passagemath-modules 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl

sage/modules/fp_graded/morphism.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1990 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-modules
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.combinat
+r"""
+Homomorphisms of finitely presented graded modules
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Robert R. Bruner, Michael J. Catanzaro (2012): Initial version.
+- Sverre Lunoee--Nielsen and Koen van Woerden (2019-11-29): Updated the
+  original software to Sage version 8.9.
+- Sverre Lunoee--Nielsen (2020-07-01): Refactored the code and added
+  new documentation and tests.
+"""
+
+# *****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2011 Robert R. Bruner <rrb@math.wayne.edu>
+#             and          Michael J. Catanzaro <mike@math.wayne.edu>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+from inspect import isfunction
+
+from sage.categories.homset import End, Hom
+from sage.categories.morphism import Morphism
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method, cached_function
+from sage.misc.lazy_attribute import lazy_attribute
+from sage.rings.infinity import infinity
+
+
+def _create_relations_matrix(module, relations, source_degs, target_degs):
+    r"""
+    The action by the given relations can be written as multiplication by
+    the matrix `R = (r_{ij})_{i,j}` where each entry is an algebra element and
+    each row in the matrix contains the coefficients of a single relation.
+
+    For a given source degree, `n`, the multiplication by `r_{ij}` restricts to
+    a linear transformation `M_n\to M_{n + \deg(r_{ij})}`.  This function returns
+    the matrix of linear transformations gotten by restricting `R` to the given
+    source degrees.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``module`` -- the module where the relations acts
+    - ``relations`` -- list of lists of algebra coefficients defining the
+      matrix `R`
+    - ``source_degs`` -- list of integer degrees; its length should be
+      equal to the number of columns of `R`
+    - ``target_degs`` -- list of integer degrees; its length should be
+      equal to the number of rows of `R`
+
+    Furthermore must the degrees given by the input satisfy the following::
+
+        source_degs[j] + deg(r[i,j]) = target_degs[i]
+
+    for all `i, j`.
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    - ``block_matrix`` -- list of lists representing a matrix of linear
+      transformations `(T_{ij})`.  Each transformtion `T_{ij}` is the linear map
+      representing multiplication by the coefficient `r_{ij}` restricted to
+      the module elements of degree ``source_degs[j]``.
+    - ``R`` -- a matrix representing ``block_matrix`` as a single linear
+      transformation
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.module import FPModule
+        sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.morphism import _create_relations_matrix
+        sage: A = SteenrodAlgebra(p=2)
+        sage: M = FPModule(A, [0], [[0]])
+        sage: blocks, R = _create_relations_matrix(M, [[Sq(2)]], [4], [6])
+
+        sage: blocks
+          [[Vector space morphism represented by the matrix:
+            [0 1 0]
+            [0 1 1]
+            Domain: Vector space quotient V/W of dimension 2 over Finite Field of size 2 where
+            V: Vector space of dimension 2 over Finite Field of size 2
+            W: Vector space of degree 2 and dimension 0 over Finite Field of size 2
+            Basis matrix:
+            []
+            Codomain: Vector space quotient V/W of dimension 3 over Finite Field of size 2 where
+            V: Vector space of dimension 3 over Finite Field of size 2
+            W: Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 0 over Finite Field of size 2
+            Basis matrix:
+            []]]
+
+        sage: R
+          [0 0]
+          [1 1]
+          [0 1]
+    """
+    from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix
+
+    if not relations:
+        raise ValueError('no relations given, can not build matrix')
+
+    # Create the block matrix of linear transformations.
+    block_matrix = []
+    for i, r_i in enumerate(relations):
+        row = []
+        target_space = module.vector_presentation(target_degs[i])
+
+        for j, r_ij in enumerate(r_i):
+
+            values = []
+            for b in module.basis_elements(source_degs[j]):
+                w = r_ij * b
+                values.append(
+                    target_space.zero() if w.is_zero() else w.vector_presentation())
+
+            row.append(
+                Hom(module.vector_presentation(source_degs[j]), target_space)(values))
+
+        block_matrix.append(row)
+
+    # Deal with the case of zero dimensional matrices first.
+    total_source_dim = 0
+    for el in block_matrix[0]:
+        total_source_dim += el.domain().dimension()
+    total_target_dim = 0
+    for row in block_matrix:
+        total_target_dim += row[0].codomain().dimension()
+    if total_source_dim == 0:
+        return block_matrix, matrix(total_target_dim, 0)
+    elif total_target_dim == 0:
+        return block_matrix, matrix(0, total_source_dim)
+
+    # Create a matrix from the matrix of linear transformations.
+    entries = []
+    for j, block in enumerate(block_matrix[0]):
+        for n in range(block.domain().dimension()):
+            column = []
+            for i in range(len(block_matrix)):
+                lin_trans = block_matrix[i][j]
+                column += lin_trans(lin_trans.domain().basis()[n])
+            entries.append(column)
+
+    return block_matrix, matrix(module.base_ring().base_ring(), entries).transpose()
+
+
+class FPModuleMorphism(Morphism):
+    r"""
+    Create a homomorphism between finitely presented graded modules.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``parent`` -- a homspace of finitely presented graded modules
+    - ``values`` -- list of elements in the codomain; each element
+      corresponds to a module generator in the domain
+    - ``check`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``True``, check
+      that the morphism is well-defined
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.module import FPModule
+
+    Trying to map the generators of a non-free module into a
+    free module::
+
+        sage: A = SteenrodAlgebra(2)
+        sage: F = FPModule(A, [2,3])
+        sage: Q = FPModule(A, [2,3], relations=[[Sq(6), Sq(5)]])
+        sage: v1 = Q((Sq(1), 0))
+        sage: v2 = Q((0, 1))
+        sage: m = Hom(F, Q)( (v1, v2) )
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: ill-defined homomorphism: degrees do not match
+
+    Trying to map the generators of a non-free module into a
+    free module::
+
+        sage: w = Hom(Q, F)( (F((1, 0)), F((0, 1))) )
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: relation Sq(6)*g[2] + Sq(5)*g[3] is not sent to zero
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, values, check=True):
+        r"""
+        Create a homomorphism between finitely presented graded modules.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A module homomorphism defined by sending the generator
+        with index `i` to the corresponding element in ``values``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.module import FPModule
+            sage: A2 = SteenrodAlgebra(2, profile=(3,2,1))
+            sage: A3 = SteenrodAlgebra(2, profile=(4,3,2,1))
+            sage: M = FPModule(A2, [0], relations=[[Sq(1)]])
+            sage: N = FPModule(A2, [0], relations=[[Sq(4)],[Sq(1)]])
+            sage: f = Hom(M,N)([A2.Sq(3)*N.generator(0)])
+            sage: TestSuite(f).run()
+        """
+        from .homspace import FPModuleHomspace
+
+        if not isinstance(parent, FPModuleHomspace):
+            raise TypeError('parent (=%s) must be a fp module hom space' % parent)
+
+        # Get the values.
+        C = parent.codomain()
+        D = parent.domain()
+        if isfunction(values):
+            values = [C(values(g)) for g in D.generators()]
+        elif not values:
+            values = len(D.generator_degrees()) * [C.zero()]
+        else:
+            values = [C(a) for a in values]
+
+        # Check the homomorphism is well defined.
+        if len(D.generator_degrees()) != len(values):
+            raise ValueError('the number of values must equal the number of '
+                             'generators in the domain; invalid argument: %s' % values)
+
+        self._values = tuple(values)
+
+        # Call the base class constructor.
+        Morphism.__init__(self, parent)
+
+        # Check that the homomorphism is well defined.
+        if check:
+            self._free_morphism
+            for relation in parent.domain().relations():
+                # The relation is an element in the free part of the domain.
