passagemath-modules 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl

sage/combinat/root_system/weight_lattice_realizations.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1188 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-modules
+"""
+Weight lattice realizations
+"""
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2007-2012 Nicolas M. Thiery <nthiery at users.sf.net>
+#
+#       (with contributions of many others)
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#
+#    This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+#    General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  The full text of the GPL is available at:
+#
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.misc.abstract_method import abstract_method
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+from sage.misc.lazy_attribute import lazy_attribute
+from sage.misc.misc_c import prod
+from sage.categories.category_types import Category_over_base_ring
+from sage.sets.family import Family
+from .root_lattice_realizations import RootLatticeRealizations
+from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+
+
+class WeightLatticeRealizations(Category_over_base_ring):
+    r"""
+    The category of weight lattice realizations over a given base ring.
+
+    A *weight lattice realization* `L` over a base ring `R` is a free
+    module (or vector space if `R` is a field) endowed with an embedding
+    of the root lattice of some root system. By restriction, this
+    embedding defines an embedding of the root lattice of this root
+    system, which makes `L` a root lattice realization.
+
+    Typical weight lattice realizations over `\ZZ` include the weight
+    lattice, and ambient lattice. Typical weight lattice realizations
+    over `\QQ` include the weight space, and ambient space.
+
+    To describe the embedding, a weight lattice realization must
+    implement a method
+    :meth:`~RootLatticeRealizations.ParentMethods.fundamental_weight`(i)
+    returning for each `i` in the index set the image of the fundamental
+    weight `\Lambda_i` under the embedding.
+
+    In order to be a proper root lattice realization, a weight lattice
+    realization should also implement the scalar product with the coroot
+    lattice; on the other hand, the embedding of the simple roots is
+    given for free.
+
+    .. SEEALSO::
+
+        - :class:`~sage.combinat.root_system.root_system.RootSystem`
+        - :class:`~sage.combinat.root_system.root_lattice_realizations.RootLatticeRealizations`
+        - :class:`~sage.combinat.root_system.weight_space.WeightSpace`
+        - :class:`~sage.combinat.root_system.ambient_space.AmbientSpace`
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Here, we consider the root system of type `A_7`, and embed the weight
+    lattice element `x = \Lambda_1 + 2 \Lambda_3` in several root lattice
+    realizations::
+
+        sage: R = RootSystem(["A",7])
+        sage: Lambda = R.weight_lattice().fundamental_weights()
+        sage: x = Lambda[2] + 2 * Lambda[5]
+
+        sage: L = R.weight_space()
+        sage: L(x)
+        Lambda[2] + 2*Lambda[5]
+
+        sage: L = R.ambient_lattice()
+        sage: L(x)
+        (3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0)
+
+    We embed the weight space element `x = \Lambda_1 + 1/2 \Lambda_3` in
+    the ambient space::
+
+        sage: Lambda = R.weight_space().fundamental_weights()
+        sage: x = Lambda[2] + 1/2 * Lambda[5]
+
+        sage: L = R.ambient_space()
+        sage: L(x)
+        (3/2, 3/2, 1/2, 1/2, 1/2, 0, 0, 0)
+
+    Of course, one can't embed the weight space in the ambient lattice::
+
+        sage: L = R.ambient_lattice()
+        sage: L(x)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        TypeError: do not know how to make x (= Lambda[2] + 1/2*Lambda[5])
+        an element of self (=Ambient lattice of the Root system of type ['A', 7])
+
+    If `K_1` is a subring of `K_2`, then one could in theory have an
+    embedding from the weight space over `K_1` to any weight lattice
+    realization over `K_2`; this is not implemented::
+
+        sage: K1 = QQ
+        sage: K2 = QQ['q']
+        sage: L = R.ambient_space(K2)
+
+        sage: Lambda = R.weight_space(K2).fundamental_weights()
+        sage: L(Lambda[1])
+        (1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+
+        sage: Lambda = R.weight_space(K1).fundamental_weights()
+        sage: L(Lambda[1])
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        TypeError: do not know how to make x (= Lambda[1]) an element
+        of self (=Ambient space of the Root system of type ['A', 7])
+    """
+
+    @cached_method
+    def super_categories(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.weight_lattice_realizations import WeightLatticeRealizations
+            sage: WeightLatticeRealizations(QQ).super_categories()
+            [Category of root lattice realizations over Rational Field]
+        """
+        return [RootLatticeRealizations(self.base_ring())]
+
+    class ParentMethods:
+
+        @abstract_method
+        def fundamental_weight(self, i):
+            r"""
+            Return the `i`-th fundamental weight.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``i`` -- an element of the index set
+
+            By a slight notational abuse, for an affine type this method
+            should also accept ``'delta'`` as input, and return the image
+            of `\delta` of the extended weight lattice in this
+            realization.
+
+            This should be overridden by any subclass, and typically
+            be implemented as a cached method for efficiency.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(["A",3]).ambient_lattice()
+                sage: L.fundamental_weight(1)
+                (1, 0, 0, 0)
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(["A",3,1]).weight_lattice(extended=True)
+                sage: L.fundamental_weight(1)
+                Lambda[1]
+                sage: L.fundamental_weight("delta")
+                delta
+
+            TESTS::
+
+                sage: super(sage.combinat.root_system.weight_space.WeightSpace, L).fundamental_weight(1)
+                Traceback (most recent call last):
+                ...
+                NotImplementedError: <abstract method fundamental_weight at ...>
+            """
+
+        def is_extended(self):
+            """
+            Return whether this is a realization of the extended weight lattice.
