passagemath-singular 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl

sage_wheels/share/singular/LIB/tropicalNewton.lib

@@ -0,0 +1,1128 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+version="version tropicalNewton.lib 4.3.1.3 Feb_2023 "; // $Id: 2f93e585edb963267ca766cd66305828ae6e7c4e $
+category="Tropical Geometry";
+info="
+LIBRARY:         tropicalNewton.lib  Computations in Tropical Geometry
+                                     using Newton Polygon methods
+
+AUTHORS:         Tommy Hofman,       email: thofmann@mathematik.uni.kl.de
+                 Yue Ren,            email: reny@cs.bgu.ac.il
+
+OVERVIEW:
+  This libraries contains algorithms for computing
+  - non-trivial points on tropical varieties,
+  - zero-dimensional tropical varieties,
+  - one-codimensional links of tropical varieties
+  based on Newton polygon methods.
+
+REFERENCES: Hofmann, Ren: Computing tropical points and tropical links, arXiv:1611.02878
+            (WARNING: this library follows the max convention instead
+                      and triangular sets follow the definition of the Singular book)
+
+SEE ALSO: tropicalVariety, tropical_lib
+
+KEYWORDS: tropical geometry; tropical varieties; Newton polygons
+
+PROCEDURES:
+  setUniformizingParameter()  sets the uniformizingParameter
+  val()                       returns valuation of element in ground field
+  newtonPolygonNegSlopes()    returns negative of the Newton Polyong slopes
+  cccMatrixToPositiveIntvec() helper function to turn a computed valuation vector
+                              into a usable weight vector in Singular
+  tropicalPointNewton()       computes point on tropical variety
+  switchRingsAndComputeInitialIdeal()
+                              switches rings and computes initial ideal
+  tropicalVarietyNewton()     computes tropical variety of zero-dimensional ideal
+  tropicalLinkNewton()        computes tropical variety that is polyhedral fan
+                                and has codimension one lineality space
+";
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+LIB "gfan.lib";
+LIB "tropical.lib";
+LIB "triang.lib";
+LIB "linalg.lib";
+LIB "ring.lib";
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc setUniformizingParameter(number p)
+"USAGE:   setUniformizingParameter(p); p number
+RETURN:  none, sets the uniformizing parameter as p
+ASSUME:  char(K)==0 and p prime number or
+         trdeg(K)>0 and p transcendental variable or
+         p==0
+EXAMPLE: example setUniformizingParameter; shows an example
+"
+{
+  // kill uniformizingParemeter if previously defined
+  if (defined(uniformizingParameter))
+  {
+    kill uniformizingParameter;
+  }
+
+  // input sanity check
+  if (p!=0)
+  {
+    if (pardeg(p)==0)
+    {
+      if(char(basering)!=0 && prime(int(p))!=p)
+      {
+        ERROR("setUniformizingParameter: unexpected parameters");
+      }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      if (size(p)!=2 || pardeg(p)!=1)
+      {
+        ERROR("setUniformizingParameter: unexpected parameters");
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // set uniformizingParameter and export it
+  number uniformizingParameter = p;
+  export(uniformizingParameter);
+}
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+  // poor man's polynomials over Puiseux series:
+  ring r = (0,t),x,dp;
+  setUniformizingParameter(t);
+  val(t2+t3);
+  val(t^-2+t^-3);
+  // poor man's polynomials over p-adic numbers:
+  ring s = 0,x,dp;
+  setUniformizingParameter(2);
+  val(12);
+  val(1/12);
+}
+
+proc val(number c)
+"USAGE:   val(c); c number
+RETURN:  int, the valuation of a element in the ground field
+ASSUME:  uniformizingParameter is set and c!=0
+EXAMPLE: example val; shows an example
+"
+{
+  if (defined(uniformizingParameter)==0)
+  {
+    ERROR("val: uniformizingParameter not set");
+  }
+  if (c==0)
+  {
+    ERROR("val: input is 0");
+  }
+