+                img = self._free_morphism(relation)
+                if parent.codomain()(img):
+                    raise ValueError('relation %s is not sent to zero' % relation)
+
+    @lazy_attribute
+    def _free_morphism(self):
+        """
+        Return the lifted morphism between free modules.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.module import FPModule
+            sage: A2 = SteenrodAlgebra(2, profile=(3,2,1))
+            sage: A3 = SteenrodAlgebra(2, profile=(4,3,2,1))
+            sage: M = FPModule(A2, [0], relations=[[Sq(1)]])
+            sage: N = FPModule(A2, [0], relations=[[Sq(4)],[Sq(1)]])
+            sage: f = Hom(M,N)([A2.Sq(3)*N.generator(0)])
+            sage: f._free_morphism
+            Module endomorphism of Free graded left module on 1 generator
+             over sub-Hopf algebra of mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis, profile function [3, 2, 1]
+              Defn: g[0] |--> Sq(3)*g[0]
+        """
+        P = self.parent()
+        from sage.modules.fp_graded.free_module import FreeGradedModule
+        if isinstance(P.codomain(), FreeGradedModule):
+            Homspace = Hom(P.domain()._j.codomain(), P.codomain())
+            return Homspace(self._values)
+        Homspace = Hom(P.domain()._j.codomain(), P.codomain()._j.codomain())
+        return Homspace([v.lift_to_free() for v in self._values])
+
+    def change_ring(self, algebra):
+        r"""
+        Change the base ring of ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``algebra`` -- a graded algebra
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.module import FPModule
+            sage: A2 = SteenrodAlgebra(2, profile=(3,2,1))
+            sage: A3 = SteenrodAlgebra(2, profile=(4,3,2,1))
+            sage: M = FPModule(A2, [0], relations=[[Sq(1)]])
+            sage: N = FPModule(A2, [0], relations=[[Sq(4)],[Sq(1)]])
+
+            sage: f = Hom(M,N)([A2.Sq(3)*N.generator(0)]); f
+            Module morphism:
+              From: Finitely presented left module on 1 generator and 1 relation over sub-Hopf algebra of mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis, profile function [3, 2, 1]
+              To:   Finitely presented left module on 1 generator and 2 relations over sub-Hopf algebra of mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis, profile function [3, 2, 1]
+              Defn: g[0] |--> Sq(3)*g[0]
+
+            sage: f.base_ring()
+            sub-Hopf algebra of mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis, profile function [3, 2, 1]
+
+            sage: g = f.change_ring(A3)
+            sage: g.base_ring()
+            sub-Hopf algebra of mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis, profile function [4, 3, 2, 1]
+        """
+        new_codomain = self.codomain().change_ring(algebra)
+        # We have to change the ring for the values, too:
+        new_values = [new_codomain([algebra(a)
+                                    for a in v.dense_coefficient_list()])
+                      for v in self._values]
+        return Hom(self.domain().change_ring(algebra), new_codomain)(new_values)
+
+    def degree(self):
+        r"""
+        The degree of ``self``.
+
+        OUTPUT: the integer degree of ``self``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.module import *
+            sage: A = SteenrodAlgebra(2)
+            sage: M = FPModule(A, [0,1], [[Sq(2), Sq(1)]])
+            sage: N = FPModule(A, [2], [[Sq(4)]])
+            sage: homspace = Hom(M, N)
+
+            sage: values = [Sq(5)*N.generator(0), Sq(3,1)*N.generator(0)]
+            sage: f = homspace(values)
+            sage: f.degree()
+            7
+
+        The trivial homomorphism has no degree::
+
+            sage: homspace.zero().degree()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the zero morphism does not have a well-defined degree
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = FPModule(SteenrodAlgebra(p=2), [7])
+            sage: N = FPModule(SteenrodAlgebra(p=2), [0], relations=[[Sq(1)]])
+            sage: f = Hom(M,N)([Sq(1)*N.generator(0)])
+            sage: f == Hom(M,N).zero()
+            True
+            sage: f.degree()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the zero morphism does not have a well-defined degree
+        """
+        if self.is_zero():
+            # The zero morphism has no degree.
+            raise ValueError("the zero morphism does not have a well-defined degree")
+        return self._free_morphism.degree()
+
+    def values(self):
+        r"""
+        The values under ``self`` of the module generators of the domain module.
+
+        OUTPUT: a sequence of module elements of the codomain
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.module import FPModule
+            sage: A = SteenrodAlgebra(2)
+            sage: M = FPModule(A, [0,1], [[Sq(2), Sq(1)]])
+            sage: N = FPModule(A, [2], [[Sq(4)]])
+            sage: homspace = Hom(M, N)
+
+            sage: values = [Sq(5)*N.generator(0), Sq(3,1)*N.generator(0)]
+            sage: f = homspace(values)
+
+            sage: f.values()
+            (Sq(5)*g[2], Sq(3,1)*g[2])
+
+            sage: homspace.zero().values()
+            (0, 0)
+
+            sage: homspace = Hom(A.free_graded_module((0,1)), A.free_graded_module((2,)))
+            sage: N = homspace.codomain()
+            sage: values = [Sq(5)*N.generator(0), Sq(3,1)*N.generator(0)]
+            sage: f = homspace(values)
+            sage: f.values()
+            (Sq(5)*g[2], Sq(3,1)*g[2])
+            sage: homspace.zero().values()
+            (0, 0)
+        """
+        return self._values
+
+    def _richcmp_(self, other, op):
+        r"""
+        Compare ``self`` to ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.module import *
+            sage: A = SteenrodAlgebra(2)
+            sage: M = FPModule(A, [0,1], [[Sq(2), Sq(1)]])
+            sage: N = FPModule(A, [2], [[Sq(4)]])
+            sage: homspace = Hom(M, N)
+            sage: values = [Sq(5)*N.generator(0), Sq(3,1)*N.generator(0)]
+            sage: f = homspace(values)
+            sage: f._richcmp_(f, op=2)
+            True
+            sage: f._richcmp_(f, op=3)
+            False
+
+            sage: homspace = Hom(A.free_graded_module((0,1)), A.free_graded_module((2,)))
+            sage: N = homspace.codomain()
+            sage: values = [Sq(5)*N.generator(0), Sq(3,1)*N.generator(0)]
+            sage: f = homspace(values)
+            sage: f._richcmp_(f, op=2)
+            True
+            sage: f._richcmp_(f, op=3)
+            False
+        """
+        try:
+            same = (self - other).is_zero()
+        except ValueError:
+            return False
+
+        # Equality
+        if op == 2:
+            return same
+
+        # Non-equality
+        if op == 3:
+            return not same
+
+        return False
+
+    def __add__(self, g):
+        r"""
+        The pointwise sum of ``self`` and ``g``.
+
+        Pointwise addition of two homomorphisms `f` and `g` with the same domain
+        and codomain is given by the formula `(f+g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)` for
+        every `x` in the domain of `f`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``g`` -- a homomorphism with the same domain and codomain as ``self``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.module import *
+            sage: A = SteenrodAlgebra(2)
+            sage: M = FPModule(A, [0,1], [[Sq(2), Sq(1)]])
+            sage: N = FPModule(A, [2], [[Sq(4)]])
+            sage: v = N.generator(0)
+            sage: homspace = Hom(M, N)
+            sage: values = [Sq(5)*v, Sq(3,1)*v]
+            sage: f = homspace(values)
+            sage: ff = f + f
+            sage: ff.is_zero()
+            True
+            sage: ff + f == f
+            True
+
+            sage: N = A.free_graded_module((2,))
+            sage: v = N.generator(0)
+            sage: homspace = Hom(A.free_graded_module((0,1)), N)
+            sage: values = [Sq(5)*v, Sq(3,1)*v]
+            sage: f = homspace(values)
+            sage: ff = f + f
+            sage: ff.is_zero()
+            True
+            sage: ff + f == f
+            True
+            sage: ff = f + f
+            sage: ff.is_zero()
+            True
+        """
+        if self.domain() != g.domain():
+            raise ValueError('morphisms do not have the same domain')
+        elif self.codomain() != g.codomain():
+            raise ValueError('morphisms do not have the same codomain')
+        if self.is_zero():
+            return g
+        if g.is_zero():
+            return self
+        if self.degree() and g.degree() and self.degree() != g.degree():
+            raise ValueError('morphisms do not have the same degree')
+
+        v = [self(x) + g(x) for x in self.domain().generators()]
+
+        return self.parent()(v)
+
+    def __neg__(self):
+        r"""
+        The additive inverse of ``self`` with respect to the group
+        structure given by pointwise sum.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.module import FPModule
+            sage: A = SteenrodAlgebra(2)
+            sage: M = FPModule(A, [0,1], [[Sq(2), Sq(1)]])
+            sage: N = FPModule(A, [2], [[Sq(4)]])
+            sage: v = N.generator(0)
+            sage: homspace = Hom(M, N)
+            sage: values = [Sq(5)*v, Sq(3,1)*v]
+            sage: f = homspace(values)
+            sage: f_neg = -f; f_neg
+            Module morphism:
+              From: Finitely presented left module on 2 generators and 1 relation over mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis
+              To:   Finitely presented left module on 1 generator and 1 relation over mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis
+              Defn: g[0] |--> Sq(5)*g[2]
+                    g[1] |--> Sq(3,1)*g[2]
+            sage: (f + f_neg).is_zero()
+            True
+
+            sage: N = A.free_graded_module((2,))
+            sage: v = N.generator(0)
+            sage: homspace = Hom(A.free_graded_module((0,1)), N)
+            sage: N = homspace.codomain()
+            sage: values = [Sq(5)*v, Sq(3,1)*v]
