passagemath-modules 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl

sage/algebras/lie_algebras/examples.py

@@ -0,0 +1,683 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-modules
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.graphs
+"""
+Examples of Lie Algebras
+
+There are the following examples of Lie algebras:
+
+- A rather comprehensive family of 3-dimensional Lie algebras
+- The Lie algebra of affine transformations of the line
+- All abelian Lie algebras on free modules
+- The Lie algebra of upper triangular matrices
+- The Lie algebra of strictly upper triangular matrices
+- The symplectic derivation Lie algebra
+- The rank two Heisenberg Virasoro algebra
+
+See also
+:class:`sage.algebras.lie_algebras.virasoro.LieAlgebraRegularVectorFields`
+and
+:class:`sage.algebras.lie_algebras.virasoro.VirasoroAlgebra` for
+other examples.
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Travis Scrimshaw (07-15-2013): Initial implementation
+"""
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2013-2017 Travis Scrimshaw <tcscrims at gmail.com>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.virasoro import VirasoroAlgebra
+from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.rank_two_heisenberg_virasoro import RankTwoHeisenbergVirasoro
+from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.symplectic_derivation import SymplecticDerivationLieAlgebra as SymplecticDerivation
+from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.onsager import OnsagerAlgebra
+from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.onsager import OnsagerAlgebraACE as AlternatingCentralExtensionOnsagerAlgebra
+from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.affine_lie_algebra import AffineLieAlgebra as Affine
+from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.classical_lie_algebra import gl
+from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.classical_lie_algebra import ClassicalMatrixLieAlgebra as ClassicalMatrix
+
+
+# the next 6 lines are here to silence pyflakes warnings
+assert VirasoroAlgebra
+assert RankTwoHeisenbergVirasoro
+assert OnsagerAlgebra
+assert SymplecticDerivation
+assert Affine
+assert gl
+assert ClassicalMatrix
+
+
+def three_dimensional(R, a, b, c, d, names=['X', 'Y', 'Z']):
+    r"""
+    The 3-dimensional Lie algebra over a given commutative ring `R`
+    with basis `\{X, Y, Z\}` subject to the relations:
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        [X, Y] = aZ + dY, \quad [Y, Z] = bX, \quad [Z, X] = cY + dZ
+
+    where `a,b,c,d \in R`.
+
+    This is always a well-defined 3-dimensional Lie algebra, as can
+    be easily proven by computation.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: L = lie_algebras.three_dimensional(QQ, 4, 1, -1, 2)
+        sage: L.structure_coefficients()
+        Finite family {('X', 'Y'): 2*Y + 4*Z, ('X', 'Z'): Y - 2*Z, ('Y', 'Z'): X}
+        sage: TestSuite(L).run()
+        sage: L = lie_algebras.three_dimensional(QQ, 1, 0, 0, 0)
+        sage: L.structure_coefficients()
+        Finite family {('X', 'Y'): Z}
+        sage: L = lie_algebras.three_dimensional(QQ, 0, 0, -1, -1)
+        sage: L.structure_coefficients()
+        Finite family {('X', 'Y'): -Y, ('X', 'Z'): Y + Z}
+        sage: L = lie_algebras.three_dimensional(QQ, 0, 1, 0, 0)
+        sage: L.structure_coefficients()
+        Finite family {('Y', 'Z'): X}
+        sage: lie_algebras.three_dimensional(QQ, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+        Abelian Lie algebra on 3 generators (X, Y, Z) over Rational Field
+        sage: Q.<a,b,c,d> = PolynomialRing(QQ)
+        sage: L = lie_algebras.three_dimensional(Q, a, b, c, d)
+        sage: L.structure_coefficients()
+        Finite family {('X', 'Y'): d*Y + a*Z, ('X', 'Z'): -c*Y - d*Z, ('Y', 'Z'): b*X}
+        sage: TestSuite(L).run()
+    """
+    if isinstance(names, str):
+        names = names.split(',')
+    X = names[0]
+    Y = names[1]
+    Z = names[2]
+    from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.structure_coefficients import LieAlgebraWithStructureCoefficients
+    s_coeff = {(X,Y): {Z:a, Y:d}, (Y,Z): {X:b}, (Z,X): {Y:c, Z:d}}
+    return LieAlgebraWithStructureCoefficients(R, s_coeff, tuple(names))
+
+
+def cross_product(R, names=['X', 'Y', 'Z']):
+    r"""
+    The Lie algebra of `\RR^3` defined by the usual cross product
+    `\times`.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: L = lie_algebras.cross_product(QQ)
+        sage: L.structure_coefficients()
+        Finite family {('X', 'Y'): Z, ('X', 'Z'): -Y, ('Y', 'Z'): X}
+        sage: TestSuite(L).run()
+    """
+    L = three_dimensional(R, 1, 1, 1, 0, names=names)
+    L.rename("Lie algebra of RR^3 under cross product over {}".format(R))
+    return L
+
+
+def three_dimensional_by_rank(R, n, a=None, names=['X', 'Y', 'Z']):
+    r"""
+    Return a 3-dimensional Lie algebra of rank ``n``, where `0 \leq n \leq 3`.