+  if (uniformizingParameter==0)
+  {
+    return (0);
+  }
+
+  int vc = 0;
+  if (pardeg(uniformizingParameter)>0)
+  {
+    def origin = basering;
+    number c_denom = denominator(c);
+    number c_num = numerator(c);
+    ring r_Val = create_ring(0, string(uniformizingParameter), "ds");
+    poly c_denom = imap(origin,c_denom);
+    poly c_num = imap(origin,c_num);
+    vc = ord(c_num)-ord(c_denom);
+    setring origin;
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    int c_denom = int(denominator(c));
+    int c_num = int(numerator(c));
+    int p = int(uniformizingParameter);
+
+    while (c_num mod p==0)
+    {
+      c_num = c_num div p;
+      vc++;
+    }
+    while (c_denom mod p==0)
+    {
+      c_denom = c_denom div p;
+      vc--;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (vc);
+}
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+  // poor man's polynomials over Puiseux series:
+  ring r = (0,t),x,dp;
+  setUniformizingParameter(t);
+  val(t2+t3);
+  val(t^-2+t^-3);
+  // poor man's polynomials over p-adic numbers:
+  ring s = 0,x,dp;
+  setUniformizingParameter(2);
+  val(12);
+  val(1/12);
+}
+
+proc newtonPolygonNegSlopes(poly g, list #)
+"USAGE:   newtonPolygonNegSlopes(g,b); g poly, b int
+RETURN:  list, the negative slopes of the Newton Polygon of g
+         if b==1, computes root (type poly) instead if (easily) possible
+ASSUME:  uniformizingParameter is set and g univariate
+EXAMPLE: example newtonPolygonNegSlopes; shows an example
+"
+{
+  if (size(#)>0)
+  {
+    if (#[1]==1 && size(g)==2)
+    {
+      if (deg(g[1])==1 && deg(g[2])==0)
+      {
+        poly root = -leadcoef(g[2])/leadcoef(g[1]);
+        return (list(root));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (defined(uniformizingParameter)==0)
+  {
+    ERROR("newtonPolygonNegSlopes: uniformizingParameter not set");
+  }
+  int k = size(g);
+  intmat M [k+1][3];
+  for (int i=1; i<=k; i++)
+  {
+    M[i,1] = 1;
+    M[i,2] = deg(g[i]);
+    M[i,3] = val(leadcoef(g[i]));
+  }
+  M[k+1,1] = 0;
+  M[k+1,2] = 0;
+  M[k+1,3] = 1;
+  cone Delta = coneViaPoints(M);
+  bigintmat F = facets(Delta);
+
+  list slopes;
+  number slope;
+  for (i=1; i<=nrows(F); i++)
+  {
+    if (F[i,3]!=0)
+    {
+      slope = number(F[i,2])/number(F[i,3]);
+      slopes[size(slopes)+1] = slope;
+    }
+  }
+  return (slopes);
+}
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+  ring r = (0,t),x,dp;
+  setUniformizingParameter(t);
+  poly g = tx2+x+1;
+  newtonPolygonNegSlopes(g);
+  // poor man's polynomials over p-adic numbers:
+  ring s = 0,x,dp;
+  setUniformizingParameter(3);
+  poly g = x2+9x+1;
+  newtonPolygonNegSlopes(g);
+}
+
+
+static proc listDot(list VV, intvec expv)
+{
+  number ld;
+  for (int i=1; i<=size(expv); i++)
+  {
+    if (expv[i]>0)
+    {
+      if (typeof(VV[i])=="number")
+      {
+        ld = ld + VV[i]*expv[i];
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        ERROR("listDot: unknown or invalid relevant entry");
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return (ld);
+}
+
+
+static proc lexSmallestVariableIndex(poly g)
+{
+  intvec alpha = leadexp(g);
+  for (int i=1; i<=nvars(basering); i++)
+  {
+    if (alpha[i]>0)
+    {
+      return (i);
+    }
+  }
+  return (-1);
+}
+
+static proc numbersLessThanAsRationalNumbers(number a, number b)
+{
+  int a_num = int(numerator(a));
+  int a_denom = int(denominator(a));
+  int b_num = int(numerator(b));
+  int b_denom = int(denominator(b));
+  return (a_num*b_denom-b_num*a_denom<0);
+}
+
+static proc expectedValuation(poly h, list VV)
+{
+  number vh = val(leadcoef(h[1]))+listDot(VV,leadexp(h[1]));
+  number vhh;
+  int amb = 0;
+  for (int i=2; i<=size(h); i++)
+  {
+    vhh = val(leadcoef(h[i]))+listDot(VV,leadexp(h[i]));
+    if (vh == vhh)
+    {
+      amb = 1;
+    }
+    if (numbersLessThanAsRationalNumbers(vhh,vh))
+    {
+      vh = vhh;
+      amb = 0;
+    }
+  }