+            sage: f = homspace(values)
+            sage: f_neg = -f; f_neg
+            Module morphism:
+              From: Free graded left module on 2 generators over mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis
+              To:   Free graded left module on 1 generator over mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis
+              Defn: g[0] |--> Sq(5)*g[2]
+                    g[1] |--> Sq(3,1)*g[2]
+            sage: (f + f_neg).is_zero()
+            True
+        """
+        return self.parent()([-x for x in self._values])
+
+    def __sub__(self, g):
+        r"""
+        The difference between ``self`` and ``g`` with
+        respect to the group structure given by pointwise sum.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.module import *
+            sage: A = SteenrodAlgebra(2)
+            sage: M = FPModule(A, [0])
+            sage: N = FPModule(A, [0], [[Sq(4)]])
+            sage: f = Hom(M, N)( [Sq(3)*N.generator(0)] )
+            sage: g = Hom(M, N)( [Sq(0,1)*N.generator(0)] )
+            sage: f - g
+            Module morphism:
+              From: Free graded left module on 1 generator over mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis
+              To:   Finitely presented left module on 1 generator and 1 relation over mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis
+              Defn: g[0] |--> (Sq(0,1)+Sq(3))*g[0]
+
+            sage: f = Hom(M, N)( [Sq(4)*N.generator(0)] ) # the zero map
+            sage: g = Hom(M, N)( [Sq(1,1)*N.generator(0)] )
+            sage: f - g
+            Module morphism:
+              From: Free graded left module on 1 generator over mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis
+              To:   Finitely presented left module on 1 generator and 1 relation over mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis
+              Defn: g[0] |--> Sq(1,1)*g[0]
+
+            sage: N = A.free_graded_module((2,))
+            sage: v = N.generator(0)
+            sage: homspace = Hom(A.free_graded_module((0,1)), N)
+            sage: values = [Sq(5)*v, Sq(3,1)*v]
+            sage: f = homspace(values)
+            sage: values2 = [Sq(5)*v, Sq(3,1)*v]
+            sage: g = homspace(values2)
+            sage: f - g == 0
+            True
+        """
+        return self.__add__(g.__neg__())
+
+    def __mul__(self, g):
+        r"""
+        The composition of ``g`` followed by ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.module import FPModule
+            sage: A = SteenrodAlgebra(2)
+            sage: M = FPModule(A, [0], [[Sq(1,2)]])
+            sage: N = FPModule(A, [0], [[Sq(2,2)]])
+            sage: f = Hom(M, N)( [Sq(2)*N.generator(0)] )
+            sage: g = Hom(N, M)( [Sq(2,2)*M.generator(0)] )
+            sage: fg = f * g; fg
+            Module endomorphism of Finitely presented left module on 1 generator and 1 relation over mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis
+              Defn: g[0] |--> (Sq(0,1,1)+Sq(1,3)+Sq(3,0,1))*g[0]
+            sage: fg.is_endomorphism()
+            True
+
+            sage: M = A.free_graded_module((0,1))
+            sage: N = A.free_graded_module((2,))
+            sage: v = N.generator(0)
+            sage: values = [Sq(5)*v, Sq(3,1)*v]
+            sage: f = Hom(M, N)(values)
+            sage: values2 = [Sq(2)*M.generator(0)]
+            sage: g = Hom(N, M)(values2)
+            sage: fg = f * g; fg
+            Module endomorphism of Free graded left module on 1 generator over mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis
+              Defn: g[2] |--> (Sq(4,1)+Sq(7))*g[2]
+            sage: fg.is_endomorphism()
+            True
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.free_module import *
+            sage: A = SteenrodAlgebra(2)
+            sage: M = FPModule(A, (0,1))
+            sage: values = [Sq(5)*N.generator(0), Sq(3,1)*N.generator(0)]
+            sage: f = Hom(M, N)(values)
+            sage: f * f
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: morphisms not composable
+
+            sage: M = A.free_graded_module((0,1))
+            sage: N = A.free_graded_module((2,))
+            sage: values = [Sq(5)*N.generator(0), Sq(3,1)*N.generator(0)]
+            sage: f = Hom(M, N)(values)
+            sage: f * f
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: morphisms not composable
+        """
+        if self.parent().domain() != g.parent().codomain():
+            raise ValueError('morphisms not composable')
+        homset = Hom(g.parent().domain(), self.parent().codomain())
+        return homset([self(g(x)) for x in g.domain().generators()])
+
+    @cached_method
+    def is_zero(self) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        Decide if ``self`` is the zero homomorphism.
+
+        OUTPUT: the boolean value ``True`` if ``self`` is trivial and ``False`` otherwise
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.module import FPModule
+            sage: A = SteenrodAlgebra(2)
+            sage: M = FPModule(A, [0,1], [[Sq(2), Sq(1)]])
+            sage: N = FPModule(A, [2], [[Sq(4)]])
+            sage: values = [Sq(5)*N.generator(0), Sq(3,1)*N.generator(0)]
+
+            sage: f = Hom(M, N)(values)
+            sage: f.is_zero()
+            False
+
+            sage: (f-f).is_zero()
+            True
+
+            sage: M = A.free_graded_module((0,1))
+            sage: N = A.free_graded_module((2,))
+            sage: v = N.generator(0)
+            sage: values = [Sq(5)*v, Sq(3,1)*v]
+            sage: f = Hom(M, N)(values)
+            sage: f.is_zero()
+            False
+            sage: (f-f).is_zero()
+            True
+        """
+        return all(x.is_zero() for x in self._values)
+
+    __bool__ = is_zero
+
+    @cached_method
+    def is_identity(self) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        Decide if ``self`` is the identity endomorphism.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.module import *
+            sage: A = SteenrodAlgebra(2)
+            sage: M = FPModule(A, [0,1], [[Sq(2), Sq(1)]])
+            sage: N = FPModule(A, [2], [[Sq(4)]])
+            sage: values = [Sq(5)*N.generator(0), Sq(3,1)*N.generator(0)]
+
+            sage: f = Hom(M, N)(values)
+            sage: f.is_identity()
+            False
+
+            sage: one = Hom(M, M)(M.generators()); one
+            Module endomorphism of Finitely presented left module on 2 generators and 1 relation over mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis
+              Defn: g[0] |--> g[0]
+                    g[1] |--> g[1]
+
+            sage: one.is_identity()
+            True
+
+            sage: M = A.free_graded_module((0,1))
+            sage: N = A.free_graded_module((2,))
+            sage: v = N.generator(0)
+            sage: values = [Sq(5)*v, Sq(3,1)*v]
+            sage: f = Hom(M, N)(values)
+            sage: f.is_identity()
+            False
+            sage: one = Hom(M, M)(M.generators()); one
+            Module endomorphism of Free graded left module on 2 generators over mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis
+              Defn: g[0] |--> g[0]
+                    g[1] |--> g[1]
+            sage: one.is_identity()
+            True
+        """
+        return (self.parent().is_endomorphism_set()
+                and self.parent().identity() == self)
+
+    def __call__(self, x):
+        r"""
+        Evaluate the homomorphism at the given domain element ``x``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``x`` -- an element of the domain of the homomorphism
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        The module element of the codomain which is the value of ``x``
+        under this homomorphism.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.module import *
+            sage: A = SteenrodAlgebra(2)
+            sage: M = FPModule(A, [0,1], [[Sq(2), Sq(1)]])
+            sage: N = FPModule(A, [2], [[Sq(4)]])
+
+            sage: values = [Sq(5)*N.generator(0), Sq(3,1)*N.generator(0)]
+            sage: f = Hom(M, N)(values)
+
+            sage: f.__call__(M.generator(0))
+            Sq(5)*g[2]
+
+            sage: f.__call__(M.generator(1))
+            Sq(3,1)*g[2]
+        """
+        if x.parent() != self.domain():
+            raise ValueError('cannot evaluate morphism on element not in domain')
+
+        return self.codomain()(self._free_morphism(x.lift_to_free()))
+
+    def _repr_type(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.module import FPModule
+            sage: A2 = SteenrodAlgebra(2, profile=(3,2,1))
+            sage: A3 = SteenrodAlgebra(2, profile=(4,3,2,1))
+            sage: M = FPModule(A2, [0], relations=[[Sq(1)]])
+            sage: N = FPModule(A2, [0], relations=[[Sq(4)],[Sq(1)]])
+            sage: f = Hom(M,N)([A2.Sq(3)*N.generator(0)])
+            sage: f._repr_type()
+            'Module'
+        """
+        return "Module"
+
+    def _repr_defn(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.module import FPModule
+            sage: A2 = SteenrodAlgebra(2, profile=(3,2,1))
+            sage: A3 = SteenrodAlgebra(2, profile=(4,3,2,1))
+            sage: M = FPModule(A2, [0], relations=[[Sq(1)]])
+            sage: N = FPModule(A2, [0], relations=[[Sq(4)],[Sq(1)]])
+            sage: f = Hom(M,N)([A2.Sq(3)*N.generator(0)])
+            sage: f._repr_defn()
+            'g[0] |--> Sq(3)*g[0]'
+
+            sage: A = SteenrodAlgebra(2)
+            sage: F1 = A.free_graded_module((4,5), names='b')
+            sage: F2 = A.free_graded_module((3,4), names='c')
+            sage: H = Hom(F1, F2)
+            sage: f = H((F2((Sq(4), 0)), F2((0, Sq(4)))))
+            sage: print(f._repr_defn())
+            b[4] |--> Sq(4)*c[3]
+            b[5] |--> Sq(4)*c[4]
+        """
+        s = '\n'.join(['%s |--> %s' % (x, y) for (x, y) in
+                       zip(self.domain().generators(), self._values)])
+        return s
+
+    @cached_method
+    def vector_presentation(self, n):
+        r"""
+        Return the restriction of ``self`` to the domain module elements
+        of degree ``n``.
