loadpath 0.1.1__py3-none-any.whl

loadpath/material_library.py

@@ -0,0 +1,489 @@
+"""
+The material library: one card per material, every number with its source.
+
+A study names a material ("petg", "pa12", "ti64"); materials.MATERIALS is
+built from these cards, and so are thermal.CONDUCTIVITY and the across-
+layer factors a card supplies to a layered process (spec.study_from_dict).
+Each value is (number, source id, note); `SOURCES` says what each id is and
+where to read it. The datasheets were read on 2026-10-30.
+
+How a card is chosen. Each generic name takes its values from one named
+datasheet, so the numbers on a card are consistent with each other (the
+same printer, slicer profile and test). Brands differ more than the
+anisotropy does: PETG's in-plane strength reads 47 MPa on Prusament's
+sheet and 32 MPa on Polymaker's, and PLA's across-layer strength is 33% of
+in-plane on Prusament's (an interlayer adhesion test) and 93% on
+Polymaker's (a Z-printed tensile bar). docs/materials.md lists the spread.
+A part that matters gets coupons printed and a calibrated card
+(calibration.py), which overrides the library card of the same name.
+
+What the code reads:
+  E, nu, strength, density      every analysis (materials.Material)
+  strengthZ                     across-layer strength -> process.interlayer
+  EZ                            across-layer modulus -> process stiffnessAcrossLayers
+  conductivity                  thermal.CONDUCTIVITY (heat paths, thermal TO)
+  specificHeat                  J/(kg K) -> thermal.SPECIFIC_HEAT (heat-up and cool-down)
+  hdt                           heat deflection temperature at 0.45 MPa: the
+                                temperature checks warn above it (durability)
+  cte                           thermal expansion, um/(m K) -> thermal.EXPANSION
+  retention                     modulus kept vs temperature -> thermal.MODULUS_RETENTION
+                                (and, as a proxy, strength: durability)
+The rest (elongation, Tg, hdt18, fatigue) is carried for the report and
+for people; fatigue and creep design values live in durability.DURABILITY,
+which cites its own literature.
+
+Values a datasheet does not give are marked with the source "estimate"
+(Poisson's ratio for polymers, mostly) and say why that number.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+__all__ = ["Source", "SOURCES", "LIBRARY", "card", "card_names", "value", "describe"]
+
+ACCESSED = "2026-10-30"
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class Source:
+    title: str
+    url: str = ""
+    note: str = ""
+
+    def to_dict(self):
+        return {"title": self.title, "url": self.url, "note": self.note}
+
+
+SOURCES = {
+    "prusament-pla": Source(
+        "Prusament PLA technical datasheet, v1.1 (27-07-2022), Prusa Polymers",
+        "https://www.matterhackers.com/r/xFvGl8",
+        "ISO 527-1 on specimens printed on an Original Prusa i3 MK3, 100% rectilinear infill; "
+        "'Vertical xz' is printed on edge, not across layers; interlayer adhesion is Prusa's own test"),
+    "prusament-petg": Source(
+        "Prusament PETG technical datasheet, v1.1 (16-02-2022), Prusa Polymers",
+        "https://www.3dprintergear.com.au/assets/files/technical-data-sheet%20(1).pdf",
+        "as Prusament PLA"),
+    "polylite-abs": Source(
+        "Polymaker PolyLite ABS TDS v5.2",
+        "https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0789/2979/files/PolyLite_ABS_TDS_V5.2.pdf",
+        "ISO 527 printed X-Y and Z specimens, 100% infill"),
+    "polylite-asa": Source(
+        "Polymaker PolyLite ASA TDS v5.1",
+        "https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0603/6609/files/PolyLite_ASA_TDS_V5.1.pdf",
+        "ISO 527 printed X-Y and Z specimens, 100% infill"),
+    "ultimaker-tpu95a": Source(
+        "UltiMaker TPU 95A technical data sheet v2.01 (15-09-2025)",
+        "https://um-support-files.ultimaker.com/materials/2.85mm/tds/TPU-95A/TDS-TPU95A-V2.01-250915.pdf",
+        "ASTM D3039 printed XY / YZ / Z specimens"),
