passagemath-singular 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl

sage_wheels/share/singular/LIB/sheafcoh.lib

@@ -0,0 +1,1663 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+version="version sheafcoh.lib 4.3.2.9 Oct_2023 "; // $Id: b6b35d4e6fc492c4290ac6f67b80e97ac4ae0db8 $
+category="Commutative Algebra";
+info="
+LIBRARY:  sheafcoh.lib   Procedures for Computing Sheaf Cohomology
+AUTHORS:  Wolfram Decker, decker@mathematik.uni-kl.de
+          Christoph Lossen,  lossen@mathematik.uni-kl.de
+          Gerhard Pfister,  pfister@mathematik.uni-kl.de
+          Oleksandr Motsak, U@D, where U={motsak}, D={mathematik.uni-kl.de}
+
+PROCEDURES:
+ truncate(phi,d);        truncation of coker(phi) at d
+ truncateFast(phi,d);    truncation of coker(phi) at d (fast+ experimental)
+ CM_regularity(M);       Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity of coker(M)
+ sheafCohBGG(M,l,h);     cohomology of sheaf associated to coker(M)
+ sheafCohBGGregul(M,l,h,r); cohomology of sheaf associated to coker(M)
+                          with given regularity
+ sheafCohBGGregul_w(M,l,h,r,w); cohomology with given module weights
+ sheafCohBGG2(M,l,h);    cohomology of sheaf associated to coker(M), experimental version
+ sheafCoh(M,l,h);        cohomology of sheaf associated to coker(M)
+ sheafCoh_w(M,l,h);      cohomology of coker(M) with given module weights
+ dimH(i,M,d);            compute h^i(F(d)), F sheaf associated to coker(M)
+ dimGradedPart()
+
+ displayCohom(B,l,h,n);  display intmat as Betti diagram (with zero rows)
+
+KEYWORDS: sheaf cohomology
+";
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+LIB "matrix.lib";
+LIB "nctools.lib";
+LIB "homolog.lib";
+
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+static proc jacobM(matrix M)
+{
+   int n=nvars(basering);
+   matrix B=transpose(diff(M,var(1)));
+   int i;
+   for(i=2;i<=n;i++)
+   {
+     B=concat(B,transpose(diff(M,var(i))));
+   }
+   return(transpose(B));
+}
+
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/**
+  let M = { w_1, ..., w_k }, k = size(M) == ncols(M), n = nvars(currRing).
+  assuming that nrows(M) <= m*n;
+  computes transpose(M) * transpose( var(1) I_m | ... | var(n) I_m ) :== transpose(module{f_1, ... f_k}),
+  where f_i = \sum_{j=1}^{m} (w_i, v_j) gen(j),  (w_i, v_j) is a `scalar` multiplication.
+  that is, if w_i = (a^1_1, ... a^1_m) | (a^2_1, ..., a^2_m) | ... | (a^n_1, ..., a^n_m) then
+
+  (a^1_1, ... a^1_m) | (a^2_1, ..., a^2_m) | ... | (a^n_1, ..., a^n_m)
+*  var_1  ... var_1  |  var_2  ...  var_2  | ... |  var_n  ...  var(n)
+*  gen_1  ... gen_m  |  gen_1  ...  gen_m  | ... |  gen_1  ...  gen_m
++ =>
+  f_i =
+
+   a^1_1 * var(1) * gen(1) + ... + a^1_m * var(1) * gen(m) +
+   a^2_1 * var(2) * gen(1) + ... + a^2_m * var(2) * gen(m) +
+                             ...
+   a^n_1 * var(n) * gen(1) + ... + a^n_m * var(n) * gen(m);
+
+   NOTE: for every f_i we run only ONCE along w_i saving partial sums into a temporary array of polys of size m
+
+*/
+static proc TensorModuleMult(int m, module M)
+{
+  return( system("tensorModuleMult", m, M) ); // trick!
+
+  int n = nvars(basering);
+  int k = ncols(M);
+
+  int g, cc, vv;
+
+  poly h;
+
+  module Temp; // = {f_1, ..., f_k }
+
+  intvec exp;
+  vector pTempSum, w;
+
+  for( int i = k; i > 0; i-- ) // for every w \in M
+  {
+    pTempSum[m] = 0;
+    w = M[i];
+
+    while(w != 0) // for each term of w...
+    {
+      exp = leadexp(w);
+      g = exp[n+1]; // module component!
+      h = w[g];
+
+      w = w - h * gen(g);
+
+      cc = g % m;
+
+      if( cc == 0)
+      {
+        cc = m;
+      }
+
+      vv = 1 + (g - cc) / m;
+
+      pTempSum = pTempSum + h * var(vv) * gen(cc);
+    }
+
+    Temp[i] = pTempSum;
+  }
+
+  Temp = transpose(Temp);
+
+  return(Temp);
+}
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+proc truncate(module phi, int d)
+"USAGE:   truncate(M,d);  M module, d int
+ASSUME:  @code{M} is graded, and it comes assigned with an admissible degree
+         vector as an attribute
+RETURN:  module
+NOTE:    Output is a presentation matrix for the truncation of coker(M)
+         at degree d.
+EXAMPLE: example truncate; shows an example
+KEYWORDS: truncated module
+"
+{
+  if ( typeof(attrib(phi,"isHomog"))=="string" )
+  {
+    if (size(phi)==0)
+    {
+      // assign weights 0 to generators of R^n (n=nrows(phi))
+      intvec v;
+      v[nrows(phi)]=0;
+      attrib(phi,"isHomog",v);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      ERROR("No admissible degree vector assigned");
+    }
+  }
+  else
+  {
+   intvec v=attrib(phi,"isHomog");
+  }
+  int i,m,dummy;
+  int s = nrows(phi);
+  module L; // TOO BIG!!!
+  for (i=1; i<=s; i++)
+  {
+    if (d>v[i])
+    {
+      L = L+maxideal(d-v[i])*gen(i);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      L = L+gen(i);
+    }
+  }
+  L = modulo(L,phi);
+  L = minbase(prune(L));
+  if (size(L)==0) {return(L);}
+
+  // it only remains to set the degrees for L:
+  // ------------------------------------------
+  m = v[1];
+  for(i=2; i<=size(v); i++) {  if(v[i]<m) { m = v[i]; } }
+  dummy = homog(L);
+  intvec vv = attrib(L,"isHomog");
+  if (d>m) { vv = vv+d; }
+  else     { vv = vv+m; }
+  attrib(L,"isHomog",vv);
+  return(L);
+}
+example
+{"EXAMPLE:";
+   echo = 2;
+   ring R=0,(x,y,z),dp;
+   module M=maxideal(3);
+   homog(M);
+   // compute presentation matrix for truncated module (R/<x,y,z>^3)_(>=2)
+   module M2=truncate(M,2);
+   print(M2);
+   dimGradedPart(M2,1);
+   dimGradedPart(M2,2);
+   // this should coincide with:
+   dimGradedPart(M,2);
+   // shift grading by 1:
+   intvec v=1;
+   attrib(M,"isHomog",v);
+   M2=truncate(M,2);
+   print(M2);
+   dimGradedPart(M2,3);
+}
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc truncateFast(module M, int d)
+"USAGE:   truncateFast(M,d);  M module, d int
+ASSUME:  @code{M} is graded, and it comes assigned with an admissible degree
+         vector as an attribute 'isHomog'
+RETURN:  module
+NOTE:    Output is a presentation matrix for the truncation of coker(M)
+         at d.