+
+        The restriction of a nonzero module homomorphism to the free module
+        of module elements of degree `n` is a linear function into the free
+        module of elements of degree `n+d` belonging to the codomain.
+        Here `d` is the degree of this homomorphism.
+
+        When this homomorphism is zero, it has no well defined degree so the
+        function cannot be presented since we do not know the degree of its
+        codomain.  In this case, an error is raised.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``n`` -- integer degree
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A linear function of finite dimensional free modules over the
+        ground ring of the algebra for this module.  The domain is isomorphic
+        to the free module of domain elements of degree ``n`` of ``self``
+        via the choice of basis given by
+        :meth:`~sage.modules.fp_graded.free_module.FreeGradedModule.basis_elements`.
+        If the morphism is zero, an error is raised.
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            * :meth:`sage.modules.fp_graded.module.FPModule.vector_presentation`
+            * :meth:`sage.modules.fp_graded.module.FPModule.basis_elements`
+            * :meth:`sage.modules.fp_graded.free_module.FreeGradedModule.vector_presentation`
+            * :meth:`sage.modules.fp_graded.free_module.FreeGradedModule.basis_elements`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.module import FPModule
+            sage: A = SteenrodAlgebra(2)
+            sage: M = FPModule(A, [0,1], [[Sq(2), Sq(1)]])
+            sage: N = FPModule(A, [2], [[Sq(4)]])
+            sage: values = [Sq(5)*N.generator(0), Sq(3,1)*N.generator(0)]
+            sage: f = Hom(M, N)(values)
+            sage: f.vector_presentation(0)
+            Vector space morphism represented by the matrix:
+            [0]
+            Domain: Vector space quotient V/W of dimension 1 over Finite Field of size 2 where
+            V: Vector space of dimension 1 over Finite Field of size 2
+            W: Vector space of degree 1 and dimension 0 over Finite Field of size 2
+            Basis matrix:
+            []
+            Codomain: Vector space quotient V/W of dimension 1 over Finite Field of size 2 where
+            V: Vector space of dimension 2 over Finite Field of size 2
+            W: Vector space of degree 2 and dimension 1 over Finite Field of size 2
+            Basis matrix:
+            [0 1]
+            sage: f.vector_presentation(1)
+            Vector space morphism represented by the matrix:
+            [0 0]
+            [0 1]
+            Domain: Vector space quotient V/W of dimension 2 over Finite Field of size 2 where
+            V: Vector space of dimension 2 over Finite Field of size 2
+            W: Vector space of degree 2 and dimension 0 over Finite Field of size 2
+            Basis matrix:
+            []
+            Codomain: Vector space quotient V/W of dimension 2 over Finite Field of size 2 where
+            V: Vector space of dimension 3 over Finite Field of size 2
+            W: Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Finite Field of size 2
+            Basis matrix:
+            [0 1 1]
+            sage: f.vector_presentation(2)
+            Vector space morphism represented by the matrix:
+            [0 0]
+            Domain: Vector space quotient V/W of dimension 1 over Finite Field of size 2 where
+            V: Vector space of dimension 2 over Finite Field of size 2
+            W: Vector space of degree 2 and dimension 1 over Finite Field of size 2
+            Basis matrix:
+            [1 1]
+            Codomain: Vector space quotient V/W of dimension 2 over Finite Field of size 2 where
+            V: Vector space of dimension 4 over Finite Field of size 2
+            W: Vector space of degree 4 and dimension 2 over Finite Field of size 2
+            Basis matrix:
+            [0 0 1 0]
+            [0 0 0 1]
+
+            sage: M = A.free_graded_module((0,1))
+            sage: N = A.free_graded_module((2,))
+            sage: v = N.generator(0)
+            sage: values = [Sq(5)*v, Sq(3,1)*v]
+            sage: f = Hom(M, N)(values)
+            sage: f.vector_presentation(0)
+            Vector space morphism represented by the matrix:
+            [0 1]
+            Domain: Vector space of dimension 1 over Finite Field of size 2
+            Codomain: Vector space of dimension 2 over Finite Field of size 2
+            sage: f.vector_presentation(1)
+            Vector space morphism represented by the matrix:
+            [0 0 0]
+            [0 1 0]
+            Domain: Vector space of dimension 2 over Finite Field of size 2
+            Codomain: Vector space of dimension 3 over Finite Field of size 2
+            sage: f.vector_presentation(2)
+            Vector space morphism represented by the matrix:
+            [0 0 1 1]
+            [0 0 0 0]
+            Domain: Vector space of dimension 2 over Finite Field of size 2
+            Codomain: Vector space of dimension 4 over Finite Field of size 2
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: F = FPModule(A, [0])
+            sage: Q = FPModule(A, [0], [[Sq(2)]])
+            sage: z = Hom(F, Q)([Sq(2)*Q.generator(0)])
+            sage: z.is_zero()
+            True
+            sage: z.vector_presentation(0)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the zero map has no vector presentation
+        """
+        # The trivial map has no degree, so we can not create the codomain
+        # of the linear transformation.
+        if self.is_zero():
+            raise ValueError("the zero map has no vector presentation")
+
+        D_n = self.domain().vector_presentation(n)
+        C_n = self.codomain().vector_presentation(self.degree() + n)
+
+        values = [self(e) for e in self.domain().basis_elements(n)]
+
+        return Hom(D_n, C_n)([C_n.zero() if e.is_zero() else e.vector_presentation()
+                              for e in values])
+
+    def solve(self, x):
+        r"""
+        Return an element in the inverse image of ``x``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``x`` -- an element of the codomain of this morphism
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        An element of the domain which maps to ``x`` under this morphism
+        or ``None`` if ``x`` was not in the image of this morphism.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.module import FPModule
+            sage: A = SteenrodAlgebra(2)
+            sage: M = FPModule(A, [0], [[Sq(3)]])
+            sage: N = FPModule(A, [0], [[Sq(2,2)]])
+            sage: f = Hom(M, N)( [Sq(2)*N.generator(0)] )
+            sage: y = Sq(1,1)*N.generator(0); y
+            Sq(1,1)*g[0]
+            sage: x = f.solve(y); x
+            Sq(2)*g[0]
+            sage: y == f(x)
+            True
+
+        Trying to lift an element which is not in the image results
+        in a ``None`` value::
+
+            sage: z = f.solve(Sq(1)*N.generator(0))
+            sage: z is None
+            True
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: f.solve(Sq(2,2)*M.generator(0))
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the given element is not in the codomain of this homomorphism
+        """
+        if x.parent() != self.codomain():
+            raise ValueError('the given element is not in the codomain of this homomorphism')
+
+        # The zero element lifts over all morphisms.
+        if x.is_zero():
+            return self.domain().zero()
+
+        # Handle the trivial homomorphism since it does not have a well defined
+        # degree.
+        if self.is_zero():
+            return None
+
+        # Handle the case where both morphism and element are non-trivial.
+        n = x.degree() - self.degree()
+        f_n = self.vector_presentation(n)
+
+        v = x.vector_presentation()
+
+        # Return None if ``x`` cannot be lifted.
+        if v not in f_n.image():
+            return None
+
+        u = f_n.matrix().solve_left(v)
+        return self.domain().element_from_coordinates(u, n)
+
+    def lift(self, f, verbose=False):
+        r"""
+        Return a lift of this homomorphism over the given homomorphism ``f``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``f`` -- a homomorphism with codomain equal to the codomain of ``self``
+        - ``verbose`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); enable progress messages
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A homomorphism `g` with the property that ``self`` equals `f \circ g`.
+        If no lift exist, ``None`` is returned.
+
+        ALGORITHM:
+
+        Let `s` be this homomorphism with `L` the domain of `s`.
+        Choose `x_1, \ldots, x_N` such that `f(x_i) = s(g_i)`,
+        where the `g_i`'s are the module generators of `L`.
+
+        The linear function sending `g_i` to `x_i` for every `i` is well
+        defined if and only if the vector `x = (x_1, \ldots, x_N)` lies
+        in the nullspace of the coefficient matrix `R = (r_{ij})` given
+        by the relations of `L`.
+
+        Let `k \in \ker(f)` solve the matrix equation:
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            R \cdot k = R \cdot x.
+
+        Define a module homomorphism by sending the generators of `L` to
+        `x_1 - k_1, \ldots, x_N - k_N`.  This is well defined, and is also a
+        lift of this homomorphism over `f`.