+
+            .. SEEALSO:: :class:`sage.combinat.root_system.weight_space.WeightSpace`
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: RootSystem(["A",3,1]).weight_lattice().is_extended()
+                False
+                sage: RootSystem(["A",3,1]).weight_lattice(extended=True).is_extended()
+                True
+
+            This method is irrelevant for finite root systems, since the
+            weight lattice need not be extended to ensure that the root
+            lattice embeds faithfully::
+
+                sage: RootSystem(["A",3]).weight_lattice().is_extended()
+                False
+            """
+            return False
+
+        def __init_extra__(self):
+            r"""
+            Registers the embedding of the weight lattice into ``self``.
+
+            Also registers the embedding of the weight space over the same
+            base field `K` into ``self`` if `K` is not `\ZZ`.
+
+            If ``self`` is a realization of the extended weight lattice,
+            then the embeddings from the extended weight space/lattices
+            are registered instead.
+
+            EXAMPLES:
+
+            We embed the fundamental weight `\Lambda_1` of the weight
+            lattice in the ambient lattice::
+
+                sage: R = RootSystem(["A",3])
+                sage: Lambda = R.root_lattice().simple_roots()
+                sage: L = R.ambient_space()
+                sage: L(Lambda[2])
+                (0, 1, -1, 0)
+
+            .. NOTE::
+
+                More examples are given in :class:`WeightLatticeRealizations`;
+                The embeddings are systematically tested in
+                :meth:`_test_weight_lattice_realization`.
+            """
+            from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+            from .weight_space import WeightSpace
+            K = self.base_ring()
+            # If self is the root lattice or the root space, we don't want
+            # to register its trivial embedding into itself. This builds
+            # the domains from which we want to register an embedding.
+            domains = []
+            if not isinstance(self, WeightSpace) or K is not ZZ:
+                domains.append(self.root_system.weight_lattice(extended=self.is_extended()))
+            if not isinstance(self, WeightSpace):
+                domains.append(self.root_system.weight_space(K,extended=self.is_extended()))
+            # Build and register the embeddings
+            for domain in domains:
+                domain.module_morphism(self.fundamental_weight,
+                                       codomain=self
+                                       ).register_as_coercion()
+
+        def _test_weight_lattice_realization(self, **options):
+            """
+            Run sanity checks on this weight lattice realization.
+
+            - scalar products between the fundamental weights and simple coroots
+            - embeddings from the weight lattice and weight space
+            - rho, highest_root, ...
+
+            .. SEEALSO:: :class:`TestSuite`
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: RootSystem(['A',3]).weight_lattice()._test_weight_lattice_realization()       # needs sage.graphs
+            """
+            from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+            tester = self._tester(**options)
+
+            try:
+                Lambda = self.fundamental_weights()
+                alphacheck = self.simple_coroots()
+            except ImportError:
+                return
+
+            tester.assertEqual(tuple(Lambda.keys()), self.index_set())
+
+            # Check the consistency between simple_root and simple_roots
+            for i in self.index_set():
+                tester.assertEqual(self.fundamental_weight(i), Lambda[i])
+
+            # Check the embeddings from:
+            # - the weight lattice
+            # - the weight space over the same base ring
+            #
+            # For an affine root system, this will check the embedding of
+            # the extended ones, and also of the non extended ones if this
+            # realization is not extended
+            domains = [self.root_system.weight_space(base_ring, extended=extended)
+                       for base_ring in set([ZZ, self.base_ring()])
+                       for extended in set([self.cartan_type().is_affine(), self.is_extended()])]
+            for domain in domains:
+                tester.assertIsNot(self._internal_coerce_map_from(domain), None)
+                for i in self.index_set():
+                    # This embedding maps fundamental weights to fundamental weights
+                    tester.assertEqual(self(domain.fundamental_weight(i)), Lambda[i])
+                if self.cartan_type().is_affine():
+                    tester.assertEqual(self(domain.null_root()), self.null_root())
+                    if self.is_extended():
+                        a = self.cartan_type().col_annihilator()
+                        # This could be an over specification; we
+                        # could imagine realizations of the extended
+                        # weight lattice where the null root would not
+                        # be a (multiple of) basis element.
+                        tester.assertEqual(self.null_root(), self.term("delta", a[0]))
+                    for i in self.index_set():
+                        # The level of the fundamental weights is consistent
+                        tester.assertEqual(domain.fundamental_weight(i).level(), Lambda[i].level())
+
+            # Check that the fundamental weights form the dual basis of the simple coroots
+            for i in self.index_set():
+                assert (Lambda[i].is_dominant())
+                for j in self.index_set():
+                    tester.assertEqual(Lambda[j].scalar(alphacheck[i]), (1 if i == j else 0))
+
+            tester.assertTrue(self.rho().is_dominant())
+            if self.root_system.is_finite() and self.root_system.is_irreducible():
+                try:
+                    tester.assertTrue(self.highest_root().is_dominant())
+                except ImportError:  # when sage.graphs is missing (Dynkin diagram)
+                    pass
+
+        @cached_method
+        def fundamental_weights(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the family `(\Lambda_i)_{i\in I}` of the fundamental weights.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: e = RootSystem(['A',3]).ambient_lattice()
+                sage: f = e.fundamental_weights()
+                sage: [f[i] for i in [1,2,3]]
+                [(1, 0, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 1, 0)]
+            """
+            return Family(self.index_set(), self.fundamental_weight)
+            # It would be nice to give this family a nice name with
+            # ``rename``, but this currently break some doctests.
+
+        @cached_method
+        def simple_root(self, i):
+            r"""
+            Return the `i`-th simple root.
+
+            This default implementation takes the `i`-th simple root in
+            the weight lattice and embeds it in ``self``.