+         Fast + experimental version. M should be a SB!
+DISPLAY: If @code{printlevel}>=1, step-by step timings will be printed.
+         If @code{printlevel}>=2 we add progress debug messages
+         if @code{printlevel}>=3, even all intermediate results...
+EXAMPLE: example truncateFast; shows an example
+KEYWORDS: truncated module
+"
+{
+//  int PL = printlevel + 1;
+  int PL = printlevel - voice + 2;
+
+  dbprint(PL-1, "// truncateFast(M: "+ string(nrows(M)) + " x " + string(ncols(M)) +", " + string(d) + "):");
+  dbprint(PL-2, M);
+
+  intvec save = option(get);
+  if( PL >= 2 )
+  {
+    option(prot);
+    option(mem);
+  }
+
+  int tTruncateBegin=timer;
+
+  if (attrib(M,"isSB")!=1)
+  {
+    M = std(M);
+  }
+
+  dbprint(PL-1, "// M is a SB! ");
+
+  if ( typeof(attrib(M,"isHomog"))=="string" )
+  {
+    if (size(M)==0)
+    {
+      // assign weights 0 to generators of R^n (n=nrows(M))
+      intvec v;
+      v[nrows(M)]=0;
+      attrib(M,"isHomog",v);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      ERROR("No admissible degree vector assigned");
+    }
+  }
+  else
+  {
+   intvec v=attrib(M,"isHomog");
+  }
+
+  dbprint(PL-1, "// weighting(M): ["+ string(v) + "]");
+
+  int i,m,dummy;
+  int s = nrows(M);
+
+  int tKBaseBegin = timer;
+  module L = kbase(M, d); // TODO: check whether this is always correct!?!
+
+  dbprint(PL-1, "// L = kbase(M,d): "+string(nrows(L)) + " x " + string(ncols(L)) +"");
+  dbprint(PL-2, L);
+  dbprint(PL-1, "// weighting(L): ["+ string(attrib(L, "isHomog")) + "]");
+
+  int tModuloBegin = timer;
+  L = modulo(L,M);
+
+  dbprint(PL-1, "// L = modulo(L,M): "+string(nrows(L)) + " x " + string(ncols(L)) +"");
+  dbprint(PL-2, L);
+  dbprint(PL-1, "// weighting(L): ["+ string(attrib(L, "isHomog")) + "]");
+
+  int tPruneBegin = timer;
+  L = prune(L);
+
+  dbprint(PL-1, "// L = prune(L): "+string(nrows(L)) + " x " + string(ncols(L)) +"");
+  dbprint(PL-2, L);
+  dbprint(PL-1, "// weighting(L): ["+ string(attrib(L, "isHomog")) + "]");
+
+  int tPruneEnd = timer;
+  L = minbase(L);
+  int tMinBaseEnd = timer;
+
+  dbprint(PL-1, "// L = minbase(L): "+string(nrows(L)) + " x " + string(ncols(L)) +"");
+  dbprint(PL-2, L);
+  dbprint(PL-1, "// weighting(L): ["+ string(attrib(L, "isHomog")) + "]");
+
+  if (size(L)!=0)
+  {
+    // it only remains to set the degrees for L:
+    // ------------------------------------------
+    m = v[1];
+    for(i=2; i<=size(v); i++) {  if(v[i]<m) { m = v[i]; } }
+    dummy = homog(L);
+    intvec vv = attrib(L,"isHomog");
+    if (d>m) { vv = vv+d; }
+    else     { vv = vv+m; }
+    attrib(L,"isHomog",vv);
+  }
+
+  int tTruncateEnd=timer;
+
+  dbprint(PL-1, "// corrected weighting(L): ["+ string(attrib(L, "isHomog")) + "]");
+
+  if(PL > 0)
+  {
+  "
+  -------------- TIMINGS --------------
+  Trunc        Time: ", tTruncateEnd - tTruncateBegin, "
+    :: Before .Time: ", tKBaseBegin - tTruncateBegin, "
+    :: kBase   Time: ", tModuloBegin - tKBaseBegin, "
+    :: Modulo  Time: ", tPruneBegin - tModuloBegin, "
+    :: Prune   Time: ", tPruneEnd - tPruneBegin, "
+    :: Minbase Time: ", tMinBaseEnd - tPruneEnd, "
+    :: After  .Time: ", tTruncateEnd - tMinBaseEnd;
+  }
+
+  option(set, save);
+  return(L);
+}
+example
+{"EXAMPLE:";
+  echo = 2;
+  ring R=0,(x,y,z,u,v),dp;
+  module M=maxideal(3);
+  homog(M);
+  // compute presentation matrix for truncated module (R/<x,y,z,u>^3)_(>=2)
+  int t=timer;
+  module M2t=truncate(M,2);
+  t = timer - t;
+  "// Simple truncate: ", t;
+  t=timer;
+  module M2=truncateFast(std(M),2);
+  t = timer - t;
+  "// Fast truncate: ", t;
+  print(M2);
+  "// Check: M2t == M2?: ", size(NF(M2, std(M2t))) + size(NF(M2t, std(M2)));
+
+  dimGradedPart(M2,1);
+  dimGradedPart(M2,2);
+  // this should coincide with:
+  dimGradedPart(M,2);
+  // shift grading by 1:
+  intvec v=1;
+  attrib(M,"isHomog",v);
+  t=timer;
+  M2t=truncate(M,2);
+  t = timer - t;
+  "// Simple truncate: ", t;
+  t=timer;
+  M2=truncateFast(std(M),2);
+  t = timer - t;
+  "// Fast truncate: ", t;
+  print(M2);
+  "// Check: M2t == M2?: ", size(NF(M2, std(M2t))) + size(NF(M2t, std(M2))); //?
+  dimGradedPart(M2,3);
+}
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc dimGradedPart(module phi, int d)
+"USAGE:   dimGradedPart(M,d);  M module, d int
+ASSUME:  @code{M} is graded, and it comes assigned with an admissible degree
+         vector as an attribute
+RETURN:  int
+NOTE:    Output is the vector space dimension of the graded part of degree d
+         of coker(M).
