passagemath-modules 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl

sage/modules/with_basis/subquotient.py

@@ -0,0 +1,685 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-modules
+r"""
+Quotients of modules with basis
+"""
+# ****************************************************************************
+#  Copyright (C) 2010-2015 Florent Hivert <Florent.Hivert@univ-mlv.fr>
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# *****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+from sage.sets.family import Family
+from sage.combinat.free_module import CombinatorialFreeModule
+from sage.misc.lazy_attribute import lazy_attribute
+from sage.categories.modules_with_basis import ModulesWithBasis
+
+
+class QuotientModuleWithBasis(CombinatorialFreeModule):
+    r"""
+    A class for quotients of a module with basis by a submodule.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``submodule`` -- a submodule of ``self``
+    - ``category`` -- a category (default: ``ModulesWithBasis(submodule.base_ring())``)
+
+    ``submodule`` should be a free submodule admitting a basis in
+    unitriangular echelon form. Typically ``submodule`` is a
+    :class:`SubmoduleWithBasis` as returned by
+    :meth:`Modules.WithBasis.ParentMethods.submodule`.
+
+    The ``lift`` method should have a method
+    ``.cokernel_basis_indices`` that computes the indexing set of a
+    subset `B` of the basis of ``self`` that spans some supplementary
+    of ``submodule`` in ``self`` (typically the non characteristic
+    columns of the aforementioned echelon form). ``submodule`` should
+    further implement a ``submodule.reduce(x)`` method that returns
+    the unique element in the span of `B` which is equivalent to `x`
+    modulo ``submodule``.
+
+    This is meant to be constructed via
+    :meth:`Modules.WithBasis.FiniteDimensional.ParentMethods.quotient_module`
+
+    This differs from :class:`sage.rings.quotient_ring.QuotientRing`
+    in the following ways:
+
+    - ``submodule`` needs not be an ideal. If it is, the
+      transportation of the ring structure is taken care of by the
+      ``Subquotients`` categories.
+
+    - Thanks to ``.cokernel_basis_indices``, we know the indices of a
+      basis of the quotient, and elements are represented directly in
+      the free module spanned by those indices rather than by wrapping
+      elements of the ambient space.
+
+    There is room for sharing more code between those two
+    implementations and generalizing them. See :issue:`18204`.
+
+    .. SEEALSO::
+
+        - :meth:`Modules.WithBasis.ParentMethods.submodule`
+        - :meth:`Modules.WithBasis.FiniteDimensional.ParentMethods.quotient_module`
+        - :class:`SubmoduleWithBasis`
+        - :class:`sage.rings.quotient_ring.QuotientRing`
+    """
+    @staticmethod
+    def __classcall_private__(cls, submodule, category=None):
+        r"""
+        Normalize the input.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.with_basis.subquotient import QuotientModuleWithBasis
+            sage: X = CombinatorialFreeModule(QQ, range(3)); x = X.basis()
+            sage: I = X.submodule( (x[0]-x[1], x[1]-x[2]) )
+            sage: J1 = QuotientModuleWithBasis(I)
+            sage: J2 = QuotientModuleWithBasis(I, category=Modules(QQ).WithBasis().Quotients())
+            sage: J1 is J2
+            True
+        """
+        default_category = ModulesWithBasis(submodule.category().base_ring()).Quotients()
+        category = default_category.or_subcategory(category, join=True)
+        return super().__classcall__(cls, submodule, category)
+
+    def __init__(self, submodule, category, *args, **opts):
+        r"""
+        Initialize this quotient of a module with basis by a submodule.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.with_basis.subquotient import QuotientModuleWithBasis
+            sage: X = CombinatorialFreeModule(QQ, range(3), prefix='x'); x = X.basis()
+            sage: I = X.submodule( (x[0]-x[1], x[1]-x[2]) )
+            sage: Y = QuotientModuleWithBasis(I)
+            sage: Y.print_options(prefix='y')
+            sage: Y
+            Free module generated by {2} over Rational Field
+            sage: Y.category()