+  if (amb > 0)
+  {
+    "h:"; h;
+    "VV:"; VV;
+    ERROR("expectedValuation: valuation ambiguous");
+  }
+
+  return (vh);
+}
+
+static proc expectedNewtonPolygonNegSlopes(poly g, list VV, list #)
+{
+  int k = size(VV);
+  for (int i=1; i<=size(VV); i++)
+  {
+    if (typeof(VV[i])=="poly")
+    {
+      g = subst(g,var(i),VV[i]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (size(#)>0)
+  {
+    if (#[1]==1 && size(g)==2)
+    {
+      if (deg(g[1])==1 && deg(g[2])==0)
+      {
+        poly root = -leadcoef(g[2])/leadcoef(g[1]);
+        return (list(root));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  int n = lexSmallestVariableIndex(g);
+  matrix G = coef(g,var(n));
+
+  k = ncols(G);
+  intmat M[k+1][3];
+  number vh;
+  for (i=1; i<=k; i++)
+  {
+    vh = expectedValuation(G[2,i],VV);
+    M[i,1] = int(denominator(vh));
+    M[i,2] = deg(G[1,i]);
+    M[i,3] = int(numerator(vh));
+  }
+  M[k+1,1] = 0;
+  M[k+1,2] = 0;
+  M[k+1,3] = 1;
+
+  cone Delta = coneViaPoints(M);
+  bigintmat F = facets(Delta);
+
+  list slopes;
+  number slope;
+  for (i=1; i<=nrows(F); i++)
+  {
+    if (F[i,3]!=0)
+    {
+      slope = number(F[i,2])/number(F[i,3]);
+      slopes[size(slopes)+1] = slope;
+    }
+  }
+  return (slopes);
+}
+
+
+static proc randomValuedNumber(list #)
+{
+  int n = 99;
+  if (size(#)>0)
+  {
+    n = #[1];
+  }
+  int v = random(0,n);
+
+  number c = random(1,99)*uniformizingParameter^v;
+  c = c+random(0,99)*uniformizingParameter^(v+random(0,n div 3));
+  c = c+random(0,99)*uniformizingParameter^(v+random(0,n div 3));
+
+  return (c);
+}
+
+
+static proc listOfNumbersToMatrix(list L)
+{
+  int k = size(L);
+  matrix Lmat[1][k];
+  for (int i=1; i<=k; i++)
+  {
+    if (typeof(L[i]) == "number")
+    {
+      Lmat[1,i] = L[i];
+    }
+    if (typeof(L[i]) == "poly")
+    {
+      Lmat[1,i] = val(number(L[i]));
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (Lmat);
+}
+
+proc cccMatrixToPositiveIntvec(matrix L)
+"USAGE:   cccMatrixToPositiveIntvec(M); M matrix
+RETURN:  intvec, strictly positive equivalent as weight vector to row vector in M
+ASSUME:  constant coefficient case only,
+         will scale weight vector and add vectors of ones to it
+EXAMPLE: example cccMatrixToPositiveIntvec; shows an example
+"
+{
+  int k = ncols(L);
+  intvec denoms;
+  intvec enums;
+  int denoms_gcd = int(denominator(number(L[1,1])));
+  int denoms_prod = int(denominator(number(L[1,1])));
+  for (int i=2; i<=k; i++)
+  {
+    denoms_gcd = gcd(denoms_gcd,int(denominator(number(L[1,i]))));
+    denoms_prod = denoms_prod*int(denominator(number(L[1,i])));
+  }
+  int denoms_lcm = denoms_prod div denoms_gcd;
+
+  intvec w;
+  for (i=1; i<=k; i++)
+  {
+    w[i] = int(number(L[1,i])*denoms_lcm);
+  }
+  return (addOneVectorUntilPositive(w));
+}
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+  ring r = (0,t),(p01,p02,p12,p03,p13,p23,p04,p14,p24,p34),dp;
+  number uniformizingParameter = t;
+  export(uniformizingParameter);
+  ideal I =
+    p23*p14-p13*p24+p12*p34,
+    p23*p04-p03*p24+p02*p34,
+    p13*p04-p03*p14+p01*p34,
+    p12*p04-p02*p14+p01*p24,
+    p12*p03-p02*p13+p01*p23;
+  system("--random",1337);
+  matrix p = tropicalPointNewton(I);
+  print(p);
+  intvec w = cccMatrixToPositiveIntvec(p);
+  print(w);
+  def s = switchRingsAndComputeInitialIdeal(I,w);
+  kill uniformizingParameter;
+}
+
+static proc oneVector(int n)
+{
+  intvec w;
+  for (int i=1; i<=n; i++)
+  {
+    w[i] = 1;
+  }
+  return (w);
+}
+
+static proc addOneVectorUntilPositive(intvec w)
+{
+  int n = size(w);
+  int w_min = w[1];
+  for (int i=2; i<=n; i++)
+  {
+    if (w[i]<w_min)
+    {
+      w_min = w[i];
+    }
+  }
+  return (w-(w_min-1)*oneVector(n));
+}
+
+proc tropicalPointNewton(ideal I, list #)
+"USAGE:   tropicalPointsLasVegas(I); I ideal
+RETURN:  matrix, a matrix containing a tropical point as row vector
+ASSUME:  uniformizingParameter is set and I monomial free