+
+            EXAMPLES:
+
+            Since all the weight lattice realizations in Sage currently
+            implement a ``simple_root`` method, we have to call this one by
+            hand::
+
+                sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.weight_lattice_realizations import WeightLatticeRealizations
+                sage: simple_root = WeightLatticeRealizations(QQ).parent_class.simple_root.f
+                sage: L = RootSystem("A3").ambient_space()
+                sage: simple_root(L, 1)                                                 # needs sage.graphs
+                (1, -1, 0, 0)
+                sage: simple_root(L, 2)                                                 # needs sage.graphs
+                (0, 1, -1, 0)
+                sage: simple_root(L, 3)                                                 # needs sage.graphs
+                (1, 1, 2, 0)
+
+            Note that this last root differs from the one implemented in
+            ``L`` by a multiple of the vector ``(1,1,1,1)``::
+
+                sage: L.simple_roots()                                                  # needs sage.graphs
+                Finite family {1: (1, -1, 0, 0), 2: (0, 1, -1, 0), 3: (0, 0, 1, -1)}
+
+            This is a harmless artefact of the `SL` versus `GL`
+            interpretation of type `A`; see the thematic tutorial on Lie
+            Methods and Related Combinatorics in Sage for details.
+            """
+            if i not in self.index_set():
+                raise ValueError("{} is not in the index set".format(i))
+            alphai = self.root_system.weight_lattice().simple_root(i)
+            # Note: it would be nicer to just return ``self(alpha[i])``,
+            # However the embedding from the weight lattice is defined
+            # after the embedding from the root lattice, and the later
+            # uses the simple roots. So we compute that embedding by hand.
+            Lambda = self.fundamental_weights()
+            return self.linear_combination( (Lambda[j], c) for j,c in alphai )
+
+        @cached_method
+        def rho(self):
+            """
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: RootSystem(['A',3]).ambient_lattice().rho()
+                (3, 2, 1, 0)
+            """
+            return sum(self.fundamental_weights())
+
+        def reduced_word_of_alcove_morphism(self, f):
+            r"""
+            Return the reduced word of an alcove morphism.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``f`` -- a linear map from ``self`` to ``self`` which
+              preserves alcoves
+
+            Let `A` be the fundamental alcove. This returns a reduced word
+            `i_1, \ldots, i_k` such that the affine Weyl group element `w =
+            s_{i_1} \circ \cdots \circ s_{i_k}` maps the alcove `f(A)` back
+            to `A`. In other words, the alcove walk `i_1, \ldots, i_k` brings
+            the fundamental alcove to the corresponding translated alcove.
+
+            Let us throw in a bit of context to explain the main use
+            case.  It is customary to realize the alcove picture in
+            the coroot or coweight lattice `R^\vee`. The extended
+            affine Weyl group is then the group of linear maps on
+            `R^\vee` which preserve the alcoves. By
+            [Kac "Infinite-dimensional Lie algebra", Proposition 6.5]
+            the affine Weyl group is the semidirect product of the
+            associated finite Weyl group and the group of translations
+            in the coroot lattice (the extended affine Weyl group uses
+            the coweight lattice instead). In other words, an element
+            of the extended affine Weyl group admits a unique
+            decomposition of the form:
+
+            .. MATH:: f = d w ,
+
+            where `w` is in the Weyl group, and `d` is a function which
+            maps the fundamental alcove to itself. As `d` permutes the
+            walls of the fundamental alcove, it permutes accordingly the
+            corresponding simple roots, which induces an automorphism of
+            the Dynkin diagram.
+
+            This method returns a reduced word for `w`, whereas the method
+            :meth:`dynkin_diagram_automorphism_of_alcove_morphism` returns
+            `d` as a permutation of the nodes of the Dynkin diagram.
+
+            Nota bene: recall that the coroot (resp. coweight) lattice is
+            implemented as the root (resp weight) lattice of the dual root
+            system. Hence, this method is implemented for weight lattice
+            realizations, but in practice is most of the time used on the
+            dual side.
+
+            EXAMPLES:
+
+            We start with type `A` which is simply laced; hence we do not
+            have to worry about the distinction between the weight and
+            coweight lattice::
+
+                sage: R = RootSystem(["A",2,1]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: alpha = R.simple_roots()                                          # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: Lambda = R.fundamental_weights()
+
+            We consider first translations by elements of the root lattice::
+
+                sage: R.reduced_word_of_alcove_morphism(alpha[0].translation)           # needs sage.graphs
+                [1, 2, 1, 0]
+                sage: R.reduced_word_of_alcove_morphism(alpha[1].translation)           # needs sage.graphs
+                [0, 2, 0, 1]
+                sage: R.reduced_word_of_alcove_morphism(alpha[2].translation)           # needs sage.graphs
+                [0, 1, 0, 2]
+
+            We continue with translations by elements of the classical
+            weight lattice, embedded at level `0`:
+
+                sage: omega1 = Lambda[1] - Lambda[0]
+                sage: omega2 = Lambda[2] - Lambda[0]
+
+                sage: R.reduced_word_of_alcove_morphism(omega1.translation)             # needs sage.graphs
+                [0, 2]
+                sage: R.reduced_word_of_alcove_morphism(omega2.translation)             # needs sage.graphs
+                [0, 1]
+
+            The following tests ensure that the code agrees with the tables
+            in Kashiwara's private notes on affine quantum algebras (2008).
