passagemath-singular 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl

sage_wheels/share/singular/LIB/polymake.lib

@@ -0,0 +1,1902 @@
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+version="version polymake.lib 4.3.1.1 Sep_2022 ";
+category="Tropical Geometry";
+info="
+LIBRARY:   polymake.lib    Computations with polytopes and fans,
+                           interface to TOPCOM
+AUTHOR:    Thomas Markwig,  email: keilen@mathematik.uni-kl.de
+           Yue Ren,         email: ren@mathematik.uni-kl.de
+
+WARNING:
+   Most procedures will not work unless polymake or topcom is installed and
+   if so, they will only work with the operating system LINUX!
+   For more detailed information see IMPORTANT NOTE respectively consult the
+   help string of the procedures.
+
+   The conventions used in this library for polytopes and fans, e.g. the
+   length and labeling of their vertices resp. rays, differs from the conventions
+   used in polymake and thus from the conventions used in the polymake
+   extension polymake.so of Singular. We recommend to use the newer polymake.so
+   whenever possible.
+
+IMPORTANT NOTE:
+@texinfo
+   Even though this is a Singular library for computing polytopes and fans
+   such as the Newton polytope or the Groebner fan of a polynomial, most of
+   the hard computations are NOT done by Singular but by the program
+@* - TOPCOM by Joerg Rambau, Universitaet Bayreuth (see
+     @uref{http://www.uni-bayreuth.de/de/team/rambau_joerg/TOPCOM/});
+@* this library should rather be seen as an interface which allows to use a
+   (very limited) number of options which topcom offers
+   to compute with polytopes and fans and to make the results available in
+   Singular for further computations;
+   moreover, the user familiar with Singular does not have to learn the syntax
+   of topcom, if the options offered here are sufficient for his
+   purposes.
+@* Note, though, that the procedures concerned with planar polygons are
+   independent of topcom.
+@end texinfo
+
+PROCEDURES USING TOPCOM:
+  triangulations()    computes all triangulations of a marked polytope
+  secondaryPolytope() computes the secondary polytope of a marked polytope
+
+PROCEDURES CONCERNED WITH PLANAR POLYGONS:
+  cycleLength()    computes the cycleLength of cycle
+  splitPolygon()   splits a marked polygon into vertices, facets, interior points
+  eta()            computes the eta-vector of a triangulation
+  findOrientedBoundary()  computes the boundary of a convex hull
+  cyclePoints()    computes lattice points connected to some lattice point
+  latticeArea()    computes the lattice area of a polygon
+  picksFormula()   computes the ingrediants of Pick's formula for a polygon
+  ellipticNF()     computes the normal form of an elliptic polygon
+
+KEYWORDS:    polytope; fan; secondary fan; secondary polytope;
+             Newton polytope; Groebner fan
+";
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/// Auxiliary Static Procedures in this Library
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/// - scalarproduct
+/// - intmatcoldelete
+/// - intmatconcat
+/// - sortlist
+/// - minInList
+/// - stringdelete
+/// - abs
+/// - commondenominator
+/// - maxPosInIntvec
+/// - maxPosInIntmat
+/// - sortintvec
+/// - matrixtointmat
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+LIB "polylib.lib";
+LIB "linalg.lib";
+LIB "random.lib";
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+static proc mod_init()
+{
+  intvec save=option(get);
+  option(noredefine);
+  LIB "customstd.lib";
+  LIB "gfan.lib";
+  load("polymake.so","try");
+  option(set,save);
+}
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/// PROCEDURES USING TOPCOM
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc triangulations (list polygon,list #)
+"USAGE:  triangulations(polygon[,#]); list polygon, list #
+ASSUME:  polygon is a list of integer vectors of the same size representing
+         the affine coordinates of the lattice points
+PURPOSE: the procedure considers the marked polytope given as the convex hull of
+         the lattice points and with these lattice points as markings; it then
+         computes all possible triangulations of this marked polytope
+RETURN:  list, each entry corresponds to one triangulation and the ith entry is
+               itself a list of integer vectors of size three, where each integer
+               vector defines one triangle in the triangulation by telling which
+               points of the input are the vertices of the triangle
+NOTE:- the procedure calls for its computations the program points2triangs
+       from the program topcom by Joerg Rambau, Universitaet Bayreuth; it
+       therefore is necessary that this program is installed in order to use
+       this  procedure; see http://www.rambau.wm.uni-bayreuth.de/TOPCOM/);
+@*   - if you only want to have the regular triangulations the procedure should
+       be called with the string 'regular' as optional argument
+@*   - the procedure creates the files /tmp/triangulationsinput and
+       /tmp/triangulationsoutput;
+       the former is used as input for points2triangs and the latter is its
+       output containing the triangulations of corresponding to points in the
+       format of points2triangs; if you wish to use this for further
+       computations with topcom, you have to call the procedure with the
+       string 'keepfiles' as optional argument
+@*   - note that an integer i in an integer vector representing a triangle
+       refers to the ith lattice point, i.e. polygon[i]; this convention is
+       different from TOPCOM's convention, where i would refer to the i-1st
+       lattice point
+EXAMPLE: example triangulations;   shows an example"
+{
+  int i,j;
+  // check for optional arguments
+  int regular,keepfiles;
+  if (size(#)>0)
+  {
+    for (i=1;i<=size(#);i++)
+    {
+      if (typeof(#[i])=="string")
+      {
+        if (#[i]=="keepfiles")
+        {
+          keepfiles=1;
+        }
+        if (#[i]=="regular")
+        {
+          regular=1;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  // prepare the input for points2triangs by writing the input polygon in the
+  // necessary format
+  string spi="[";
+  for (i=1;i<=size(polygon);i++)
+  {
+    polygon[i][size(polygon[i])+1]=1;
+    spi=spi+"["+string(polygon[i])+"]";
+    if (i<size(polygon))
+    {
+      spi=spi+",";
+    }
+  }
+  spi=spi+"]";
+  write(":w /tmp/triangulationsinput",spi);
+  // call points2triangs
+  if (regular==1) // compute only regular triangulations
+  {
+    system("sh","cd /tmp; points2triangs --regular < triangulationsinput > triangulationsoutput");
+  }
+  else // compute all triangulations
+  {
+    system("sh","cd /tmp; points2triangs < triangulationsinput > triangulationsoutput");
+  }
+  string p2t=read("/tmp/triangulationsoutput"); // takes result of points2triangs
+  // delete the tmp-files, if no second argument is given
+  if (keepfiles==0)
+  {
+    system("sh","cd /tmp; rm -f triangulationsinput; rm -f triangulationsoutput");
+  }
+  // preprocessing of p2t if points2triangs is version >= 0.15
+  // brings p2t to the format of version 0.14
+  string np2t; // takes the triangulations in Singular format
+  for (i=1;i<=size(p2t)-2;i++)
+  {
+    if ((p2t[i]==":") and (p2t[i+1]=="=") and (p2t[i+2]=="["))
+    {
+      np2t=np2t+p2t[i]+p2t[i+1];
+      i=i+3;
+      while (p2t[i]!=":")
+      {
+        i=i+1;
+      }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      if ((p2t[i]=="]") and (p2t[i+1]==";"))
+      {
+        np2t=np2t+p2t[i+1];
+        i=i+1;
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        np2t=np2t+p2t[i];
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if (p2t[size(p2t)-1]=="]")
+  {
+    np2t=np2t+p2t[size(p2t)];
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    if (np2t[size(np2t)]!=";")
+    {
+      np2t=np2t+p2t[size(p2t)-1]+p2t[size(p2t)];
+    }
+  }
+  p2t=np2t;
+  np2t="";
+  // transform the points2triangs output of version 0.14 into Singular format
+  for (i=1;i<=size(p2t);i++)
+  {
+    if (p2t[i]=="=")
+    {
+      np2t=np2t+p2t[i]+"list(";
+      i++;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      if (p2t[i]!=":")
+      {
+        if ((p2t[i]=="}") and (p2t[i+1]=="}"))
+        {
+          np2t=np2t+"))";
+          i++;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+          if (p2t[i]=="{")
+          {
+            np2t=np2t+"intvec(";
+          }
+          else