+NOTE:    if printlevel sufficiently high will print intermediate data and timings
+         returns error if randomly chosen hyperplanes are not generic
+EXAMPLE: example tropicalPointNewton; shows an example
+"
+{
+  if (defined(uniformizingParameter)==0)
+  {
+    ERROR("tropicalPointNewton: uniformizingParameter not set");
+  }
+  int ttotal = timer;
+  ring origin = basering;
+
+  int tindepSet = timer;
+  ideal stdI = std(I);
+  attrib(stdI,"isSB",1);
+  intvec u = indepSet(stdI);
+  tindepSet = timer - tindepSet;
+  dbprint("maximal independent set: "+string(u));
+
+  int n = nvars(origin);
+  ideal @map_im;
+  list VV;
+  number c;
+  list vars;
+  for (int i=1; i<=n; i++)
+  {
+    if (u[i]==0)
+    {
+      @map_im[i]=var(i);
+      vars=vars+list(string(var(i)));
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      c = randomValuedNumber(#);
+      VV[i]=number(val(c));
+      dbprint("substituting "+string(var(i))+" with number of valuation "+string(VV[i]));
+      @map_im[i]=c;
+    }
+  }
+  map @map=basering,@map_im;
+  ideal J=@map(I);
+
+  ring s = create_ring(ring_list(origin)[1], vars, "lp", "no_minpoly");
+  ideal J = imap(origin,J);
+  int tstdlp = timer;
+  dbprint("computing triangular decomposition (picking first factor)");
+  J = satstd(J);
+  attrib(J,"isSB",1);
+  if (dim(J)>0)
+  {
+    dbprint("not zero-dimensional, please restart algorithm");
+    bigintmat O[1][1];
+    return (O);
+  }
+  if (!isTriangularSet(J))
+  {
+    J = triangL(J)[1];
+  }
+  tstdlp = timer - tstdlp;
+
+  dbprint("starting analysis of Newton polygons");
+  setring origin;
+  J = imap(s,J);
+
+  int tnewton = timer;
+  list Vlocal = newtonPolygonNegSlopes(J[1],1);
+  int l = lexSmallestVariableIndex(J[1]);
+  VV[l] = Vlocal[1];
+  dbprint("possible valuations for "+string(var(l))+" (picking first): "+string(Vlocal));
+
+  for (i=2; i<=size(J); i++)
+  {
+    Vlocal = expectedNewtonPolygonNegSlopes(J[i],VV,1);
+    l = lexSmallestVariableIndex(J[i]);
+    dbprint("possible valuations for "+string(var(l))+" (picking first): "+string(Vlocal));
+    VV[l] = Vlocal[1];
+  }
+  tnewton = timer-tnewton;
+  matrix w = -listOfNumbersToMatrix(VV);
+
+  ttotal = timer-ttotal;
+  dbprint("time used total: "+string(ttotal));
+  dbprint("computing independent set: "+string(tindepSet));
+  dbprint("computing triangular decomposition: "+string(tstdlp));
+  dbprint("analyzing newton polygons: "+string(tnewton));
+
+  return (w);
+}
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+  ring r = (0,t),(p01,p02,p12,p03,p13,p23,p04,p14,p24,p34),dp;
+  number uniformizingParameter = t;
+  export(uniformizingParameter);
+  ideal I =
+    p23*p14-p13*p24+p12*p34,
+    p23*p04-p03*p24+p02*p34,
+    p13*p04-p03*p14+p01*p34,
+    p12*p04-p02*p14+p01*p24,
+    p12*p03-p02*p13+p01*p23;
+  system("--random",1337);
+  printlevel = 3;
+  matrix p = tropicalPointNewton(I);
+  print(p);
+  intvec w = cccMatrixToPositiveIntvec(p);
+  print(w);
+  def s = switchRingsAndComputeInitialIdeal(I,w);
+  kill uniformizingParameter;
+}
+
+
+static proc sumOfLeadExpV(poly f)
+{
+  intvec expvSum;
+  expvSum = leadexp(f[1]);
+  for (int i=2; i<=size(f); i++)
+  {
+    expvSum = expvSum + leadexp(f[i]);
+  }
+  return (expvSum);
+}
+
+
+static proc isTriangularSet(ideal F)
+{
+  // checks whether F has the right amount of elements
+  int n = size(F);
+  if (n!=nvars(basering))
+  {
+    return (0);
+  }
+  int i,j;
+  poly fi;
+  intvec expvSum;
+  for (i=1; i<=n; i++)
+  {
+    fi = F[i];
+    expvSum = sumOfLeadExpV(fi);
+    // checks whether fi has monomial containing x_i
+    if (expvSum[n-i+1]==0)
+    {
+      return (0);
+    }
+    // checks whether fi has no monomial containing x_j, j>i
+    for (j=i+1; j<=n; j++)
+    {
+      if (expvSum[n-j+1]>0)
+      {
+        return (0);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return (1);
+}
+
+
