:
+                b *= sqrt(r)
+                d  = hypot(x - a, b)
+            else:
+                b = _0_0
+                d = _a(x - a)
+        else:
+            if x < 0:
+                a = -a
+            b, d = y, _a(x - a)
+    return a, b, d, i
+
+
+def _normalTo5(x, y, z, Tun, eps=EPS):  # MCCABE 19
+    '''(INTERNAL) Nearest point on and distance to an I{un-/ordered} triaxial.
+
+       @see: I{Eberly}'s U{Distance from a Point to ... an Ellipsoid ...<https://
+             www.GeometricTools.com/Documentation/DistancePointEllipseEllipsoid.pdf>}.
+    '''
+    a, b, c, T = Tun._ordered4
+    if Tun is not T:  # T is ordered, Tun isn't
+        t = T._order3(x, y, z) + (T,)
+        a, b, c, d, i = _normalTo5(*t, eps=eps)
+        return T._order3(a, b, c, reverse=True) + (d, i)
+
+    if not (c > 0 and isfinite(a)):
+        raise _ValueError(a=a, b=b, c=c)
+
+    if eps > 0:
+        val = max(eps * 1e8, EPS)
+    else:  # no validation
+        val, eps = 0, max(EPS0, -eps)
+
+    i, _a = None, fabs
+    if z:
+        if y:
+            if x:
+                u = _a(x / a)
+                v = _a(y / b)
+                w = _a(z / c)
+                g = _hypot21(u, v, w)
+                if _a(g) < EPS02:  # on the ellipsoid
+                    a, b, c, d = x, y, z, _0_0
+                else:
+                    r = T._1e2ac  # (c / a)**2
+                    s = T._1e2bc  # (c / b)**2
+                    t, i = _rootXd(_1_0 / r, _1_0 / s, u, v, w, g, eps)
+                    a = x / (t * r + _1_0)
+                    b = y / (t * s + _1_0)
+                    c = z / (t     + _1_0)
+                    d = hypot_(x - a, y - b, z - c)
+            else:  # x == 0
+                a          =  x  # 0
+                b, c, d, i = _normalTo4(y, z, b, c, eps=eps)
+        elif x:  # y == 0
+            b          =  y  # 0
+            a, c, d, i = _normalTo4(x, z, a, c, eps=eps)
+        else:  # x == y == 0
+            if z < 0:
+                c = -c
+            a, b, d = x, y, _a(z - c)
+
+    else:  # z == 0
+        t = True
+        d = T._a2c2  # (a + c) * (a - c)
+        n = a * x
+        if d > _a(n):
+            u = n / d
+            d = T._b2c2  # (b + c) * (b - c)
+            n = b * y
+            if d > _a(n):
+                v =  n / d
+                n = _hypot21(u, v)
+                if n < 0:
+                    a *= u
+                    b *= v
+                    c *= sqrt(-n)
+                    d  = hypot_(x - a, y - b, c)
+                    t  = False
+        if t:
+            c          =  z  # signed-0
+            a, b, d, i = _normalTo4(x, y, a, b, eps=eps)
+
+    if val > 0:  # validate
+        e = T.sideOf(a, b, c, eps=val)
+        if e:  # not near the ellipsoid's surface
+            raise _ValueError(a=a, b=b, c=c, d=d,
+                              sideOf=e, eps=val)
+        if d:  # angle of delta and normal vector
+            m = Vector3d(x, y, z).minus_(a, b, c)
+            if m.euclid > val:
+                m = m.unit()
+                n = T.normal3d(a, b, c)
+                e = n.dot(m)  # n.negate().dot(m)
+                if not isnear1(_a(e), eps1=val):
+                    raise _ValueError(n=n, m=m,
+                                    dot=e, eps=val)
+    return a, b, c, d, i
+
+
+def _otherV3d_(x_xyz, y, z, **name):
+    '''(INTERNAL) Get a Vector3d from C{x_xyz}, C{y} and C{z}.
+    '''
+    return Vector3d(x_xyz, y, z, **name) if isscalar(x_xyz) else \
+          _otherV3d(x_xyz=x_xyz)
+
+
+def _rootXd(r, s, u, v, w, g, eps):
+    '''(INTERNAL) Robust 2d- or 3d-root finder: 2d- if C{s == v == 0} else 3d-root.
+
+       @see: I{Eberly}'s U{Robust Root Finders ...<https://www.GeometricTools.com/
+             Documentation/DistancePointEllipseEllipsoid.pdf>}.
+    '''
+    _1, __2  = _1_0, _0_5
+    _a, _h21 = fabs, _hypot21
+
+    u *=  r
+    v *=  s  # 0 for 2d-root
+    t0 =  w - _1
+    t1 = _0_0 if g < 0 else (hypot_(u, w, v) - _1)
+    # assert t0 <= t1
+    for i in range(1, _TRIPS):  # 48-55
+        e = _a(t0 - t1)
+        if e < eps:
+            break
+        t = (t0 + t1) * __2
+        if t in (t0, t1):
+            break
+        g = _h21(u / (t + r), w / (t + _1),
+                (v / (t + s)) if v else 0)
+        if g > 0:
+            t0 = t
+        elif g < 0:
+            t1 = t
+        else:
+            break
+    else:  # PYCHOK no cover
+        t = Fmt.no_convergence(e, eps)
+        raise _ValueError(t, txt=_rootXd.__name__)
+    return t, i
+
+
+def _sideOf(xyz, abc, eps=EPS):
+    '''(INTERNAL) Helper for C{_hartzell3}, M{.sideOf} and M{.reverseCartesian}.
+
+       @return: M{sum((x / a)**2 for x, a in zip(xyz, abc)) - 1} or C{INT0}.
+    '''
+    s = fsumf_(_N_1_0, *((x / a)**2 for x, a in _zip(xyz, abc) if a))  # strict=True
+    return INT0 if fabs(s) < eps else s
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+
+    from pygeodesy import printf
+    from pygeodesy.interns import _COMMA_, _NL_, _NLATvar_
+
+    # __doc__ of this file, force all into registery
+    t = [NN] + Triaxials.toRepr(all=True, asorted=True).split(_NL_)
+    printf(_NLATvar_.join(i.strip(_COMMA_) for i in t))
+
+# **) MIT License
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2022-2024 -- mrJean1 at Gmail -- All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+# copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
+# to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
+# the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
+# and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+# Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+# in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+# OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.  IN NO EVENT SHALL
+# THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR
+# OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
+# ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+# OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.