+EXAMPLE: example dimGradedPart; shows an example
+KEYWORDS: graded module, graded piece
+"
+{
+  if ( typeof(attrib(phi,"isHomog"))=="string" )
+  {
+    if (size(phi)==0)
+    {
+      // assign weights 0 to generators of R^n (n=nrows(phi))
+      intvec v;
+      v[nrows(phi)]=0;
+    }
+    else { ERROR("No admissible degree vector assigned"); }
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    intvec v=attrib(phi,"isHomog");
+  }
+  int s = nrows(phi);
+  int i,m,dummy;
+  module L,LL;
+  for (i=1; i<=s; i++)
+  {
+    if (d>v[i])
+    {
+      L = L+maxideal(d-v[i])*gen(i);
+      LL = LL+maxideal(d+1-v[i])*gen(i);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      L = L+gen(i);
+      if (d==v[i])
+      {
+        LL = LL+maxideal(1)*gen(i);
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        LL = LL+gen(i);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  LL=LL,phi;
+  L = modulo(L,LL);
+  L = std(prune(L));
+  if (size(L)==0) {return(0);}
+  return(vdim(L));
+}
+example
+{"EXAMPLE:";
+   echo = 2;
+   ring R=0,(x,y,z),dp;
+   module M=maxideal(3);
+   // assign compatible weight vector (here: 0)
+   homog(M);
+   // compute dimension of graded pieces of R/<x,y,z>^3 :
+   dimGradedPart(M,0);
+   dimGradedPart(M,1);
+   dimGradedPart(M,2);
+   dimGradedPart(M,3);
+   // shift grading:
+   attrib(M,"isHomog",intvec(2));
+   dimGradedPart(M,2);
+}
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc CM_regularity (module M)
+"USAGE:   CM_regularity(M);    M module
+ASSUME:   @code{M} is graded, and it comes assigned with an admissible degree
+         vector as an attribute
+RETURN:  integer, the Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity of coker(M)
+NOTE:    procedure calls mres
+EXAMPLE: example CM_regularity; shows an example
+KEYWORDS: Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity
+"
+{
+  if ( typeof(attrib(M,"isHomog"))=="string" )
+  {
+    if (size(M)==0)
+    {
+      // assign weights 0 to generators of R^n (n=nrows(M))
+      intvec v;
+      v[nrows(M)]=0;
+      attrib(M,"isHomog",v);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      ERROR("No admissible degree vector assigned");
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( attrib(CM_regularity,"Algorithm") == "minres_res" )
+  {
+    def L = minres( res(M,0) ); // let's try it out!
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    def L = mres(M,0);
+  }
+
+  intmat BeL = betti(L);
+  int r = nrows(module(matrix(BeL)));  // last non-zero row
+  if (typeof(attrib(BeL,"rowShift"))!="string")
+  {
+    int shift = attrib(BeL,"rowShift");
+  }
+  return(r+shift-1);
+}
+example
+{"EXAMPLE:";
+  echo = 2;
+  ring R=0,(x,y,z,u),dp;
+  resolution T1=mres(maxideal(1),0);
+  module M=T1[3];
+  intvec v=2,2,2,2,2,2;
+  attrib(M,"isHomog",v);
+  CM_regularity(M);
+}
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+proc sheafCohBGG(module M,int l,int h)
+"USAGE:   sheafCohBGG(M,l,h);    M module, l,h int
+ASSUME:  @code{M} is graded, and it comes assigned with an admissible degree
+         vector as an attribute, @code{h>=l}, and the basering has @code{n+1}
+         variables.
+RETURN:  intmat, cohomology of twists of the coherent sheaf F on P^n
+         associated to coker(M). The range of twists is determined by @code{l},
+         @code{h}.
+DISPLAY: The intmat is displayed in a diagram of the following form:
+         with @code{displayCohom(A,l,h,nvars(r)-1);}@*
+  @format
+                l            l+1                      h
+  ----------------------------------------------------------
+      n:     h^n(F(l))    h^n(F(l+1))   ......    h^n(F(h))
+           ...............................................
+      1:     h^1(F(l))    h^1(F(l+1))   ......    h^1(F(h))
+      0:     h^0(F(l))    h^0(F(l+1))   ......    h^0(F(h))
+  ----------------------------------------------------------
+    chi:     chi(F(l))    chi(F(l+1))   ......    chi(F(h))
+  @end format
+         A @code{'-'} in the diagram refers to a zero entry; a @code{'*'}
+         refers to a negative entry (= dimension not yet determined).
+         refers to a not computed dimension. @*
+NOTE:    This procedure is based on the Bernstein-Gel'fand-Gel'fand
+         correspondence and on Tate resolution ( see [Eisenbud, Floystad,
+         Schreyer: Sheaf cohomology and free resolutions over exterior
+         algebras, Trans AMS 355 (2003)] ).@*
+         @code{sheafCohBGG(M,l,h)} does not compute all values in the above
+         table. To determine all values of @code{h^i(F(d))}, @code{d=l..h},
+         use @code{sheafCohBGG(M,l-n,h+n)}.
+SEE ALSO: sheafCoh, dimH, displayCohom
+EXAMPLE: example sheafCohBGG; shows an example
+"
+{
+  int i,j,k,row,col;
+  if( typeof(attrib(M,"isHomog"))!="intvec" )
+  {
+     if (size(M)==0) { attrib(M,"isHomog",0); }
+     else { ERROR("No admissible degree vector assigned"); }
+  }
+  int n=nvars(basering)-1;
+  int ell=l+n;
+  def R=basering;
+  int reg = CM_regularity(M);
+  int bound=max(reg+1,h-1);
+  module MT=truncate(M,bound);
+  int m=nrows(MT);
+  MT=transpose(jacobM(MT));
+  MT=syz(MT);
+  matrix ML[n+1][1]=maxideal(1);
+  matrix S=transpose(outer(ML,unitmat(m)));
+  matrix SS=transpose(S*MT);
+  //--- to the exterior algebra
+  def AR = Exterior();
+  setring AR;
+  intvec saveopt=option(get);
+  option(redSB);
+  option(redTail);
+  module EM=imap(R,SS);
+  intvec w;
+  //--- here we are with our matrix
+  int bound1=max(1,bound-ell+1);
+  for (i=1; i<=nrows(EM); i++)
+  {
+     w[i]=-bound-1;
+  }
+  attrib(EM,"isHomog",w);
+  resolution RE=mres(EM,bound1);
+  intmat Betti=betti(RE);
+  k=ncols(Betti);
+  row=nrows(Betti);
+  int shift=attrib(Betti,"rowShift")+(k+ell-1);
+  intmat newBetti[n+1][h-l+1];
+  for (j=1; j<=row; j++)
+  {
+    for (i=l; i<=h; i++)
+    {
+      if (((n+2-shift-j)>0)&&((n+2-shift-j)<=(n+1))
+      && ((i-l+1)>0)&&((i-l+1)<=(h-l+1)))
+      {
+        if ((k+1-j-i+ell-shift>0) and (j+i-ell+shift>=1))
+        {
+          newBetti[n+2-shift-j,i-l+1]=Betti[j,k+1-j-i+ell-shift];
+        }
+        else
+        {
+          newBetti[n+2-shift-j,i-l+1]=-1;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  for (j=2; j<=n+1; j++)
+  {
+    for (i=1; i<j; i++)
+    {
+      newBetti[j,i]=-1;
+    }
+  }
+  int d=k-h+ell-1;
+  for (j=1; j<=n; j++)
+  {
+    for (i=h-l+1; i>=k+j; i--)
+    {
+      newBetti[j,i]=-1;
+    }
+  }
+  option(set,saveopt);
+  setring R;
+  return(newBetti);
+}
+example
+{"EXAMPLE:";
+  echo = 2;
+  // cohomology of structure sheaf on P^4:
+  //-------------------------------------------
+  ring r=0,x(1..5),dp;
+  module M=0;
+  intmat A=sheafCohBGG(M,-9,4);
+  A;
+  displayCohom(A,-9,4,nvars(r)-1);
+  // cohomology of cotangential bundle on P^3:
+  //-------------------------------------------
+  ring R=0,(x,y,z,u),dp;
+  resolution T1=mres(maxideal(1),0);
+  module M=T1[3];
+  intvec v=2,2,2,2,2,2;
+  attrib(M,"isHomog",v);
+  intmat B=sheafCohBGG(M,-8,4);
+  B;
+  displayCohom(B,-8,4,nvars(R)-1);
+}
+proc sheafCohBGGregul(module M,int l,int h, int reg)
+"USAGE:   sheafCohBGGregul(M,l,h);    M module, l,h int, reg int
+ASSUME:  @code{M} is graded, and it comes assigned with an admissible degree
+         vector as an attribute, @code{h>=l}, and the basering has @code{n+1}
+         variables.