+          {
+            if (p2t[i]=="}")
+            {
+              np2t=np2t+")";
+            }
+            else
+            {
+              if (p2t[i]=="[")
+              {
+                // in Topcom version 17.4 (and maybe also in earlier versions) the list
+                // of triangulations is indexed starting with index 0, in Singular
+                // we have to start with index 1
+                np2t=np2t+p2t[i]+"1+";
+              }
+              else
+              {
+                np2t=np2t+p2t[i];
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  list T;
+  execute(np2t);
+  // depending on the version of Topcom, the list T has or has not an entry T[1]
+  // if it has none, the entry should be removed
+  while (typeof(T[1])=="none")
+  {
+    T=delete(T,1);
+  }
+  // raise each index by one
+  for (i=1;i<=size(T);i++)
+  {
+    for (j=1;j<=size(T[i]);j++)
+    {
+      T[i][j]=T[i][j]+1;
+    }
+  }
+  return(T);
+}
+example
+{
+   "EXAMPLE:";
+   echo=2;
+   // the lattice points of the unit square in the plane
+   list polygon=intvec(0,0),intvec(0,1),intvec(1,0),intvec(1,1);
+   // the triangulations of this lattice point configuration are computed
+   list triang=triangulations(polygon);
+   triang;
+}
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc secondaryPolytope (list polygon,list #)
+"USAGE:  secondaryPolytope(polygon[,#]); list polygon, list #
+ASSUME:  - polygon is a list of integer vectors of the same size representing
+           the affine coordinates of lattice points
+@*       - if the triangulations of the corresponding polygon have already been
+           computed with the procedure triangulations then these can be given as
+           a second (optional) argument in order to avoid doing this computation
+           again
+PURPOSE: the procedure considers the marked polytope given as the convex hull of
+         the lattice points and with these lattice points as markings; it then
+         computes the lattice points of the secondary polytope given by this
+         marked polytope which correspond to the triangulations computed by
+         the procedure triangulations
+RETURN:  list, say L, such that:
+@*             L[1] = intmat, each row gives the affine coordinates of a lattice
+                      point in the secondary polytope given by the marked
+                      polytope corresponding to polygon
+@*             L[2] = the list of corresponding triangulations
+NOTE: if the triangluations are not handed over as optional argument the
+      procedure calls for its computation of these triangulations the program
+      points2triangs from the program topcom by Joerg Rambau, Universitaet
+      Bayreuth; it therefore is necessary that this program is installed in
+      order to use this procedure; see
+@*    http://www.rambau.wm.uni-bayreuth.de/TOPCOM/);
+EXAMPLE: example secondaryPolytope;   shows an example"
+{
+  // compute the triangulations of the point configuration with points2triangs
+  if (size(#)==0)
+  {
+    list triangs=triangulations(polygon);
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    list triangs=#;
+  }
+  int i,j,k,l;
+  intmat N[2][2]; // is used to compute areas of triangles
+  intvec vertex;  // stores a point in the secondary polytope as
+                  // intermediate result
+  int eintrag;
+  int halt;
+  intmat secpoly[size(triangs)][size(polygon)];   // stores all lattice points
+                                                  // of the secondary polytope
+  // consider each triangulation and compute the corresponding point
+  // in the secondary polytope
+  for (i=1;i<=size(triangs);i++)
+  {
+    // for each triangulation we have to compute the coordinates
+    // corresponding to each marked point
+    for (j=1;j<=size(polygon);j++)
+    {
+      eintrag=0;
+      // for each marked point we have to consider all triangles in the
+      // triangulation which involve this particular point
+      for (k=1;k<=size(triangs[i]);k++)
+      {
+        halt=0;
+        for (l=1;(l<=3) and (halt==0);l++)
+        {
+          if (triangs[i][k][l]==j)
+          {
+            halt=1;
+            N[1,1]=polygon[triangs[i][k][3]][1]-polygon[triangs[i][k][1]][1];
+            N[1,2]=polygon[triangs[i][k][2]][1]-polygon[triangs[i][k][1]][1];
+            N[2,1]=polygon[triangs[i][k][3]][2]-polygon[triangs[i][k][1]][2];
+            N[2,2]=polygon[triangs[i][k][2]][2]-polygon[triangs[i][k][1]][2];
+            eintrag=eintrag+abs(det(N));
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      vertex[j]=eintrag;
+    }
+    secpoly[i,1..size(polygon)]=vertex;
+  }
+  return(list(secpoly,triangs));
+}
+example
+{
+   "EXAMPLE:";
+   echo=2;
+   // the lattice points of the unit square in the plane
+   list polygon=intvec(0,0),intvec(0,1),intvec(1,0),intvec(1,1);
+   // the secondary polytope of this lattice point configuration is computed
+   list secpoly=secondaryPolytope(polygon);
+   // the points in the secondary polytope
+   print(secpoly[1]);
+   // the corresponding triangulations
+   secpoly[2];
+}
+
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/// PROCEDURES CONCERNED WITH PLANAR POLYGONS
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc cycleLength (list boundary,intvec interior)
+"USAGE:  cycleLength(boundary,interior); list boundary, intvec interior
+ASSUME:  boundary is a list of integer vectors describing a cycle in some
+         convex lattice polygon around the lattice point interior ordered
+         clock wise
+RETURN:  string, the cycle length of the corresponding cycle in the dual
+                 tropical curve
+EXAMPLE: example cycleLength;   shows an example"
+{
+  int j;
+  // create a ring whose variables are indexed by the points in
+  // boundary resp. by interior
+ string rst="(u"+string(interior[1])+string(interior[2]);
+ for (j=1;j<=size(boundary);j++)
+ {
+   rst=rst+",u"+string(boundary[j][1])+string(boundary[j][2]);
+ }
+ rst=rst+")";
+ ring cyclering = create_ring(0, rst, "lp");
+  // add the first and second point at the end of boundary
+  boundary[size(boundary)+1]=boundary[1];
+  boundary[size(boundary)+1]=boundary[2];
+  poly cl,summand; // takes the cycle length
+  matrix N1[2][2]; // used to compute the area of a triangle
+  matrix N2[2][2]; // used to compute the area of a triangle
+  matrix N3[2][2]; // used to compute the area of a triangle
+  // for each original point in boundary compute its contribution to the cycle
+  for (j=2;j<=size(boundary)-1;j++)
+  {
+    N1=boundary[j-1]-interior,boundary[j]-interior;
+    N2=boundary[j]-interior,boundary[j+1]-interior;
+    N3=boundary[j+1]-interior,boundary[j-1]-interior;
+    execute("summand=-u"+string(boundary[j][1])+string(boundary[j][2])+"+u"+string(interior[1])+string(interior[2])+";");
+    summand=summand*(det(N1)+det(N2)+det(N3))/(det(N1)*det(N2));
+    cl=cl+summand;
+  }
+  return(string(cl));
+}
+example
+{
+   "EXAMPLE:";
+   echo=2;
+   // the integer vectors in boundary are lattice points on the boundary
+   // of a convex lattice polygon in the plane
+   list boundary=intvec(0,0),intvec(0,1),intvec(0,2),intvec(2,2),
+                 intvec(2,1),intvec(2,0);
+   // interior is a lattice point in the interior of this lattice polygon
+   intvec interior=1,1;
+   // compute the general cycle length of a cycle of the corresponding cycle
+   // in the dual tropical curve, note that (0,1) and (2,1) do not contribute
+   cycleLength(boundary,interior);
+}
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc splitPolygon (list markings)
+"USAGE:  splitPolygon (markings);  markings list
+ASSUME:  markings is a list of integer vectors representing lattice points in
+         the plane which we consider as the marked points of the convex lattice
+         polytope spanned by them
+PURPOSE: split the marked points in the vertices, the points on the facets
+         which are not vertices, and the interior points
+RETURN:  list, L consisting of three lists
+@*             L[1]    : represents the vertices the polygon ordered clockwise
+@*                       L[1][i][1] = intvec, the coordinates of the ith vertex
+@*                       L[1][i][2] = int, the position of L[1][i][1] in markings
+@*             L[2][i] : represents the lattice points on the facet of the
+                         polygon with endpoints L[1][i] and L[1][i+1]
+                         (i considered modulo size(L[1]))
+@*                       L[2][i][j][1] = intvec, the coordinates of the jth