+
+    Here, the *rank* of a Lie algebra `L` is defined as the dimension
+    of its derived subalgebra `[L, L]`. (We are assuming that `R` is
+    a field of characteristic `0`; otherwise the Lie algebras
+    constructed by this function are still well-defined but no longer
+    might have the correct ranks.) This is not to be confused with
+    the other standard definition of a rank (namely, as the
+    dimension of a Cartan subalgebra, when `L` is semisimple).
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``R`` -- the base ring
+    - ``n`` -- the rank
+    - ``a`` -- the deformation parameter (used for `n = 2`); this should
+      be a nonzero element of `R` in order for the resulting Lie
+      algebra to actually have the right rank(?)
+    - ``names`` -- (optional) the generator names
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: lie_algebras.three_dimensional_by_rank(QQ, 0)
+        Abelian Lie algebra on 3 generators (X, Y, Z) over Rational Field
+        sage: L = lie_algebras.three_dimensional_by_rank(QQ, 1)
+        sage: L.structure_coefficients()
+        Finite family {('Y', 'Z'): X}
+        sage: L = lie_algebras.three_dimensional_by_rank(QQ, 2, 4)
+        sage: L.structure_coefficients()
+        Finite family {('X', 'Y'): Y, ('X', 'Z'): Y + Z}
+        sage: L = lie_algebras.three_dimensional_by_rank(QQ, 2, 0)
+        sage: L.structure_coefficients()
+        Finite family {('X', 'Y'): Y}
+        sage: lie_algebras.three_dimensional_by_rank(QQ, 3)
+        sl2 over Rational Field
+    """
+    if isinstance(names, str):
+        names = names.split(',')
+    names = tuple(names)
+
+    if n == 0:
+        from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.abelian import AbelianLieAlgebra
+        return AbelianLieAlgebra(R, names=names)
+
+    if n == 1:
+        L = three_dimensional(R, 0, 1, 0, 0, names=names)  # Strictly upper triangular matrices
+        L.rename("Lie algebra of 3x3 strictly upper triangular matrices over {}".format(R))
+        return L
+
+    if n == 2:
+        if a is None:
+            raise ValueError("the parameter 'a' must be specified")
+        X = names[0]
+        Y = names[1]
+        Z = names[2]
+        from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.structure_coefficients import LieAlgebraWithStructureCoefficients
+        if a == 0:
+            s_coeff = {(X,Y): {Y:R.one()}, (X,Z): {Y:R(a)}}
+            # Why use R(a) here if R == 0 ? Also this has rank 1.
