passagemath-singular 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl

sage_wheels/share/singular/LIB/bimodules.lib

@@ -0,0 +1,774 @@
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+version="version bimodules.lib 4.1.2.0 Feb_2019 "; // $Id: 61770e8a17c5f94839a43ba1cbb9b031c2400a59 $
+category="Noncommutative";
+info="
+LIBRARY: bimodules.lib     Tools for handling bimodules
+AUTHORS: Ann Christina Foldenauer,    Christina.Foldenauer@rwth-aachen.de
+@*       Viktor Levandovskyy,     levandov@math.rwth-aachen.de
+
+OVERVIEW:
+@* The main purpose of this library is the handling of bimodules
+@* which will help e.g. to determine weak normal forms of representation matrices
+@* and total divisors within non-commutative, non-simple G-algebras.
+@* We will use modules homomorphisms between a G-algebra and its enveloping algebra
+@* in order to work left Groebner basis theory on bimodules.
+@* Assume we have defined a (non-commutative) G-algebra A over the field K, and an (A,A)-bimodule M.
+@* Instead of working with M over A, we define the enveloping algebra A^{env} = A otimes_K A^{opp}
+@* (this can be done with command envelope(A)) and embed M into A^{env} via imap().
+@* Thus we obtain the left A^{env}-module M otimes 1 in A^{env}.
+@* This has a lot of advantages, because left module theory has much more commands
+@* that are already implemented in SINGULAR:PLURAL. Two important procedures that we can use are std()
+@* which computes the left Groebner basis, and NF() which computes the left normal form.
+@* With the help of this method we are also able to determine the set of bisyzygies of a bimodule.
+@*
+@* A built-in command @code{twostd} in PLURAL computes the two-sided Groebner basis of an ideal
+@* by using the right completion algorithm of [2]. @code{bistd} from this library uses very different
+@* approach, which is often superior to the right completion.
+
+REFERENCES:
+@* The procedure bistd() is the implementation of an algorithm M. del Socorro Garcia Roman presented in [1](page 66-78).
+@* [1] Maria del Socorro Garcia Roman, Effective methods in Algebras with PBW bases:
+@* G-algebras and Yang-Baxter Algebras, Ph.D. thesis, Universidad de La Laguna, 2005.
+@* [2] Viktor Levandovskyy, Non-commutative Computer Algebra for polynomial Algebras:
+@* Groebner Bases, Applications and Implementations, Ph.D. thesis, Kaiserlautern, 2005.
+@* [3] N. Jacobson, The theory of rings, AMS, 1943.
+@* [4] P. M. Cohn, Free Rings and their Relations, Academic Press Inc. (London) Ltd., 1971.
+
+PROCEDURES:
+bistd(M);      computes the two-sided Groebner bases of an ideal or module
+bitrinity(M);  computes the trinity of M: Groebner basis, lift matrix and bisyzygies
+liftenvelope(M,g); computes the coefficients of an element g concerning the generators of a bimodule M in the enveloping algebra
+CompDecomp(p); returns an ideal which contains the component decomposition of a polynomial p in the enveloping algebra regarding the right side of the tensors
+isPureTensor(p); checks whether an element p in A^{env} is a pure tensor
+isTwoSidedGB(I);   checks whether an ideal I is two-sided Groebner basis
+
+SEE ALSO: ncalg_lib; nctools_lib
+
+KEYWORDS: bimodules; bisyzygies; lift; enveloping algebra; pure tensor; total divisors; two-sided; two-sided Groebner basis; tensor
+
+";
+
+LIB "ncalg.lib";
+LIB "nctools.lib";
+
+proc testbimoduleslib()
+{
+  /* tests all procs for consistency */