+                                                 lattice point on that facet
+@*                       L[2][i][j][2] = int, the position of L[2][i][j][1]
+                                              in markings
+@*             L[3]    : represents the interior lattice points of the polygon
+@*                       L[3][i][1] = intvec, coordinates of ith interior point
+@*                       L[3][i][2] = int, the position of L[3][i][1] in markings
+EXAMPLE: example splitPolygon;   shows an example"
+{
+  list vert; // stores the result
+  // compute the boundary of the polygon in an oriented way
+  list pb=findOrientedBoundary(markings);
+  // the vertices are just the second entry of pb
+  vert[1]=pb[2];
+  int i,j,k;      // indices
+  list boundary;  // stores the points on the facets of the
+                  // polygon which are not vertices
+  // append to the boundary points as well as to the vertices
+  // the first vertex a second time
+  pb[1]=pb[1]+list(pb[1][1]);
+  pb[2]=pb[2]+list(pb[2][1]);
+  // for each vertex find all points on the facet of the polygon with this vertex
+  // and the next vertex as endpoints
+  int z=2;
+  for (i=1;i<=size(vert[1]);i++)
+  {
+    j=1;
+    list facet; // stores the points on this facet which are not vertices
+    // while the next vertex is not reached, store the boundary lattice point
+    while (pb[1][z]!=pb[2][i+1])
+    {
+      facet[j]=pb[1][z];
+      j++;
+      z++;
+    }
+    // store the points on the ith facet as boundary[i]
+    boundary[i]=facet;
+    kill facet;
+    z++;
+  }
+  // store the information on the boundary in vert[2]
+  vert[2]=boundary;
+  // find the remaining points in the input which are not on
+  // the boundary by checking
+  // for each point in markings if it is contained in pb[1]
+  list interior=markings;
+  for (i=size(interior);i>=1;i--)
+  {
+    for (j=1;j<=size(pb[1])-1;j++)
+    {
+      if (interior[i]==pb[1][j])
+      {
+        interior=delete(interior,i);
+        j=size(pb[1]);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  // store the interior points in vert[3]
+  vert[3]=interior;
+  // add to each point in vert the index which it gets from
+  // its position in the input markings;
+  // do so for ver[1]
+  for (i=1;i<=size(vert[1]);i++)
+  {
+    j=1;
+    while (markings[j]!=vert[1][i])
+    {
+      j++;
+    }
+    vert[1][i]=list(vert[1][i],j);
+  }
+  // do so for ver[2]
+  for (i=1;i<=size(vert[2]);i++)
+  {
+    for (k=1;k<=size(vert[2][i]);k++)
+    {
+      j=1;
+      while (markings[j]!=vert[2][i][k])
+      {
+        j++;
+      }
+      vert[2][i][k]=list(vert[2][i][k],j);
+    }
+  }
+  // do so for ver[3]
+  for (i=1;i<=size(vert[3]);i++)
+  {
+    j=1;
+    while (markings[j]!=vert[3][i])
+    {
+      j++;
+    }
+    vert[3][i]=list(vert[3][i],j);
+  }
+  return(vert);
+}
+example
+{
+   "EXAMPLE:";
+   echo=2;
+   // the lattice polygon spanned by the points (0,0), (3,0) and (0,3)
+   // with all integer points as markings
+   list polygon=intvec(1,1),intvec(3,0),intvec(2,0),intvec(1,0),
+                intvec(0,0),intvec(2,1),intvec(0,1),intvec(1,2),
+                intvec(0,2),intvec(0,3);
+   // split the polygon in its vertices, its facets and its interior points
+   list sp=splitPolygon(polygon);
+   // the vertices
+   sp[1];
+   // the points on facets which are not vertices
+   sp[2];
+   // the interior points
+   sp[3];
+}
+
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc eta (list triang,list polygon)
+"USAGE:  eta(triang,polygon);  triang, polygon list
+ASSUME:  polygon has the format of the output of splitPolygon, i.e. it is a
+         list with three entries describing a convex lattice polygon in the
+         following way:
+@*       polygon[1] : is a list of lists; for each i the entry polygon[1][i][1]
+                      is a lattice point which is a vertex of the lattice
+                      polygon, and polygon[1][i][2] is an integer assigned to
+                      this lattice point as identifying index
+@*       polygon[2] : is a list of lists; for each vertex of the polygon,
+                      i.e. for each entry in polygon[1], it contains a list
+                      polygon[2][i], which contains the lattice points on the
+                      facet with endpoints polygon[1][i] and polygon[1][i+1]
+                      - i considered mod size(polygon[1]);
+                      each such lattice point contributes an entry
+                      polygon[2][i][j][1] which is an integer
+                      vector giving the coordinate of the lattice point and an
+                      entry polygon[2][i][j][2] which is the identifying index
+@*       polygon[3] : is a list of lists, where each entry corresponds to a
+                      lattice point in the interior of the polygon, with
+                      polygon[3][j][1] being the coordinates of the point
+                      and polygon[3][j][2] being the identifying index;
+@*       triang is a list of integer vectors all of size three describing a
+         triangulation of the polygon described by polygon; if an entry of
+         triang is the vector (i,j,k) then the triangle is built by the vertices
+         with indices i, j and k
+RETURN:  intvec, the integer vector eta describing that vertex of the Newton
+                 polytope discriminant of the polygon whose dual cone in the
+                 Groebner fan contains the cone of the secondary fan of the
+                 polygon corresponding to the given triangulation
+NOTE:  for a better description of eta see Gelfand, Kapranov,
+       Zelevinski: Discriminants, Resultants and multidimensional Determinants.
+       Chapter 10.
+EXAMPLE: example eta;   shows an example"
+{
+  int i,j,k,l,m,n; // index variables
+  list ordpolygon;   // stores the lattice points in the order
+                     // used in the triangulation
+  list triangarea; // stores the areas of the triangulations
+  intmat N[2][2];  // used to compute triangle areas
+  // 1) store the lattice points in the order used in the triangulation
+  // go first through all vertices of the polytope
+  for (j=1;j<=size(polygon[1]);j++)
+  {
+    ordpolygon[polygon[1][j][2]]=polygon[1][j][1];
+  }
+  // then consider all inner points
+  for (j=1;j<=size(polygon[3]);j++)
+  {
+    ordpolygon[polygon[3][j][2]]=polygon[3][j][1];
+  }
+  // finally consider all lattice points on the boundary which are not vertices
+  for (j=1;j<=size(polygon[2]);j++)
+  {
+    for (i=1;i<=size(polygon[2][j]);i++)
+    {
+      ordpolygon[polygon[2][j][i][2]]=polygon[2][j][i][1];
+    }
+  }
+  // 2) compute for each triangle in the triangulation the area of the triangle
+  for (i=1;i<=size(triang);i++)
+  {
+    // Note that the ith lattice point in orderedpolygon has the
+    // number i-1 in the triangulation!
+    N=ordpolygon[triang[i][1]]-ordpolygon[triang[i][2]],ordpolygon[triang[i][1]]-ordpolygon[triang[i][3]];
+    triangarea[i]=abs(det(N));
+  }
+  intvec ETA;        // stores the eta_ij
+  int etaij;         // stores the part of eta_ij during computations
+                     // which comes from triangle areas
+  int seitenlaenge;  // stores the part of eta_ij during computations
+                     // which comes from boundary facets
+  list seiten;       // stores the lattice points on facets of the polygon
+  intvec v;          // used to compute a facet length
+  // 3) store first in seiten[i] all lattice points on the facet
+  //    connecting the ith vertex,
+  //    i.e. polygon[1][i], with the i+1st vertex, i.e. polygon[1][i+1],
+  //    where we replace i+1
+  //    1 if i=size(polygon[1]);
+  //    then append the last entry of seiten once more at the very
+  //    beginning of seiten, so
+  //    that the index is shifted by one
+  for (i=1;i<=size(polygon[1]);i++)
+  {
+    if (i<size(polygon[1]))
+    {
+      seiten[i]=list(polygon[1][i])+polygon[2][i]+list(polygon[1][i+1]);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      seiten[i]=list(polygon[1][i])+polygon[2][i]+list(polygon[1][1]);
+    }
+  }
+  seiten=insert(seiten,seiten[size(seiten)],0);
+  // 4) compute the eta_ij for all vertices of the polygon
+  for (j=1;j<=size(polygon[1]);j++)
+  {
+    // the vertex itself contributes a 1
+    etaij=1;
+    // check for each triangle in the triangulation ...
+    for (k=1;k<=size(triang);k++)
+    {
+      // ... if the vertex is actually a vertex of the triangle ...