+    "bambu-paht-cf": Source(
+        "Bambu Lab PAHT-CF technical data sheet v2",
+        "https://uwaterloo.ca/rapid-prototyping-centre/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/"
+        "bambu_paht-cf_technical_data_sheet_v2.pdf",
+        "ISO 527, dry state, printed X-Y and Z specimens, 100% infill"),
+    "hp-5200-whitepaper": Source(
+        "HP 3D Printing materials for the HP Jet Fusion 5200 Series: Mechanical Properties (white paper)",
+        "https://info.sculpteo.com/hubfs/Material%20documentation/PA11%20HP/"
+        "TDS%20HP%20pa12%20pa12gb%20pa11%20pp%20(1).pdf",
+        "ASTM D638 Type I, Balanced print profile, 349-part test job, XY and Z averages"),
+    "eos-pa3200gf": Source(
+        "EOS PA 3200 GF material data sheet, status 30.08.2026",
+        "https://www.indus3design.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/i3d-datasheets-eos-pa-3200-gf.pdf",
+        "laser sintered; ISO 527-1/-2 X and Z orientations, ISO 75 HDT"),
+    "basf-tpu88a": Source(
+        "BASF Forward AM Ultrasint TPU 88A technical data sheet v2.2 (08/2021)",
+        "https://3dprinting.rpamerica.us/hubfs/BASF/UltrasintTM%20TPU%20Line.pdf",
+        "laser sintered; DIN 53504 S2 tensile, ISO 527-2 1A modulus, X and Z"),
+    "formlabs-standard": Source(
+        "Formlabs Standard Resins (Clear, White, Grey, Black) material properties, Rev 02 (14-08-2023)",
+        "https://8baht.com/storage/product_dowloads/65d4b84c383c5.pdf",
+        "ASTM D638-14, Form 2 at 100 um, post-cured; Grey V4"),
+    "formlabs-tough2000": Source(
+        "Formlabs Tough 2000 Resin technical data sheet V1, Rev 01 (10-07-2020)",
+        "https://cdn.goengineer.com/formlabs-tough-2000-resin-technical-data-sheet.pdf",
+        "ASTM D638-14, Form 2 at 100 um, post-cured 120 min at 80 C"),
+    "formlabs-rigid10k": Source(
+        "Formlabs Rigid 10K Resin technical data sheet, Rev 01 (06-09-2020)",
+        "https://core-electronics.com.au/attachments/rigid10k-TDS-ENUS-0.pdf",
+        "ASTM D638-14, UV post-cure column (60 min at 70 C)"),
+    "stratasys-vero": Source(
+        "Stratasys PolyJet Vero (Rigid Opaque) material data sheet (VeroWhitePlus, VeroBlackPlus, VeroGray, "
+        "Vero PureWhite, VeroVivid...), hosted by GoEngineer",
+        "https://cdn.goengineer.com/stratasys_polyjet_vero-material-data-sheet.pdf",
+        "ASTM D638 / D790 / D648 ranges for the family; printed, as built"),
+    "stratasys-agilus30": Source(
+        "Stratasys PolyJet Agilus30 material data sheet (Black / Translucent / White), hosted by GoEngineer",
+        "https://cdn.goengineer.com/stratasys-polyjet-agilus30-material-data-sheet.pdf",
+        "ASTM D412 tensile, D2240 hardness, D792 density; ranges per colour"),
+    "addup-alsi10mg": Source(
+        "AddUp AlSi10Mg material data sheet, version US-10252023-0129 (FormUp 350, 50 um layers)",
+        "https://addupsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/AlSi10Mg-Material-Data-Sheet.pdf",
+        "ASTM E8, machined specimens, as built, >= 27 samples across the plate"),
+    "addup-316l": Source(
+        "AddUp 316L SS material data sheet, version US-07172023-0134 (FormUp 350, 40 um layers)",
+        "https://addupsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/AddUp-316L-SS-Materials-Data-Sheet.pdf",
+        "ASTM E8, machined specimens, as built, >= 39 samples across the plate"),
+    "eos-ti64": Source(
+        "EOS Titanium Ti64 material data sheet (EOS M 290 400 W), 07.2022",
+        "https://www.eos.info/05-datasheet-images/Assets_MDS_Metal/EOS_Titanium_Ti64/"
+        "Material_DataSheet_EOS_Titanium_Ti64_EOSM290_EOSM300-4_EOSM400_EOSM400-4_en.pdf",
+        "ISO 6892-1; heat treated 800 C / 4 h in argon (the usual delivered state)"),
+    "eos-ti64-grade5": Source(
+        "EOS Titanium Ti64 Grade 5 material data sheet, status 01/2024",
+        "https://EOS.info/05-datasheet-images/Assets_MDS_Metal/EOS_Titanium_Ti64_Grade5/"
+        "material_datasheet_eos_titanium_ti64_grade5_en_web.pdf",