+  "MAIN PROCEDURES:";
+  example bistd;
+  example bitrinity;
+  example liftenvelope;
+  example isPureTensor;
+  example isTwoSidedGB;
+  "SECONDARY BIMODULES PROCEDURES:";
+  example enveltrinity;
+  example CompDecomp;
+}
+
+proc bistdIdeal (ideal M)
+"does bistd directly for ideals
+"
+{
+  intvec optionsave = option(get);
+  option(redSB);
+  option(redTail);
+  def save = basering ;
+  def saveenv = envelope(save);
+  setring saveenv;
+  ideal M = imap(save, M);
+  int i; int n = nvars(save);
+  ideal K;
+  for (i=1; i <= n; i++)
+  {
+    K[i] = var(i)-var(2*n-i+1);
+  }
+  M = M+K;
+  M = std(M);
+  option(set,optionsave);
+  setring save;
+  list L = ringlist(save);
+  if (size(ring_list(save)) > 4)
+  {
+    L = delete(L,6);
+    L = delete(L,5);}
+  def Scom = ring(L);
+  setring Scom;
+  ideal P;
+  for (i= 1; i <= n; i++)
+  {
+    P[i] = var(i);
+    P[2*n-i+1] = var(i);
+  }
+  map Pi = saveenv, P;
+  ideal N = Pi(M) ;
+  setring save;
+  ideal MM = fetch(Scom,N);
+  return(MM);
+}
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+  ring w = 0,(x,s),Dp;
+  def W=nc_algebra(1,s); // 1st shift algebra
+  setring W;
+  ideal I1 = s^3-x^2*s;
+  print(matrix(bistd(I1))); // compare with twostd:
+  print(matrix(twostd(I1)));
+  ideal I2 = I1, x*s;
+  print(matrix(bistd(I2))); // compare with twostd:
+  print(matrix(twostd(I2)));
+}
+
+proc bistd (module M)
+"USAGE: bistd(M); M is (two-sided) ideal/module
+RETURN: ideal or module (same type as the argument)
+PURPOSE: Computes the two-sided Groebner basis of an ideal/module with the help the enveloping algebra of the basering, alternative to twostd() for ideals.
+EXAMPLE: example bistd; shows examples
+"
+{
+  // VL: added simplify
+  // commented out: Additionally you should use simplify(N,2+4+8) on the output N = bistd(M), where M denotes to the ideal/module in the argument.
+  // NOTE: option(redSB), option(redTail) are used by the procedure.
+  //    intvec optionsave = option(get);
+  //      option(redSB);
+  //      option(redTail);
+  int ROW = nrows(M);
+  def save = basering ;
+  def saveenv = envelope(save);
+  setring saveenv;
+  module M = imap(save, M);
+  int i; int n = nvars(save);
+  module B;
+  for (i=1; i <= n; i++)
+  {
+    B[i] = var(i) - var(2*n-i+1);
+  }
+  module K ; int j;int m = 1;
+  for (i=1; i <= n; i++)
+  {
+    for(j=1;j<=ROW;j++)
+    {
+      K[m]= B[i][1,1]*gen(j);m++;
+    }
+  }
+  M = M+K;
+  M = std(M);
+  //   option(set,optionsave);
+  setring save;
+  list L = ringlist(save);
+  if (size(ring_list(save)) > 4)
+  {L = delete(L,6);L = delete(L,5);}
+  def Scom = ring(L);
+  setring Scom;
+  ideal P;
+  for (i= 1; i <= n; i++)
+  {
+    P[i] = var(i) ;
+    P[2*n-i+1] = var(i);
+  }
+  map Pi = saveenv, P;
+  module N = Pi(M) ;
+  setring save;
+  module MM = fetch(Scom,N);
+  if (nrows(MM)==1)
+  {
+    //i.e. MM is an ideal indeed
+    ideal @M = ideal(MM);
+    kill MM;
+    ideal MM = @M;
+  }
+  MM = simplify(MM,2+4+8);
+  return(MM);
+}
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+  ring w = 0,(x,s),Dp;
+  def W=nc_algebra(1,s); // 1st shift algebra
+  setring W;
+  matrix m[3][3]=[s^2,s+1,0],[s+1,0,s^3-x^2*s],[2*s+1, s^3+s^2, s^2];
+  print(m);
+  module L = m; module M2 = bistd(L);
+  print(M2);
+}
+
+proc enveltrinityIdeal(ideal f)
+" enveltrinity for an ideal directly"
+{
+  // AUXILIARY PROCEDURES: Uses Zersubcols(matrix N, int l).