+proc tropicalVarietyNewton(ideal I)
+"USAGE:   tropicalVarietyNewton(I); I ideal
+RETURN:  matrix, a matrix containing all elements of the tropical variety
+ASSUME:  uniformizingParameter is set, I monomial free and zero-dimensional
+EXAMPLE: example tropicalVarietyNewton; shows an example
+"
+{
+  if (defined(uniformizingParameter)==0)
+  {
+    ERROR("tropicalVarietyNewton: uniformizingParameter not set");
+  }
+  if(ordstr(basering)[1,2]!="lp")
+  {
+    ERROR("tropicalVarietyNewton: order must be lp");
+  }
+
+  if (!isTriangularSet(I))
+  {
+    I = satstd(I);
+    attrib(I,"isSB",1);
+    if (!isTriangularSet(I))
+    {
+      list triangI = triangL(I);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      list triangI = I;
+    }
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    list triangI = I;
+  }
+  int i,ii,j,jj,k,l;
+  list Vlocal;
+  ideal J;
+  list VV;
+  for (ii=1; ii<=size(triangI); ii++)
+  {
+    J = triangI[ii];
+    Vlocal = newtonPolygonNegSlopes(J[1],1);
+    for (jj=1; jj<=size(Vlocal); jj++)
+    {
+      list Vjj;
+      l = lexSmallestVariableIndex(J[1]);
+      Vjj[l] = Vlocal[jj];
+      VV[jj] = Vjj;
+      kill Vjj;
+    }
+
+    for (i=2; i<=size(J); i++)
+    {
+      k = size(VV);
+      for (jj=1; jj<=k; jj++)
+      {
+        list Vlocal(jj) = expectedNewtonPolygonNegSlopes(J[i],VV[jj],1);
+      }
+      l = lexSmallestVariableIndex(J[i]);
+      for (jj=1; jj<=k; jj++)
+      {
+        for (j=1; j<=size(Vlocal(jj)); j++)
+        {
+          if (j==1)
+          {
+            VV[jj][l] = Vlocal(jj)[1];
+          }
+          else
+          {
+            VV[size(VV)+1] = VV[jj];
+            VV[size(VV)][l] = Vlocal(jj)[j];
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      for (jj=1; jj<=k; jj++)
+      {
+        kill Vlocal(jj);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  list TI;
+  list VVjj;
+  for (jj=1; jj<=size(VV); jj++)
+  {
+    VVjj = VV[jj];
+    matrix Vjj[1][size(VVjj)] = VVjj[1..size(VVjj)];
+    TI[jj] = -Vjj;
+    kill Vjj;
+  }
+
+  return (TI);
+}
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+  ring r = (0,t),(z,y,x),lp;
+  number uniformizingParameter = t;
+  export(uniformizingParameter);
+  ideal I = tx2+x+1,txy2+xy+1,xyz+1;
+  list TI = tropicalVarietyNewton(I);
+  for (int i=1; i<=size(TI); i++)
+  { print(TI[i]); }
+  kill uniformizingParameter;
+}
+
+
+proc switchRingsAndComputeInitialIdeal(ideal I, intvec w)
+"USAGE:   switchRingsAndComputeInitialIdeal(I,w); I ideal, w intvec
+RETURN:  ring, a ring containing the initial ideal with respect to w
+ASSUME:  constant coefficient case and w strictly positive integer
+NOTE:    if printlevel sufficiently high will print timing
+EXAMPLE: example switchRingsAndComputeInitialIdeal; shows an example
+"
+{
+  def origin = basering;
+  intvec wOne = oneVector(nvars(origin));
+  list ordering = list(list("a", wOne), list("wp", w));
+  ring rInitialIdeal = create_ring(ring_list(origin)[1], "("+varstr(origin)+")", ordering, "no_minpoly");
+  ideal I = imap(origin,I);
+  int tinI = timer;
+  option(redSB);
+  ideal stdI = satstd(I);
+  ideal inI = initial(stdI,w);
+  tinI = timer-tinI;
+  dbprint("time used computing initial ideal: "+string(tinI));
+
+  export(I);
+  export(stdI);
+  export(inI);
+  return (rInitialIdeal);
+}
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+  ring r = (0,t),(p01,p02,p12,p03,p13,p23,p04,p14,p24,p34),dp;
+  number uniformizingParameter = t;
+  export(uniformizingParameter);
+  ideal I =
+    p23*p14-p13*p24+p12*p34,
+    p23*p04-p03*p24+p02*p34,
+    p13*p04-p03*p14+p01*p34,
+    p12*p04-p02*p14+p01*p24,
+    p12*p03-p02*p13+p01*p23;
+  system("--random",1337);
+  printlevel = 3;
+  matrix p = tropicalPointNewton(I);
+  print(p);
+  intvec w = cccMatrixToPositiveIntvec(p);
+  print(w);
+  def s = switchRingsAndComputeInitialIdeal(I,w);
+  kill uniformizingParameter;
+}
+
+static proc pivotIndices(matrix H)