+            L = LieAlgebraWithStructureCoefficients(R, s_coeff, tuple(names))
+            L.rename("Degenerate Lie algebra of dimension 3 and rank 2 over {}".format(R))
+        else:
+            s_coeff = {(X,Y): {Y:R.one()}, (X,Z): {Y:R.one(), Z:R.one()}}
+            # a doesn't appear here :/
+            L = LieAlgebraWithStructureCoefficients(R, s_coeff, tuple(names))
+            L.rename("Lie algebra of dimension 3 and rank 2 with parameter {} over {}".format(a, R))
+        return L
+
+    if n == 3:
+        # return sl(R, 2)
+        from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.structure_coefficients import LieAlgebraWithStructureCoefficients
+        E = names[0]
+        F = names[1]
+        H = names[2]
+        s_coeff = {(E, F): {H: R.one()}, (H, E): {E: R(2)}, (H, F): {F: R(-2)}}
+        L = LieAlgebraWithStructureCoefficients(R, s_coeff, tuple(names))
+        L.rename("sl2 over {}".format(R))
+        return L
+
+    raise ValueError("invalid rank")
+
+
+def affine_transformations_line(R, names=['X', 'Y'], representation='bracket'):
+    """
+    The Lie algebra of affine transformations of the line.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: L = lie_algebras.affine_transformations_line(QQ)
+        sage: L.structure_coefficients()
+        Finite family {('X', 'Y'): Y}
+        sage: X, Y = L.lie_algebra_generators()
+        sage: L[X, Y] == Y
+        True
+        sage: TestSuite(L).run()
+        sage: L = lie_algebras.affine_transformations_line(QQ, representation='matrix')
+        sage: X, Y = L.lie_algebra_generators()
+        sage: L[X, Y] == Y
+        True
+        sage: TestSuite(L).run()
+    """
+    if isinstance(names, str):
+        names = names.split(',')
+    names = tuple(names)
+    if representation == 'matrix':
+        from sage.matrix.matrix_space import MatrixSpace
+        MS = MatrixSpace(R, 2, sparse=True)
+        one = R.one()
+        gens = tuple(MS({(0,i):one}) for i in range(2))
+        from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.lie_algebra import LieAlgebraFromAssociative
+        return LieAlgebraFromAssociative(MS, gens, names=names)
+    X = names[0]
+    Y = names[1]
+    from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.structure_coefficients import LieAlgebraWithStructureCoefficients
+    s_coeff = {(X,Y): {Y:R.one()}}
+    L = LieAlgebraWithStructureCoefficients(R, s_coeff, names=names)
+    L.rename("Lie algebra of affine transformations of a line over {}".format(R))
+    return L
+
+
+def abelian(R, names=None, index_set=None):
+    """
+    Return the abelian Lie algebra generated by ``names``.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: lie_algebras.abelian(QQ, 'x, y, z')
+        Abelian Lie algebra on 3 generators (x, y, z) over Rational Field
+    """
+    if isinstance(names, str):
+        names = names.split(',')
+    elif isinstance(names, (list, tuple)):
+        names = tuple(names)
+    elif names is not None:
+        if index_set is not None:
+            raise ValueError("invalid generator names")
+        index_set = names
+        names = None
+    from sage.rings.infinity import infinity
+    if (index_set is not None
+            and not isinstance(index_set, (list, tuple))
+            and index_set.cardinality() == infinity):
+        from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.abelian import InfiniteDimensionalAbelianLieAlgebra
+        return InfiniteDimensionalAbelianLieAlgebra(R, index_set=index_set)
+    from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.abelian import AbelianLieAlgebra
+    return AbelianLieAlgebra(R, names=names, index_set=index_set)
+
+
+def Heisenberg(R, n, representation='structure'):
+    """
+    Return the rank ``n`` Heisenberg algebra in the given representation.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``R`` -- the base ring
+    - ``n`` -- the rank (a nonnegative integer or infinity)
+    - ``representation`` -- (default: ``'structure'``) can be one of the
+      following:
+
+      - ``'structure'`` -- using structure coefficients
+      - ``'matrix'`` -- using matrices
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 3)
+        Heisenberg algebra of rank 3 over Rational Field
+    """
+    from sage.rings.infinity import infinity
+    if n == infinity:
+        from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.heisenberg import InfiniteHeisenbergAlgebra
+        return InfiniteHeisenbergAlgebra(R)
+    if representation == "matrix":
+        from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.heisenberg import HeisenbergAlgebra_matrix
+        return HeisenbergAlgebra_matrix(R, n)
+    from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.heisenberg import HeisenbergAlgebra
+    return HeisenbergAlgebra(R, n)
+
+
+def regular_vector_fields(R):
+    r"""
+    Return the Lie algebra of regular vector fields on `\CC^{\times}`.
+
+    This is also known as the Witt (Lie) algebra.
+
+    .. SEEALSO::
+
+        :class:`~sage.algebras.lie_algebras.virasoro.LieAlgebraRegularVectorFields`
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: lie_algebras.regular_vector_fields(QQ)
+        The Lie algebra of regular vector fields over Rational Field
+    """
+    from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.virasoro import LieAlgebraRegularVectorFields
+    return LieAlgebraRegularVectorFields(R)
+
+
+witt = regular_vector_fields
+
+
+def pwitt(R, p):
+    r"""
+    Return the `p`-Witt Lie algebra over `R`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``R`` -- the base ring
+    - ``p`` -- positive integer that is `0` in `R`
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: lie_algebras.pwitt(GF(5), 5)
+        The 5-Witt Lie algebra over Finite Field of size 5
+    """
+    from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.virasoro import WittLieAlgebra_charp
+    return WittLieAlgebra_charp(R, p)
+
+
+def upper_triangular_matrices(R, n):
+    r"""
+    Return the Lie algebra `\mathfrak{b}_k` of `k \times k` upper
+    triangular matrices.