+  intvec optionsave = option(get);
+  def save = basering ;
+  option(redSB);
+  int i; int n = nvars(save);
+  def saveenv = envelope(save);
+  setring saveenv;
+  def R = makeModElimRing(saveenv); setring R;
+  ideal K;
+  for (i=1; i <= n; i++)
+  { K[i] = var(i)-var(2*n-i+1);}
+  K = std(K);
+  ideal f = imap(save, f);
+  // now we compute the trinity (GB,Liftmatrix,Syzygy)
+  // can do it with f but F=NF(f,kr), so the ideals are the same in R env
+  ideal I = f, K;   // ideal I = F, K;
+  int l = ncols(I);
+  int j = ncols(f);
+  matrix M[j+1][l];
+  for (i = 1; i<= l;i++)
+  {
+    M[1,i] = I[i];
+  }
+  for (i=1; i <= j;i++)
+  {
+    M[i+1,i] = 1;
+  }
+  matrix N = std(M);
+  option(set,optionsave);
+  int m = ncols(N);
+  intvec sypos;
+  for (i=1; i <= m; i++)
+  {
+    if (N[1,i] == 0)
+    {
+      sypos = sypos,i;
+    }
+  }
+  intvec Nrows = 2..(j+1);
+  matrix BS = submat(N,Nrows,sypos); // e.g. for each column (b_1,...,b_j) you get 0 = sum_i (b_i*f_i)
+  module BSy = BS;
+  setring saveenv;
+  ideal K = imap(R,K);
+  module BS = imap(R,BSy);
+  matrix N = imap(R,N);
+  kill R;
+  export K; export BS; export N;
+  return(saveenv);
+}
+
+static proc Zersubcols(matrix N, int l)
+{
+  if (nrows(N) <= l)
+  {
+    string f = "Inputinteger ist zu gross. Muss kleiner sein als die Anzahl der Zeilen von der Inputmatrix."; return(f);
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    matrix O[l][1]; int m = ncols(N);
+    matrix H = submat(N,1..l,1..m);
+    int i;
+    intvec s;
+    intvec c;
+    for(i=1; i<= m;i++)
+    {
+      if(H[i] != O[1]) {c = c,i;}
+      else {s = s,i;}
+    }
+    list L = s,c;
+    return(L);
+  }
+}
+
+proc enveltrinity(module M)
+"USAGE: enveltrinity(M); M is (two-sided) ideal/module
+RETURN: ring, the enveloping algebra of the basering with objects K, N, BS in it.
+PURPOSE: compute two-sided Groebner basis, module of bisyzygies and the bitransformation matrix of M.
+THEORY: Assume R is a G-algebra generated by x_1, \dots x_k. Let psi_s be the epimorphism of left R (X) R^{opp} modules:
+@*  psi_s (s (X)_K t) = smt := (s_1 m t_1, ... , s_s m t_s) = (\psi(s_1 (X) t_1) , ... , psi(s_s (X) t_s)) in R^s
+@* additionally we define for a given bimodule M = < f_1, ... , f_r > the matrix M' := [F, I_r], [K, 0]
+@* where I_r refers to the identity matrix in Mat(r,R), K is a matrix which columns are the generators of the kernel of psi_s.
+@* These have the form (x_i-X_i)e_j for j in {1,...,s}, i in {1,...,k}.
+@* The matrix F = (f_1 ... f_r), where the f_i's are the generators of M and 0 is the matrix with only entries that are zero.
+@* Enveltrinity() calculates the kernel K of psi_s and left normal form N of the matrix M' which also yields the bisyzygies of M
+@* and a coefficient matrix as submatrix of N which we need in the procedures bitrinity() and liftenevelope().
+
+NOTE: In the output,
+@* ideal/module K is the kernel of psi_s above
+@* matrix N is the left Groebner basis of the matrix M'
+@* module BS corresponds to the set of bisyzygies of M.
+@* To get K,N or BS, use @code{def G = enveltrinity(M); setring G; K; N; BS;}.