+
+            TESTS::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: R = RootSystem(['A',5,1]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: alpha = R.simple_roots()
+                sage: Lambda = R.fundamental_weights()
+                sage: omega1 = Lambda[1] - Lambda[0]
+                sage: R.reduced_word_of_alcove_morphism(omega1.translation)
+                [0, 5, 4, 3, 2]
+                sage: R.reduced_word_of_alcove_morphism(alpha[0].translation)
+                [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]
+
+                sage: # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: R = RootSystem(['C',3,1]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: alpha = R.simple_roots()
+                sage: Lambda = R.fundamental_weights()
+                sage: omega1 = 2*(Lambda[1] - Lambda[0])
+                sage: omega2 = 2*(Lambda[2] - Lambda[0])
+                sage: omega3 = Lambda[3] - Lambda[0]
+                sage: R.reduced_word_of_alcove_morphism(omega1.translation)
+                [0, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1]
+                sage: R.reduced_word_of_alcove_morphism(omega2.translation)
+                [0, 1, 0, 2, 1, 3, 2, 1, 3, 2]
+                sage: R.reduced_word_of_alcove_morphism(omega3.translation)
+                [0, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0]
+
+                sage: # needs sage.graphs sage.libs.gap
+                sage: W = WeylGroup(['C',3,1])
+                sage: s = W.simple_reflections()
+                sage: w = s[0]*s[1]*s[2]*s[3]*s[2]
+                sage: W.from_reduced_word(R.reduced_word_of_alcove_morphism(omega2.translation)) == w*w                 # needs sage.graphs
+                True
+                sage: w = s[0]*s[1]*s[2]*s[0]*s[1]*s[0]
+                sage: W.from_reduced_word(R.reduced_word_of_alcove_morphism(omega3.translation)) == w                   # needs sage.graphs
+                True
+
+                sage: # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: R = RootSystem(['D',4,1]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: Lambda = R.fundamental_weights()
+                sage: omega1 = Lambda[1] - Lambda[0]
+                sage: omega2 = Lambda[2] - 2*Lambda[0]
+                sage: omega3 = Lambda[3] - Lambda[0]
+                sage: omega4 = Lambda[4] - Lambda[0]
+                sage: R.reduced_word_of_alcove_morphism(omega1.translation)
+                [0, 2, 3, 4, 2, 0]
+                sage: R.reduced_word_of_alcove_morphism(omega2.translation)
+                [0, 2, 1, 3, 2, 4, 2, 1, 3, 2]
+                sage: R.reduced_word_of_alcove_morphism(omega3.translation)
+                [0, 2, 1, 4, 2, 0]
+                sage: R.reduced_word_of_alcove_morphism(omega4.translation)
+                [0, 2, 1, 3, 2, 0]
+
+                sage: # needs sage.libs.gap
+                sage: W = WeylGroup(['D',4,1])
+                sage: s = W.simple_reflections()
+                sage: w = s[0]*s[2]*s[3]*s[4]*s[2]
+                sage: w1= s[1]*s[2]*s[3]*s[4]*s[2]
+                sage: W.from_reduced_word(R.reduced_word_of_alcove_morphism(omega2.translation)) == w*w1                # needs sage.graphs
+                True
+
+                sage: R = RootSystem(['D',5,1]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: Lambda = R.fundamental_weights()
+                sage: omega1 = Lambda[1] - Lambda[0]
+                sage: omega2 = Lambda[2] - 2*Lambda[0]
+                sage: R.reduced_word_of_alcove_morphism(omega1.translation)             # needs sage.graphs
+                [0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3, 2, 0]
+
+                sage: # needs sage.libs.gap
+                sage: W = WeylGroup(['D',5,1])
+                sage: s = W.simple_reflections()
+                sage: w = s[0]*s[2]*s[3]*s[4]*s[5]*s[3]*s[2]
+                sage: w1= s[1]*s[2]*s[3]*s[4]*s[5]*s[3]*s[2]
+                sage: W.from_reduced_word(R.reduced_word_of_alcove_morphism(omega2.translation)) == w*w1                # needs sage.graphs
+                True
+            """
+            return f(self.rho()).reduced_word()
+
+        def dynkin_diagram_automorphism_of_alcove_morphism(self, f):
+            r"""
+            Return the Dynkin diagram automorphism induced by an alcove morphism.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``f`` -- a linear map from ``self`` to ``self`` which preserves alcoves
+
+            This method returns the Dynkin diagram automorphism for
+            the decomposition `f = d w` (see
+            :meth:`reduced_word_of_alcove_morphism`), as a dictionary
+            mapping elements of the index set to itself.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: R = RootSystem(["A",2,1]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: alpha = R.simple_roots()                                          # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: Lambda = R.fundamental_weights()
+
+            Translations by elements of the root lattice induce a
+            trivial Dynkin diagram automorphism::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.graphs sage.libs.gap
+                sage: R.dynkin_diagram_automorphism_of_alcove_morphism(alpha[0].translation)
+                {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 2}
+                sage: R.dynkin_diagram_automorphism_of_alcove_morphism(alpha[1].translation)
+                {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 2}
+                sage: R.dynkin_diagram_automorphism_of_alcove_morphism(alpha[2].translation)
+                {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 2}
+
+            This is no more the case for translations by general
+            elements of the (classical) weight lattice at level 0::
+
+                sage: omega1 = Lambda[1] - Lambda[0]
+                sage: omega2 = Lambda[2] - Lambda[0]
+
+                sage: # needs sage.graphs sage.libs.gap
+                sage: R.dynkin_diagram_automorphism_of_alcove_morphism(omega1.translation)
+                {0: 1, 1: 2, 2: 0}
+                sage: R.dynkin_diagram_automorphism_of_alcove_morphism(omega2.translation)
+                {0: 2, 1: 0, 2: 1}
+
+                sage: # needs sage.graphs sage.libs.gap
+                sage: R = RootSystem(['C',2,1]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: alpha = R.simple_roots()
+                sage: R.dynkin_diagram_automorphism_of_alcove_morphism(alpha[1].translation)
+                {0: 2, 1: 1, 2: 0}
+
+                sage: # needs sage.graphs sage.libs.gap
+                sage: R = RootSystem(['D',5,1]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: Lambda = R.fundamental_weights()
+                sage: omega1 = Lambda[1] - Lambda[0]
+                sage: omega2 = Lambda[2] - 2*Lambda[0]
+                sage: R.dynkin_diagram_automorphism_of_alcove_morphism(omega1.translation)
+                {0: 1, 1: 0, 2: 2, 3: 3, 4: 5, 5: 4}
+                sage: R.dynkin_diagram_automorphism_of_alcove_morphism(omega2.translation)
+                {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 2, 3: 3, 4: 4, 5: 5}
+
+            Algorithm: computes `w` of the decomposition, and see how
+            `f\circ w^{-1}` permutes the simple roots.