+{
+  intvec p;
+  p[ncols(H)]=0;
+  int pp;
+  int i,j;
+  for (i=1; i<=ncols(H); i++)
+  {
+    for (j=nrows(H); j>=0; j--)
+    {
+      if (H[j,i]!=0)
+      {
+        if (j>pp)
+        {
+          p[i] = 1;
+          pp = j;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return (p);
+}
+
+
+static proc varstrIntvec(intvec p)
+{
+  string s;
+  for (int i=1; i<=size(p); i++)
+  {
+    s = s+varstr(p[i])+",";
+  }
+  s = s[1..size(s)-1];
+  return (s);
+}
+
+
+static proc substRing(int i, string orderstring)
+{
+  int n = nvars(basering);
+  if (i==1)
+  {
+    intvec p = 2..n;
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    if (i==n)
+    {
+      intvec p = 1..n-1;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      intvec p = 1..i-1,i+1..n;
+    }
+  }
+  ring ssub = create_ring("(0,t)", "("+varstrIntvec(p)+")", orderstring);
+  return (ssub);
+}
+
+
+static proc extendTropNewton(matrix Ti, int i, number toAdd, intvec toFill)
+{
+  // extend TI by one, inserting toAdd in position i
+  int n = ncols(Ti)+1;
+  matrix Tii[1][n];
+  Tii[1,i] = toAdd;
+  if (i==1)
+  {
+    Tii[1,2..n] = Ti[1,1..n-1];
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    if (i==n)
+    {
+      Tii[1,1..n-1] = Ti[1,1..n-1];
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      Tii[1,1..i-1] = Ti[1,1..i-1];
+      Tii[1,i+1..n] = Ti[1,i..n-1];
+    }
+  }
+  // extend Tii, inserting 0 in the 1 positions of toFill
+  n = n+sum(toFill);
+  matrix Tiii[1][n];
+  int TiiCounter=1;
+  for (int j=1; j<=n; j++)
+  {
+    if (toFill[j]==1)
+    {
+      Tiii[1,j]=0;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      Tiii[1,j]=Tii[1,TiiCounter];
+      TiiCounter++;
+    }
+  }
+  return (Tiii);
+}
+
+
+static proc mergeTropNewton(list T, list Ti, int i, number toAdd, intvec toFill)
+{
+  int ii,j;
+  matrix Tii;
+  for (ii=1; ii<=size(Ti); ii++)
+  {
+    Tii=extendTropNewton(Ti[ii],i,toAdd,toFill);
+    for (j=1; j<=size(T); j++)
+    {
+      if (T[j]==Tii)
+      {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    if (j>size(T))
+    {
+      T[size(T)+1] = Tii;
+    }
+  }
+  return (T);
+}
+
+
+proc tropicalLinkNewton(ideal inI)
+"USAGE:   tropicalLinkNewton(inI); inI ideal
+RETURN:  matrix, a matrix containing generators of all rays of the tropical variety
+ASSUME:  constant coefficient case, inI is monomial free,
+         its tropical variety has codimension one lineality space and
+         is a polyhedral fan
+NOTE:    if printlevel sufficiently high will print intermediate results
+EXAMPLE: example tropicalLinkNewton; shows an example
+"
+{
+  ring origin=basering;
+  dbprint("reducing to one-dimensional fan");
+  cone C0 = homogeneitySpace(inI);
+  intmat HH = intmat(generatorsOfLinealitySpace(C0));
+  matrix H = gauss_nf(HH);
+
+  intvec p = pivotIndices(H);
+  string resVars;
+  ideal resImage;
+  for (int i=1; i<=nvars(basering); i++)
+  {
+    if (p[i]==1)
+    {
+      resImage[i]=1;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      resImage[i]=var(i);
+      resVars = resVars+varstr(i)+",";
+    }
+  }
+  resVars = resVars[1..size(resVars)-1];
+
+  ring srestr = create_ring("("+string(char(origin))+",t)", "("+resVars+")", "dp");
+  number uniformizingParameter = t;
+  map resMap = origin,imap(origin,resImage);
+  ideal inI = resMap(inI);
+  inI = satstd(inI);
+
+  dbprint("intersecting with pairs of affine hyperplanes");
+  ideal substImagePos;
+  ideal substImageNeg;
+  int n = nvars(srestr);
+  list T;
+  int j;
+  for (i=1; i<=n; i++)
+  {
+    setring srestr;
+    substImagePos = maxideal(1);
+    substImagePos[i] = t;
+    substImageNeg = maxideal(1);
+    substImageNeg[i] = t^(-1);
+
+    def ssubstDP = substRing(i,"dp");
+    setring ssubstDP;
+    ideal substImagePos = imap(srestr,substImagePos);
+    map substMapPos = srestr,substImagePos;
+    ideal inIPos = substMapPos(inI);