+EXAMPLE: example enveltrinity; shows examples
+"
+{
+  def save = basering ;
+  intvec optionsave = option(get);
+  option(redSB);
+  int ROW = nrows(M);
+  int i; int n = nvars(save);
+  def saveenv = envelope(save);
+  setring saveenv;
+  def R = makeModElimRing(saveenv); setring R;
+  module B;
+  for (i=1; i <= n; i++)
+  { B[i] = var(i) - var(2*n-i+1);}
+  module K ; int t;int g = 1;
+  for (i=1; i <= n; i++)
+  {
+    for(t=1;t<=ROW;t++)
+    {
+      K[g]= B[i][1,1]*gen(t);g++;
+    }
+  }
+  K = std(K);
+  module M = imap(save,M);
+  module I = M,K;
+  int l = ncols(I);
+  int j = ncols(M);
+
+  matrix NN[j+ROW][l];
+  for (t=1; t <= ROW; t++)
+  {
+    for (i = 1; i<= l;i++)
+    { NN[t,i] = I[t,i];}
+  }
+  for (i=ROW+1; i <= j+ROW;i++)
+  { NN[i,i-ROW] = 1;}
+  // now we compute the trinity (GB,Liftmatrix,Syzygy)
+  // can do it with f but F=NF(f,kr), so the ideals are the same in R env
+  matrix N = std(NN);
+  option(set,optionsave);
+  intvec sypos = Zersubcols(N,ROW)[1];
+  sypos = sypos[2..nrows(sypos)];
+  intvec Nrows = (ROW+1)..(j+ROW);
+  matrix BS = submat(N,Nrows,sypos);  // e.g. for each column (b_1,...,b_j) you get 0 = sum_i (b_i*f_i)
+  module BSy = BS;
+  setring saveenv;
+  matrix N = imap(R,N); module BS = imap(R,BSy);
+  module K = imap(R,K);
+  if (nrows(K)==1)
+  {
+    // i.e. K is an ideal
+    ideal @K = ideal(K);
+    kill K;
+    ideal K = @K;
+  }
+  kill R;
+  export K;
+  export BS;
+  export N;
+  return(saveenv);
+}
+example
+{"EXAMPLE"; echo = 2;
+  ring r = 0,(x,s),dp;
+  def R = nc_algebra(1,s); setring R;
+  poly f = x*s + s^2;
+  ideal I = f;
+  def G = enveltrinity(I);
+  setring G;
+  print(matrix(K)); // kernel of psi_s
+  print(BS); // module of bisyzygies
+  print(N); // bitransformation matrix
+}
+
+proc bitrinityIdeal(ideal f)
+"direct appl of bitrinity to ideal"
+{
+  intvec optionsave = option(get);
+  option(redSB);
+  option(redTail);
+  int j = ncols(f);
+  def A = enveltrinity(f);
+  setring A; // A = envelope(basering)
+  int i;
+  def R = makeModElimRing(A); setring R;
+  ideal K = imap(A,K); K = std(K);
+  option(set,optionsave);
+  matrix N = imap(A,N);
+  int m = ncols(N);
+  //decomposition of N: Liftmatrix, Bisyzygymatrix:
+  intvec cfpos;
+  for (i=1; i <= m; i++)
+  { if (N[1,i] != 0)
+    {cfpos = cfpos,i;}
+  }
+  cfpos = cfpos[2..nrows(cfpos)];
+  matrix C = submat(N,1..(j+1),cfpos);
+  module Coef;
+  for(i=1;i<=ncols(C);i++)
+  {
+    poly p = NF(C[1,i],K);
+    if( (p != 0) && (p == C[1,i]))
+    {  Coef = Coef,C[i];}
+  }
+  matrix Co = Coef;
+  matrix Coe = submat(Co,1..nrows(Co),2..ncols(Co));
+  module CC = Coe;      //e.g. i-th column is (a_i1,...,a_ij) (see top)
+  setring A;
+  matrix Coeff = imap(R,CC); matrix Bisyz = BS;// e.g. for each column (b_1,...,b_j) you get 0 = sum_i (b_i*f_i)
+  kill R;
+  list L = Coeff,Bisyz;
+  // output is a Coefficient-Matrix Co and a Bisyzygy-Matriy BS such that (g1,...,gk) = (f1,...,fj)*Submat(Coeff,2..nrows(Coeff),1..ncols(Coeff)) and (0,...,0) = (f1,...,fj)*BiSyz
+  export L;
+  return(A);
+}
+
+proc bitrinity(module M)
+"USAGE: bitrinity(M); M is (two-sided) ideal/module
+RETURN: ring, the enveloping algebra of the basering, with objects in it.
+additionally it exports a list L = Coeff, Bisyz.
+THEORY:
+Let  psi_s be the epimorphism of left R (X) R^{opp} modules:
+@*  psi_s(s (X)_K t) = smt := (s_1 m t_1, ... , s_s m t_s) = (\psi(s_1 (X) t_1) , \dots , psi(s_s (X) t_s)) in R^s.
+@* Then psi_s(A) := (psi_s(a_{ij})) for every matrix A in Mat(n x m, R)$.
+@* For a two-sided ideal I = < f_1, ... , f_j> with Groebner basis G = {g_1, ... , g_k} in R, Coeff is the Coefficient-Matrix and
+BiSyz a bisyzygy matrix.
+@* Let C be the submatrix of Coeff, where C is Coeff without the first row. Then
+(g_1,...,g_k) = psi_s(C^T * (f_1 ... f_j)^T) and (0,...,0) = psi_s(BiSyz^T * (f_1 ... f_j)^T).