+RETURN:  intmat, cohomology of twists of the coherent sheaf F on P^n
+         associated to coker(M). The range of twists is determined by @code{l},
+         @code{h}.
+NOTE:    This procedure is based on the Bernstein-Gel'fand-Gel'fand
+         correspondence and on Tate resolution ( see [Eisenbud, Floystad,
+         Schreyer: Sheaf cohomology and free resolutions over exterior
+         algebras, Trans AMS 355 (2003)] ).@*
+         @code{sheafCohBGG(M,l,h)} does not compute all values in the above
+         table. To determine all values of @code{h^i(F(d))}, @code{d=l..h},
+         use @code{sheafCohBGG(M,l-n,h+n)}.
+SEE ALSO: sheafCoh, dimH, displayCohom
+EXAMPLE: example sheafCohBGGregul; shows an example
+"
+{
+  int i,j,k,row,col;
+  if( typeof(attrib(M,"isHomog"))!="intvec" )
+  {
+     if (size(M)==0) { attrib(M,"isHomog",0); }
+     else { ERROR("No admissible degree vector assigned"); }
+  }
+  int n=nvars(basering)-1;
+  int ell=l+n;
+  def R=basering;
+  int bound=max(reg+1,h-1);
+  module MT=truncate(M,bound);
+  int m=nrows(MT);
+  MT=transpose(jacobM(MT));
+  MT=syz(MT);
+  matrix ML[n+1][1]=maxideal(1);
+  matrix S=transpose(outer(ML,unitmat(m)));
+  matrix SS=transpose(S*MT);
+  //--- to the exterior algebra
+  def AR = Exterior();
+  setring AR;
+  intvec saveopt=option(get);
+  option(redSB);
+  option(redTail);
+  module EM=imap(R,SS);
+  intvec w;
+  //--- here we are with our matrix
+  int bound1=max(1,bound-ell+1);
+  for (i=1; i<=nrows(EM); i++)
+  {
+     w[i]=-bound-1;
+  }
+  attrib(EM,"isHomog",w);
+  resolution RE=mres(EM,bound1);
+  intmat Betti=betti(RE);
+  k=ncols(Betti);
+  row=nrows(Betti);
+  int shift=attrib(Betti,"rowShift")+(k+ell-1);
+  intmat newBetti[n+1][h-l+1];
+  for (j=1; j<=row; j++)
+  {
+    for (i=l; i<=h; i++)
+    {
+      if ((k+1-j-i+ell-shift>0) and (j+i-ell+shift>=1))
+      {
+        newBetti[n+2-shift-j,i-l+1]=Betti[j,k+1-j-i+ell-shift];
+      }
+      else { newBetti[n+2-shift-j,i-l+1]=-1; }
+    }
+  }
+  for (j=2; j<=n+1; j++)
+  {
+    for (i=1; i<j; i++)
+    {
+      newBetti[j,i]=-1;
+    }
+  }
+  int d=k-h+ell-1;
+  for (j=1; j<=n; j++)
+  {
+    for (i=h-l+1; i>=k+j; i--)
+    {
+      newBetti[j,i]=-1;
+    }
+  }
+  option(set,saveopt);
+  setring R;
+  return(newBetti);
+}
+example
+{"EXAMPLE:";
+  echo = 2;
+  // cohomology of structure sheaf on P^4:
+  //-------------------------------------------
+  ring r=0,x(1..5),dp;
+  module M=0;
+  def A=sheafCohBGGregul(M,-9,4,CM_regularity(M));
+  A;
+  // cohomology of cotangential bundle on P^3:
+  //-------------------------------------------
+  ring R=0,(x,y,z,u),dp;
+  resolution T1=mres(maxideal(1),0);
+  module M=T1[3];
+  intvec v=2,2,2,2,2,2;
+  attrib(M,"isHomog",v);
+  def B=sheafCohBGGregul(M,-8,4,CM_regularity(M));
+  B;
+}
+
+proc sheafCohBGGregul_w(module M,int l,int h,int regul, intvec w)
+"USAGE:   sheafCohBGGregul_w(M,l,h,w);    M module, l,h int, reg int, w intvec
+ASSUME:  @code{M} is graded, and it comes assigned with an admissible degree
+         vector w, @code{h>=l}, and the basering has @code{n+1}
+         variables.
+RETURN:  intmat, cohomology of twists of the coherent sheaf F on P^n
+         associated to coker(M). The range of twists is determined by @code{l},
+         @code{h}.
+NOTE:    This procedure is based on the Bernstein-Gel'fand-Gel'fand
+         correspondence and on Tate resolution ( see [Eisenbud, Floystad,
+         Schreyer: Sheaf cohomology and free resolutions over exterior
+         algebras, Trans AMS 355 (2003)] ).@*
+         @code{sheafCohBGG(M,l,h)} does not compute all values in the above
+         table. To determine all values of @code{h^i(F(d))}, @code{d=l..h},
+         use @code{sheafCohBGG(M,l-n,h+n)}.
+SEE ALSO: sheafCoh, dimH, displayCohom
+EXAMPLE: example sheafCohBGGregul_w; shows an example
+"
+{
+  attrib(M,"isHomog",w);
+  return(sheafCohBGGregul(M,l,h,regul));
+}
+example
+{"EXAMPLE:";
+  echo = 2;
+  // cohomology of cotangential bundle on P^3:
+  //-------------------------------------------
+  ring R=0,(x,y,z,u),dp;
+  resolution T1=mres(maxideal(1),0);
+  module M=T1[3];
+  intvec v=2,2,2,2,2,2;
+  def B=sheafCohBGGregul_w(M,-8,4,CM_regularity(M),v);
+  B;
+}
+
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+static proc showResult( def R, int l, int h )
+{
+  int PL = 1; // printlevel - voice + 2;
+// int PL = printlevel + 1;
+
+  intmat Betti;
+  if(typeof(R)=="resolution")
+  {
+    Betti = betti(R);
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    if(typeof(R)!="intmat")
+    {
+      ERROR("Wrong input!!!");
+    }
+
+    Betti = R;
+  }
+
+  int n=nvars(basering)-1;
+  int ell = l + n;
+
+  int k     = ncols(Betti);
+  int row   = nrows(Betti);
+  int shift = attrib(Betti,"rowShift") + (k + ell - 1);
+
+  int iWTH = h-l+1;
+
+  int d = k - h + ell - 1;
+
+  if( PL > 1 )
+  {
+    "// l: ", l;
+    "// h: ", h;
+    "// n: ", n;
+    "// ell: ", ell;
+    "// k: ", k;
+    "// row: ", row;
+    "// shift: ", shift;
+    "// iWTH: ", iWTH;
+    "// d: ", d;
+  }
+
+  intmat newBetti[ n + 1 ][ iWTH ];
+  int i, j;
+
+  for (j=1; j<=row; j++)
+  {
+    for (i=l; i<=h; i++)
+    {
+      if( (n+2-shift-j)>0 )
+      {
+        if (  (k+1-j-i+ell-shift>0) and (j+i-ell+shift>=1))
+        {
+          newBetti[n+2-shift-j,i-l+1]=Betti[j,k+1-j-i+ell-shift];
+        }
+        else { newBetti[n+2-shift-j,i-l+1]=-1; }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (j=2; j<=n+1; j++)
+  {
+    for (i=1; i<min(j, iWTH); i++)
+    {
+      newBetti[j,i]= -1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (j=1; j<=n; j++)
+  {
+    for (i=iWTH; i>=k+j; i--)
+    {
+      newBetti[j,i]=0; // -1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( PL > 0 )
+  {
+    "Cohomology table:";
+    displayCohom(newBetti, l, h, n);
+  }
+  return(newBetti);
+}
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+proc sheafCohBGG2(module M,int l,int h)
+"USAGE:   sheafCohBGG2(M,l,h);    M module, l,h int
+ASSUME:  @code{M} is graded, and it comes assigned with an admissible degree
+         vector as an attribute, @code{h>=l}, and the basering has @code{n+1}
+         variables.