+
+    .. TODO::
+
+        This implementation does not know it is finite-dimensional and
+        does not know its basis.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: L = lie_algebras.upper_triangular_matrices(QQ, 4); L
+        Lie algebra of 4-dimensional upper triangular matrices over Rational Field
+        sage: TestSuite(L).run()
+        sage: n0, n1, n2, t0, t1, t2, t3 = L.lie_algebra_generators()
+        sage: L[n2, t2] == -n2
+        True
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: L = lie_algebras.upper_triangular_matrices(QQ, 1); L
+        Lie algebra of 1-dimensional upper triangular matrices over Rational Field
+        sage: TestSuite(L).run()
+        sage: L = lie_algebras.upper_triangular_matrices(QQ, 0); L
+        Lie algebra of 0-dimensional upper triangular matrices over Rational Field
+        sage: TestSuite(L).run()
+    """
+    from sage.matrix.matrix_space import MatrixSpace
+    from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.lie_algebra import LieAlgebraFromAssociative
+    MS = MatrixSpace(R, n, sparse=True)
+    one = R.one()
+    names = tuple('n{}'.format(i) for i in range(n-1))
+    names += tuple('t{}'.format(i) for i in range(n))
+    gens = [MS({(i,i+1):one}) for i in range(n-1)]
+    gens += [MS({(i,i):one}) for i in range(n)]
+    L = LieAlgebraFromAssociative(MS, gens, names=names)
+    L.rename("Lie algebra of {}-dimensional upper triangular matrices over {}".format(n, L.base_ring()))
+    return L
+
+
+def strictly_upper_triangular_matrices(R, n):
+    r"""
+    Return the Lie algebra `\mathfrak{n}_k` of strictly `k \times k` upper
+    triangular matrices.
+
+    .. TODO::
+
+        This implementation does not know it is finite-dimensional and
+        does not know its basis.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: L = lie_algebras.strictly_upper_triangular_matrices(QQ, 4); L
+        Lie algebra of 4-dimensional strictly upper triangular matrices over Rational Field
+        sage: TestSuite(L).run()
+        sage: n0, n1, n2 = L.lie_algebra_generators()
+        sage: L[n2, n1]
+        [ 0  0  0  0]
+        [ 0  0  0 -1]
+        [ 0  0  0  0]
+        [ 0  0  0  0]
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: L = lie_algebras.strictly_upper_triangular_matrices(QQ, 1); L
+        Lie algebra of 1-dimensional strictly upper triangular matrices over Rational Field
+        sage: TestSuite(L).run()
+        sage: L = lie_algebras.strictly_upper_triangular_matrices(QQ, 0); L
+        Lie algebra of 0-dimensional strictly upper triangular matrices over Rational Field
+        sage: TestSuite(L).run()
+    """
+    from sage.matrix.matrix_space import MatrixSpace
+    from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.lie_algebra import LieAlgebraFromAssociative
+    MS = MatrixSpace(R, n, sparse=True)
+    one = R.one()
+    names = tuple('n{}'.format(i) for i in range(n-1))
+    gens = tuple(MS({(i,i+1): one}) for i in range(n-1))
+    L = LieAlgebraFromAssociative(MS, gens, names=names)
+    L.rename("Lie algebra of {}-dimensional strictly upper triangular matrices over {}".format(n, L.base_ring()))
+    return L
+
+#####################################################################
+#  Classical Lie algebras
+
+
+def sl(R, n, representation='bracket'):
+    r"""
+    The Lie algebra `\mathfrak{sl}_n`.