+@* The first row of Coeff (G_1 ... G_n)$ corresponds to the image of the Groebner basis of I:
+psi_s((G_1 ... G_n)) = G = {g_1 ... g_k }.
+@* For a (R,R)-bimodule M with Groebner basis G = {g_1, ... , g_k} in R^r, Coeff is the coefficient matrix and
+BiSyz a bisyzygy matrix.
+@* Let C be the submatrix of Coeff, where C is Coeff without the first r rows. Then
+(g_1 ... g_k) = psi_s(C^T * (f_1 ... f_j)^T) and (0 ... 0) = psi_s(BiSyz^T * (f_1 ... f_j)^T).
+@* The first r rows of Coeff = (G_1 ... G_n) (Here G_i denotes to the i-th column of the first r rows) corresponds to the image of the
+Groebner basis of M: psi_s((G_1 ... G_n)) = G = {g_1 ... g_k}.
+PURPOSE: This procedure returns a coefficient matrix in the enveloping algebra of the basering R, that gives implicitly the two-sided Groebner basis of a (R,R)-bimodule M
+and the coefficients that produce the Groebner basis with the help of the originally used generators of M. Additionally it calculates the bisyzygies of M as left-module of the enveloping algebra of R.
+AUXILIARY PROCEDURES: Uses the procedure enveltrinity().
+NOTE: To get list L = Coeff, BiSyz, we set: def G = bitrinity(); setring G; L; or $L[1]; L[2];.
+EXAMPLE: example bitrinity; shows examples
+"
+{
+  intvec optionsave = option(get);
+  option(redSB);
+  option(redTail);
+  int ROW = nrows(M); int j = ncols(M);
+  def A = enveltrinity(M);
+  setring A; // A = envelope(basering)
+  int i;
+  def R = makeModElimRing(A); setring R;
+  module K = imap(A,K); K = std(K);
+  option(set,optionsave);
+  matrix N = imap(A,N);
+  int m = ncols(N);
+  //decomposition of N: Liftmatrix, Bisyzygymatrix:
+  intvec cfpos = Zersubcols(N,ROW)[2];
+  cfpos = cfpos[2..nrows(cfpos)];
+  matrix C1 = submat(N,1..nrows(N),cfpos);
+  matrix C2 = submat(N,1..ROW,cfpos);
+  module Coef; matrix O[ROW][1];
+  module p;
+  for(i=1;i<=ncols(C2);i++)
+  {
+    p = NF(C2[i],K);
+    if( (p[1] != O[1]) && (p[1] == C2[i]))
+    {  Coef = Coef,C1[i];}
+  }
+  matrix Co = Coef;
+  matrix Coe = submat(Co,1..nrows(Co),2..ncols(Co));
+  module CC = Coe;
+  setring A;
+  matrix Coeff = imap(R,CC); matrix Bisyz = BS;
+  kill R;
+  list L = Coeff,Bisyz;
+  export L;
+  return(A);
+}
+example
+{
+  "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+  ring r = 0,(x,s),dp;
+  def R = nc_algebra(1,s); setring R; // 1st shift algebra
+  poly f = x*s + s^2; // only one generator
+  ideal I = f; // note, two sided Groebner basis of I is xs, s^2
+  def G = bitrinity(I);
+  setring G;
+  print(L[1]); // Coeff
+//the first row shows the Groebnerbasis of I consists of
+// psi_s(SX) = xs , phi(S^2) = s^2:
+// remember phi(a (X) b - c (X) d) = psi_s(a (X) b) - phi(c (X) d) := ab - cd in R.
+// psi_s((-s+S+1)*(x*s + s^2)) = psi_s(-xs2-s3+xsS+xs+s2S)
+// = -xs^2-s^3+xs^2+xs+s^3 = xs
+// psi_s((s-S)*(x*s + s^2)) = psi_s(xs2+s3-xsS-s2S+s2) = s^2
+  print(L[2]);  //Bisyzygies
+// e.g. psi_s((x2-2sS+s-X2+2S2+2X+S-1)(x*s + s^2))
+// = psi_s(x3s+x2s2-2xs2S+xs2-2s3S+s3-xsX2+2xsS2+2xsX+xsS-xs-s2X2+2s2S2+2s2X-s2S)
+// = x^3s+x^2s^2-2xs^3+xs^2-2s^4+s^3-xsx^2+2xs^3+2xsx+xs^2-xs-s^2x^2+2s^4+2s^2x-s^3
+// = 0 in R
+}
+
+proc liftenvelope(module I,poly g)
+"USAGE: liftenvelope(M,g); M ideal/module, g poly
+RETURN: ring, the enveloping algebra of the basering R.