+      if ((polygon[1][j][2]==triang[k][1]) or (polygon[1][j][2]==triang[k][2]) or (polygon[1][j][2]==triang[k][3]))
+      {
+        // ... if so, add the area of the triangle to etaij
+        etaij=etaij+triangarea[k];
+        // then check if that triangle has a facet which is contained
+        // in one of the
+        // two facets of the polygon which are adjacent to the given vertex ...
+        // these two facets are seiten[j] and seiten[j+1]
+        for (n=j;n<=j+1;n++)
+        {
+          // check for each lattice point in the facet of the polygon ...
+          for (l=1;l<=size(seiten[n]);l++)
+          {
+            // ... and for each lattice point in the triangle ...
+            for (m=1;m<=size(triang[k]);m++)
+            {
+              // ... if they coincide and are not the vertex itself ...
+              if ((seiten[n][l][2]==triang[k][m]) and (seiten[n][l][2]!=polygon[1][j][2]))
+              {
+                // if so, then compute the vector pointing from this
+                // lattice point to the vertex
+                v=polygon[1][j][1]-seiten[n][l][1];
+                // and the lattice length of this vector has to be
+                // subtracted from etaij
+                etaij=etaij-abs(gcd(v[1],v[2]));
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    // store etaij in the list
+    ETA[polygon[1][j][2]]=etaij;
+  }
+  // 5) compute the eta_ij for all lattice points on the facets
+  //    of the polygon which are not vertices, these are the
+  //    lattice points in polygon[2][1] to polygon[2][size(polygon[1])]
+  for (i=1;i<=size(polygon[2]);i++)
+  {
+    for (j=1;j<=size(polygon[2][i]);j++)
+    {
+      // initialise etaij
+      etaij=0;
+      // initialise seitenlaenge
+      seitenlaenge=0;
+      // check for each triangle in the triangulation ...
+      for (k=1;k<=size(triang);k++)
+      {
+        // ... if the vertex is actually a vertex of the triangle ...
+        if ((polygon[2][i][j][2]==triang[k][1]) or (polygon[2][i][j][2]==triang[k][2]) or (polygon[2][i][j][2]==triang[k][3]))
+        {
+          // ... if so, add the area of the triangle to etaij
+          etaij=etaij+triangarea[k];
+          // then check if that triangle has a facet which is contained in the
+          // facet of the polygon which contains the lattice point in question,
+          // this is the facet seiten[i+1];
+          // check for each lattice point in the facet of the polygon ...
+          for (l=1;l<=size(seiten[i+1]);l++)
+          {
+            // ... and for each lattice point in the triangle ...
+            for (m=1;m<=size(triang[k]);m++)
+            {
+              // ... if they coincide and are not the vertex itself ...
+              if ((seiten[i+1][l][2]==triang[k][m]) and (seiten[i+1][l][2]!=polygon[2][i][j][2]))
+              {
+                // if so, then compute the vector pointing from
+                // this lattice point to the vertex
+                v=polygon[2][i][j][1]-seiten[i+1][l][1];
+                // and the lattice length of this vector contributes
+                // to seitenlaenge
+                seitenlaenge=seitenlaenge+abs(gcd(v[1],v[2]));
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      // if the lattice point was a vertex of any triangle
+      // in the triangulation ...
+      if (etaij!=0)
+      {
+        // then eta_ij is the sum of the triangle areas minus seitenlaenge
+        ETA[polygon[2][i][j][2]]=etaij-seitenlaenge;
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        // otherwise it is just zero
+        ETA[polygon[2][i][j][2]]=0;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  // 4) compute the eta_ij for all inner lattice points of the polygon
+  for (j=1;j<=size(polygon[3]);j++)
+  {
+    // initialise etaij
+    etaij=0;
+    // check for each triangle in the triangulation ...
+    for (k=1;k<=size(triang);k++)
+    {
+      // ... if the vertex is actually a vertex of the triangle ...
+      if ((polygon[3][j][2]==triang[k][1]) or (polygon[3][j][2]==triang[k][2]) or (polygon[3][j][2]==triang[k][3]))
+      {
+        // ... if so, add the area of the triangle to etaij
+        etaij=etaij+triangarea[k];
+      }
+    }
+    // store etaij in ETA
+    ETA[polygon[3][j][2]]=etaij;
+  }
+  return(ETA);
+}
+example
+{
+   "EXAMPLE:";
+   echo=2;
+   // the lattice polygon spanned by the points (0,0), (3,0) and (0,3)
+   // with all integer points as markings
+   list polygon=intvec(1,1),intvec(3,0),intvec(2,0),intvec(1,0),
+                intvec(0,0),intvec(2,1),intvec(0,1),intvec(1,2),
+                intvec(0,2),intvec(0,3);
+   // split the polygon in its vertices, its facets and its interior points
+   list sp=splitPolygon(polygon);
+   // define a triangulation by connecting the only interior point
+   //        with the vertices
+   list triang=intvec(1,2,5),intvec(1,5,10),intvec(1,5,10);
+   // compute the eta-vector of this triangulation
+   eta(triang,sp);
+}
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc findOrientedBoundary (list polygon)
+"USAGE: findOrientedBoundary(polygon); polygon list
+ASSUME: polygon is a list of integer vectors defining integer lattice points
+        in the plane
+RETURN: list l with the following interpretation
+@*            l[1] = list of integer vectors such that the polygonal path
+                     defined by these is the boundary of the convex hull of
+                     the lattice points in polygon
+@*            l[2] = list, the redundant points in l[1] have been removed
+EXAMPLE:     example findOrientedBoundary;   shows an example"
+{
+  // Order the vertices such that passing from one to the next we travel along
+  // the boundary of the convex hull of the vertices clock wise
+  int d,k,i,j;
+  intmat D[2][2];
+  /////////////////////////////////////
+  // Treat first the pathological cases that the polygon is not two-dimensional:
+  /////////////////////////////////////
+  // if the polygon is empty or only one point or a line segment of two points
+  if (size(polygon)<=2)
+  {
+    return(list(polygon,polygon));
+  }
+  // check is the polygon is only a line segment given by more than two points;
+  // for this first compute sum of the absolute values of the determinants
+  // of the matrices whose
+  // rows are the vectors pointing from the first to the second point
+  // and from the
+  // the first point to the ith point for i=3,...,size(polygon);
+  // if this sum is zero
+  // then the polygon is a line segment and we have to find its end points
+  d=0;
+  for (i=3;i<=size(polygon);i++)
+  {
+    D=polygon[2]-polygon[1],polygon[i]-polygon[1];
+    d=d+abs(det(D));
+  }
+  if (d==0) // then polygon is a line segment
+  {
+    intmat laenge[size(polygon)][size(polygon)];
+    intvec mp;
+    //   for this collect first all vectors pointing from one lattice
+    //   point to the next,
+    //   compute their pairwise angles and their lengths
+    for (i=1;i<=size(polygon)-1;i++)
+    {
+      for (j=i+1;j<=size(polygon);j++)
+      {
+        mp=polygon[i]-polygon[j];
+        laenge[i,j]=abs(gcd(mp[1],mp[2]));
+      }
+    }
+    mp=maxPosInIntmat(laenge);
+    list endpoints=polygon[mp[1]],polygon[mp[2]];
+    intvec abstand;
+    for (i=1;i<=size(polygon);i++)
+    {
+      abstand[i]=0;
+      if (i<mp[1])
+      {
+        abstand[i]=laenge[i,mp[1]];
+      }
+      if (i>mp[1])
+      {
+        abstand[i]=laenge[mp[1],i];
+      }
+    }
+    polygon=sortlistbyintvec(polygon,abstand);
+    return(list(polygon,endpoints));
+  }
+  ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  list orderedvertices;  // stores the vertices in an ordered way
+  list minimisedorderedvertices;  // stores the vertices in an ordered way;
+                                  // redundant ones removed
+  list comparevertices; // stores vertices which should be compared to
+                        // the testvertex
+  orderedvertices[1]=polygon[1]; // set the starting vertex
+  minimisedorderedvertices[1]=polygon[1]; // set the starting vertex
+  intvec testvertex=polygon[1];  //vertex to which the others have to be compared
+  intvec startvertex=polygon[1]; // keep the starting vertex to test,
+                                 // when the end is reached
+  int endtest;                   // is set to one, when the end is reached
+  int startvertexfound;// is 1, once for some testvertex a candidate
+                       // for the next vertex has been found
+  polygon=delete(polygon,1);    // delete the testvertex
+  intvec v,w;
+  int l=1;  // counts the vertices
+  // the basic idea is that a vertex can be
+  // the next one on the boundary if all other vertices
+  // lie to the right of the vector v pointing
+  // from the testvertex to this one; this can be tested
+  // by checking if the determinant of the 2x2-matrix
+  // with first column v and second column the vector w,
+  // pointing from the testvertex to the new vertex,
+  // is non-positive; if this is the case for all
+  // new vertices, then the one in consideration is
+  // a possible choice for the next vertex on the boundary
+  // and it is stored in naechste; we can then order
+  // the candidates according to their distance from
+  // the testvertex; then they occur on the boundary in that order!