+            Join of Category of finite dimensional vector spaces with basis over Rational Field and Category of quotients of sets
+            sage: Y.basis().list()
+            [y[2]]
+            sage: TestSuite(Y).run()
+        """
+        self._submodule = submodule
+        self._ambient = submodule.ambient()
+        embedding = submodule.lift
+        indices = embedding.cokernel_basis_indices()
+        CombinatorialFreeModule.__init__(self,
+                                         submodule.base_ring(), indices,
+                                         category=category, *args, **opts)
+
+    def ambient(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the ambient space of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: X = CombinatorialFreeModule(QQ, range(3), prefix='x'); x = X.basis()
+            sage: Y = X.quotient_module((x[0]-x[1], x[1]-x[2]))
+            sage: Y.ambient() is X
+            True
+        """
+        return self._ambient
+
+    def lift(self, x):
+        r"""
+        Lift ``x`` to the ambient space of ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``x`` -- an element of ``self``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: X = CombinatorialFreeModule(QQ, range(3), prefix='x'); x = X.basis()
+            sage: Y = X.quotient_module((x[0]-x[1], x[1]-x[2]));         y = Y.basis()
+            sage: Y.lift(y[2])
+            x[2]
+        """
+        assert x in self
+        return self._ambient._from_dict(x._monomial_coefficients)
+
+    def retract(self, x):
+        r"""
+        Retract an element of the ambient space by projecting it back to ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``x`` -- an element of the ambient space of ``self``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: X = CombinatorialFreeModule(QQ, range(3), prefix='x'); x = X.basis()
+            sage: Y = X.quotient_module((x[0]-x[1], x[1]-x[2]));         y = Y.basis()
+            sage: Y.print_options(prefix='y')
+            sage: Y.retract(x[0])
+            y[2]
+            sage: Y.retract(x[1])
+            y[2]
+            sage: Y.retract(x[2])
+            y[2]
+        """
+        return self._from_dict(self._submodule.reduce(x)._monomial_coefficients)
+
+
+class SubmoduleWithBasis(CombinatorialFreeModule):
+    r"""
+    A base class for submodules of a ModuleWithBasis spanned by a
+    (possibly infinite) basis in echelon form.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``basis`` -- a family of elements in echelon form in some
+      :class:`module with basis <ModulesWithBasis>` `V`, or data that
+      can be converted into such a family
+
+    - ``support_order`` -- an ordering of the support of ``basis``
+      expressed in ``ambient`` given as a list
+
+    - ``unitriangular`` -- if the lift morphism is unitriangular
+
+    - ``ambient`` -- the ambient space `V`
+
+    - ``category`` -- a category
+
+    Further arguments are passed down to
+    :class:`CombinatorialFreeModule`.
+
+    This is meant to be constructed via
+    :meth:`Modules.WithBasis.ParentMethods.submodule`.
+
+    .. SEEALSO::
+
+        - :meth:`Modules.WithBasis.ParentMethods.submodule`
+        - :class:`QuotientModuleWithBasis`
+    """
+    @staticmethod
+    def __classcall_private__(cls, basis, support_order, ambient=None,
+                              unitriangular=False, category=None, *args, **opts):
+        r"""
+        Normalize the input.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.with_basis.subquotient import SubmoduleWithBasis
+            sage: X = CombinatorialFreeModule(QQ, range(3)); x = X.basis()
+            sage: Y1 = SubmoduleWithBasis((x[0]-x[1], x[1]-x[2]), [0,1,2], X)
+            sage: Y2 = SubmoduleWithBasis([x[0]-x[1], x[1]-x[2]], (0,1,2), X)
+            sage: Y1 is Y2
+            True
+        """
+        basis = Family(basis)
+        if ambient is None:
+            ambient = basis.an_element().parent()
+        Mod = ModulesWithBasis(ambient.category().base_ring())
+        default_category = Mod.Subobjects()
+        # Submodules of filtered modules are always canonically filtered.
+        # We add this to the category if it has not been explicitly passed.