+
+        Note that it does not matter how we choose the initial elements `x_i`:
+        If `x'` is another choice then `x' - x\in \ker(f)` and
+        `R\cdot k = R\cdot x` if and only if `R\cdot (k + x' - x) = R\cdot x'`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.module import FPModule
+            sage: A = SteenrodAlgebra(2)
+
+        Lifting a map from a free module is always possible::
+
+            sage: M = FPModule(A, [0], [[Sq(3)]])
+            sage: N = FPModule(A, [0], [[Sq(2,2)]])
+            sage: F = FPModule(A, [0])
+            sage: f = Hom(M,N)([Sq(2)*N.generator(0)])
+            sage: k = Hom(F,N)([Sq(1)*Sq(2)*N.generator(0)])
+            sage: f_ = k.lift(f)
+            sage: f*f_ == k
+            True
+            sage: f_
+            Module morphism:
+              From: Free graded left module on 1 generator over mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis
+              To:   Finitely presented left module on 1 generator and 1 relation over mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis
+              Defn: g[0] |--> Sq(1)*g[0]
+
+        A split projection::
+
+            sage: A_plus_HZ = FPModule(A, [0,0], [[0, Sq(1)]])
+            sage: HZ = FPModule(A, [0], [[Sq(1)]])
+            sage: q = Hom(A_plus_HZ, HZ)([HZ([1]), HZ([1])])
+            sage: # We can construct a splitting of `q` manually:
+            sage: split = Hom(HZ,A_plus_HZ)([A_plus_HZ.generator(1)])
+            sage: (q*split).is_identity()
+            True
+
+        Thus, lifting the identity homomorphism over `q` should be possible::
+
+            sage: one = Hom(HZ,HZ).identity()
+            sage: j = one.lift(q); j
+            Module morphism:
+              From: Finitely presented left module on 1 generator and 1 relation over mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis
+              To:   Finitely presented left module on 2 generators and 1 relation over mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis
+              Defn: g[0] |--> g[0, 1]
+            sage: q*j
+            Module endomorphism of Finitely presented left module on 1 generator and 1 relation over mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis
+              Defn: g[0] |--> g[0]
+
+        Lifting over the inclusion of the image sub module::
+
+            sage: A = SteenrodAlgebra(2)
+            sage: M = FPModule(A, [0], relations=[[Sq(0,1)]])
+            sage: f = Hom(M,M)([Sq(2)*M.generator(0)])
+            sage: im = f.image(top_dim=10)
+            sage: f.lift(im)
+            Module morphism:
+              From: Finitely presented left module on 1 generator and 1 relation over mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis
+              To:   Finitely presented left module on 1 generator and 2 relations over mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis
+              Defn: g[0] |--> g[2]
+
+        When a lift cannot be found, the ``None`` value is returned.  By
+        setting the verbose argument to ``True``, an explanation of why
+        the lifting failed will be displayed::
+
+            sage: F2 = FPModule(A, [0,0])
+            sage: non_surjection = Hom(F2, F2)([F2([1, 0]), F2([0, 0])])
+            sage: lift = Hom(F2, F2).identity().lift(non_surjection, verbose=True)
+            The generators of the domain of this homomorphism do not map into
+             the image of the homomorphism we are lifting over.
+            sage: lift is None
+            True
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.module import FPModule
+            sage: A = SteenrodAlgebra(2)
+            sage: # The trivial map often involved in corner cases..
+            sage: trivial_map = Hom(FPModule(A, [0]), FPModule(A, [])).zero()
+            sage: trivial_map.lift(trivial_map) == 0
+            True
+
+            sage: F = FPModule(A, [0])
+            sage: HZ = FPModule(A, [0], relations=[[Sq(1)]])
+            sage: f = Hom(F,HZ)(HZ.generators())
+            sage: split = Hom(HZ, HZ).identity().lift(f, verbose=True)
+            The homomorphism cannot be lifted in any way such that the relations
+             of the domain are respected: matrix equation has no solutions
+            sage: split is None
+            True
+
+            sage: Hom(F, F).identity().lift(f, verbose=true)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the codomains of this homomorphism and the homomorphism
+             we are lifting over are different
+
+            sage: f.lift(Hom(HZ, HZ).zero(), verbose=True)
+            This homomorphism cannot lift over a trivial homomorphism since
+             it is non-trivial.
+
+            sage: Ap = SteenrodAlgebra(p=2, profile=(2,2,2,1))
+            sage: Hko = FPModule(Ap, [0], [[Sq(2)], [Sq(1)]])
+            sage: f = Hom(Hko, Hko)([(Ap.Sq(0,0,3) + Ap.Sq(0,2,0,1))*Hko.generator(0)])
+            sage: f*f == 0
+            True
+            sage: k = f.kernel_inclusion() # long time
+            sage: f.lift(k) # long time
+            Module morphism:
+              From: Finitely presented left module on 1 generator and 2 relations over sub-Hopf algebra of mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis, profile function [2, 2, 2, 1]
+              To:   Finitely presented left module on 3 generators and 12 relations over sub-Hopf algebra of mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis, profile function [2, 2, 2, 1]
+              Defn: g[0] |--> Sq(1)*g[20]
+
+        Corner cases involving trivial maps::
+
+            sage: M = FPModule(A, [1])
+            sage: M1 = FPModule(A, [0])
+            sage: M2 = FPModule(A, [0], [[Sq(1)]])
+            sage: q = Hom(M1, M2)([M2.generator(0)])
+            sage: z = Hom(M, M2).zero()
+            sage: lift = z.lift(q)
+            sage: lift.domain() is M and lift.codomain() is M1
+            True
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`split`
+        """
+        from sage.modules.free_module_element import vector
+
+        #        self
+        #    L -------> N
+        #     \         ^
+        #       \       |
+        #   lift  \     | f
+        #           \   |
+        #            _| |
+        #               M
+        L = self.domain()
+        N = self.codomain()
+        M = f.domain()
+
+        # It is an error to call this function with incompatible arguments.
+        if f.codomain() is not N:
+            raise ValueError('the codomains of this homomorphism and the homomorphism '
+                             'we are lifting over are different')
+
+        # The trivial map lifts over any other map.
+        if self.is_zero():
+            return Hom(L, M).zero()
+
+        # A non-trivial map never lifts over the trivial map.
+        if f.is_zero():
+            if verbose:
+                print('This homomorphism cannot lift over a trivial homomorphism'
+                      ' since it is non-trivial.')
+            return None
+
+        xs = [f.solve(self(g)) for g in L.generators()]
+
+        # If some of the generators are not in the image of f, there is no
+        # hope finding a lift.
+        if None in xs:
+            if verbose:
+                print('The generators of the domain of this homomorphism do '
+                      'not map into the image of the homomorphism we are lifting over.')
+            return None
+
+        # If L is free there are no relations to take into consideration.
+        if not L.has_relations():
+            return Hom(L, M)(xs)
+
+        # The degree of the lifted map f_.
+        lift_deg = self.degree() - f.degree()
+
+        # Compute the kernel of f.  The equations we will solve will live in
+        # this submodule.
+        iK = f.kernel_inclusion(top_dim=max([r.degree() + lift_deg for r in L.relations()]))
+
+        source_degs = [g.degree() + lift_deg for g in L.generators()]
+        target_degs = [r.degree() + lift_deg for r in L.relations()]
+
+        # Act on the liftings xs by the relations.
+        ys = []
+        K = iK.domain()
+        all_zero = True
+
+        for r in L.relations():
+            target_degree = r.degree() + lift_deg
+
+            y = iK.solve(sum([c * x for c, x in zip(r.dense_coefficient_list(), xs)]))
+            if y is None:
+                if verbose:
+                    print('The homomorphism cannot be lifted in any '
+                          'way such that the relations of the domain are '
+                          'respected.')
+                return None
+
+            if y.is_zero():
+                dim = K.vector_presentation(target_degree).dimension()
+                ys += dim * [0]  # The zero vector of the appropriate dimension.
+            else:
+                all_zero = False
+                ys += list(y.vector_presentation())
+
+        # If the initial guess already fits the relations, we are done.
+        if all_zero:
+            return Hom(L, M)(xs)
+
+        block_matrix, R = _create_relations_matrix(
+            K, [r.dense_coefficient_list() for r in L.relations()], source_degs, target_degs)
+
+        try:
+            solution = R.solve_right(vector(ys))
+        except ValueError as error:
+            if str(error) == 'matrix equation has no solutions':
+                if verbose:
+                    print('The homomorphism cannot be lifted in any '
+                          'way such that the relations of the domain '
+                          'are respected: %s' % error)
+
+                return None
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(error)
+
+        # Interpret the solution vector as a vector in the direct sum
+        # $ K_1\oplus K_2\oplus \ldots \oplus K_n $.