+    if (dim(std(inIPos))<0)
+    {
+      setring srestr;
+      kill ssubstDP;
+      dbprint(string(i)+": empty");
+      i++;
+      continue;
+    }
+    dbprint(string(i)+": non-empty, computing tropical variety");
+
+    setring srestr;
+    kill ssubstDP;
+    def ssubstLP = substRing(i,"lp");
+    setring ssubstLP;
+    ideal substImagePos = imap(srestr,substImagePos);
+    map substMapPos = srestr,substImagePos;
+    ideal inIPos = std(substMapPos(inI));
+    number uniformizingParameter=t;
+    export(uniformizingParameter);
+    list Tpos = tropicalVarietyNewton(inIPos);
+    ideal substImageNeg = imap(srestr,substImageNeg);
+    map substMapNeg = srestr,substImageNeg;
+    ideal inINeg = std(substMapNeg(inI));
+    list Tneg = tropicalVarietyNewton(inINeg);
+    setring srestr;
+    list Tpos = imap(ssubstLP,Tpos);
+    list Tneg = imap(ssubstLP,Tneg);
+    kill ssubstLP;
+    T = mergeTropNewton(T,Tpos,i,number(1),p);
+    T = mergeTropNewton(T,Tneg,i,number(-1),p);
+    dbprint("total number of rays: "+string(size(T)));
+    kill Tpos;
+    kill Tneg;
+  }
+  setring origin;
+  return(imap(srestr,T));
+}
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+  // a 10 valent facet in tropical Grass(3,7)
+  ring r = (0,t),
+           (p012,p013,p023,p123,p014,p024,p124,p034,p134,p234,
+            p015,p025,p125,p035,p135,p235,p045,p145,p245,p345,
+            p016,p026,p126,p036,p136,p236,p046,p146,p246,p346,
+            p056,p156,p256,p356,p456),
+           wp(4,7,5,7,4,4,4,7,5,7,2,1,2,4,4,4,2,1,2,4,7,5,7,7,
+              5,7,7,5,7,4,4,4,4,4,4);
+  number uniformizingParameter = t;
+  export(uniformizingParameter);
+  ideal inI =
+    p345*p136+p134*p356,  p125*p045+p015*p245,  p124*p015-p014*p125,
+    p135*p245-p125*p345,  p135*p045+p015*p345,  p124*p045+p014*p245,
+    p024*p125-p012*p245,  p145*p236-p124*p356,  p124*p135-p123*p145,
+    p024*p015+p012*p045,  p134*p026+p023*p146-p024*p136,
+    p145*p036+p014*p356,  p014*p135-p013*p145,  p234*p145+p124*p345,
+    p034*p145-p014*p345,  p024*p135-p012*p345,  p125*p035+p015*p235,
+    p235*p045-p035*p245,  p234*p136-p134*p236,  p134*p036-p034*p136,
+    p146*p356-p136*p456,  p135*p146-p134*p156,
+    p135*p026+p023*p156+p012*p356,  p124*p035+p014*p235,
+    p123*p025+p012*p235,  p013*p025-p012*p035,  p345*p146+p134*p456,
+    p125*p036+p015*p236,  p345*p026-p023*p456+p024*p356,
+    p123*p015-p013*p125,  p234*p025-p024*p235,  p034*p025-p024*p035,
+    p234*p125+p123*p245,  p245*p036-p045*p236,  p123*p045+p013*p245,
+    p034*p125-p013*p245,  p234*p015+p013*p245,  p245*p156+p125*p456,
+    p034*p015+p013*p045,  p045*p156-p015*p456,  p135*p236-p123*p356,
+    p235*p146-p134*p256,  p135*p036+p013*p356,  p124*p036+p014*p236,
+    p123*p014-p013*p124,  p035*p146-p134*p056,  p145*p126+p124*p156,
+    p234*p045-p034*p245,  p235*p026+p023*p256-p025*p236,
+    p145*p016+p014*p156,  p035*p026+p023*p056-p025*p036,
+    p345*p236+p234*p356,  p234*p135+p123*p345,  p345*p036+p034*p356,
+    p034*p135-p013*p345,  p345*p156+p135*p456,  p124*p034+p014*p234,
+    p145*p246-p124*p456,  p123*p024+p012*p234,  p145*p046+p014*p456,
+    p013*p024-p012*p034,  p024*p156+p012*p456,  p125*p056+p015*p256,
+    p245*p056-p045*p256,  p236*p146-p136*p246,  p134*p126+p123*p146,
+    p136*p046-p036*p146,  p235*p036-p035*p236,  p134*p016+p013*p146,
+    p123*p035+p013*p235,  p235*p156-p135*p256,
+    p123*p026-p023*p126+p012*p236,  p135*p056-p035*p156,
+    p023*p016-p013*p026+p012*p036,  p124*p056+p014*p256,
+    p234*p146-p134*p246,  p025*p126-p012*p256,  p134*p046-p034*p146,
+    p025*p016+p012*p056,  p234*p035-p034*p235,  p345*p256+p235*p456,
+    p234*p026+p023*p246-p024*p236,  p345*p056+p035*p456,
+    p034*p026+p023*p046-p024*p036,  p125*p016-p015*p126,
+    p025*p246-p024*p256,  p025*p046-p024*p056,  p245*p126-p125*p246,
+    p125*p046+p015*p246,  p045*p126+p015*p246,  p245*p016-p015*p246,
+    p045*p016-p015*p046,  p123*p036+p013*p236,  p236*p156+p126*p356,