+
+    The Lie algebra `\mathfrak{sl}_n` is the type `A_{n-1}` Lie algebra
+    and is finite dimensional. As a matrix Lie algebra, it is given by
+    the set of all `n \times n` matrices with trace 0.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``R`` -- the base ring
+    - ``n`` -- the size of the matrix
+    - ``representation`` -- (default: ``'bracket'``) can be one of
+      the following:
+
+      * ``'bracket'`` -- use brackets and the Chevalley basis
+      * ``'matrix'`` -- use matrices
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    We first construct `\mathfrak{sl}_2` using the Chevalley basis::
+
+        sage: sl2 = lie_algebras.sl(QQ, 2); sl2
+        Lie algebra of ['A', 1] in the Chevalley basis
+        sage: E,F,H = sl2.gens()
+        sage: E.bracket(F) == H
+        True
+        sage: H.bracket(E) == 2*E
+        True
+        sage: H.bracket(F) == -2*F
+        True
+
+    We now construct `\mathfrak{sl}_2` as a matrix Lie algebra::
+
+        sage: sl2 = lie_algebras.sl(QQ, 2, representation='matrix')
+        sage: E,F,H = sl2.gens()
+        sage: E.bracket(F) == H
+        True
+        sage: H.bracket(E) == 2*E
+        True
+        sage: H.bracket(F) == -2*F
+        True
+    """
+    if representation == 'bracket':
+        from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.classical_lie_algebra import LieAlgebraChevalleyBasis
+        return LieAlgebraChevalleyBasis(R, ['A', n-1])
+    if representation == 'matrix':
+        from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.classical_lie_algebra import sl as sl_matrix
+        return sl_matrix(R, n)
+    raise ValueError("invalid representation")
+
+
+def su(R, n, representation='matrix'):
+    r"""
+    The Lie algebra `\mathfrak{su}_n`.
+
+    The Lie algebra `\mathfrak{su}_n` is the compact real form of the
+    type `A_{n-1}` Lie algebra and is finite-dimensional. As a matrix
+    Lie algebra, it is given by the set of all `n \times n` skew-Hermitian
+    matrices with trace 0.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``R`` -- the base ring
+    - ``n`` -- the size of the matrix
+    - ``representation`` -- (default: ``'matrix'``) can be one of
+      the following:
+
+      * ``'bracket'`` -- use brackets and the Chevalley basis
+      * ``'matrix'`` -- use matrices
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    We construct `\mathfrak{su}_2`, where the default is as a
+    matrix Lie algebra::
+
+        sage: su2 = lie_algebras.su(QQ, 2)
+        sage: E,H,F = su2.basis()
+        sage: E.bracket(F) == 2*H
+        True
+        sage: H.bracket(E) == 2*F
+        True
+        sage: H.bracket(F) == -2*E
+        True
+
+    Since `\mathfrak{su}_n` is the same as the type `A_{n-1}` Lie algebra,
+    the bracket is the same as :func:`sl`::
+
+        sage: su2 = lie_algebras.su(QQ, 2, representation='bracket')
+        sage: su2 is lie_algebras.sl(QQ, 2, representation='bracket')
+        True
+    """
+    if representation == 'bracket':
+        from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.classical_lie_algebra import LieAlgebraChevalleyBasis
+        return LieAlgebraChevalleyBasis(R, ['A', n-1])
+    if representation == 'matrix':
+        from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.classical_lie_algebra import MatrixCompactRealForm
+        from sage.combinat.root_system.cartan_type import CartanType
+        return MatrixCompactRealForm(R, CartanType(['A', n-1]))
+    raise ValueError("invalid representation")
+
+
+def so(R, n, representation='bracket'):
+    r"""
+    The Lie algebra `\mathfrak{so}_n`.
+
+    The Lie algebra `\mathfrak{so}_n` is the type `B_k` Lie algebra
+    if `n = 2k - 1` or the type `D_k` Lie algebra if `n = 2k`, and in
+    either case is finite dimensional.
+
+    A classical description of this as a matrix Lie algebra is
+    the set of all anti-symmetric `n \times n` matrices. However,
+    the implementation here uses a different bilinear form for the Lie
+    group and follows the description in Chapter 8 of [HK2002]_.