+        n = 0
+        for j, source_degree in enumerate(source_degs):
+
+            source_dimension = block_matrix[0][j].domain().dimension()
+
+            w = K.element_from_coordinates(
+                solution[n:n + source_dimension], source_degree)
+
+            # Subtract the solution w_i from our initial choice of lift
+            # for the generator g_i.
+            xs[j] -= iK(w)
+
+            n += source_degree
+
+        return Hom(L, M)(xs)
+
+    def split(self, verbose=False):
+        r"""
+        Return a split of ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``verbose`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); enable progress messages
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A homomorphism with the property that the composite homomorphism
+        `S \circ f = id`, where `S` is ``self``, is The identity homomorphism
+        If no such split exist, ``None`` is returned.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.module import FPModule
+            sage: A = SteenrodAlgebra(2)
+            sage: M = FPModule(A, [0,0], [[0, Sq(1)]])
+            sage: N = FPModule(A, [0], [[Sq(1)]])
+            sage: p = Hom(M, N)([N.generator(0), N.generator(0)])
+            sage: s = p.split(); s
+            Module morphism:
+              From: Finitely presented left module on 1 generator and 1 relation over mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis
+              To:   Finitely presented left module on 2 generators and 1 relation over mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis
+              Defn: g[0] |--> g[0, 1]
+            sage: # Verify that `s` is a splitting:
+            sage: p*s
+            Module endomorphism of Finitely presented left module on 1 generator and 1 relation over mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis
+              Defn: g[0] |--> g[0]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: F = FPModule(A, [0])
+            sage: N = FPModule(A, [0], [[Sq(1)]])
+            sage: p = Hom(F, N)([N.generator(0)])
+            sage: p.split(verbose=True) is None
+            The homomorphism cannot be lifted in any way such that the relations
+             of the domain are respected: matrix equation has no solutions
+            True
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`lift`
+        """
+        one = End(self.codomain()).identity()
+        return one.lift(self, verbose)
+
+    def homology(self, f, top_dim=None, verbose=False):
+        r"""
+        Compute the sub-quotient module of `H(self, f) =
+        \ker(self)/\operatorname{im}(f)` in a range of degrees.
+
+        For a pair of composable morphisms `f: M\to N` and `g: N \to Q` of
+        finitely presented modules, the homology module is a finitely
+        presented quotient of the kernel sub module `\ker(g) \subset N`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``f`` -- a homomorphism with codomain equal to the domain of ``self``
+          and image contained in the kernel of this homomorphism
+        - ``top_dim`` -- integer (optional); used by this function to stop the
+          computation at the given degree
+        - ``verbose`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); enable progress messages
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A quotient homomorphism `\ker(self) \to H`, where `H` is isomorphic
+        to `H(self, f)` in degrees less than or equal to ``top_dim``.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            If the algebra for this module is finite, then no ``top_dim`` needs
+            to be specified in order to ensure that this function terminates.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.module import FPModule
+            sage: A = SteenrodAlgebra(2, profile=(3,2,1))
+            sage: M = FPModule(A, [0], [[Sq(3)]])
+            sage: N = FPModule(A, [0], [[Sq(2,2)]])
+            sage: F = FPModule(A, [0])
+            sage: f = Hom(M,N)([A.Sq(2)*N.generator(0)])
+            sage: g = Hom(F, M)([A.Sq(4)*A.Sq(1,2)*M.generator(0)])
+            sage: ho = f.homology(g)
+            sage: ho.codomain()
+            Finitely presented left module on 1 generator and 5 relations over
+             sub-Hopf algebra of mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis, profile function [3, 2, 1]
+            sage: ho.codomain().is_trivial()
+            False
+        """
+        k = self.kernel_inclusion(top_dim, verbose)
+        f_ = f.lift(k)
+        if f_ is None:
+            raise ValueError('the image of the given homomorphism is not contained '
+                             'in the kernel of this homomorphism; the homology is '
+                             'therefore not defined for this pair of maps')
+
+        return f_.cokernel_projection()
+
+    def suspension(self, t):
+        r"""
+        The suspension of this morphism by the given degree ``t``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``t`` -- integer by which the morphism is suspended
+
+        OUTPUT: the morphism which is the suspension of ``self`` by the degree ``t``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.module import FPModule
+            sage: A = SteenrodAlgebra(2)
+            sage: F1 = FPModule(A, [4,5])
+            sage: F2 = FPModule(A, [5])
+
+            sage: f = Hom(F1, F2)( ( F2([Sq(4)]), F2([Sq(5)]) ) ); f
+            Module morphism:
+              From: Free graded left module on 2 generators over mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis
+              To:   Free graded left module on 1 generator over mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis
+              Defn: g[4] |--> Sq(4)*g[5]
+                    g[5] |--> Sq(5)*g[5]
+
+            sage: e1 = F1([1, 0])
+            sage: e2 = F1([0, 1])
+            sage: f(e1)
+            Sq(4)*g[5]
+            sage: f(e2)
+            Sq(5)*g[5]
+
+            sage: sf = f.suspension(4); sf
+            Module morphism:
+              From: Free graded left module on 2 generators over mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis
+              To:   Free graded left module on 1 generator over mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis
+              Defn: g[8] |--> Sq(4)*g[9]
+                    g[9] |--> Sq(5)*g[9]
+
+            sage: sf.domain() is f.domain().suspension(4)
+            True
+
+            sage: sf.codomain() is f.codomain().suspension(4)
+            True
+        """
+        if t == 0:
+            return self
+
+        D = self.domain().suspension(t)
+        C = self.codomain().suspension(t)
+        return Hom(D, C)([C(x.lift_to_free().dense_coefficient_list())
+                          for x in self._values])
+
+    def cokernel_projection(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the map to the cokernel of ``self``.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        The natural projection from the codomain of this homomorphism
+        to its cokernel.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.module import FPModule
+            sage: A1 = SteenrodAlgebra(2, profile=(2,1))
+            sage: M = FPModule(A1, [0], [[Sq(2)]])
+            sage: F = FPModule(A1, [0])
+
+            sage: r = Hom(F, M)([A1.Sq(1)*M.generator(0)])
+            sage: co = r.cokernel_projection(); co
+            Module morphism:
+              From: Finitely presented left module on 1 generator and 1 relation over sub-Hopf algebra of mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis, profile function [2, 1]
+              To:   Finitely presented left module on 1 generator and 2 relations over sub-Hopf algebra of mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis, profile function [2, 1]
+              Defn: g[0] |--> g[0]
+
+            sage: co.domain().is_trivial()
+            False
+        """
+        new_relations = ([x.dense_coefficient_list()
+                          for x in self.codomain().relations()] +
+                         [x.dense_coefficient_list() for x in self._values])
+
+        try:
+            FPModule = self.base_ring()._fp_graded_module_class
+        except AttributeError:
+            from .module import FPModule
+
+        coker = FPModule(self.base_ring(),
+                         self.codomain().generator_degrees(),
+                         relations=tuple(new_relations))
+
+        projection = Hom(self.codomain(), coker)(coker.generators())
+
+        return projection
+
+    def kernel_inclusion(self, top_dim=None, verbose=False):
+        r"""
+        Return the kernel of ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``top_dim`` -- integer (optional); used by this function to stop the
+          computation at the given degree
+        - ``verbose`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); enable progress messages
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A homomorphism into `\ker(self)` which is an isomorphism in
+        degrees less than or equal to ``top_dim``.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            If the algebra for this module is finite, then no ``top_dim`` needs
+            to be specified in order to ensure that this function terminates.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.module import FPModule
+            sage: A3 = SteenrodAlgebra(2, profile=(4,3,2,1))
+            sage: F = FPModule(A3, [1,3]);
+            sage: L = FPModule(A3, [2,3], [[Sq(2),Sq(1)], [0,Sq(2)]]);
+            sage: H = Hom(F, L);
+
+            sage: H([L((A3.Sq(1), 1)), L((0, A3.Sq(2)))]).kernel_inclusion() # long time
+            Module morphism:
+              From: Finitely presented left module on 2 generators and 1 relation over sub-Hopf algebra of mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis, profile function [4, 3, 2, 1]
+              To:   Free graded left module on 2 generators over sub-Hopf algebra of mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis, profile function [4, 3, 2, 1]
+              Defn: g[3] |--> g[3]
+                    g[4] |--> Sq(0,1)*g[1]
+
+            sage: M = FPModule(A3, [0,7], [[Sq(1), 0], [Sq(2), 0], [Sq(4), 0], [Sq(8), Sq(1)], [0, Sq(7)], [0, Sq(0,1,1)+Sq(4,2)]])
+            sage: F2 = FPModule(A3, [0], [[Sq(1)], [Sq(2)], [Sq(4)], [Sq(8)], [Sq(15)]])
+            sage: H = Hom(M, F2)
+            sage: f = H([F2([1]), F2([0])])
+
+            sage: K = f.kernel_inclusion(verbose=True, top_dim=17)
+            1. Computing the generators of the kernel presentation:
+            Resolving the kernel in the range of dimensions [0, 17]:
+             0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17.