+        if category is None and ambient.category().is_subcategory(Mod.Filtered()):
+            default_category = default_category.Filtered()
+        category = default_category.or_subcategory(category, join=True)
+        return super().__classcall__(cls, basis, tuple(support_order),
+                                     ambient, unitriangular, category,
+                                     *args, **opts)
+
+    def __init__(self, basis, support_order, ambient, unitriangular, category,
+                 *args, **opts):
+        r"""
+        Initialization.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.with_basis.subquotient import SubmoduleWithBasis
+            sage: X = CombinatorialFreeModule(QQ, range(3), prefix='x'); x = X.basis()
+            sage: ybas = (x[0]-x[1], x[1]-x[2])
+            sage: Y = SubmoduleWithBasis(ybas, [0, 1, 2], X)
+            sage: Y.print_options(prefix='y')
+            sage: Y.basis().list()
+            [y[0], y[1]]
+            sage: [ y.lift() for y in Y.basis() ]
+            [x[0] - x[1], x[1] - x[2]]
+            sage: TestSuite(Y).run()
+        """
+        ring = ambient.base_ring()
+        CombinatorialFreeModule.__init__(self, ring, basis.keys(),
+                                         category=category.Subobjects(),
+                                         *args, **opts)
+        self._ambient = ambient
+        self._basis = basis
+        self._unitriangular = unitriangular
+        self._support_order = support_order
+        self.lift_on_basis = self._basis.__getitem__
+        self.lift.register_as_coercion()
+
+    def ambient(self):
+        """
+        Return the ambient space of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: X = CombinatorialFreeModule(QQ, range(3)); x = X.basis()
+            sage: Y = X.submodule((x[0]-x[1], x[1]-x[2]))
+            sage: Y.ambient() is X
+            True
+        """
+        return self._ambient
+
+    @cached_method
+    def _support_key(self, x):
+        """
+        Return a key corresponding to the index ``x`` for ordering the
+        basis of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.libs.flint
+            sage: A = GradedModulesWithBasis(ZZ).example()
+            sage: M = A.submodule(list(A.basis(3)), already_echelonized=True)
+            sage: [M._support_key(x) for x in M._support_order]
+            [0, 1, 2]
+        """
+        return self._support_order.index(x)
+
+    @lazy_attribute
+    def lift(self):
+        r"""
+        The lift (embedding) map from ``self`` to the ambient space.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: X = CombinatorialFreeModule(QQ, range(3), prefix='x');             x = X.basis()
+            sage: Y = X.submodule((x[0]-x[1], x[1]-x[2]), already_echelonized=True); y = Y.basis()
+            sage: Y.lift
+            Generic morphism:
+              From: Free module generated by {0, 1} over Rational Field
+              To:   Free module generated by {0, 1, 2} over Rational Field
+            sage: [ Y.lift(u) for u in y ]
+            [x[0] - x[1], x[1] - x[2]]
+            sage: (y[0] + y[1]).lift()
+            x[0] - x[2]
+        """
+        return self.module_morphism(self.lift_on_basis,
+                                    codomain=self._ambient,
+                                    triangular='lower',
+                                    unitriangular=self._unitriangular,
+                                    key=self._support_key,
+                                    inverse_on_support='compute')
+
+    @lazy_attribute
+    def reduce(self):
+        r"""
+        The reduce map.
+
+        This map reduces elements of the ambient space modulo this
+        submodule.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: X = CombinatorialFreeModule(QQ, range(3), prefix='x'); x = X.basis()
+            sage: Y = X.submodule((x[0]-x[1], x[1]-x[2]), already_echelonized=True)
+            sage: Y.reduce
+            Generic endomorphism of Free module generated by {0, 1, 2} over Rational Field
+            sage: Y.reduce(x[1])
+            x[2]
+            sage: Y.reduce(2*x[0] + x[1])
+            3*x[2]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: all( Y.reduce(u.lift()) == 0 for u in Y.basis() )
+            True
+        """
+        return self.lift.cokernel_projection()
+
+    @lazy_attribute
+    def retract(self):
+        r"""
+        The retract map from the ambient space.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: X = CombinatorialFreeModule(QQ, range(3), prefix='x'); x = X.basis()
+            sage: Y = X.submodule((x[0]-x[1], x[1]-x[2]), already_echelonized=True)
+            sage: Y.print_options(prefix='y')