+Given a two-sided ideal M in R and a polynomial g in R this procedure returns the enveloping algebra of R.
+Additionally it exports a list l = C, B; where B is the left Groebner basis of the left-syzygies of M \otimes 1 and C is a vector of coefficients in the enveloping algebra
+of R such that psi_s(C^T *(f_1 \dots f_n)) = g.
+@* psi_s is an epimorphism of left R (X) R^{opp} modules:
+@*  psi_s (s (X)_K t) = smt := (s_1 m t_1, ... , s_s m t_s) = (\psi(s_1 (X) t_1) , \dots , psi(s_s (X) t_s)) in R^s.
+@* Then psi_s(A) := (psi_s(a_{ij})) for every matrix A in Mat(n x m, R)$.
+ASSUME: The second component has to be an element of the first component.
+PURPOSE: This procedure is used for computing total divisors. Let {f_1, ..., f_n} be the generators of the first component and let the second component be called g. Then
+the returned list l = C, B = (b_1, ..., b_n); defines an affine set A = C + sum_i a_i b_i with (a_1,..,a_n) in the enveloping algebra of the basering R such that
+psi_s(a^T * (f_1 ... f_n)) = g for all a in A. For certain rings R, we csn find pure tensors within this set A,
+and if we do, liftenvelope() helps us to decide whether f is a total divisor of g.
+NOTE: To get list l = C, B. we set: def G = liftenvelope(); setring G; l; or l[1]; l[2];.
+EXAMPLE: example liftenvelope; shows examples
+"
+{
+    def save = basering;
+    int m = ncols(I);
+    intvec optionsave = option(get);
+    option(redSB);
+    option(redTail);
+    def A = enveltrinity(I);
+    setring A; // A = envelope(basering)
+    int i;
+    def R = makeModElimRing(A); setring R;
+    module N = imap(A,N); N = std(N);
+    //intvec Nrows = 2..(j+1);
+    module g = imap(save,g);
+    matrix G[nrows(N)][1];
+    for (i=2;i<=m;i++)
+    {
+      G[1,1] = g;
+      G[i,1]=0;
+    }
+    module NFG = (-1)*NF(G,N);
+    module C = submat(NFG,2..nrows(N),1);
+
+    setring A;
+    module C = imap(R,C);
+    kill R;
+    module B = std(BS);
+    option(set,optionsave);
+    list l = C,B; // transpose(C)*(f1,...,fn) = g
+    export l;
+    return(A);
+}
+example
+{ "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+  ring r = 0,(x,s),dp;
+  def R = nc_algebra(1,s); setring R;
+  ideal I = x*s;
+  poly p = s*x*s*x;  // = (s (x) x) * x*s = (sX) * x*s
+  p;
+  def J = liftenvelope(I,p);
+  setring J;
+  print(l[1]);
+  //2s+SX = (2s (x) 1) + (1 (x) sx)
+  print(l[2]);
+  // Groebnerbasis of BiSyz(I) as LeftSyz in R^{env}
+  // We get : 2s+SX + ( sX - 2s -SX) = sX  - a pure tensor!!!!
+}
+
+static proc twoComp(poly q)
+"USAGE: twoComp(g); g poly
+NOTE: This procedure only works if the basering is an enveloping algebra A^{env} of a (non-commutative) ring A. Thus also the polynomial in the argument has to be in A^{env}.
+RETURN: Returns the second half of the leading exponent of a polynomial p in A^{env}:
+@* lm(p) = c x1^a1 x2^a2 ... xn^an (X) xn^bn * x(n-1)^b(n-1) * ... * x1^b1
+such that lex(p) = [a1,..,an,bn,...,b1]. Then the procedure returns [bn,...,b1] (of lex(p)!).
+"
+{
+      if (q == 0) {return(q);}
+      def saveenv = basering;
+      int n = nvars(saveenv); int k = n div 2;
+      intvec v = leadexp(q);
+      intvec w = v[k+1..2*k];
+      return(w);
+}
+
+static proc firstComp(poly q)
+"USAGE: firstComp(g); g poly
+NOTE: This procedure only works if the basering is an enveloping algebra A^{env} of a (non-commutative) ring A. Thus also the polynomial in the argument has to be in A^{env}.