+  while (endtest==0)
+  {
+    list naechste;  // stores the possible choices for the next vertex
+    k=1;
+    for (i=1;i<=size(polygon);i++)
+    {
+      d=0;  // stores the value of the determinant of (v,w)
+      v=polygon[i]-testvertex; // points from the testvertex to the ith vertex
+      comparevertices=delete(polygon,i); // we needn't compare v to itself
+      // we should compare v to the startvertex-testvertex;
+      // in the first calling of the loop
+      // this is irrelevant since the difference will be zero;
+      // however, later on it will
+      // be vital, since we delete the vertices
+      // which we have already tested from the list
+      // of all vertices, and when all vertices
+      // on the boundary have been found we would
+      // therefore find a vertex in the interior
+      // as candidate; but always testing against
+      // the starting vertex, this cannot happen
+      comparevertices[size(comparevertices)+1]=startvertex;
+      for (j=1;(j<=size(comparevertices)) and (d<=0);j++)
+      {
+        w=comparevertices[j]-testvertex; // points form the testvertex
+                                         // to the jth vertex
+        D=v,w;
+        d=det(D);
+      }
+      if (d<=0) // if all determinants are non-positive,
+      { // then the ith vertex is a candidate
+        naechste[k]=list(polygon[i],i,scalarproduct(v,v));// we store the vertex,
+                                                          //its position, and its
+        k++; // distance from the testvertex
+      }
+    }
+    if (size(naechste)>0) // then a candidate for the next vertex has been found
+    {
+      startvertexfound=1; // at least once a candidate has been found
+      naechste=sortlist(naechste,3);  // we order the candidates according
+                                      // to their distance from testvertex;
+      for (j=1;j<=size(naechste);j++) // then we store them in this
+      { // order in orderedvertices
+        l++;
+        orderedvertices[l]=naechste[j][1];
+      }
+      testvertex=naechste[size(naechste)][1];  // we store the last one as
+                                               // next testvertex;
+      // store the next corner of NSD
+      minimisedorderedvertices[size(minimisedorderedvertices)+1]=testvertex;
+      naechste=sortlist(naechste,2); // then we reorder the vertices
+                                     // according to their position
+      for (j=size(naechste);j>=1;j--) // and we delete them from the vertices
+      {
+        polygon=delete(polygon,naechste[j][2]);
+      }
+    }
+    else // that means either that the vertex was inside the polygon,
+    {    // or that we have reached the last vertex on the boundary
+         // of the polytope
+      if (startvertexfound==0) // the vertex was in the interior;
+      { // we delete it and start all over again
+        orderedvertices[1]=polygon[1];
+        minimisedorderedvertices[1]=polygon[1];
+        testvertex=polygon[1];
+        startvertex=polygon[1];
+        polygon=delete(polygon,1);
+      }
+      else // we have reached the last vertex on the boundary of
+      { // the polytope and can stop
+        endtest=1;
+      }
+    }
+    kill naechste;
+  }
+  // test if the first vertex in minimisedorderedvertices
+  // is on the same line with the second and
+  // the last, i.e. if we started our search in the
+  // middle of a face; if so, delete it
+  v=minimisedorderedvertices[2]-minimisedorderedvertices[1];
+  w=minimisedorderedvertices[size(minimisedorderedvertices)]-minimisedorderedvertices[1];
+  D=v,w;
+  if (det(D)==0)
+  {
+    minimisedorderedvertices=delete(minimisedorderedvertices,1);
+  }
+  // test if the first vertex in minimisedorderedvertices
+  // is on the same line with the two
+  // last ones, i.e. if we started our search at the end of a face;
+  // if so, delete it
+  v=minimisedorderedvertices[size(minimisedorderedvertices)-1]-minimisedorderedvertices[1];
+  w=minimisedorderedvertices[size(minimisedorderedvertices)]-minimisedorderedvertices[1];
+  D=v,w;
+  if (det(D)==0)
+  {
+    minimisedorderedvertices=delete(minimisedorderedvertices,size(minimisedorderedvertices));
+  }
+  return(list(orderedvertices,minimisedorderedvertices));
+}
+example
+{
+   "EXAMPLE:";
+   echo=2;
+// the following lattice points in the plane define a polygon
+   list polygon=intvec(0,0),intvec(3,1),intvec(1,0),intvec(2,0),
+                intvec(1,1),intvec(3,2),intvec(1,2),intvec(2,3),
+                intvec(2,4);
+// we compute its boundary
+   list boundarypolygon=findOrientedBoundary(polygon);
+// the points on the boundary ordered clockwise are boundarypolygon[1]
+   boundarypolygon[1];
+// the vertices of the boundary are boundarypolygon[2]
+   boundarypolygon[2];
+}
+
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc cyclePoints (list triang,list points,int pt)
+"USAGE:      cyclePoints(triang,points,pt)  triang,points list, pt int
+ASSUME:      - points is a list of integer vectors describing the lattice
+               points of a marked polygon;
+@*           - triang is a list of integer vectors describing a triangulation
+               of the marked polygon in the sense that an integer vector of
+               the form (i,j,k) describes the triangle formed by polygon[i],
+               polygon[j] and polygon[k];
+@*           - pt is an integer between 1 and size(points), singling out a
+               lattice point among the marked points
+PURPOSE:     consider the convex lattice polygon, say P, spanned by all lattice
+             points in points which in the triangulation triang are connected
+             to the point points[pt]; the procedure computes all marked points
+             in points which lie on the boundary of that polygon, ordered
+             clockwise
+RETURN:      list, of integer vectors which are the coordinates of the lattice
+                   points on the boundary of the above mentioned polygon P, if
+                   this polygon is not the empty set (that would be the case if
+                   points[pt] is not a vertex of any triangle in the
+                   triangulation); otherwise return the empty list
+EXAMPLE:     example cyclePoints;   shows an example"
+{
+  int i,j; // indices
+  list v;  // saves the indices of lattice points connected to the
+           // interior point in the triangulation
+  // save all points in triangulations containing pt in v
+  for (i=1;i<=size(triang);i++)
+  {
+    if ((triang[i][1]==pt) or (triang[i][2]==pt) or (triang[i][3]==pt))
+    {
+      j++;
+      v[3*j-2]=triang[i][1];
+      v[3*j-1]=triang[i][2];
+      v[3*j]=triang[i][3];
+    }
+  }
+  if (size(v)==0)
+  {
+    return(list());
+  }
+  // remove pt itself and redundancies in v
+  for (i=size(v);i>=1;i--)
+  {
+    j=1;
+    while ((j<i) and (v[i]!=v[j]))
+    {
+      j++;
+    }
+    if ((j<i) or (v[i]==pt))
+    {