+RETURN:  intmat, cohomology of twists of the coherent sheaf F on P^n
+         associated to coker(M). The range of twists is determined by @code{l},
+         @code{h}.
+DISPLAY: The intmat is displayed in a diagram of the following form:
+         with @code{displayCohom(A,l,h,nvars(r)-1);}@*
+  @format
+                l            l+1                      h
+  ----------------------------------------------------------
+      n:     h^n(F(l))    h^n(F(l+1))   ......    h^n(F(h))
+           ...............................................
+      1:     h^1(F(l))    h^1(F(l+1))   ......    h^1(F(h))
+      0:     h^0(F(l))    h^0(F(l+1))   ......    h^0(F(h))
+  ----------------------------------------------------------
+    chi:     chi(F(l))    chi(F(l+1))   ......    chi(F(h))
+  @end format
+         A @code{'-'} in the diagram refers to a zero entry; a @code{'*'}
+         refers to a negative entry (= dimension not yet determined).
+         refers to a not computed dimension. @*
+         If @code{printlevel}>=1, step-by step timings will be printed.
+         If @code{printlevel}>=2 we add progress debug messages
+         if @code{printlevel}>=3, even all intermediate results...
+NOTE:    This procedure is based on the Bernstein-Gel'fand-Gel'fand
+         correspondence and on Tate resolution ( see [Eisenbud, Floystad,
+         Schreyer: Sheaf cohomology and free resolutions over exterior
+         algebras, Trans AMS 355 (2003)] ).@*
+         @code{sheafCohBGG(M,l,h)} does not compute all values in the above
+         table. To determine all values of @code{h^i(F(d))}, @code{d=l..h},
+         use @code{sheafCohBGG(M,l-n,h+n)}.
+         Experimental version. Should require less memory.
+SEE ALSO: sheafCohBGG, displayCohom
+EXAMPLE: example sheafCohBGG2; shows an example
+"
+{
+  int PL = printlevel - voice + 2;
+//  int PL = printlevel;
+
+  dbprint(PL-1, "// sheafCohBGG2(M: "+ string(nrows(M)) + " x " + string(ncols(M)) +", " + string(l) + ", " + string(h) + "):");
+  dbprint(PL-2, M);
+
+  intvec save = option(get);
+
+  if( PL >= 2 )
+  {
+    option(prot);
+    option(mem);
+  }
+
+  def isCoker = attrib(M, "isCoker");
+  if( typeof(isCoker) == "int" )
+  {
+    if( isCoker > 0 )
+    {
+      dbprint(PL-1, "We are going to assume that M is given by coker matrix (that is, M is not a submodule presentation!)");
+    }
+  }
+
+  int i,j,k,row,col;
+
+  if( typeof(attrib(M,"isHomog"))!="intvec" )
+  {
+     if (size(M)==0) { attrib(M,"isHomog",0); }
+     else { ERROR("No admissible degree vector assigned"); }
+  }
+
+  dbprint(PL-1, "// weighting(M): ["+ string(attrib(M, "isHomog")) + "]");
+
+  option(redSB); option(redTail);
+
+  def R=basering;
+
+  int n = nvars(R) - 1;
+  int ell = l + n;
+
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// computations
+
+  int tBegin=timer;
+  int reg   = CM_regularity(M);
+  int tCMEnd = timer;
+
+  dbprint(PL-1, "// CM_reg(M): "+ string(reg));
+
+  int bound = max(reg + 1, h - 1);
+
+  dbprint(PL-1, "// bound: "+ string(bound));
+
+  ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  int tSTDBegin=timer;
+  M = std(M); // for kbase! // NOTE: this should be after CM_regularity, since otherwise CM_regularity computes JUST TOOOOOOO LONG sometimes (see Reg_Hard examples!)
+  int tSTDEnd = timer;
+
+  dbprint(PL-1, "// M = std(M: "+string(nrows(M)) + " x " + string(ncols(M))  + ")");
+  dbprint(PL-2, M);
+  dbprint(PL-1, "// weighting(M): ["+ string(attrib(M, "isHomog")) + "]");
+
+
+  printlevel = printlevel + 1;
+  int tTruncateBegin=timer;
+  module MT = truncateFast(M, bound);
+  int tTruncateEnd=timer;
+  printlevel = printlevel - 1;
+
+  dbprint(PL-1, "// MT = truncateFast(M: "+string(nrows(MT)) + " x " + string(ncols(MT)) +", " + string(bound) + ")");
+  dbprint(PL-2, MT);
+  dbprint(PL-1, "// weighting(MT): ["+ string(attrib(MT, "isHomog")) + "]");
+
+  int m=nrows(MT);
+
+  ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  int tTransposeJacobBegin=timer;
+  MT = jacob(MT); // ! :(
+  int tTransposeJacobEnd=timer;
+
+  dbprint(PL-1, "// MT = jacob(MT: "+string(nrows(MT)) + " x " + string(ncols(MT))  + ")");
+  dbprint(PL-2, MT);
+  dbprint(PL-1, "// weighting(MT): ["+ string(attrib(MT, "isHomog")) + "]");
+
+  int tSyzBegin=timer;
+  MT = syz(MT);
+  int tSyzEnd=timer;
+
+  dbprint(PL-1, "// MT = syz(MT: "+string(nrows(MT)) + " x " + string(ncols(MT))  + ")");
+  dbprint(PL-2, MT);
+  dbprint(PL-1, "// weighting(MT): ["+ string(attrib(MT, "isHomog")) + "]");
+
+  int tMatrixOppBegin=timer;
+  module SS = TensorModuleMult(m, MT);
+  int tMatrixOppEnd=timer;
+
+  dbprint(PL-1, "// SS = TensorModuleMult("+ string(m)+ ", MT: "+string(nrows(MT)) + " x " + string(ncols(MT))  + ")");
+  dbprint(PL-2, SS);
+  dbprint(PL-1, "// weighting(SS): ["+ string(attrib(SS, "isHomog")) + "]");
+
+  //--- to the exterior algebra
+  def AR = Exterior(); setring AR;
+
+  dbprint(PL-1, "// Test: var(1) * var(1): "+ string(var(1) * var(1)));
+
+  int maxbound = max(1, bound - ell + 1);
+//  int maxbound = max(1, bound - l + 1); // As In M2!!!