+RETURN: Returns the first half of the leading exponent of a polynomial p in A^{env}:
+@* lm(p) = c x1^a1 x2^a2 ... xn^an (X) xn^bn * x(n-1)^b(n-1) * ... * x1^b1
+such that lex(p) = [a1,..,an,bn,...,b1]. Then the procedure returns [a1,...,an] (of lex(p)!).
+"
+{
+      if (q == 0) {return(q);}
+      def saveenv = basering;
+      int n = nvars(saveenv); int k = n div 2;
+      intvec v = leadexp(q);
+      intvec w = v[1..k];
+      return(w);
+}
+
+
+proc CompDecomp(poly p)
+"USAGE: CompDecomp(p); p poly
+NOTE: This procedure only works if the basering is an enveloping algebra A^{env} of a (non-commutative) ring A. Thus also the polynomial in the argument has to be in A^{env}.
+RETURN: Returns an ideal I in A^{env}, where the sum of all terms of the argument with the same right side (of the tensor summands) are stored as a generator of I.
+@* Let b != c, then for p = (a (X) b) + (c (X) b) + (a (X) c) the ideal I := CompDecomp(p) is given by: I[1] = (a (X) b) + (c (X) b); I[2] = a (X) c.
+PURPOSE: By decomposing the polynomial we can easily check whether the given polynomial is a pure tensor.
+EXAMPLE: example CompDecomp; shows examples
+"
+{
+      poly s = p;
+      ideal Q;
+      int j = 0; poly t; poly w;
+      while (s!= 0)
+      {
+        t = lead(s);
+        w = s-t;
+        s = s-t;
+        j++;
+        Q[j] = t;
+        while(w !=0)
+        {
+          if (twoComp(w) == twoComp(t))
+          {
+            Q[j] = Q[j]+lead(w);
+            s = s-lead(w);
+          }
+          w = w-lead(w);
+        }
+      }
+      return(Q);
+}
+example
+{
+  "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+  ring r = 0,(x,s),dp;
+  def R = nc_algebra(1,s); setring R; //1st shift algebra
+  def Re = envelope(R); setring Re; //basering is now R^{env} = R (X) R^{opp}
+  poly f = X*S*x^2+5*x*S*X+S*X; f;
+  ideal I = CompDecomp(f);
+  print(matrix(I)); // what means that f = (x2+5x+1)*SX + x2*S
+  poly p = x*S+X^2*S+2*s+x*X^2*s+5*x*s; p;
+  ideal Q = CompDecomp(p);
+  print(matrix(Q));
+}
+
+proc getOneComp(poly p)
+"USAGE: getOneComp(p); p poly
+NOTE: This procedure only works if the basering is an enveloping algebra A^{env} of a (non-commutative) ring A. Thus also the polynomial in the argument has to be in A^{env}.
+ASSUME: The given polynomial has to be of the form sum_i a_i \otimes b = (sum_i a_i) (X) b.
+RETURN: Returns a polynomial in A^{env}, which is the sum of the left-side (of the tensor summands) of all terms of the argument.
+@* Let A be a G-algebra. For a given polynomial p in A^{env} of the form p = sum_i a_i (X) b = (sum_i a_i) (X) b this procedure returns
+g = (\sum_i a_i) (X) 1  written sum_i a_i in A^{env}.
+PURPOSE: This is an auxiliary procedure for isPureTensor().
+EXAMPLE: example getOneComp; shows examples
+"
+{
+    ideal I;
+    int i; int m = size(p);poly f;
+    if (size(p) == 0) {f = 1; return(f);}
+    for(i=1;i<=m;i++)
+         { I[i] = leadcoef(p[i])*monomial(firstComp(p[i]));}
+    f = sum(I);
+    return(f);
+ }
+example
+{
+  "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+  ring r = 0,(x,s),dp;
+  def R = nc_algebra(1,s); setring R; //1st shift algebra
+  def Re = envelope(R); setring Re; //basering is now R^{env} = R (X) R^{opp}
+  poly f = 5*x*s*S+x^2*S+s*S+3*x*S;  // f = (x2+5xs+3x+s)*S
+  getOneComp(f);
+}
+
+proc isPureTensor(poly g)
+"USAGE: isPureTensor(g); g poly
+NOTE: This procedure only works if the basering is an enveloping algebra A^{env} of a (non-commutative) ring A. Thus also the polynomial in the argument has to be in A^{env}.