+            """
+            alpha = self.simple_roots()
+            w = self.weyl_group().from_reduced_word(self.reduced_word_of_alcove_morphism(f))
+            # Now, we have d = f w^-1
+            winv = ~w
+            assert all(alpha[i].level().is_zero() for i in self.index_set())
+            rank_simple_roots = {alpha[i]: i for i in self.index_set()}
+            permutation = dict()
+            for i in self.index_set():
+                root = f(winv.action(alpha[i]))  # This is d(alpha_i)
+                assert root in rank_simple_roots
+                permutation[i] = rank_simple_roots[root]
+                assert set(permutation.values()), set(self.index_set())
+            return permutation
+
+        def reduced_word_of_translation(self, t):
+            r"""
+            Given an element of the root lattice, this returns a reduced
+            word `i_1, \ldots, i_k` such that the Weyl group element `s_{i_1}
+            \circ \cdots \circ s_{i_k}` implements the "translation"
+            where `x` maps to `x + level(x)*t`. In other words, the alcove walk
+            `i_1, \ldots, i_k` brings the fundamental alcove to the
+            corresponding translated alcove.
+
+            .. NOTE::
+
+                There are some technical conditions for `t` to actually
+                be a translation; those are not tested (TODO: detail).
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: R = RootSystem(["A",2,1]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: alpha = R.simple_roots()
+                sage: R.reduced_word_of_translation(alpha[1])
+                [0, 2, 0, 1]
+                sage: R.reduced_word_of_translation(alpha[2])
+                [0, 1, 0, 2]
+                sage: R.reduced_word_of_translation(alpha[0])
+                [1, 2, 1, 0]
+
+                sage: R = RootSystem(['D',5,1]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: Lambda = R.fundamental_weights()
+                sage: omega1 = Lambda[1] - Lambda[0]
+                sage: omega2 = Lambda[2] - 2*Lambda[0]
+                sage: R.reduced_word_of_translation(omega1)                             # needs sage.graphs
+                [0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3, 2, 0]
+                sage: R.reduced_word_of_translation(omega2)                             # needs sage.graphs
+                [0, 2, 1, 3, 2, 4, 3, 5, 3, 2, 1, 4, 3, 2]
+
+            A non simply laced case::
+
+                sage: R = RootSystem(["C",2,1]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: Lambda = R.fundamental_weights()
+                sage: c = R.cartan_type().translation_factors(); c                      # needs sage.graphs
+                Finite family {0: 1, 1: 2, 2: 1}
+                sage: R.reduced_word_of_translation((Lambda[1]-Lambda[0]) * c[1])       # needs sage.graphs
+                [0, 1, 2, 1]
+                sage: R.reduced_word_of_translation((Lambda[2]-Lambda[0]) * c[2])       # needs sage.graphs
+                [0, 1, 0]
+
+            See also :meth:`_test_reduced_word_of_translation`.
+
+            .. TODO::
+
+                 - Add a picture in the doc
+                 - Add a method which, given an element of the classical
+                   weight lattice, constructs the appropriate value for t
+            """
+            return self.reduced_word_of_alcove_morphism(t.translation)
+
+        def _test_reduced_word_of_translation(self, elements=None, **options):
+            r"""
+            Test the method :meth:`reduced_word_of_translation`.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``options`` -- any keyword arguments accepted by :meth:`_tester`
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: R = RootSystem(['D',4,1]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: R._test_reduced_word_of_translation()                             # needs sage.graphs
+
+            See the documentation for :class:`TestSuite` for more information.
+            """
+            tester = self._tester(**options)
+            if not self.cartan_type().is_affine(): # won't be necessary anymore once root systems are categorified
+                return
+            try:
+                alpha = self.simple_roots()
+            except ImportError:  # when sage.graphs is not available
+                return
+            Lambda = self.fundamental_weights()
+            rho = self.rho()
+            G = self.dynkin_diagram()
+            permutations = []
+
+            # Note: this uses a special set of default elements instead of
+            # the usual tester.some_elements(), namely the smallest
+            # elements in the weight lattice giving rise to translations
+            # preserving the alcoves.
+            if elements is None:
+                c = self.cartan_type().c()
+                elements = [c[i] * Lambda[i]
+                            for i in self.cartan_type().classical().index_set()]
+
+            # When the null root is zero in this root lattice realization,
+            # the roots correspond to the classical roots. We use that to
+            # check that w permute the simple roots according to a Dynkin
+            # diagram automorphism. This test currently requires the index
+            # set to be of the form 0..n
+            test_automorphism = self.null_root().is_zero() and set(self.index_set()) == set(i for i in range(len(self.index_set())))
+            # dictionary assigning a simple root to its index
+            rank_simple_roots = {alpha[i]: i for i in self.index_set()}
+
+            try:
+                W = self.weyl_group()
+            except ImportError:
+                return
+
+            for t in elements:
+                t = t - self.base_ring()(t.level()/Lambda[0].level()) * Lambda[0]
+                w = W.from_reduced_word(self.reduced_word_of_translation(t))
+                if self.null_root().is_zero():
+                    # The following formula is only valid when the null root is zero
+                    tester.assertEqual(w.action(rho), rho + rho.level()*t)
+                    # TODO: fix this formula to take delta into account,
+                    # and remove the above condition
+                if test_automorphism:
+                    permutation = [None for i in self.index_set()]
+                    for i in self.index_set():
+                        root = w.action(alpha[i])
+                        tester.assertIn(root, rank_simple_roots)
+                        permutation[i] = rank_simple_roots[root]
+                    tester.assertEqual(set(permutation), set(self.index_set()))
+                    # It could be nicer to test equality of G and its relabelling
+                    for i in self.index_set():
+                        for j in self.index_set():
+                            tester.assertEqual(G[permutation[i],permutation[j]], G[i,j])
+                    permutations.append(permutation)
+
+            if test_automorphism and elements is None: # note: the test on elements is broken
+                # Check that, if we start from all fundamental weights, we
+                # get the full automorphism group
+                # Disabled: this should actually check that one gets all special
+                # automorphisms, which are in bijection with the special nodes
+                #from sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup import PermutationGroup
+                #P = PermutationGroup([[i+1 for i in permutation] for permutation in permutations])
+                #tester.assertEqual(P, G.automorphism_group())
+                pass
+
+        def signs_of_alcovewalk(self, walk):
+            r"""
+            Let walk = `[i_1,\ldots,i_n]` denote an alcove walk starting
+            from the fundamental alcove `y_0`, crossing at step 1 the
+            wall `i_1`, and so on.