+      v=delete(v,i);
+    }
+  }
+  // save in pts the coordinates of the points with indices in v
+  list pts;
+  for (i=1;i<=size(v);i++)
+  {
+    pts[i]=points[v[i]];
+  }
+  // consider the convex polytope spanned by the points in pts,
+  // find the points on the
+  // boundary and order them clockwise
+  return(findOrientedBoundary(pts)[1]);
+}
+example
+{
+   "EXAMPLE:";
+   echo=2;
+   // the lattice polygon spanned by the points (0,0), (3,0) and (0,3)
+   // with all integer points as markings
+   list points=intvec(1,1),intvec(3,0),intvec(2,0),intvec(1,0),
+               intvec(0,0),intvec(2,1),intvec(0,1),intvec(1,2),
+               intvec(0,2),intvec(0,3);
+   // define a triangulation
+   list triang=intvec(1,2,5),intvec(1,5,7),intvec(1,7,9),intvec(8,9,10),
+               intvec(1,8,9),intvec(1,2,8);
+   // compute the points connected to (1,1) in triang
+   cyclePoints(triang,points,1);
+}
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc latticeArea (list polygon)
+"USAGE:  latticeArea(polygon);   polygon list
+ASSUME:  polygon is a list of integer vectors in the plane
+RETURN:  int, the lattice area of the convex hull of the lattice points in
+              polygon, i.e. twice the Euclidean area
+EXAMPLE: example polygonlatticeArea;   shows an example"
+{
+  list pg=findOrientedBoundary(polygon)[2];
+  int area;
+  intmat M[2][2];
+  for (int i=2;i<=size(pg)-1;i++)
+  {
+    M[1,1..2]=pg[i]-pg[1];
+    M[2,1..2]=pg[i+1]-pg[1];
+    area=area+abs(det(M));
+  }
+  return(area);
+}
+example
+{
+   "EXAMPLE:";
+   echo=2;
+   // define a polygon with lattice area 5
+   list polygon=intvec(1,2),intvec(1,0),intvec(2,0),intvec(1,1),
+                intvec(2,1),intvec(0,0);
+   latticeArea(polygon);
+}
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc picksFormula (list polygon)
+"USAGE:  picksFormula(polygon);   polygon list
+ASSUME:  polygon is a list of integer vectors in the plane and consider their
+         convex hull C
+RETURN:  list, L of three integersthe
+@*             L[1] : the lattice area of C, i.e. twice the Euclidean area
+@*             L[2] : the number of lattice points on the boundary of C
+@*             L[3] : the number of interior lattice points of C
+NOTE: the integers in L are related by Pick's formula, namely: L[1]=L[2]+2*L[3]-2
+EXAMPLE: example picksFormula;   shows an example"
+{
+  list pg=findOrientedBoundary(polygon)[2];
+  int area,bdpts,i;
+  intmat M[2][2];
+  // compute the lattice area of the polygon, i.e. twice the Euclidean area
+  for (i=2;i<=size(pg)-1;i++)
+  {
+    M[1,1..2]=pg[i]-pg[1];
+    M[2,1..2]=pg[i+1]-pg[1];
+    area=area+abs(det(M));
+  }
+  // compute the number of lattice points on the boundary
+  intvec edge;
+  pg[size(pg)+1]=pg[1];
+  for (i=1;i<=size(pg)-1;i++)
+  {
+    edge=pg[i]-pg[i+1];
+    bdpts=bdpts+abs(gcd(edge[1],edge[2]));
+  }
+  // Pick's formula says that the lattice area A, the number g of interior
+  // points and
+  // the number b of boundary points are connected by the formula: A=b+2g-2
+  return(list(area,bdpts,(area-bdpts+2) div 2));
+}
+example
+{
+   "EXAMPLE:";
+   echo=2;
+   // define a polygon with lattice area 5
+   list polygon=intvec(1,2),intvec(1,0),intvec(2,0),intvec(1,1),
+                intvec(2,1),intvec(0,0);
+   list pick=picksFormula(polygon);
+   // the lattice area of the polygon is:
+   pick[1];
+   // the number of lattice points on the boundary is:
+   pick[2];
+   // the number of interior lattice points is:
+   pick[3];
+   // the number's are related by Pick's formula:
+   pick[1]-pick[2]-2*pick[3]+2;
+}
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+proc ellipticNF (list polygon)
+"USAGE:  ellipticNF(polygon);   polygon list
+ASSUME:  polygon is a list of integer vectors in the plane such that their
+         convex hull C has precisely one interior lattice point; i.e. C is the
+         Newton polygon of an elliptic curve
+PURPOSE: compute the normal form of the polygon with respect to the unimodular
+         affine transformations T=A*x+v; there are sixteen different normal forms
+         (see e.g. Bjorn Poonen, Fernando Rodriguez-Villegas: Lattice Polygons
+                   and the number 12.  Amer. Math. Monthly  107  (2000),  no. 3,
+                   238--250.)
+RETURN:  list, L such that
+@*             L[1] : list whose entries are the vertices of the normal form of
+                      the polygon
+@*             L[2] : the matrix A of the unimodular transformation
+@*             L[3] : the translation vector v of the unimodular transformation
+@*             L[4] : list such that the ith entry is the image of polygon[i]
+                      under the unimodular transformation T
+EXAMPLE: example ellipticNF;   shows an example"
+{
+  int i;            // index
+  intvec edge;      // stores the vector of an edge
+  intvec boundary;  // stores lattice lengths of the edges of the Newton cycle
+  // find the vertices of the Newton cycle and order it clockwise
+  list pg=findOrientedBoundary(polygon)[2];
+  // check if there is precisely one interior point in the Newton polygon
+  if (picksFormula(pg)[3]!=1)
+  {
+    ERROR("The polygon has not precisely one interior point!");
+  }
+  // insert the first vertex at the end once again
+  pg[size(pg)+1]=pg[1];
+  // compute the number of lattice points on each edge
+  for (i=1;i<=size(pg)-1;i++)
+  {
+    edge=pg[i]-pg[i+1];
+    boundary[i]=1+abs(gcd(edge[1],edge[2]));
+  }
+  // store the values of boundary once more adding the first two at the end
+  intvec tboundary=boundary,boundary[1],boundary[2];
+  // sort boundary in an asecending way
+  intvec sbd=sortintvec(boundary);
+  // find the first edge having the maximal number of lattice points
+  int max=maxPosInIntvec(boundary);
+  // some computations have to be done over the rationals
+  ring transformationring=0,x,lp;
+  intvec trans;    // stores the vector by which we have to translate the polygon
+  intmat A[2][2];  // stores the matrix by which we have to transform the polygon
+  matrix M[3][3];  // stores the projective coordinates of the points
+                   // which are to be transformed
+  matrix N[3][3];  // stores the projective coordinates of the points to
+                   // which M is to be transformed
+  intmat T[3][3];  // stores the unimodular affine transformation in
+                   // projective form
+  // add the second point of pg once again at the end
+  pg=insert(pg,pg[2],size(pg));
+  // if there is only one edge which has the maximal number of lattice points,
+  // then M should be:
+  M=pg[max],1,pg[max+1],1,pg[max+2],1;
+  // consider the 16 different cases which can occur:
+  // Case 1:
+  if (sbd==intvec(2,2,2))
+  {
+    N=0,1,1,1,2,1,2,0,1;
+  }
+  // Case 2:
+  if (sbd==intvec(2,2,3))
+  {
+    N=2,0,1,0,0,1,1,2,1;
+  }
+  // Case 3:
+  if (sbd==intvec(2,3,4))
+  {
+    // here the orientation of the Newton polygon is important !