+        "fatigue strength at 1e7 cycles, heat treated, ISO 12107 statistics"),
+    "tychanicz-2025": Source(
+        "Tychanicz-Kwiecien et al. 2025, thermal conductivity of FDM-printed PLA and PETG "
+        "(as used by heatx_thermal.WALL_CONDUCTIVITY)", "", "dense printed parts, in plane"),
+    "eos-in625": Source(
+        "EOS NickelAlloy IN625 material data sheet (EOS M 290), 06.2022",
+        "https://uk.eos.info/03_system-related-assets/material-related-contents/metal-materials-and-examples/"
+        "metal-material-datasheet/nickelalloy-inconel/niall-in625-m290_material_data_sheet_06-22_en.pdf",
+        "ISO 6892-1, as built; the modulus is from EOS's general IN625 sheet (heat treated, 204 GPa Z / 214 XY)"),
+    "eos-ph1": Source(
+        "EOS StainlessSteel PH1 (15-5 PH) material data sheet (EOS M 290), 07.2022",
+        "https://www.eos.info/05-datasheet-images/Assets_MDS_Metal/EOS_StainlessSteel_PH1/"
+        "ss-ph1-m290_material_data_sheet_07-22_en.pdf",
+        "ISO 6892-1 Annex C, 20 um layers, as built"),
+    "handbook": Source(
+        "typical wrought/cast handbook value for the alloy (ASM Handbook class data)", "",
+        "used where the AM datasheet gives none; AM parts sit within a few percent"),
+    "polymer-handbook": Source(
+        "typical value for the polymer family (J. E. Mark, Physical Properties of Polymers Handbook, "
+        "2nd ed., Springer 2007)", "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-69002-5",
+        "unfilled bulk polymer; printing does not change the specific heat"),
+    "estimate": Source(
+        "loadpath estimate: no datasheet value", "",
+        "typical of the polymer family; replace with a calibrated card where it matters"),
+    "dma-estimate": Source(
+        "loadpath estimate: read off typical DMA storage-modulus curves for the polymer family and its heat "
+        "deflection temperature", "",
+        "approximate; the cliff at the glass transition is where sources disagree most. Measure it "
+        "(DMA, or a heated cantilever) if a part runs warm"),
+    "durability": Source("durability.DURABILITY (fatigue and creep design values, cited there)"),
+}
+
+# (value, source id, note)
+def _c(title, processes, measured=None, **values):
+    """A card. `measured`: the process the datasheet's specimens were made
+    by (default the first of `processes`); its across-layer values apply to
+    studies printed by that process only."""
+    return {"title": title, "processes": tuple(processes), "measured": measured or processes[0],
+            "values": values}
+
+
+_RET = "(C, share of the 23 C modulus), piecewise linear; past the last point the last value holds"
+_NU_POLY = (0.36, "estimate", "datasheets don't list it; 0.35-0.40 is typical of glassy thermoplastics")
+
+LIBRARY = {
+    # -------------------------------------------------------------- FDM
+    "pla": _c("PLA (values from Prusament PLA)", ("fdm",),
+              E=(2300, "prusament-pla", "tensile modulus, horizontal"),
+              nu=_NU_POLY,
+              strength=(51, "prusament-pla", "tensile yield strength, horizontal"),
+              strengthZ=(17, "prusament-pla", "interlayer adhesion"),
+              density=(1.24, "prusament-pla", "ISO 1183"),
+              elongation=(2.9, "prusament-pla", "% at yield, horizontal"),
+              hdt=(55, "prusament-pla", "ISO 75, 0.45 MPa"),
+              hdt18=(55, "prusament-pla", "ISO 75, 1.80 MPa"),
+              conductivity=(0.19, "tychanicz-2025", "W/(m K)"),
+              specificHeat=(1800, "polymer-handbook", "J/(kg K) near 25 C; amorphous PLA 1.2-1.8 kJ/(kg K), DSC"),
+              fatigue=("pla", "durability", "Ezeh & Susmel design curve"),
+              cte=(68, "estimate", "um/(m K) near 23 C; typical printed PLA, in plane"),
+              retention=([(23, 1.0), (45, 0.92), (55, 0.6), (60, 0.2), (65, 0.04)], "dma-estimate", _RET)),
+    "petg": _c("PETG (values from Prusament PETG)", ("fdm",),
+               E=(1500, "prusament-petg", "tensile modulus, horizontal"),