+
+  dbprint(PL-1, "// maxbound: "+ string(maxbound));
+
+  //--- here we are with our matrix
+  module EM=imap(R,SS);
+  intvec w;
+  for (i=1; i<=nrows(EM); i++)
+  {
+     w[i]=-bound-1;
+  }
+
+  attrib(EM,"isHomog",w);
+
+  ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+  dbprint(PL-1, "// EM: "+string(nrows(EM)) + " x " + string(ncols(EM))  + ")");
+  dbprint(PL-2, EM);
+  dbprint(PL-1, "// weighting(EM): ["+ string(attrib(EM, "isHomog")) + "]");
+
+  int tResulutionBegin=timer;
+  resolution RE = nres(EM, maxbound); // TODO: Plural computes one too many syzygies...?!
+  int tMinResBegin=timer;
+  RE = minres(RE);
+  int tBettiBegin=timer;
+  intmat Betti = betti(RE); // betti(RE, 1);?
+  int tResulutionEnd=timer;
+
+  int tEnd = tResulutionEnd;
+
+  if( PL > 0 )
+  {
+    //    list L = RE; // TODO: size(L/RE) is wrong!
+    "
+        ----      RESULTS  ----
+        Tate Resolution:
+    ";
+    RE;
+    "Betti numbers for Tate resolution (diagonal cohomology table):";
+    print(Betti, "betti"); // Diagonal form!
+  }
+
+//  printlevel = printlevel + 1;
+  Betti = showResult(Betti, l, h ); // Show usual form of cohomology table
+//  printlevel = printlevel - 1;
+
+  if(PL > 0)
+  {
+  "
+      ----      TIMINGS     -------
+      Trunc      Time: ", tTruncateEnd - tTruncateBegin, "
+      Reg        Time: ", tCMEnd - tBegin, "
+      kStd       Time: ", tSTDEnd - tSTDBegin, "
+      Jacob      Time: ", tTransposeJacobEnd - tTransposeJacobBegin, "
+      Syz        Time: ", tSyzEnd - tSyzBegin, "
+      Mat        Time: ", tMatrixOppEnd - tMatrixOppBegin, "
+      ------------------------------
+      Res        Time: ", tResulutionEnd - tResulutionBegin, "
+      :: NRes    Time: ", tMinResBegin - tResulutionBegin, "
+      :: MinRes .Time: ", tBettiBegin - tMinResBegin, "
+      :: Betti  .Time: ", tResulutionEnd - tBettiBegin, "
+      ---------------------------------------------------------
+      Total Time: ", tEnd - tBegin, "
+      ---------------------------------------------------------
+      ";
+  }
+
+  setring R;
+
+  option(set, save);
+
+  return(Betti);
+}
+example
+{"EXAMPLE:";
+  echo = 2;
+  int pl = printlevel;
+  int l,h, t;
+
+  //-------------------------------------------
+  // cohomology of structure sheaf on P^4:
+  //-------------------------------------------
+  ring r=32001,x(1..5),dp;
+
+  module M= getStructureSheaf(); // OO_P^4
+
+  l = -12; h = 12; // range of twists: l..h
+
+  printlevel = 0;
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////
+  t = timer;
+
+  def A = sheafCoh(M, l, h); // global Ext method:
+  displayCohom(A,l,h,nvars(basering)-1);
+
+  "Time: ", timer - t;
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////
+  t = timer;
+
+  A = sheafCohBGG(M, l, h);  // BGG method (without optimization):
+  displayCohom(A,l,h,nvars(basering)-1);
+
+  "Time: ", timer - t;
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////
+  t = timer;
+
+  A = sheafCohBGG2(M, l, h); // BGG method (with optimization)
+  displayCohom(A,l,h,nvars(basering)-1);
+
+  "Time: ", timer - t;
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////
+  printlevel = pl;
+
+  kill A, r;
+
+  //-------------------------------------------
+  // cohomology of cotangential bundle on P^3:
+  //-------------------------------------------
+  ring R=32001,(x,y,z,u),dp;
+
+  module M = getCotangentialBundle();
+
+  l = -12; h = 11; // range of twists: l..h
+
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////
+  printlevel = 0;
+  t = timer;
+
+  def B = sheafCoh(M, l, h); // global Ext method:
+  displayCohom(B,l,h,nvars(basering)-1);
+
+  "Time: ", timer - t;
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////
+  t = timer;
+
+  B = sheafCohBGG(M, l, h);  // BGG method (without optimization):
+  displayCohom(B,l,h,nvars(basering)-1);
+
+  "Time: ", timer - t;
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////
+  t = timer;
+
+  B = sheafCohBGG2(M, l, h); // BGG method (with optimization)
+  displayCohom(B,l,h,nvars(basering)-1);
+
+  "Time: ", timer - t;
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////
+  printlevel = pl;
+}
+
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc dimH(int i,module M,int d)
+"USAGE:   dimH(i,M,d);    M module, i,d int
+ASSUME:  @code{M} is graded, and it comes assigned with an admissible degree
+         vector as an attribute, @code{h>=l}, and the basering @code{S} has
+         @code{n+1} variables.
+RETURN:  int,  vector space dimension of @math{H^i(F(d))} for F the coherent
+         sheaf on P^n associated to coker(M).
+NOTE:    The procedure is based on local duality as described in [Eisenbud:
+         Computing cohomology. In Vasconcelos: Computational methods in
+         commutative algebra and algebraic geometry. Springer (1998)].
+SEE ALSO: sheafCoh, sheafCohBGG
+EXAMPLE: example dimH; shows an example
+"
+{
+  if( typeof(attrib(M,"isHomog"))=="string" )
+  {
+    if (size(M)==0)
+    {
+      // assign weights 0 to generators of R^n (n=nrows(M))
+      intvec v;
+      v[nrows(M)]=0;
+      attrib(M,"isHomog",v);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      ERROR("No admissible degree vector assigned");
+    }
+  }
+  int Result;
+  int n=nvars(basering)-1;
+  if ((i>0) and (i<=n))
+  {
+    list L=Ext_R(n-i,M,1)[2];
+    def N=L[1];
+    return(dimGradedPart(N,-n-1-d));
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    if (i==0)
+    {
+      list L=Ext_R(intvec(n+1,n+2),M,1)[2];
+      def N0=L[2];
+      def N1=L[1];
+      Result=dimGradedPart(M,d) - dimGradedPart(N0,-n-1-d)
+                                - dimGradedPart(N1,-n-1-d);
+      return(Result);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      return(0);
+    }
+  }
+}
+example
+{"EXAMPLE:";
+  echo = 2;
+  ring R=0,(x,y,z,u),dp;
+  resolution T1=mres(maxideal(1),0);
+  module M=T1[3];
+  intvec v=2,2,2,2,2,2;
+  attrib(M,"isHomog",v);
+  dimH(0,M,2);
+  dimH(1,M,0);
+  dimH(2,M,1);
+  dimH(3,M,-5);
+}
+
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc sheafCoh(module M,int l,int h,list #)
+"USAGE:   sheafCoh(M,l,h);    M module, l,h int
+ASSUME:  @code{M} is graded, and it comes assigned with an admissible degree
+         vector as an attribute, @code{h>=l}. The basering @code{S} has
+         @code{n+1} variables.
+RETURN:  intmat, cohomology of twists of the coherent sheaf F on P^n
+         associated to coker(M). The range of twists is determined by @code{l},
+         @code{h}.
+DISPLAY: The intmat can be displayed in a diagram of the following form:
+         with @code{displayCohom(A,l,h,nvars(r)-1);}@*
+  @format
+                l            l+1                      h
+  ----------------------------------------------------------
+      n:     h^n(F(l))    h^n(F(l+1))   ......    h^n(F(h))
+           ...............................................