+    if (tboundary[max+1]==3)
+    {
+      N=3,0,1,0,0,1,0,2,1;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      N=0,0,1,3,0,1,0,2,1;
+    }
+  }
+  // Case 4:
+  if (sbd==intvec(3,3,5))
+  {
+    N=4,0,1,0,0,1,0,2,1;
+  }
+  // Case 5:
+  if (sbd==intvec(4,4,4))
+  {
+    N=3,0,1,0,0,1,0,3,1;
+  }
+  // Case 6+7:
+  if (sbd==intvec(2,2,2,2))
+  {
+    // there are two different polygons which has four edges all of length 2,
+    // but only one of them has two edges whose direction vectors form a matrix
+    // of determinant 3
+    A=pg[1]-pg[2],pg[3]-pg[2];
+    while ((max<4) and (det(A)!=3))
+    {
+      max++;
+      A=pg[max]-pg[max+1],pg[max+2]-pg[max+1];
+    }
+    // Case 6:
+    if (det(A)==3)
+    {
+      M=pg[max],1,pg[max+1],1,pg[max+2],1;
+      N=1,0,1,0,2,1,2,1,1;
+    }
+    // Case 7:
+    else
+    {
+      N=2,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1;
+    }
+  }
+  // Case 8:
+  if (sbd==intvec(2,2,2,3))
+  {
+    // the orientation of the polygon is important
+    A=pg[max]-pg[max+1],pg[max+2]-pg[max+1];
+    if (det(A)==2)
+    {
+      N=2,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,1;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      N=0,0,1,2,0,1,1,2,1;
+    }
+  }
+  // Case 9:
+  if (sbd==intvec(2,2,3,3))
+  {
+    // if max==1, then the 5th entry in tboundary is the same as the first
+    if (max==1)
+    {
+      max=5;
+    }
+    // if boundary=3,2,2,3 then set max=4
+    if (tboundary[max+1]!=3)
+    {
+      max=4;
+    }
+    M=pg[max],1,pg[max+1],1,pg[max+2],1;
+    // the orientation of the polygon matters
+    A=pg[max-1]-pg[max],pg[max+1]-pg[max];
+    if (det(A)==4)
+    {
+      N=2,0,1,0,0,1,0,2,1;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      N=0,2,1,0,0,1,2,0,1;
+    }
+  }
+  // Case 10:
+  if (sbd==intvec(2,2,3,4))
+  {
+    // the orientation of the polygon matters
+    if (tboundary[max+1]==3)
+    {
+      N=3,0,1,0,0,1,0,2,1;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      N=0,0,1,3,0,1,2,1,1;
+    }
+  }
+  // Case 11:
+  if (sbd==intvec(2,3,3,4))
+  {
+    N=3,0,1,0,0,1,0,2,1;
+  }
+  // Case 12:
+  if (sbd==intvec(3,3,3,3))
+  {
+    N=2,0,1,0,0,1,0,2,1;
+  }
+  // Case 13:
+  if (sbd==intvec(2,2,2,2,2))
+  {
+    // compute the angles of the polygon vertices
+    intvec dt;
+    for (i=1;i<=5;i++)
+    {
+      A=pg[i]-pg[i+1],pg[i+2]-pg[i+1];
+      dt[i]=det(A);
+    }
+    dt[6]=dt[1];
+    // find the vertex to be mapped to (0,1)
+    max=1;
+    while ((dt[max]!=2) or (dt[max+1]!=2))
+    {
+      max++;
+    }
+    M=pg[max],1,pg[max+1],1,pg[max+2],1;
+    N=0,1,1,1,2,1,2,1,1;
+  }
+  // Case 14:
+  if (sbd==intvec(2,2,2,2,3))
+  {
+    N=2,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,1;
+  }
+  // Case 15:
+  if (sbd==intvec(2,2,2,3,3))
+  {
+    // find the vertex to be mapped to (2,0)
+    if (tboundary[max+1]!=3)
+    {
+      max=5;
+      M=pg[max],1,pg[max+1],1,pg[max+2],1;
+    }
+    N=2,0,1,0,0,1,0,2,1;
+  }
+  // Case 16:
+  if (sbd==intvec(2,2,2,2,2,2))
+  {
+    N=2,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1;
+  }
+  // we have to transpose the matrices M and N
+  M=transpose(M);
+  N=transpose(N);
+  // compute the unimodular affine transformation, which is of the form
+  // A11 A12 | T1
+  // A21 A22 | T2
+  //  0   0  | 1
+  T=matrixtointmat(N*inverse(M));
+  // the upper-left 2x2-block is A
+  A=T[1..2,1..2];
+  // the upper-right 2x1-block is the translation vector
+  trans=T[1,3],T[2,3];
+  // transform now the lattice points of the polygon with respect to A and T
+  list nf;
+  for (i=1;i<=size(polygon);i++)
+  {
+    intmat V[2][1]=polygon[i];
+    V=A*V;
+    nf[i]=intvec(V[1,1]+trans[1],V[2,1]+trans[2]);
+    kill V;
+  }
+  return(list(findOrientedBoundary(nf)[2],A,trans,nf));
+}
+example
+{
+   "EXAMPLE:";
+   echo=2;
+   ring r=0,(x,y),dp;
+   // the Newton polygon of the following polynomial
+   //     has precisely one interior point
+   poly f=x22y11+x19y10+x17y9+x16y9+x12y7+x9y6+x7y5+x2y3;
+   list polygon=list(intvec(22,11),intvec(19,10),intvec(17,9),
+                     intvec(16,9), intvec(12,7),intvec(9,6),
+                     intvec(7,5),intvec(2,3));
+   // its lattice points are
+   polygon;
+   // find its normal form
+   list nf=ellipticNF(polygon);
+   // the vertices of the normal form are
+   nf[1];
+   // it has been transformed by the unimodular affine transformation A*x+v
+   // with matrix A
+   nf[2];
+   // and translation vector v
+   nf[3];
+   // the 3rd lattice point ...
+   polygon[3];
+   // ... has been transformed to
+   nf[4][3];
+}
+
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/// AUXILIARY PROCEDURES, WHICH ARE DECLARED STATIC
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/// - scalarproduct
+/// - intmatcoldelete
+/// - intmatconcat
+/// - sortlist
+/// - minInList
+/// - stringdelete
+/// - abs
+/// - commondenominator
+/// - maxPosInIntvec
+/// - maxPosInIntmat
+/// - sortintvec
+/// - matrixtointmat
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+static proc scalarproduct (intvec w,intvec v)
+"USAGE:      scalarproduct(w,v); w,v intvec
+ASSUME:      w and v are integer vectors of the same length
+RETURN:      int, the scalarproduct of v and w
+NOTE:        the procedure is called by findOrientedBoundary"
+{
+  int sp;
+  for (int i=1;i<=size(w);i++)
+  {
+    sp=sp+v[i]*w[i];
+  }
+  return(sp);
+}
+
+static proc intmatcoldelete (def w,int i)
+"USAGE:      intmatcoldelete(w,i); w intmat, i int
+RETURN:      intmat, the integer matrix w with the ith comlumn deleted
+NOTE:        the procedure is called by intmatsort"
+{
+  if (typeof(w)=="intmat")
+  {
+    if ((i<1) or (i>ncols(w)) or (ncols(w)==1))
+    {
+      return(w);
+    }
+    if (i==1)
+    {
+      intmat M[nrows(w)][ncols(w)-1]=w[1..nrows(w),2..ncols(w)];
+      return(M);
+    }
+    if (i==ncols(w))
+    {
+      intmat M[nrows(w)][ncols(w)-1]=w[1..nrows(w),1..ncols(w)-1];
+      return(M);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      intmat M[nrows(w)][i-1]=w[1..nrows(w),1..i-1];
+      intmat N[nrows(w)][ncols(w)-i]=w[1..nrows(w),i+1..ncols(w)];
+      return(intmatconcat(M,N));
+    }
+  }
+  if (typeof(w)=="bigintmat")
+  {
+    if ((i<1) or (i>ncols(w)) or (ncols(w)==1))
+    {
+      return(w);
+    }
+    if (i==1)
+    {
+      bigintmat M[nrows(w)][ncols(w)-1]=w[1..nrows(w),2..ncols(w)];
+      return(M);
+    }
+    if (i==ncols(w))
+    {
+      bigintmat M[nrows(w)][ncols(w)-1]=w[1..nrows(w),1..ncols(w)-1];
+      return(M);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      bigintmat MN[nrows(w)][ncols(w)-1];
+      MN[1..nrows(w),1..i-1]=w[1..nrows(w),1..i-1];
+      MN[1..nrows(w),i..ncols(w)-1]=w[1..nrows(w),i+1..ncols(w)];
+      return(MN);
+    }
+  } else
+  {
+    ERROR("intmatcoldelete: input matrix has to be of type intmat or bigintmat");
+    intmat M; return(M);
+  }
+}
+
+static proc intmatconcat (intmat M,intmat N)
+"USAGE:      intmatconcat(M,N); M,N intmat
+RETURN:      intmat, M and N concatenated
+NOTE:        the procedure is called by intmatcoldelete and sortintmat"
+{
+  if (nrows(M)>=nrows(N))
+  {
+    int m=nrows(M);
+
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    int m=nrows(N);
+  }
+  intmat P[m][ncols(M)+ncols(N)];
+  P[1..nrows(M),1..ncols(M)]=M[1..nrows(M),1..ncols(M)];
+  P[1..nrows(N),ncols(M)+1..ncols(M)+ncols(N)]=N[1..nrows(N),1..ncols(N)];
+  return(P);
+}
+
+static proc sortlist (list v,int pos)
+"USAGE:      sortlist(v,pos); v list, pos int
+RETURN:      list, the list L ordered in an ascending way according to the pos-th entries