+            sage: Y.retract
+            Generic morphism:
+              From: Free module generated by {0, 1, 2} over Rational Field
+              To:   Free module generated by {0, 1} over Rational Field
+            sage: Y.retract(x[0] - x[2])
+            y[0] + y[1]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: all( Y.retract(u.lift()) == u for u in Y.basis() )
+            True
+        """
+        return self.lift.section()
+
+    def is_submodule(self, other) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        Return whether ``self`` is a submodule of ``other``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- another submodule of the same ambient module
+          or the ambient module itself
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: X = CombinatorialFreeModule(QQ, range(4)); x = X.basis()
+            sage: F = X.submodule([x[0]-x[1], x[1]-x[2], x[2]-x[3]])
+            sage: G = X.submodule([x[0]-x[2]])
+            sage: H = X.submodule([x[0]-x[1], x[2]])
+            sage: F.is_submodule(X)
+            True
+            sage: G.is_submodule(F)
+            True
+            sage: H.is_submodule(F)
+            False
+            sage: H.is_submodule(G)
+            False
+
+        Infinite dimensional examples::
+
+            sage: X = CombinatorialFreeModule(QQ, ZZ); x = X.basis()
+            sage: F = X.submodule([x[0]-x[1], x[1]-x[2], x[2]-x[3]])
+            sage: G = X.submodule([x[0]-x[2]])
+            sage: H = X.submodule([x[0]-x[1]])
+            sage: F.is_submodule(X)
+            True
+            sage: G.is_submodule(F)
+            True
+            sage: H.is_submodule(F)
+            True
+            sage: H.is_submodule(G)
+            False
+
+        Different ambient spaces::
+
+            sage: X = CombinatorialFreeModule(QQ, range(4)); x = X.basis()
+            sage: F = X.submodule([x[0]-x[1], x[1]-x[2], x[2]-x[3]])
+            sage: Y = CombinatorialFreeModule(QQ, range(6)); y = Y.basis()
+            sage: G = Y.submodule([y[0]-y[1], y[1]-y[2], y[2]-y[3]])
+            sage: F.is_submodule(G)
+            False
+        """
+        if other is self._ambient:
+            return True
+        if not (isinstance(self, SubmoduleWithBasis) and self.ambient() is other.ambient()):
+            return False  # different ambient spaces
+        if self not in ModulesWithBasis.FiniteDimensional:
+            raise NotImplementedError("only implemented for finite dimensional submodules")
+        if self.dimension() > other.dimension():  # quick dimension check
+            return False
+        if not set(self._support_order) <= set(other._support_order):  # quick support check
+            return False
+        for b in self.basis():
+            try:
+                other.retract(b.lift())
+            except ValueError:
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    def _common_submodules(self, other):
+        """
+        Helper method to return a pair of submodules of the same ambient
+        free modules to do the corresponding linear algebra.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: X = CombinatorialFreeModule(QQ, range(4)); x = X.basis()
+            sage: F = X.submodule([x[0]-x[1], x[1]-3*x[2], x[2]-5*x[3]])
+            sage: G = X.submodule([x[0]-x[1], x[1]-2*x[2], x[2]-3*x[3]])
+            sage: H = X.submodule([x[0]-x[1], x[1]-2*x[2], x[2]-3*x[3]], support_order=(3,2,1,0))
+            sage: F._common_submodules(G)
+            (Vector space of degree 4 and dimension 3 over Rational Field
+             Basis matrix:
+             [  1   0   0 -15]
+             [  0   1   0 -15]
+             [  0   0   1  -5],
+             Vector space of degree 4 and dimension 3 over Rational Field
+             Basis matrix:
+             [ 1  0  0 -6]
+             [ 0  1  0 -6]
+             [ 0  0  1 -3])
+            sage: H._common_submodules(F)
+            (Vector space of degree 4 and dimension 3 over Rational Field
+             Basis matrix:
+             [   1    0    0 -1/6]
+             [   0    1    0 -1/2]
+             [   0    0    1   -1],
+             Vector space of degree 4 and dimension 3 over Rational Field
+             Basis matrix:
+             [    1     0     0 -1/15]
+             [    0     1     0  -1/3]
+             [    0     0     1    -1])
+            sage: G._common_submodules(H)
+            (Vector space of degree 4 and dimension 3 over Rational Field
+             Basis matrix:
+             [ 1  0  0 -6]
+             [ 0  1  0 -6]
+             [ 0  0  1 -3],
+             Vector space of degree 4 and dimension 3 over Rational Field
+             Basis matrix:
+             [ 1  0  0 -6]
+             [ 0  1  0 -6]
+             [ 0  0  1 -3])
+            sage: H._common_submodules(G)
+            (Vector space of degree 4 and dimension 3 over Rational Field
+             Basis matrix:
+             [   1    0    0 -1/6]
+             [   0    1    0 -1/2]
+             [   0    0    1   -1],
+             Vector space of degree 4 and dimension 3 over Rational Field
+             Basis matrix:
+             [   1    0    0 -1/6]
+             [   0    1    0 -1/2]
+             [   0    0    1   -1])
+        """
+        from sage.modules.free_module import FreeModule
+        supp_order = self._support_order
+        A = FreeModule(self.base_ring(), len(supp_order))
+        U = A.submodule([A([vec[supp] for supp in supp_order]) for vec in self._basis], check=False)
+        V = A.submodule([A([vec[supp] for supp in supp_order]) for vec in other._basis], check=False)
+        return (U, V)
+
+    def is_equal_subspace(self, other) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        Return whether ``self`` is an equal submodule to ``other``.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            This is the mathematical notion of equality (as sets that are
+            isomorphic as vector spaces), which is weaker than the `==`
+            which takes into account things like the support order.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- another submodule of the same ambient module
+          or the ambient module itself
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<z> = LaurentPolynomialRing(QQ)
+            sage: X = CombinatorialFreeModule(R, range(4)); x = X.basis()
+            sage: F = X.submodule([x[0]-x[1], z*x[1]-z*x[2], z^2*x[2]-z^2*x[3]])
+            sage: G = X.submodule([x[0]-x[1], x[1]-x[2], x[2]-x[3]])
+            sage: H = X.submodule([x[0]-x[1], x[1]-x[2], x[2]-x[3]], support_order=(3,2,1,0))
+            sage: F.is_equal_subspace(F)
+            True
+            sage: F == G
+            False
+            sage: F.is_equal_subspace(G)
+            True
+            sage: F.is_equal_subspace(H)
+            True
+            sage: G == H  # different support orders
+            False
+            sage: G.is_equal_subspace(H)
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: X = CombinatorialFreeModule(QQ, ZZ); x = X.basis()
+            sage: F = X.submodule([x[0]-x[1], x[1]-x[3]])
+            sage: G = X.submodule([x[0]-x[1], x[2]])
+            sage: H = X.submodule([x[0]+x[1], x[1]+3*x[2]])
+            sage: Hp = X.submodule([x[0]+x[1], x[1]+3*x[2]], prefix='Hp')
+            sage: F.is_equal_subspace(X)
+            False
+            sage: F.is_equal_subspace(G)
+            False
+            sage: G.is_equal_subspace(H)
+            False
+            sage: H == Hp
+            False
+            sage: H.is_equal_subspace(Hp)
+            True
+        """
+        if self is other:  # trivial case
+            return True
+        if not isinstance(self, SubmoduleWithBasis) and self.ambient() is other.ambient():
+            raise ArithmeticError("other (=%s) should be a submodule of the same ambient space" % other)
+        if self.dimension() != other.dimension():  # quick dimension check
+            return False
+        if self not in ModulesWithBasis.FiniteDimensional:
+            raise NotImplementedError("only implemented for finite dimensional submodules")
+        if set(self._basis) == set(other._basis):
+            return True
+        if set(self._support_order) != set(other._support_order):  # different supports
+            return False
+        U, V = self._common_submodules(other)
+        return U == V
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Return the sum of ``self`` and ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: X = CombinatorialFreeModule(QQ, range(4)); x = X.basis()
+            sage: F = X.submodule([x[0]-x[1], x[1]-x[2], x[2]-x[3]])
+            sage: G = X.submodule([x[0]-x[2]])
+            sage: H = X.submodule([x[0]-x[1], x[2]])
+            sage: FG = F + G; FG
+            Free module generated by {0, 1, 2} over Rational Field
+            sage: [FG.lift(b) for b in FG.basis()]
+            [B[0] - B[3], B[1] - B[3], B[2] - B[3]]
+            sage: FH = F + H; FH
+            Free module generated by {0, 1, 2, 3} over Rational Field
+            sage: [FH.lift(b) for b in FH.basis()]
+            [B[0], B[1], B[2], B[3]]
+            sage: GH = G + H; GH
+            Free module generated by {0, 1, 2} over Rational Field
+            sage: [GH.lift(b) for b in GH.basis()]