+      1:     h^1(F(l))    h^1(F(l+1))   ......    h^1(F(h))
+      0:     h^0(F(l))    h^0(F(l+1))   ......    h^0(F(h))
+  ----------------------------------------------------------
+    chi:     chi(F(l))    chi(F(l+1))   ......    chi(F(h))
+  @end format
+         A @code{'-'} in the diagram refers to a zero entry.
+NOTE:    The procedure is based on local duality as described in [Eisenbud:
+         Computing cohomology. In Vasconcelos: Computational methods in
+         commutative algebra and algebraic geometry. Springer (1998)].@*
+         By default, the procedure uses @code{mres} to compute the Ext
+         modules. If called with the additional parameter @code{\"sres\"},
+         the @code{sres} command is used instead.
+SEE ALSO: dimH, sheafCohBGG, sheafCoh_w
+EXAMPLE: example sheafCoh; shows an example
+"
+{
+  int use_sres;
+  if( typeof(attrib(M,"isHomog"))!="intvec" )
+  {
+     if (size(M)==0) { attrib(M,"isHomog",0); }
+     else { ERROR("No admissible degree vector assigned"); }
+  }
+  if (size(#)>0)
+  {
+    if (#[1]=="sres") { use_sres=1; }
+  }
+  int i,j;
+  module N,N0,N1;
+  int n=nvars(basering)-1;
+  intvec v=0..n+1;
+  int col=h-l+1;
+  intmat newBetti[n+1][col];
+  if (use_sres) { list L=Ext_R(v,M,1,"sres")[2]; }
+  else          { list L=Ext_R(v,M,1)[2]; }
+  for (i=l; i<=h; i++)
+  {
+    N0=L[n+2];
+    N1=L[n+1];
+    newBetti[n+1,i-l+1]=dimGradedPart(M,i) - dimGradedPart(N0,-n-1-i)
+                             - dimGradedPart(N0,-n-1-i);
+  }
+  for (j=1; j<=n; j++)
+  {
+     N=L[j];
+     attrib(N,"isSB",1);
+     if (dim(N)>=0)
+     {
+       for (i=l; i<=h; i++)
+       {
+         newBetti[j,i-l+1]=dimGradedPart(N,-n-1-i);
+       }
+     }
+  }
+  return(newBetti);
+}
+example
+{"EXAMPLE:";
+  echo = 2;
+  //
+  // cohomology of structure sheaf on P^4:
+  //-------------------------------------------
+  ring r=0,x(1..5),dp;
+  module M=0;
+  intmat A=sheafCoh(0,-7,2);
+  A;
+  displayCohom(A,-7,2,nvars(r)-1);
+  //
+  // cohomology of cotangential bundle on P^3:
+  //-------------------------------------------
+  ring R=0,(x,y,z,u),dp;
+  resolution T1=mres(maxideal(1),0);
+  module M=T1[3];
+  intvec v=2,2,2,2,2,2;
+  attrib(M,"isHomog",v);
+  intmat B=sheafCoh(M,-6,2);
+  displayCohom(B,-6,2,nvars(R)-1);
+}
+
+proc sheafCoh_w(module M,int l,int h,intvec w, list #)
+"USAGE:   sheafCoh(M,l,h);    M module, l,h int, w intvec
+ASSUME:  @code{M} is graded by w, @code{h>=l}. The basering @code{S} has
+         @code{n+1} variables.
+RETURN:  intmat, cohomology of twists of the coherent sheaf F on P^n
+         associated to coker(M). The range of twists is determined by @code{l},
+         @code{h}.
+DISPLAY: The intmat can be displayed in a diagram of the following form:
+         with @code{displayCohom(A,l,h,nvars(r)-1);}@*
+  @format
+                l            l+1                      h
+  ----------------------------------------------------------
+      n:     h^n(F(l))    h^n(F(l+1))   ......    h^n(F(h))
+           ...............................................
+      1:     h^1(F(l))    h^1(F(l+1))   ......    h^1(F(h))
+      0:     h^0(F(l))    h^0(F(l+1))   ......    h^0(F(h))
+  ----------------------------------------------------------
+    chi:     chi(F(l))    chi(F(l+1))   ......    chi(F(h))
+  @end format
+         A @code{'-'} in the diagram refers to a zero entry.
+NOTE:    The procedure is based on local duality as described in [Eisenbud:
+         Computing cohomology. In Vasconcelos: Computational methods in
+         commutative algebra and algebraic geometry. Springer (1998)].@*
+         By default, the procedure uses @code{mres} to compute the Ext
+         modules. If called with the additional parameter @code{\"sres\"},
+         the @code{sres} command is used instead.
+SEE ALSO: dimH, sheafCohBGG, sheafCoh
+EXAMPLE: example sheafCoh; shows an example
+"
+{
+  attrib(M,"isHomog",w);
+  return(sheafCoh(M,l,h,#));
+}
+example
+{"EXAMPLE:";
+  echo = 2;
+  //
+  // cohomology of structure sheaf on P^4:
+  //-------------------------------------------
+  ring r=0,x(1..5),dp;
+  module M=0;
+  intmat A=sheafCoh_w(0,-7,2,intvec(0));
+  A;
+  displayCohom(A,-7,2,nvars(r)-1);
+  //
+  // cohomology of cotangential bundle on P^3:
+  //-------------------------------------------
+  ring R=0,(x,y,z,u),dp;
+  resolution T1=mres(maxideal(1),0);
+  module M=T1[3];
+  intvec v=2,2,2,2,2,2;
+  intmat B=sheafCoh_w(M,-6,2,v);
+  displayCohom(B,-6,2,nvars(R)-1);
+}
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+proc displayCohom (intmat data, int l, int h, int n)
+"USAGE:   displayCohom(data,l,h,n);  data intmat, l,h,n int
+ASSUME:  @code{h>=l}, @code{data} is the return value of
+         @code{sheafCoh(M,l,h)} or of @code{sheafCohBGG(M,l,h)}, and the
+         basering has @code{n+1} variables.
+RETURN:  none
+NOTE:    The intmat is displayed in a diagram of the following form: @*
+  @format
+                l            l+1                      h
+  ----------------------------------------------------------
+      n:     h^n(F(l))    h^n(F(l+1))   ......    h^n(F(h))
+           ...............................................
+      1:     h^1(F(l))    h^1(F(l+1))   ......    h^1(F(h))
+      0:     h^0(F(l))    h^0(F(l+1))   ......    h^0(F(h))
+  ----------------------------------------------------------
+    chi:     chi(F(l))    chi(F(l+1))   ......    chi(F(h))
+  @end format
+         where @code{F} refers to the associated sheaf of @code{M} on P^n.@*
+         A @code{'-'} in the diagram refers to a zero entry,  a @code{'*'}
+         refers to a negative entry (= dimension not yet determined).