+
+            For each `k`, set `w_k = s_{i_1} \circ s_{i_k}`, and denote
+            by `y_k = w_k(y_0)` the alcove reached after `k` steps. Then,
+            `y_k` is obtained recursively from `y_{k-1}` by applying the
+            following reflection:
+
+            .. MATH::
+
+                  y_k = s_{w_{k-1} \alpha_{i_k}} y_{k-1}.
+
+            The step is said positive if `w_{k-1} \alpha_{i_k}` is a
+            negative root (considering `w_{k-1}` as element of the
+            classical Weyl group and `\alpha_{i_k}` as a classical
+            root) and negative otherwise. The algorithm implemented
+            here use the equivalent property::
+
+                .. MATH:: \langle w_{k-1}^{-1} \rho_0, \alpha^\vee_{i_k}\rangle > 0
+
+            Where `\rho_0` is the sum of the classical fundamental
+            weights embedded at level 0 in this space (see
+            :meth:`rho_classical`), and `\alpha^\vee_{i_k}` is the
+            simple coroot associated to `\alpha_{i_k}`.
+
+            This function returns a list of the form `[+1,+1,-1,...]`,
+            where the `k`-th entry denotes whether the `k`-th step was
+            positive or negative.
+
+            See equation 3.4, of Ram: Alcove walks ..., :arxiv:`math/0601343v1`
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['C',2,1]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: L.signs_of_alcovewalk([1,2,0,1,2,1,2,0,1,2])                      # needs sage.graphs sage.libs.gap
+                [-1, -1, 1, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['A',2,1]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: L.signs_of_alcovewalk([0,1,2,1,2,0,1,2,0,1,2,0])                  # needs sage.graphs sage.libs.gap
+                [1, 1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1, 1]
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['B',2,1]).coweight_lattice()
+                sage: L.signs_of_alcovewalk([0,1,2,0,1,2])                              # needs sage.graphs sage.libs.gap
+                [1, -1, 1, -1, 1, 1]
+
+            .. WARNING::
+
+                This method currently does not work in the weight
+                lattice for type BC dual because `\rho_0` does not
+                live in this lattice (but an integral multiple of it
+                would do the job as well).
+            """
+            # Below, w is w_{k-1} and we use the fact that, for a root
+            # `a` the following are equivalent:
+            # - w a is a negative root
+            # - <w a, rho^\vee> < 0
+            # - <w a^\vee, rho> < 0
+            # - <a^\vee, w^-1 rho> < 0
+            W = self.weyl_group()
+            s = W.simple_reflections()
+            alphacheck = self.alphacheck()
+            rho0 = self.rho_classical()
+            w = W.one()
+            signs = []
+            for i in walk:
+                if (w.action(rho0).scalar(alphacheck[i]) > 0):
+                    signs.append(-1)
+                else:
+                    signs.append(1)
+                w = s[i]*w
+            return signs
+
+        def rho_classical(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the embedding at level 0 of `\rho` of the classical lattice.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: RootSystem(['C',4,1]).weight_lattice().rho_classical()            # needs sage.graphs
+                -4*Lambda[0] + Lambda[1] + Lambda[2] + Lambda[3] + Lambda[4]
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['D',4,1]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: L.rho_classical().scalar(L.null_coroot())                         # needs sage.graphs
+                0
+
+            .. WARNING::
+
+                In affine type BC dual, this does not live in the weight lattice::
+
+                    sage: L = CartanType(["BC",2,2]).dual().root_system().weight_space()
+                    sage: L.rho_classical()                                             # needs sage.graphs
+                    -3/2*Lambda[0] + Lambda[1] + Lambda[2]
+                    sage: L = CartanType(["BC",2,2]).dual().root_system().weight_lattice()
+                    sage: L.rho_classical()                                             # needs sage.graphs
+                    Traceback (most recent call last):
+                    ...
+                    ValueError: 5 is not divisible by 2
+            """
+            rho = self.rho()
+            Lambda = self.fundamental_weights()
+            return rho - Lambda[0] * rho.level() / Lambda[0].level()
+
+        def embed_at_level(self, x, level=1):
+            r"""
+            Embed the classical weight `x` in the level ``level`` hyperplane.
+
+            This is achieved by translating the straightforward
+            embedding of `x` by `c\Lambda_0` for `c` some appropriate
+            scalar.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``x`` -- an element of the corresponding classical weight/ambient lattice
+            - ``level`` -- integer or element of the base ring (default: 1)
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: L = RootSystem(["B",3,1]).weight_space()
+                sage: L0 = L.classical()
+                sage: alpha = L0.simple_roots()
+                sage: omega = L0.fundamental_weights()
+                sage: L.embed_at_level(omega[1], 1)
+                Lambda[1]
+                sage: L.embed_at_level(omega[2], 1)
+                -Lambda[0] + Lambda[2]
+                sage: L.embed_at_level(omega[3], 1)
+                Lambda[3]
+                sage: L.embed_at_level(alpha[1], 1)
+                Lambda[0] + 2*Lambda[1] - Lambda[2]
+            """
+            if not self.classical().is_parent_of(x):
+                raise ValueError("x must be an element of the classical type")
+            Lambda = self.fundamental_weights()
+            result = self.sum_of_terms(x)
+            result += Lambda[0] * (level-result.level()) / (Lambda[0].level())
+            assert result.level() == level
+            return result
+
+        # Should it be a method of highest_weight?