+               nu=(0.38, "estimate", "copolyester; datasheets don't list it"),
+               strength=(47, "prusament-petg", "tensile yield strength, horizontal"),
+               strengthZ=(18, "prusament-petg", "interlayer adhesion"),
+               density=(1.27, "prusament-petg", "ISO 1183"),
+               elongation=(5.1, "prusament-petg", "% at yield, horizontal"),
+               hdt=(68, "prusament-petg", "ISO 75, 0.45 MPa"),
+               hdt18=(68, "prusament-petg", "ISO 75, 1.80 MPa"),
+               conductivity=(0.20, "tychanicz-2025", "W/(m K)"),
+               specificHeat=(1200, "polymer-handbook", "J/(kg K) near 25 C; PET copolyesters 1.1-1.3"),
+               fatigue=("petg", "durability", "PLA curve scaled by strength (assumed)"),
+               cte=(68, "estimate", "um/(m K) near 23 C; typical copolyester"),
+               retention=([(23, 1.0), (40, 0.93), (55, 0.8), (65, 0.6), (75, 0.25), (85, 0.05)], "dma-estimate", _RET)),
+    "abs": _c("ABS (values from Polymaker PolyLite ABS)", ("fdm",),
+              E=(2174, "polylite-abs", "Young's modulus X-Y"),
+              EZ=(1835, "polylite-abs", "Young's modulus Z"),
+              nu=(0.35, "estimate", "datasheets don't list it"),
+              strength=(33.3, "polylite-abs", "tensile strength X-Y"),
+              strengthZ=(25.4, "polylite-abs", "tensile strength Z"),
+              density=(1.12, "polylite-abs", "ISO 1183"),
+              elongation=(2.7, "polylite-abs", "% at break, X-Y"),
+              tg=(101.1, "polylite-abs", "DSC"),
+              hdt=(99.6, "polylite-abs", "ISO 75, 0.45 MPa"),
+              hdt18=(98.2, "polylite-abs", "ISO 75, 1.8 MPa"),
+              conductivity=(0.17, "estimate", "W/(m K), bulk ABS"),
+              specificHeat=(1400, "polymer-handbook", "J/(kg K) near 25 C; ABS 1.3-1.7"),
+              fatigue=("abs", "durability", "PLA curve scaled by strength (assumed)"),
+              cte=(90, "estimate", "um/(m K) near 23 C; typical ABS"),
+              retention=([(23, 1.0), (60, 0.85), (80, 0.65), (95, 0.25), (105, 0.04)], "dma-estimate", _RET)),
+    "asa": _c("ASA (values from Polymaker PolyLite ASA)", ("fdm",),
+              E=(2379, "polylite-asa", "Young's modulus X-Y"),
+              EZ=(1965, "polylite-asa", "Young's modulus Z"),
+              nu=(0.35, "estimate", "datasheets don't list it"),
+              strength=(43.8, "polylite-asa", "tensile strength X-Y"),
+              strengthZ=(32.0, "polylite-asa", "tensile strength Z"),
+              density=(1.13, "polylite-asa", "ISO 1183"),
+              elongation=(6.7, "polylite-asa", "% at break, X-Y"),
+              tg=(97.8, "polylite-asa", "DSC"),
+              hdt=(102.6, "polylite-asa", "ISO 75, 0.45 MPa"),
+              hdt18=(100.2, "polylite-asa", "ISO 75, 1.8 MPa"),
+              conductivity=(0.17, "estimate", "W/(m K), as ABS"),
+              specificHeat=(1300, "estimate", "J/(kg K), close to ABS"),
+              fatigue=("asa", "durability", "PLA curve scaled by strength (assumed)"),
+              cte=(95, "estimate", "um/(m K) near 23 C; typical ASA"),
+              retention=([(23, 1.0), (60, 0.85), (80, 0.65), (95, 0.25), (105, 0.04)], "dma-estimate", _RET)),
+    # 95A: linear analysis holds only to a few percent strain; flexures
+    # want verify_nonlinear (nonlinear.py)
+    "tpu": _c("TPU 95A (values from UltiMaker TPU 95A); small strains only", ("fdm",),
+              E=(67, "ultimaker-tpu95a", "tensile modulus XY"),
+              EZ=(56, "ultimaker-tpu95a", "tensile modulus Z"),
+              nu=(0.45, "estimate", "elastomers are nearly incompressible"),
+              strength=(23.7, "ultimaker-tpu95a", "tensile stress at break XY"),
+              strengthZ=(6.4, "ultimaker-tpu95a", "tensile stress at break Z"),
+              density=(1.21, "estimate", "the TDS gives none; typical TPU 95A filament 1.20-1.22"),
+              elongation=(560, "ultimaker-tpu95a", "% at break XY (> 560)"),
+              hdt=(50.3, "ultimaker-tpu95a", "ISO 75-2/B, 0.455 MPa"),