+            2. Computing the relations of the kernel presentation:
+            Computing using the profile:
+            (4, 3, 2, 1)
+            Resolving the kernel in the range of dimensions [7, 17]:
+             7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17.
+
+            sage: K.domain().generators()
+            (g[7],)
+            sage: K.domain().relations()
+            ((Sq(0,1)+Sq(3))*g[7],
+             (Sq(0,0,1)+Sq(1,2)+Sq(4,1))*g[7],
+             Sq(9)*g[7],
+             (Sq(0,1,1)+Sq(4,2))*g[7])
+
+            sage: K
+            Module morphism:
+              From: Finitely presented left module on 1 generator and 4 relations over sub-Hopf algebra of mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis, profile function [4, 3, 2, 1]
+              To:   Finitely presented left module on 2 generators and 6 relations over sub-Hopf algebra of mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis, profile function [4, 3, 2, 1]
+              Defn: g[7] |--> g[7]
+        """
+        if verbose:
+            print('1. Computing the generators of the kernel presentation:')
+        j0 = self._resolve_kernel(top_dim, verbose)
+        if verbose:
+            print('2. Computing the relations of the kernel presentation:')
+        j1 = j0._resolve_kernel(top_dim, verbose)
+
+        # Create a module isomorphic to the ker(self).
+        K = j1.fp_module()
+
+        # Return an injection of K into the domain of self such that
+        # its image equals ker(self).
+        return Hom(K, j0.codomain())(j0._values)
+
+    def image(self, top_dim=None, verbose=False):
+        r"""
+        Compute the image of ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``top_dim`` -- integer (optional); used by this function to stop the
+          computation at the given degree
+        - ``verbose`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); enable progress messages
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A homomorphism into `\operatorname{im}(self)` that is an
+        isomorphism in degrees less than or equal to ``top_dim``
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            If the algebra for this module is finite, then no ``top_dim``
+            needs to be specified in order to ensure that this function
+            terminates.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.module import FPModule
+            sage: A3 = SteenrodAlgebra(2, profile=(4,3,2,1))
+            sage: F = FPModule(A3, [1,3]);
+            sage: L = FPModule(A3, [2,3], [[Sq(2),Sq(1)], [0,Sq(2)]]);
+            sage: H = Hom(F, L);
+
+            sage: H([L((A3.Sq(1), 1)), L((0, A3.Sq(2)))]).image() # long time
+            Module morphism:
+              From: Finitely presented left module on 1 generator and 1 relation over sub-Hopf algebra of mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis, profile function [4, 3, 2, 1]
+              To:   Finitely presented left module on 2 generators and 2 relations over sub-Hopf algebra of mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis, profile function [4, 3, 2, 1]
+              Defn: g[3] |--> Sq(1)*g[2] + g[3]
+
+            sage: M = FPModule(A3, [0,7], [[Sq(1), 0], [Sq(2), 0], [Sq(4), 0], [Sq(8), Sq(1)], [0, Sq(7)], [0, Sq(0,1,1)+Sq(4,2)]])
+            sage: F2 = FPModule(A3, [0], [[Sq(1)], [Sq(2)], [Sq(4)], [Sq(8)], [Sq(15)]])
+            sage: H = Hom(M, F2)
+            sage: f = H([F2([1]), F2([0])])
+            sage: K = f.image(verbose=True, top_dim=17)
+            1. Computing the generators of the image presentation:
+            Resolving the image in the range of dimensions [0, 17]:
+             0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17.
+            2. Computing the relations of the image presentation:
+            Computing using the profile:
+            (4, 3, 2, 1)
+            Resolving the kernel in the range of dimensions [0, 17]:
+             0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17.
+
+            sage: K.is_injective()  # long time
+            True
+            sage: K.domain().generator_degrees()
+            (0,)
+            sage: K.domain().relations()
+            (Sq(1)*g[0], Sq(2)*g[0], Sq(4)*g[0], Sq(8)*g[0])
+            sage: K.domain().is_trivial()
+            False
+        """
+        if verbose:
+            print('1. Computing the generators of the image presentation:')
+        j0 = self._resolve_image(top_dim, verbose)
+        if verbose:
+            print('2. Computing the relations of the image presentation:')
+        j1 = j0._resolve_kernel(top_dim, verbose)
+
+        # Create a module isomorphic to the im(self).
+        I = j1.fp_module()
+
+        # Return an injection of I into the codomain of self such that
+        # its image equals im(self)
+        return Hom(I, j0.codomain())(j0._values)
+
+    def is_injective(self, top_dim=None, verbose=False) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` if and only if ``self`` has a trivial kernel.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``top_dim`` -- integer (optional); used by this function to stop the
+          computation at the given degree
+        - ``verbose`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); enable progress messages
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.module import FPModule
+            sage: A = SteenrodAlgebra(2)
+
+            sage: K = FPModule(A, [2], [[Sq(2)]])
+            sage: HZ = FPModule(A, [0], [[Sq(1)]])
+
+            sage: f = Hom(K, HZ)([Sq(2)*HZ([1])])
+            sage: f.is_injective(top_dim=23)
+            True
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: Z = FPModule(A, [])
+            sage: Hom(Z, HZ).zero().is_injective(top_dim=8)
+            True
+        """
+        j0 = self._resolve_kernel(top_dim, verbose)
+        return j0.domain().is_trivial()
+
+    def is_surjective(self) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` if and only if ``self`` has a trivial cokernel.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.module import FPModule
+            sage: A = SteenrodAlgebra(2)
+            sage: F = FPModule(A, [0])
+
+            sage: f = Hom(F,F)([Sq(1)*F.generator(0)])
+            sage: f.is_surjective()
+            False
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: Z = FPModule(A, [])
+            sage: Hom(F, Z).zero().is_surjective()
+            True
+        """
+        return self.cokernel_projection().is_zero()
+
+    def _resolve_kernel(self, top_dim=None, verbose=False):
+        r"""
+        Resolve the kernel of ``self`` by a free module.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``top_dim`` -- integer (optional); used by this function to stop the
+          computation at the given degree
+        - ``verbose`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); enable progress messages
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A homomorphism `j: F \rightarrow D`, where `D` is the domain of
+        ``self`` and `F` is free and such that `\ker(self) = \operatorname{im}(j)`
+        in all degrees less than or equal to ``top_dim``.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            If the algebra for this module is finite dimensional, then no
+            ``top_dim`` needs to be specified in order to ensure that
+            this function terminates.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.libs.flint
+            sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.module import FPModule
+            sage: s = SymmetricFunctions(QQ).s()
+            sage: F = s.free_graded_module([0,0])
+            sage: L = FPModule(s, [0,0], [[s[3],s[2,1]], [0,s[2]]])
+            sage: f = Hom(F, L)([L([s[2], 0]), L([0, s[2]])])
+            sage: f._resolve_kernel()  # long time
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: a top dimension must be specified for this calculation to terminate
+            sage: f._resolve_kernel(top_dim=10)
+            Module morphism:
+              From: Free graded left module on 2 generators over Symmetric Functions over Rational Field in the Schur basis
+              To:   Free graded left module on 2 generators over Symmetric Functions over Rational Field in the Schur basis
+              Defn: s[]*g[0] |--> s[]*g[0, 1]
+                    s[]*g[3] |--> s[3]*g[0, 0]
+        """
+        # Let
+        #
+        #  1) `j` be a homomorphism into `\ker(self)`, and
+        #  2) 'n' be an integer.
+        #
+        # The induction loop starts each iteration assuming that `j` is onto
+        # the kernel in degrees below `n`.  Each iteration of the loop then
+        # extends the map `j` minimally so that `j_n` becomes onto the kernel.
+        #
+        # This induction step is then repeated for all `n \leq` ``top_dim``.
+        #
+
+        domain = self.domain()
+        R = self.base_ring()
+
+        if self.is_zero():
+            # Epsilon: F_0 -> M
+            F_0 = R.free_graded_module(domain.generator_degrees())
+            epsilon = Hom(F_0, domain)(tuple(domain.generators()))
+            return epsilon
+
+        # Create the trivial module F_ to start with.
+        F_ = R.free_graded_module(())
+        j = Hom(F_, domain).zero()
+
+        dim = domain.connectivity()
+        if dim == infinity:
+            if verbose:
+                print('The domain of the morphism is trivial, so there is nothing to resolve.')
+            return j
+
+        if not R.dimension() < infinity:
+            limit = infinity
+        else:
+            limit = _top_dim(R) + max(domain.generator_degrees())
+
+        if top_dim is not None:
+            limit = min(top_dim, limit)
+
+        if limit == infinity:
+            raise ValueError('a top dimension must be specified for this calculation to terminate')
+
+        if verbose:
+            if dim > limit:
+                print('The dimension range is empty: [%d, %d]' % (dim, limit))
+            else:
+                print('Resolving the kernel in the range of dimensions [%d, %d]:' % (dim, limit), end='')
+
+        # The induction loop.