+            [B[0], B[1], B[2]]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: X = CombinatorialFreeModule(QQ, range(4)); x = X.basis()
+            sage: F = X.submodule([x[0]-x[1], x[1]-x[2], x[2]-x[3]])
+            sage: Y = CombinatorialFreeModule(QQ, range(5)); y = Y.basis()
+            sage: U = Y.submodule([y[0]-y[2]+y[3]])
+            sage: F + U
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ArithmeticError: both subspaces must have the same ambient space
+            sage: F + 3
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: both objects must be submodules
+        """
+        if not isinstance(other, SubmoduleWithBasis):
+            raise TypeError("both objects must be submodules")
+        if other.ambient() != self.ambient():
+            raise ArithmeticError("both subspaces must have the same ambient space")
+        return self.ambient().submodule(set(list(self._basis) + list(other._basis)), check=False)
+
+    subspace_sum = __add__
+
+    def __and__(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Return the intersection of ``self`` and ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: X = CombinatorialFreeModule(QQ, range(4)); x = X.basis()
+            sage: F = X.submodule([x[0]-x[1], x[1]-x[2], x[2]-x[3]])
+            sage: G = X.submodule([x[0]-x[2]])
+            sage: H = X.submodule([x[0]-x[1], x[2]])
+            sage: FG = F & G; FG
+            Free module generated by {0} over Rational Field
+            sage: [FG.lift(b) for b in FG.basis()]
+            [B[0] - B[2]]
+            sage: FH = F & H; FH
+            Free module generated by {0} over Rational Field
+            sage: [FH.lift(b) for b in FH.basis()]
+            [B[0] - B[1]]
+            sage: GH = G & H; GH
+            Free module generated by {} over Rational Field
+            sage: [GH.lift(b) for b in GH.basis()]
+            []
+
+            sage: F.intersection(X) is F
+            True
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: X = CombinatorialFreeModule(QQ, range(4)); x = X.basis()
+            sage: F = X.submodule([x[0]-x[1], x[1]-x[2], x[2]-x[3]])
+            sage: Y = CombinatorialFreeModule(QQ, range(5)); y = Y.basis()
+            sage: U = Y.submodule([y[0]-y[2]+y[3]])
+            sage: F & U
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ArithmeticError: both subspaces must have the same ambient space
+            sage: F & 3
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: both objects must be submodules
+        """
+        if other is self._ambient:
+            return self
+        if not isinstance(other, SubmoduleWithBasis):
+            raise TypeError("both objects must be submodules")
+        if other.ambient() != self.ambient():
+            raise ArithmeticError("both subspaces must have the same ambient space")
+        U, V = self._common_submodules(other)
+        UV = U & V  # the intersection
+        A = self._ambient
+        supp = self._support_order
+        return A.submodule([A.element_class(A, {supp[i]: c for i, c in vec.iteritems()})
+                            for vec in UV.basis()])
+
+    intersection = __and__
+    __rand__ = __and__
+
+    def subspace(self, gens, *args, **opts):
+        r"""
+        The submodule of the ambient space spanned by a finite set
+        of generators ``gens`` (as a submodule).
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``gens`` -- list or family of elements of ``self``
+
+        For additional optional arguments, see
+        :meth:`ModulesWithBasis.ParentMethods.submodule`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: X = CombinatorialFreeModule(QQ, range(4), prefix='X'); x = X.basis()
+            sage: F = X.submodule([x[0]-x[1], x[1]-x[2], x[2]-x[3]], prefix='F'); f = F.basis()
+            sage: U = F.submodule([f[0] + 2*f[1] - 5*f[2], f[1] + 2*f[2]]); U
+            Free module generated by {0, 1} over Rational Field
+            sage: [U.lift(u) for u in U.basis()]
+            [F[0] - 9*F[2], F[1] + 2*F[2]]
+            sage: V = F.subspace([f[0] + 2*f[1] - 5*f[2], f[1] + 2*f[2]]); V
+            Free module generated by {0, 1} over Rational Field
+            sage: [V.lift(u) for u in V.basis()]
+            [X[0] - 9*X[2] + 8*X[3], X[1] + 2*X[2] - 3*X[3]]
+        """
+        gens = [self._ambient(g) for g in gens]
+        return self._ambient.submodule(gens, *args, **opts)

sage/numerical/all__sagemath_modules.py

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-modules
+from sage.misc.lazy_import import lazy_import
+lazy_import("sage.numerical.optimize",
+            ["find_fit", "find_local_maximum", "find_local_minimum",
+             "find_root", "minimize", "minimize_constrained"])
+del lazy_import