+RETURN: Returns 0 if g is not a pure tensor and if g is a pure tensor then isPureTensor() returns a vector v with v = a*gen(1)+b*gen(2) = (a,b)^T with a (X) b = g.
+PURPOSE: Checks whether a given polynomial in $\A^{env}$ is a pure tensor. This is also an auxiliary procedure for checking total divisibility.
+EXAMPLE: example isPureTensor; shows examples
+"
+{
+  ideal I = CompDecomp(g);
+  ideal U;int i; int k = ncols(I);
+  for (i = 1 ; i <= k; i++)
+  {
+    U[i] = getOneComp(I[i]);
+  }
+  poly q = normalize(U[1]);
+  for (i=2; i<= k;i++)
+  {
+    if ( U[i] != leadcoef(U[i])*q)
+    {
+      return(0);
+    }
+  }
+  def saveenv = basering;
+  int n = nvars(saveenv); int l = n div 2;
+  ideal P; intvec d = 0:l;
+  intvec vv;
+  for (i=1;i<=k;i++)
+  {
+    vv= d,twoComp(I[i]);
+    P[i] = leadcoef(U[i])*monomial(vv);
+  }
+  poly w = sum(P);
+  vector v = [q, w];
+  return(v);
+}
+example
+{
+  "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+  ring r = 0,(x,s),dp;
+  def R = nc_algebra(1,s); setring R; //1st shift algebra
+  def Re = envelope(R); setring Re; //basering is now R^{env} = R (X) R^{opp}
+  poly p = x*(x*s)*x + s^2*x; p;
+  // p is of the form q(X)1, a pure tensor indeed:
+  isPureTensor(p);
+  // v = transpose( x3s+x2s+xs2+2s2  1 ) i.e. p = x3s+x2s+xs2+2s2 (X) 1
+  poly g = S*X+ x*s*X+ S^2*x;
+  g;
+  isPureTensor(g); // indeed g is not a pure tensor
+  poly d = x*X+s*X+x*S*X+s*S*X;d;
+  isPureTensor(d); // d is a pure tensor indeed
+  // v = transpose( x+s  S*X+X ) i.e. d = x+s (X) s*x+x
+  // remember that * denotes to the opposite mulitiplication s*x = xs in R.
+}
+
+proc isTwoSidedGB(ideal I)
+"USAGE: isTwoSidedGB(I); I ideal
+RETURN: Returns 0 if the generators of a given ideal are not two-sided, 1 if they are.\\
+NOTE: This procedure should only be used for non-commutative rings, as every element is two-sided in a commutative ring.
+PURPOSE: Auxiliary procedure for diagonal forms. Let R be a non-commutative ring (e.g. G-algebra), and p in R, this program checks whether p is two-sided i.e. Rp = pR.
+EXAMPLE: example isTwoSidedGB; shows examples
+"
+{
+  int i; int n = nvars(basering);
+  ideal J;
+  // determine whether I is a left Groebner basis
+  if (attrib(I,"isSB"))
+  {
+    J = I;
+    J = simplify(J,1+2+4+8);
+    attrib(J,"isSB",1);
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    intvec optionsave = option(get);
+    option(redSB);
+    option(redTail);
+    J = std(I);
+    J = simplify(J,1+2+4+8);
+    attrib(J,"isSB",1);
+    I = interred(I);
+    I = simplify(I,1+2+4+8);
+    if ( size(J) != size(I))
+    {
+      option(set,optionsave);
+      return(int(0));
+    }
+    for(i = 1; i <= size(I); i++)
+    {
+      if (I[i] != J[i])
+      {
+        option(set,optionsave);
+        return(int(0));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  //  I = simplify(I,1+2+4+8);
+  // now, we check whether J is right complete
+  for(i = 1; i <= n; i++)
+  {
+    if ( simplify( NF(J*var(i),J), 2) != 0 )
+    {
+      return(int(0));
+    }
+  }
+  return(int(1));
+}
+example
+{
+  "EXAMPLE:"; echo = 2;
+  ring r = 0,(x,s),dp;
+  def R = nc_algebra(1,s); setring R; //1st shift algebra
+  ideal I = s^2, x*s, s^2 + 3*x*s;
+  isTwoSidedGB(I); // I is two-sided
+  ideal J = s^2+x;
+  isTwoSidedGB(J); // J is not two-sided; twostd(J) = s,x;
+}