+        def weyl_dimension(self, highest_weight):
+            r"""
+            Return the dimension of the highest weight representation of highest weight ``highest_weight``.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: RootSystem(['A',3]).ambient_lattice().weyl_dimension([2,1,0,0])
+                20
+                sage: P = RootSystem(['C',2]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: La = P.basis()
+                sage: P.weyl_dimension(La[1]+La[2])                                     # needs sage.graphs
+                16
+
+                sage: type(RootSystem(['A',3]).ambient_lattice().weyl_dimension([2,1,0,0]))
+                <class 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>
+            """
+            highest_weight = self(highest_weight)
+            if not highest_weight.is_dominant():
+                raise ValueError("the highest weight must be dominant")
+            rho = self.rho()
+            pr = self.coroot_lattice().positive_roots()
+            from sage.rings.integer import Integer
+            n = prod(((rho+highest_weight).scalar(x) for x in pr), Integer(1))
+            d = prod((rho.scalar(x) for x in pr), Integer(1))
+            return Integer(n/d)
+
+        @lazy_attribute
+        def _inverse_cartan_matrix(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the inverse Cartan matrix defining ``self``.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: RootSystem(['A', 3]).ambient_lattice()._inverse_cartan_matrix
+                [3/4 1/2 1/4]
+                [1/2   1 1/2]
+                [1/4 1/2 3/4]
+                sage: RootSystem(['G', 2]).weight_lattice()._inverse_cartan_matrix
+                [2 3]
+                [1 2]
+            """
+            ret = self.cartan_type().cartan_matrix().inverse()
+            ret.set_immutable()
+            return ret
+
+        @lazy_attribute
+        def _symmetric_form_matrix(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the matrix for the symmetric form `( | )` in
+            the weight lattice basis.
+
+            Let `A` be a symmetrizable Cartan matrix with symmetrizer `D`,.
+            This returns the matrix `M^t DA M`, where `M` is dependent upon
+            the type given below.
+
+            In finite types, `M` is the inverse of the Cartan matrix.
+
+            In affine types, `M` takes the basis
+            `(\Lambda_0, \Lambda_1, \ldots, \Lambda_r, \delta)` to
+            `(\alpha_0, \ldots, \alpha_r, \Lambda_0)` where `r` is the
+            rank of ``self``.
+
+            This is used in computing the symmetric form for affine
+            root systems.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: P = RootSystem(['B',2]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: P._symmetric_form_matrix                                          # needs sage.graphs
+                [2 1]
+                [1 1]
+
+                sage: P = RootSystem(['C',2]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: P._symmetric_form_matrix                                          # needs sage.graphs
+                [1 1]
+                [1 2]
+
+                sage: P = RootSystem(['C',2,1]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: P._symmetric_form_matrix                                          # needs sage.graphs
+                [0 0 0 1]
+                [0 1 1 1]
+                [0 1 2 1]
+                [1 1 1 0]
+
+                sage: P = RootSystem(['A',4,2]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: P._symmetric_form_matrix                                          # needs sage.graphs
+                [  0   0   0 1/2]
+                [  0   2   2   1]
+                [  0   2   4   1]
+                [1/2   1   1   0]
+            """
+            from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix
+            ct = self.cartan_type()
+            cm = ct.cartan_matrix()
+            if cm.det() != 0:
+                diag = matrix.diagonal(cm.symmetrizer())
+                return self._inverse_cartan_matrix.transpose() * diag
+
+            if not ct.is_affine():
+                raise ValueError("only implemented for affine types when the"
+                                 " Cartan matrix is singular")
+
+            r = ct.rank()
+            a = ct.a()
+            # Determine the change of basis matrix
+            # La[0], ..., La[r], delta -> al[0], ..., al[r], La[0]
+            M = cm.stack( matrix([1] + [0]*(r-1)) )
+            M = matrix.block([[ M, matrix([[1]] + [[0]]*r) ]])
+            M = M.inverse()
+
+            if a[0] != 1:
+                from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+                S = matrix([~a[0]]+[0]*(r-1))
+                A = cm.symmetrized_matrix().change_ring(QQ).stack(S)
+            else:
+                A = cm.symmetrized_matrix().stack(matrix([1]+[0]*(r-1)))
+            A = matrix.block([[A, matrix([[~a[0]]] + [[0]]*r)]])
+            return M.transpose() * A * M
+
+    class ElementMethods:
+        def symmetric_form(self, la):
+            r"""
+            Return the symmetric form of ``self`` with ``la``.
+
+            Return the pairing `( | )` on the weight lattice. See Chapter 6
+            in Kac, Infinite Dimensional Lie Algebras for more details.