+        for n in range(dim, limit + 1):
+
+            if verbose:
+                print(' %d' % n, end='')
+
+            # We have taken care of the case when self is zero, so the
+            # vector presentation exists.
+            self_n = self.vector_presentation(n)
+            kernel_n = self_n.kernel()
+
+            if not kernel_n:
+                continue
+
+            generator_degrees = tuple(x.degree() for x in F_.generators())
+
+            if j.is_zero():
+                # The map j is not onto in degree `n` of the kernel.
+                new_generator_degrees = kernel_n.rank() * (n,)
+                F_ = R.free_graded_module(generator_degrees + new_generator_degrees)
+
+                new_values = tuple([
+                    domain.element_from_coordinates(q, n) for q in kernel_n.basis()])
+
+            else:
+                Q_n = kernel_n.quotient(j.vector_presentation(n).image())
+
+                if not Q_n.rank():
+                    continue
+
+                # The map j is not onto in degree `n` of the kernel.
+                new_generator_degrees = Q_n.rank() * (n,)
+                F_ = R.free_graded_module(generator_degrees + new_generator_degrees)
+
+                new_values = tuple([
+                    domain.element_from_coordinates(Q_n.lift(q), n) for q in Q_n.basis()])
+
+            # Create a new homomorphism which is surjective onto the kernel
+            # in all degrees less than, and including `n`.
+            j = Hom(F_, domain)(j._values + new_values)
+
+        if verbose:
+            print('.')
+        return j
+
+    def _resolve_image(self, top_dim=None, verbose=False):
+        r"""
+        Resolve the image of ``self`` by a free module.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``top_dim`` -- integer (optional); used by this function to stop the
+          computation at the given degree
+        - ``verbose`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); enable progress messages
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A homomorphism `j: F \rightarrow C` where `C` is the codomain
+        of ``self``, where `F` is free, and
+        `\operatorname{im}(self) = \operatorname{im}(j)` in all degrees less
+        than or equal to ``top_dim``.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            If the algebra for this module is finite, then no ``top_dim`` needs
+            to be specified in order to ensure that this function terminates.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.libs.flint
+            sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.module import FPModule
+            sage: s = SymmetricFunctions(QQ).s()
+            sage: F = s.free_graded_module([0,0])
+            sage: L = FPModule(s, [0,0], [[s[3],s[2,1]], [0,s[2]]])
+            sage: f = Hom(F, L)([L([s[2], 0]), L([0, s[2]])])
+            sage: f._resolve_image()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: a top dimension must be specified for this calculation to terminate
+            sage: f._resolve_image(top_dim=10)
+            Module morphism:
+              From: Free graded left module on 1 generator over Symmetric Functions over Rational Field in the Schur basis
+              To:   Finitely presented left module on 2 generators and 2 relations over Symmetric Functions over Rational Field in the Schur basis
+              Defn: s[]*g[2] |--> s[2]*g[0, 0]
+        """
+        # Let
+        #
+        #  1) `j` be a homomorphism into `\im(self)`, and
+        #  2) 'n' be an integer.
+        #
+        # The induction loop starts each iteration assuming that `j` is onto
+        # the image in degrees below `n`.  Each iteration of the loop then
+        # extends the map `j` minimally so that `j_n` becomes onto the image.
+        #
+        # This induction step is then repeated for all `n \leq` ``top_dim``.
+        #
+
+        # Create the trivial module F_ to start with.
+        R = self.base_ring()
+        codomain = self.codomain()
+        F_ = R.free_graded_module(())
+        j = Hom(F_, codomain).zero()
+
+        dim = self.codomain().connectivity()
+        if dim == infinity:
+            if verbose:
+                print('The codomain of the morphism is trivial, so there is nothing to resolve.')
+            return j
+
+        try:
+            self_degree = self.degree()
+        except ValueError:
+            if verbose:
+                print('The homomorphism is trivial, so there is nothing to resolve.')
+            return j
+
+        degree_values = [0] + [v.degree() for v in self._values if v]
+        limit = (infinity if not R.dimension() < infinity else
+                 (_top_dim(R) + max(degree_values)))
+
+        if top_dim is not None:
+            limit = min(top_dim, limit)
+
+        if limit == infinity:
+            raise ValueError('a top dimension must be specified for this calculation to terminate')
+
+        if verbose:
+            if dim > limit:
+                print('The dimension range is empty: [%d, %d]' % (dim, limit))
+            else:
+                print('Resolving the image in the range of dimensions [%d, %d]:' % (dim, limit), end='')
+
+        for n in range(dim, limit + 1):
+
+            if verbose:
+                print(' %d' % n, end='')
+
+            self_n = self.vector_presentation(n - self_degree)
+            image_n = self_n.image()
+
+            if image_n.dimension() == 0:
+                continue
+
+            generator_degrees = tuple(x.degree() for x in F_.generators())
+            if j.is_zero():
+                # The map j is not onto in degree `n` of the image.
+                new_generator_degrees = image_n.rank() * (n,)
+                F_ = R.free_graded_module(generator_degrees + new_generator_degrees)
+
+                new_values = tuple([
+                    self.codomain().element_from_coordinates(q, n) for q in image_n.basis()])
+
+            else:
+
+                j_n = j.vector_presentation(n)
+                Q_n = image_n.quotient(j_n.image())
+
+                if Q_n.dimension() == 0:
+                    continue
+
+                # The map j is not onto in degree `n` of the image.
+                new_generator_degrees = Q_n.rank() * (n,)
+                F_ = R.free_graded_module(generator_degrees + new_generator_degrees)
+
+                new_values = tuple([
+                    self.codomain().element_from_coordinates(Q_n.lift(q), n) for q in Q_n.basis()])
+
+            # Create a new homomorphism which is surjective onto the image
+            # in all degrees less than, and including `n`.
+            j = Hom(F_, self.codomain())(j._values + new_values)
+
+        if verbose:
+            print('.')
+        return j
+
+    def fp_module(self):
+        r"""
+        Create a finitely presented module from ``self``.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        The finitely presented module having presentation equal to ``self``
+        as long as the domain and codomain are free.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        We construct examples with free modules that are presented
+        with a redundant relation::
+
+            sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.module import FPModule
+            sage: A = SteenrodAlgebra(2)
+            sage: F1 = FPModule(A, (2,), [[0]])
+            sage: F2 = FPModule(A, (0,), [[0]])
+            sage: v = F2([Sq(2)])
+            sage: pres = Hom(F1, F2)([v])
+            sage: M = pres.fp_module(); M
+            Finitely presented left module on 1 generator and 1 relation over
+             mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis
+            sage: M.generator_degrees()
+            (0,)
+            sage: M.relations()
+            (Sq(2)*g[0],)
+
+            sage: F2 = A.free_graded_module((0,))
+            sage: v = F2([Sq(2)])
+            sage: pres = Hom(F1, F2)([v])
+            sage: M = pres.fp_module(); M
+            Finitely presented left module on 1 generator and 1 relation over
+             mod 2 Steenrod algebra, milnor basis
+            sage: M.generator_degrees()
+            (0,)
+            sage: M.relations()
+            (Sq(2)*g[0],)
+
+            sage: F3 = FPModule(A, (0,), [[Sq(4)]])
+            sage: v = F3([Sq(2)])
+            sage: pres = Hom(F1, F3)([v])
+            sage: pres.fp_module()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: this is not a morphism between free modules
+        """
+        if self.domain().has_relations() or self.codomain().has_relations():
+            raise ValueError("this is not a morphism between free modules")
+        try:
+            FPModule = self.base_ring()._fp_graded_module_class
+        except AttributeError:
+            from .module import FPModule
+        return FPModule(self.base_ring(),
+                        self.codomain().generator_degrees(),
+                        tuple([r.dense_coefficient_list() for r in self._values]))
+
+
+@cached_function
+def _top_dim(algebra):
+    r"""
+    The top dimension of ``algebra``.
+
+    This returns infinity if the algebra is infinite-dimensional. If
+    the algebra has a ``top_class`` method, then it is used in the
+    computation; otherwise the computation may be slow.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.modules.fp_graded.morphism import _top_dim
+        sage: E.<x,y,z> = ExteriorAlgebra(QQ)
+        sage: _top_dim(E)
+        3
+
+        sage: _top_dim(SteenrodAlgebra(2, profile=(3,2,1)))
+        23
+    """
+    if not algebra.dimension() < infinity:
+        return infinity
+    try:
+        alg_top_dim = algebra.top_class().degree()
+    except AttributeError:
+        # This could be very slow, but it should handle the case
+        # when the algebra is finite-dimensional but has no
+        # top_class method, e.g., exterior algebras.
+        alg_top_dim = max(a.degree() for a in algebra.basis())
+    return alg_top_dim