+    p135*p126+p123*p156,  p036*p156-p016*p356,  p135*p016+p013*p156,
+    p124*p016-p014*p126,  p235*p056-p035*p256,  p245*p046-p045*p246,
+    p234*p036-p034*p236,  p123*p034+p013*p234,  p246*p356-p236*p456,
+    p234*p156-p123*p456,  p135*p246-p123*p456,  p345*p126-p123*p456,
+    p046*p356-p036*p456,  p034*p156+p013*p456,  p135*p046+p013*p456,
+    p345*p016-p013*p456,  p124*p046+p014*p246,  p024*p126-p012*p246,
+    p024*p016+p012*p046,  p345*p246+p234*p456,  p345*p046+p034*p456,
+    p235*p126+p123*p256,  p236*p056-p036*p256,  p123*p056+p013*p256,
+    p035*p126-p013*p256,  p235*p016+p013*p256,  p035*p016+p013*p056,
+    p235*p246-p234*p256,  p234*p056-p034*p256,  p035*p246-p034*p256,
+    p235*p046-p034*p256,  p035*p046-p034*p056,  p126*p036+p016*p236,
+    p123*p016-p013*p126,  p234*p126+p123*p246,  p236*p046-p036*p246,
+    p123*p046+p013*p246,  p034*p126-p013*p246,  p234*p016+p013*p246,
+    p246*p156+p126*p456,  p034*p016+p013*p046,  p046*p156-p016*p456,
+    p234*p046-p034*p246,  p126*p056+p016*p256,  p246*p056-p046*p256,
+    p126*p046+p016*p246,  p024*p235*p145+p124*p025*p345,
+    p024*p035*p145-p014*p025*p345,  p123*p145*p245-p124*p125*p345,
+    p013*p145*p245-p014*p125*p345,  p013*p045*p145+p014*p015*p345,
+    p024*p235*p136-p134*p025*p236,  p123*p245*p136+p134*p125*p236,
+    p013*p245*p136+p134*p015*p236,  p034*p245*p136-p134*p045*p236,
+    p134*p156*p356-p135*p136*p456,  p123*p145*p146-p124*p134*p156,
+    p013*p145*p146-p014*p134*p156,  p013*p145*p026+p023*p014*p156+p012*p014*p356,
+    p124*p025*p156+p012*p145*p256,  p012*p145*p056-p014*p025*p156,
+    p024*p145*p256-p124*p025*p456,  p024*p145*p056+p014*p025*p456,
+    p034*p235*p136-p134*p035*p236,  p134*p256*p356-p235*p136*p456,
+    p134*p056*p356-p035*p136*p456,  p025*p036*p146-p024*p136*p056,
+    p013*p125*p026-p023*p015*p126+p012*p015*p236,
+    p123*p245*p146+p134*p125*p246,  p013*p245*p146+p134*p015*p246,
+    p013*p245*p026-p023*p015*p246-p012*p045*p236,
+    p013*p045*p026-p023*p015*p046-p012*p045*p036,
+    p034*p245*p146-p134*p045*p246,  p013*p124*p026-p023*p014*p126+p012*p014*p236,
+    p013*p145*p056-p014*p035*p156,  p024*p256*p356-p025*p236*p456,
+    p024*p056*p356-p025*p036*p456,  p234*p256*p356-p235*p236*p456,
+    p034*p256*p356-p035*p236*p456,  p034*p056*p356-p035*p036*p456,
+    p012*p235*p145*p245+p124*p025*p125*p345,
+    p012*p035*p145*p245-p014*p025*p125*p345,
+    p012*p035*p045*p145+p014*p015*p025*p345,
+    p012*p235*p245*p136-p134*p025*p125*p236,
+    p012*p035*p245*p136+p134*p015*p025*p236,
+    p024*p035*p245*p136-p134*p025*p045*p236,
+    p014*p025*p125*p156+p012*p015*p145*p256,
+    p012*p145*p245*p256-p124*p025*p125*p456,
+    p012*p045*p145*p256+p014*p025*p125*p456,
+    p012*p245*p256*p356-p025*p125*p236*p456,
+    p012*p045*p256*p356+p015*p025*p236*p456,
+    p012*p045*p056*p356+p015*p025*p036*p456,
+    p123*p245*p256*p356+p125*p235*p236*p456,
+    p013*p245*p256*p356+p015*p235*p236*p456,
+    p013*p045*p256*p356+p015*p035*p236*p456,
+    p013*p045*p056*p356+p015*p035*p036*p456;
+  system("--random",1337);
+  printlevel = 3;
+  list TinI = tropicalLinkNewton(inI);
+  for (int i=1; i<=size(TinI); i++)
+  { print(TinI[i]); }
+}
+
+
+// disabled routines to check characteristic-freeness of tropical points
+
+
+
+// proc stepwiseSaturation(ideal I)
+// {
+//   if (I!=1)
+//   {
+//     list variablesToBeSaturated;
+//     int l = nvars(basering);
+//     for (int i=1; i<=l; i++)
+//     { variablesToBeSaturated[i]=l-i+1; }
+
+//     while (size(variablesToBeSaturated)>0)
+//     {
+//       dbprint("variablesToBeSaturated: "+string(variablesToBeSaturated));
+//       I = saturateWithRespectToVariable(I,variablesToBeSaturated[1]);
+//       variablesToBeSaturated = delete(variablesToBeSaturated,1);
+//       if ((I==1) || (I==-1))
+//       {
+//         break;
+//       }
+//     }
+//   }
+
+//   return (I);
+// }