+
+            .. WARNING::
+
+                For affine root systems, if you are not working in the
+                extended weight lattice/space, this may return incorrect
+                results.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: P = RootSystem(['C',2]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: al = P.simple_roots()
+                sage: al[1].symmetric_form(al[1])
+                2
+                sage: al[1].symmetric_form(al[2])
+                -2
+                sage: al[2].symmetric_form(al[1])
+                -2
+                sage: Q = RootSystem(['C',2]).root_lattice()
+                sage: alQ = Q.simple_roots()
+                sage: all(al[i].symmetric_form(al[j]) == alQ[i].symmetric_form(alQ[j])
+                ....:     for i in P.index_set() for j in P.index_set())
+                True
+
+                sage: # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: P = RootSystem(['C',2,1]).weight_lattice(extended=True)
+                sage: al = P.simple_roots()
+                sage: al[1].symmetric_form(al[1])
+                2
+                sage: al[1].symmetric_form(al[2])
+                -2
+                sage: al[1].symmetric_form(al[0])
+                -2
+                sage: al[0].symmetric_form(al[1])
+                -2
+                sage: Q = RootSystem(['C',2,1]).root_lattice()
+                sage: alQ = Q.simple_roots()
+                sage: all(al[i].symmetric_form(al[j]) == alQ[i].symmetric_form(alQ[j])
+                ....:     for i in P.index_set() for j in P.index_set())
+                True
+                sage: La = P.basis()
+                sage: [La['delta'].symmetric_form(al) for al in P.simple_roots()]
+                [0, 0, 0]
+                sage: [La[0].symmetric_form(al) for al in P.simple_roots()]
+                [1, 0, 0]
+
+                sage: P = RootSystem(['C',2,1]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: Q = RootSystem(['C',2,1]).root_lattice()
+                sage: al = P.simple_roots()                                             # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: alQ = Q.simple_roots()                                            # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: all(al[i].symmetric_form(al[j]) == alQ[i].symmetric_form(alQ[j])  # needs sage.graphs
+                ....:     for i in P.index_set() for j in P.index_set())
+                True
+
+            The result of `(\Lambda_0 | \alpha_0)` should be `1`, however we
+            get `0` because we are not working in the extended weight
+            lattice::
+
+                sage: La = P.basis()
+                sage: [La[0].symmetric_form(al) for al in P.simple_roots()]             # needs sage.graphs
+                [0, 0, 0]
+
+            TESTS:
+
+            We check that `A_{2n}^{(2)}` has 3 different root lengths::
+
+                sage: P = RootSystem(['A',4,2]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: al = P.simple_roots()                                             # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: [al[i].symmetric_form(al[i]) for i in P.index_set()]              # needs sage.graphs
+                [2, 4, 8]
+
+            Check that :issue:`31410` is fixed, and the symmetric form
+            computed on the weight space is the same as the symmetric
+            form computed on the root space::
+
+                sage: def s1(ct):
+                ....:    L = RootSystem(ct).weight_space()
+                ....:    P = L.positive_roots()
+                ....:    rho = L.rho()
+                ....:    return [beta.symmetric_form(rho) for beta in P]
+
+                sage: def s2(ct):
+                ....:    R = RootSystem(ct).root_space()
+                ....:    P = R.positive_roots()
+                ....:    rho = 1/2*sum(P)
+                ....:    return [beta.symmetric_form(rho) for beta in P]
+
+                sage: all(s1(ct) == s2(ct)                                              # needs sage.graphs
+                ....:     for ct in CartanType.samples(finite=True, crystallographic=True))
+                True
+            """
+            P = self.parent()
+            ct = P.cartan_type()
+            sym = P._symmetric_form_matrix
+
+            if ct.is_finite():
+                iset = P.index_set()
+            else:
+                iset = P.index_set() + ('delta',)
+
+            return sum(cl*sym[iset.index(ml),iset.index(mr)]*cr
+                       for ml, cl in self for mr, cr in la)
+
+        #    # This should be in a method to_weight_lattice()
+        #    alphac = self.simple_coroots()
+        #    Lambda = self.fundamental_weights()
+        #    assert t == self.plus(t.scalar(alphac[i]) * Lambda[i] for i in self.index_set())
+        #    t = self.plus( t.scalar(alphac[i]) * c[i] * Lambda[i] for i in self.index_set())
+
+        def to_weight_space(self, base_ring=None):
+            r"""
+            Map ``self`` to the weight space.
+
+            .. WARNING::
+
+                Implemented for finite Cartan type.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: b = CartanType(['B',2]).root_system().ambient_space().from_vector(vector([1,-2])); b
+                (1, -2)
+                sage: b.to_weight_space()
+                3*Lambda[1] - 4*Lambda[2]
+                sage: b = CartanType(['B',2]).root_system().ambient_space().from_vector(vector([1/2,0])); b
+                (1/2, 0)
+                sage: b.to_weight_space()
+                1/2*Lambda[1]
+                sage: b.to_weight_space(ZZ)
+                Traceback (most recent call last):
+                ...
+                TypeError: no conversion of this rational to integer
+                sage: b = CartanType(['G',2]).root_system().ambient_space().from_vector(vector([4,-5,1])); b
+                (4, -5, 1)
+                sage: b.to_weight_space()
+                -6*Lambda[1] + 5*Lambda[2]
+            """
+            L = self.parent()
+            if base_ring is None:
+                base_ring = L.base_ring()
+
+            wt_space = L.root_system.weight_space(base_ring)
+            simple_coroots = L.simple_coroots()
+            return wt_space.sum_of_terms(((i, base_ring(self.scalar(ac)))
+                                          for i, ac in simple_coroots.items()),
+                                         distinct=True)
+
+        @cached_method
+        def _to_root_vector(self):
+            r"""
+            Helper method to express ``self`` as a linear combination
+            of simple roots.
+
+            OUTPUT:
+
+            A list with entries in `\QQ` representing ``self`` as a linear
+            combination of simple roots.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['A', 3]).ambient_space()
+                sage: e = L.basis()
+                sage: (e[0] + 3*e[3])._to_root_vector()  # not in the root space
+                sage: (e[0] - e[1])._to_root_vector()
+                (1, 0, 0)
+                sage: (e[0] + 2*e[1] - 3*e[2])._to_root_vector()
+                (1, 3, 0)
+            """
+            v = self.to_vector().change_ring(QQ)
+            al = [a.to_vector() for a in self.parent().simple_roots()]
+            b = v.parent().linear_dependence([v] + al)
+            if len(b) != 1 or b[0] == 0:
+                return None
+            b = b[0]  # Get the actual vector that gives the linear dependency
+            return b[1:].change_ring(QQ) / -b[0]