+NOTE:        called by tropicalCurve"
+{
+  if(size(v)==1)
+  {
+    return(v);
+  }
+  list w=minInList(v,pos);
+  v=delete(v,w[2]);
+  v=sortlist(v,pos);
+  v=list(w[1])+v;
+  return(v);
+}
+
+static proc minInList (list v,int pos)
+"USAGE:      minInList(v,pos); v list, pos int
+RETURN:      list, (v[i],i) such that v[i][pos] is minimal
+NOTE:        called by sortlist"
+{
+  int min=v[1][pos];
+  int minpos=1;
+  for (int i=2;i<=size(v);i++)
+  {
+    if (v[i][pos]<min)
+    {
+      min=v[i][pos];
+      minpos=i;
+    }
+  }
+  return(list(v[minpos],minpos));
+}
+
+static proc stringdelete (string w,int i)
+"USAGE:      stringdelete(w,i); w string, i int
+RETURN:      string, the string w with the ith component deleted
+NOTE:        the procedure is called by texnumber and choosegfanvector"
+{
+  if ((i>size(w)) or (i<=0))
+  {
+    return(w);
+  }
+  if ((size(w)==1) and (i==1))
+  {
+    return("");
+
+  }
+  if (i==1)
+  {
+    return(w[2..size(w)]);
+  }
+  if (i==size(w))
+  {
+    return(w[1..size(w)-1]);
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    string erg=w[1..i-1],w[i+1..size(w)];
+    return(erg);
+  }
+}
+
+static proc abs (def n)
+"USAGE:      abs(n); n poly or int
+RETURN:      poly or int, the absolute value of n"
+{
+  if (n>=0)
+  {
+    return(n);
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    return(-n);
+  }
+}
+
+static proc commondenominator (matrix M)
+"USAGE:   commondenominator(M);  M matrix
+ASSUME:   the base ring has characteristic zero
+RETURN:   int, the lowest common multiple of the denominators of the leading coefficients
+               of the entries in M
+NOTE:        the procedure is called from polymakeToIntmat"
+{
+  int i,j;
+  int kgV=1;
+  // successively build the lowest common multiple of the denominators of the leading coefficients
+  // of the entries in M
+  for (i=1;i<=nrows(M);i++)
+  {
+    for (j=1;j<=ncols(M);j++)
+    {
+      kgV=lcm(kgV,int(denominator(leadcoef(M[i,j]))));
+    }
+  }
+  return(kgV);
+}
+
+static proc maxPosInIntvec (intvec v)
+"USAGE:      maxPosInIntvec(v); v intvec
+RETURN:      int, the first position of a maximal entry in v
+NOTE:        called by sortintmat"
+{
+  int max=v[1];
+  int maxpos=1;
+  for (int i=2;i<=size(v);i++)
+  {
+    if (v[i]>max)
+    {
+      max=v[i];
+      maxpos=i;
+    }
+  }
+  return(maxpos);
+}
+
+static proc maxPosInIntmat (intmat v)
+"USAGE:      maxPosInIntmat(v); v intmat
+ASSUME:      v has a unique maximal entry
+RETURN:      intvec, the position (i,j) of the maximal entry in v
+NOTE:        called by findOrientedBoundary"
+{
+  int max=v[1,1];
+  intvec maxpos=1,1;
+  int i,j;
+  for (i=1;i<=nrows(v);i++)
+  {
+    for (j=1;j<=ncols(v);j++)
+    {
+      if (v[i,j]>max)
+      {
+        max=v[i,j];
+        maxpos=i,j;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return(maxpos);
+}
+
+static proc sortintvec (intvec w)
+"USAGE:      sortintvec(v); v intvec
+RETURN:      intvec, the entries of v are ordered in an ascending way
+NOTE:        called from ellipticNF"
+{
+  int j,k,stop;
+  intvec v=w[1];
+  for (j=2;j<=size(w);j++)
+  {
+    k=1;
+    stop=0;
+    while ((k<=size(v)) and (stop==0))
+    {
+      if (v[k]<w[j])
+      {
+        k++;
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        stop=1;
+      }
+    }
+    if (k==size(v)+1)
+    {
+      v=v,w[j];
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      if (k==1)
+      {
+        v=w[j],v;
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        v=v[1..k-1],w[j],v[k..size(v)];
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return(v);
+}
+
+static proc sortlistbyintvec (list L,intvec w)
+"USAGE:      sortlistbyintvec(L,w); L list, w intvec
+RETURN:      list, the entries of L are ordered such that the corresponding reordering of
+                   w would order w in an ascending way
+NOTE:        called from ellipticNF"
+{
+  int j,k,stop;
+  intvec v=w[1];
+  list LL=L[1];
+  for (j=2;j<=size(w);j++)
+  {
+    k=1;
+    stop=0;
+    while ((k<=size(v)) and (stop==0))
+    {
+      if (v[k]<w[j])
+      {
+        k++;
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        stop=1;
+      }
+    }
+    if (k==size(v)+1)
+    {
+      v=v,w[j];
+      LL=insert(LL,L[j],size(LL));
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      if (k==1)
+      {
+        v=w[j],v;
+        LL=insert(LL,L[j]);
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        v=v[1..k-1],w[j],v[k..size(v)];
+        LL=insert(LL,L[j],k-1);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return(LL);
+}
+
+static proc matrixtointmat (matrix MM)
+"USAGE:      matrixtointmat(v); MM matrix
+ASSUME:      MM is a matrix with only integers as entries
+RETURN:      intmat, the matrix MM has been transformed to type intmat
+NOTE:        called from ellipticNF"
+{
+  intmat M[nrows(MM)][ncols(MM)]=M;
+  int i,j;
+  for (i=1;i<=nrows(M);i++)
+  {
+    for (j=1;j<=ncols(M);j++)
+    {
+      execute("M["+string(i)+","+string(j)+"]="+string(MM[i,j])+";");
+    }
+  }
+  return(M);
+}
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+static proc polygonToCoordinates (list points)
+"USAGE:      polygonToCoordinates(points);   points list
+ASSUME:      points is a list of integer vectors each of size two describing the
+             marked points of a convex lattice polygon like the output of
+             polygonDB
+RETURN:      list, the first entry is a string representing the coordinates
+                   corresponding to the latticpoints separated by commata
+                   the second entry is a list where the ith entry is a string
+                   representing the coordinate of corresponding to the ith
+                   lattice point the third entry is the latex format of the
+                   first entry
+NOTE:        the procedure is called by fan"
+{
+  string coord;
+  list coords;
+  string latex;
+  for (int i=1;i<=size(points);i++)
+  {
+    coords[i]="u"+string(points[i][1])+string(points[i][2]);
+    coord=coord+coords[i]+",";
+    latex=latex+"u_{"+string(points[i][1])+string(points[i][2])+"},";
+  }
+  coord=coord[1,size(coord)-1];
+  latex=latex[1,size(latex)-1];
+  return(list(coord,coords,latex));
+}
+
+static proc intmatAddFirstColumn (def M,string art)
+"USAGE:  intmatAddFirstColumn(M,art);  M intmat, art string
+ASSUME:  - M is an integer matrix where a first column of 0's or 1's should be added
+@*       - art is one of the following strings:
+@*         + 'rays'   : indicating that a first column of 0's should be added
+@*         + 'points' : indicating that a first column of 1's should be added
+RETURN:  intmat, a first column has been added to the matrix"
+{
+  if (typeof (M) == "intmat")
+  {
+    intmat N[nrows(M)][ncols(M)+1];
+    int i,j;
+    for (i=1;i<=nrows(M);i++)
+    {
+      if (art=="rays")
+      {
+        N[i,1]=0;
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        N[i,1]=1;
+      }
+      for (j=1;j<=ncols(M);j++)
+      {
+        N[i,j+1]=M[i,j];
+      }
+    }
+    return(N);
+  }
+  if (typeof (M) == "bigintmat")
+  {
+    bigintmat N[nrows(M)][ncols(M)+1];
+    int i,j;
+    for (i=1;i<=nrows(M);i++)
+    {
+      if (art=="rays")
+      {
+        N[i,1]=0;
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        N[i,1]=1;
+      }
+      for (j=1;j<=ncols(M);j++)
+      {
+        N[i,j+1]=M[i,j];
+      }
+    }
+    return(N);
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    ERROR ("intmatAddFirstColumn: input matrix has to be either intmat or bigintmat");
+    intmat N;
+    return (N);
+  }
+}