+    See :class:`sage.algebras.lie_algebras.classical_lie_algebra.so`
+    for a precise description.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``R`` -- the base ring
+    - ``n`` -- the size of the matrix
+    - ``representation`` -- (default: ``'bracket'``) can be one of
+      the following:
+
+      * ``'bracket'`` -- use brackets and the Chevalley basis
+      * ``'matrix'`` -- use matrices
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    We first construct `\mathfrak{so}_5` using the Chevalley basis::
+
+        sage: so5 = lie_algebras.so(QQ, 5); so5
+        Lie algebra of ['B', 2] in the Chevalley basis
+        sage: E1,E2, F1,F2, H1,H2 = so5.gens()
+        sage: so5([E1, [E1, E2]])
+        0
+        sage: X = so5([E2, [E2, E1]]); X
+        -2*E[alpha[1] + 2*alpha[2]]
+        sage: H1.bracket(X)
+        0
+        sage: H2.bracket(X)
+        -4*E[alpha[1] + 2*alpha[2]]
+        sage: so5([H1, [E1, E2]])
+        -E[alpha[1] + alpha[2]]
+        sage: so5([H2, [E1, E2]])
+        0
+
+    We do the same construction of `\mathfrak{so}_4` using the Chevalley
+    basis::
+
+        sage: so4 = lie_algebras.so(QQ, 4); so4
+        Lie algebra of ['D', 2] in the Chevalley basis
+        sage: E1,E2, F1,F2, H1,H2 = so4.gens()
+        sage: H1.bracket(E1)
+        2*E[alpha[1]]
+        sage: H2.bracket(E1) == so4.zero()
+        True
+        sage: E1.bracket(E2) == so4.zero()
+        True
+
+    We now construct `\mathfrak{so}_4` as a matrix Lie algebra::
+
+        sage: sl2 = lie_algebras.sl(QQ, 2, representation='matrix')
+        sage: E1,E2, F1,F2, H1,H2 = so4.gens()
+        sage: H2.bracket(E1) == so4.zero()
+        True
+        sage: E1.bracket(E2) == so4.zero()
+        True
+    """
+    if representation == 'bracket':
+        from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.classical_lie_algebra import LieAlgebraChevalleyBasis
+        if n % 2 == 0:
+            return LieAlgebraChevalleyBasis(R, ['D', n//2])
+        else:
+            return LieAlgebraChevalleyBasis(R, ['B', (n-1)//2])
+    if representation == 'matrix':
+        from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.classical_lie_algebra import so as so_matrix
+        return so_matrix(R, n)
+    raise ValueError("invalid representation")
+
+
+def sp(R, n, representation='bracket'):
+    r"""
+    The Lie algebra `\mathfrak{sp}_n`.
+
+    The Lie algebra `\mathfrak{sp}_n` where `n = 2k` is the type `C_k`
+    Lie algebra and is finite dimensional. As a matrix Lie algebra, it
+    is given by the set of all matrices `X` that satisfy the equation:
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        X^T M - M X = 0
+
+    where
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        M = \begin{pmatrix}
+        0 & I_k \\
+        -I_k & 0
+        \end{pmatrix}.
+
+    This is the Lie algebra of type `C_k`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``R`` -- the base ring
+    - ``n`` -- the size of the matrix
+    - ``representation`` -- (default: ``'bracket'``) can be one of
+      the following:
+
+      * ``'bracket'`` -- use brackets and the Chevalley basis
+      * ``'matrix'`` -- use matrices
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    We first construct `\mathfrak{sp}_4` using the Chevalley basis::
+
+        sage: sp4 = lie_algebras.sp(QQ, 4); sp4
+        Lie algebra of ['C', 2] in the Chevalley basis
+        sage: E1,E2, F1,F2, H1,H2 = sp4.gens()
+        sage: sp4([E2, [E2, E1]])
+        0
+        sage: X = sp4([E1, [E1, E2]]); X
+        2*E[2*alpha[1] + alpha[2]]
+        sage: H1.bracket(X)
+        4*E[2*alpha[1] + alpha[2]]
+        sage: H2.bracket(X)
+        0
+        sage: sp4([H1, [E1, E2]])
+        0
+        sage: sp4([H2, [E1, E2]])
+        -E[alpha[1] + alpha[2]]
+
+    We now construct `\mathfrak{sp}_4` as a matrix Lie algebra::
+
+        sage: sp4 = lie_algebras.sp(QQ, 4, representation='matrix'); sp4
+        Symplectic Lie algebra of rank 4 over Rational Field
+        sage: E1,E2, F1,F2, H1,H2 = sp4.gens()
+        sage: H1.bracket(E1)
+        [ 0  2  0  0]
+        [ 0  0  0  0]
+        [ 0  0  0  0]
+        [ 0  0 -2  0]
+        sage: sp4([E1, [E1, E2]])
+        [0 0 2 0]
+        [0 0 0 0]
+        [0 0 0 0]
+        [0 0 0 0]
+    """
+    if n % 2:
+        raise ValueError("n must be even")
+    if representation == 'bracket':
+        from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.classical_lie_algebra import LieAlgebraChevalleyBasis
+        return LieAlgebraChevalleyBasis(R, ['C', n//2])
+    if representation == 'matrix':
+        from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.classical_lie_algebra import sp as sp_matrix
+        return sp_matrix(R, n)
+    raise ValueError("invalid representation")