+"
+{
+  int i,j,k,dat,maxL;
+  intvec notSumCol;
+  notSumCol[h-l+1]=0;
+  string s;
+  maxL=4;
+  for (i=1;i<=nrows(data);i++)
+  {
+    for (j=1;j<=ncols(data);j++)
+    {
+      if (size(string(data[i,j]))>=maxL-1)
+      {
+        maxL=size(string(data[i,j]))+2;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  string Row="    ";
+  string Row1="----";
+  for (i=l; i<=h; i++)
+  {
+    for (j=1; j<=maxL-size(string(i)); j++)
+    {
+      Row=Row+" ";
+    }
+    Row=Row+string(i);
+    for (j=1; j<=maxL; j++) { Row1 = Row1+"-"; }
+  }
+  print(Row);
+  print(Row1);
+  for (j=1; j<=n+1; j++)
+  {
+    s = string(n+1-j);
+    Row = "";
+    for(k=1; k<4-size(s); k++) { Row = Row+" "; }
+    Row = Row + s+":";
+    for (i=0; i<=h-l; i++)
+    {
+      dat = data[j,i+1];
+      if (dat>0) { s = string(dat); }
+      else
+      {
+        if (dat==0) { s="-"; }
+        else        { s="*"; notSumCol[i+1]=1; }
+      }
+      for(k=1; k<=maxL-size(s); k++) { Row = Row+" "; }
+      Row = Row + s;
+    }
+    print(Row);
+  }
+  print(Row1);
+  Row="chi:";
+  for (i=0; i<=h-l; i++)
+  {
+    dat = 0;
+    if (notSumCol[i+1]==0)
+    {
+      for (j=0; j<=n; j++) { dat = dat + (-1)^j * data[n+1-j,i+1]; }
+      s = string(dat);
+    }
+    else { s="*"; }
+    for (k=1; k<=maxL-size(s); k++) { Row = Row+" "; }
+    Row = Row + s;
+  }
+  print(Row);
+}
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc getStructureSheaf(list #)
+{
+
+  if( size(#) == 0 )
+  {
+    module M = 0;
+    intvec v = 0;
+    attrib(M,"isHomog",v);
+//    homog(M);
+
+    attrib(M, "isCoker", 1);
+
+//     attrib(M);
+    return(M);
+  }
+
+  if( typeof(#[1]) == "ideal")
+  {
+    ideal I = #[1];
+
+    if( size(#) == 2 )
+    {
+      if( typeof(#[2]) == "int" )
+      {
+        if( #[2] != 0 )
+        {
+          qring @@@@QQ = std(I);
+
+          module M = getStructureSheaf();
+
+          export M;
+
+//          keepring @@@@QQ; // This is a bad idea... :(?
+          return (@@@@QQ);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+/*
+    // This seems to be wrong!!!
+    module M = I * gen(1);
+    homog(M);
+
+    M = modulo(gen(1), module(I * gen(1))); // basering^1 / I
+
+    homog(M);
+
+    attrib(M, "isCoker", 1);
+
+    attrib(M);
+    return(M);
+*/
+  }
+
+  ERROR("Wrong argument");
+
+}
+example
+{"EXAMPLE:";
+  echo = 2; int pl = printlevel;
+  printlevel = voice;
+
+
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  ring r;
+  module M = getStructureSheaf();
+  "Basering: ";
+  basering;
+  "Module: ", string(M), ", grading is given by weights: ", attrib(M, "isHomog");
+
+  def A=sheafCohBGG2(M,-9,9);
+  print(A);
+
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  setring r;
+  module M = getStructureSheaf(ideal(var(1)), 0);
+
+  "Basering: ";
+  basering;
+  "Module: ", string(M), ", grading is given by weights: ", attrib(M, "isHomog");
+
+  def A=sheafCohBGG2(M,-9,9);
+  print(A);
+
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  setring r;
+  def Q = getStructureSheaf(ideal(var(1)), 1); // returns a new ring!
+  setring Q; // M was exported in the new ring!
+
+  "Basering: ";
+  basering;
+  "Module: ", string(M), ", grading is given by weights: ", attrib(M, "isHomog");
+
+  def A=sheafCohBGG2(M,-9,9);
+  print(A);
+
+  printlevel = pl;
+}
+
+
+proc getCotangentialBundle()
+{
+  resolution T1=mres(maxideal(1),3);
+  module M=T1[3];
+//  attrib(M,"isHomog");
+//  homog(M);
+  attrib(M, "isCoker", 1);
+  // attrib(M);
+  return (M);
+}
+
+proc getIdealSheafPullback(ideal I, ideal pi)
+{
+  def save = basering;
+  map P = save, pi;
+  return( P(I) );
+}
+
+// TODO: set attributes!
+
+
+proc getIdealSheaf(ideal I)
+{
+  int i = homog(I);
+  resolution FI = mres(I,2); // Syz + grading...
+  module M = FI[2];
+  attrib(M, "isCoker", 1);
+  //  attrib(M);
+  return(M);
+}
+
+
+/*
+Examples:
+---------
+ LIB "sheafcoh.lib";
+
+ ring S = 32003, x(0..4), dp;
+ module MI=maxideal(1);
+ attrib(MI,"isHomog",intvec(-1));
+ resolution kos = nres(MI,0);
+ print(betti(kos),"betti");
+ LIB "random.lib";
+ matrix alpha0 = random(32002,10,3);
+ module pres = module(alpha0)+kos[3];
+ attrib(pres,"isHomog",intvec(1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1));
+ resolution fcokernel = mres(pres,0);
+ print(betti(fcokernel),"betti");
+ module dir = transpose(pres);
+ attrib(dir,"isHomog",intvec(-1,-1,-1,-2,-2,-2,
+                             -2,-2,-2,-2,-2,-2,-2));
+ resolution fdir = mres(dir,2);
+ print(betti(fdir),"betti");
+ ideal I = groebner(flatten(fdir[2]));
+ resolution FI = mres(I,0);
+ print(betti(FI),"betti");
+ module F=FI[2];
+ int t=timer;
+ def A1=sheafCoh(F,-8,8);
+ timer-t;
+ t=timer;
+ def A2=sheafCohBGG(F,-8,8);
+ timer-t;
+
+ LIB "sheafcoh.lib";
+ LIB "random.lib";
+ ring S = 32003, x(0..4), dp;
+ resolution kos = nres(maxideal(1),0);
+ betti(kos);
+ matrix kos5 = kos[5];
+ matrix tphi = transpose(dsum(kos5,kos5));
+ matrix kos3 = kos[3];
+ matrix psi = dsum(kos3,kos3);
+ matrix beta1 = random(32002,20,2);
+ matrix tbeta1tilde = transpose(psi*beta1);
+ matrix tbeta0 = lift(tphi,tbeta1tilde);
+ matrix kos4 = kos[4];
+ matrix tkos4pluskos4 = transpose(dsum(kos4,kos4));
+ matrix tgammamin1 = random(32002,20,1);
+ matrix tgamma0 = tkos4pluskos4*tgammamin1;
+ matrix talpha0 = concat(tbeta0,tgamma0);
+ matrix zero[20][1];
+ matrix tpsi = transpose(psi);
+ matrix tpresg = concat(tpsi,zero);
+ matrix pres = module(transpose(talpha0))
+                    + module(transpose(tpresg));
+ module dir = transpose(pres);
+ dir = prune(dir);
+ homog(dir);
+ intvec deg_dir = attrib(dir,"isHomog");
+ attrib(dir,"isHomog",deg_dir-2);        // set degrees
+ resolution fdir = mres(prune(dir),2);
+ print(betti(fdir),"betti");
+ ideal I = groebner(flatten(fdir[2]));
+ resolution FI = mres(I,0);
+
+ module F=FI[2];
+ def A1=sheafCoh(F,-5,7);
+ def A2=sheafCohBGG(F,-5,7);
+
+*/