+              conductivity=(0.20, "estimate", "W/(m K)"),
+              specificHeat=(1700, "estimate", "J/(kg K), polyether TPUs 1.5-1.9"),
+              fatigue=("tpu", "durability", "rough estimate"),
+              cte=(150, "estimate", "um/(m K) near 23 C; typical TPU 95A"),
+              retention=([(23, 1.0), (40, 0.85), (60, 0.7), (80, 0.55), (100, 0.4)], "dma-estimate", _RET)),
+    "pa-cf": _c("carbon-filled nylon (values from Bambu PAHT-CF, dry)", ("fdm",),
+                E=(3860, "bambu-paht-cf", "Young's modulus X-Y, dry"),
+                EZ=(2180, "bambu-paht-cf", "Young's modulus Z, dry"),
+                nu=(0.35, "estimate", "datasheets don't list it"),
+                strength=(92, "bambu-paht-cf", "tensile strength X-Y, dry"),
+                strengthZ=(47, "bambu-paht-cf", "tensile strength Z, dry"),
+                density=(1.06, "bambu-paht-cf", "ISO 1183"),
+                tg=(70, "bambu-paht-cf", "DSC"),
+                hdt=(194, "bambu-paht-cf", "ISO 75, 0.45 MPa"),
+                hdt18=(170, "bambu-paht-cf", "ISO 75, 1.8 MPa"),
+                conductivity=(0.40, "estimate", "W/(m K), fibre-filled, in plane"),
+                specificHeat=(1300, "estimate", "J/(kg K); PA6 ~1.6 lowered for ~15% carbon fibre"),
+                fatigue=("pa-cf", "durability", "rough estimate"),
+                cte=(30, "estimate", "um/(m K) along the laid fibres; across them several times more"),
+                retention=([(23, 1.0), (50, 0.8), (80, 0.55), (120, 0.35), (150, 0.2)], "dma-estimate", _RET)),
+    "pp": _c("polypropylene, printed (generic values; no single datasheet)", ("fdm",),
+             E=(1100, "estimate", "printed isotactic PP homopolymer, 0.9-1.3 GPa; copolymer filaments far lower"),
+             nu=(0.42, "estimate", "typical PP"),
+             strength=(25, "estimate", "printed PP, tensile, in plane"),
+             strengthZ=(15, "estimate", "interlayer, roughly 0.6 of in-plane"),
+             density=(0.90, "estimate", "PP 0.90-0.91"),
+             conductivity=(0.20, "estimate", "W/(m K), PP"),
+             specificHeat=(1900, "polymer-handbook", "J/(kg K) near 25 C; PP 1.7-2.0"),
+             fatigue=("pp", "durability", "rough estimate"),
+             cte=(120, "estimate", "um/(m K) near 23 C; PP 100-150"),
+             retention=([(23, 1.0), (60, 0.6), (90, 0.35), (120, 0.15), (150, 0.03)], "dma-estimate", _RET)),
+    # ------------------------------------------------------- powder bed
+    "pa12": _c("PA 12 (values from HP 3D HR PA 12, MJF)", ("sls", "mjf", "fdm"), "mjf",
+               E=(1900, "hp-5200-whitepaper", "tensile modulus XY (95% of parts 1650-2200)"),
+               EZ=(1900, "hp-5200-whitepaper", "tensile modulus Z"),
+               nu=(0.39, "estimate", "nylon 12; datasheets don't list it"),
+               strength=(50, "hp-5200-whitepaper", "tensile strength XY (95% of parts 45-55)"),
+               strengthZ=(50, "hp-5200-whitepaper", "tensile strength Z"),
+               density=(1.01, "hp-5200-whitepaper", "ASTM D792"),
+               elongation=(17, "hp-5200-whitepaper", "% at break XY (Z: 9)"),
+               conductivity=(0.25, "estimate", "W/(m K), sintered PA12"),
+               specificHeat=(1650, "polymer-handbook", "J/(kg K) near 25 C; PA12 1.6-1.7"),
+               fatigue=("pa12", "durability", "Van Hooreweder & Kruth 2014"),
+               cte=(109, "estimate", "um/(m K) near 23 C; typical sintered PA12"),
+               retention=([(23, 1.0), (45, 0.75), (80, 0.45), (120, 0.25), (160, 0.1)], "dma-estimate", _RET)),
+    "pa11": _c("PA 11 (values from HP 3D HR PA 11, MJF): tougher than PA12", ("sls", "mjf"), "mjf",
+               E=(1700, "hp-5200-whitepaper", "tensile modulus XY"),
+               EZ=(1800, "hp-5200-whitepaper", "tensile modulus Z"),
+               nu=(0.39, "estimate", "as PA12"),
+               strength=(54, "hp-5200-whitepaper", "tensile strength XY"),
+               strengthZ=(54, "hp-5200-whitepaper", "tensile strength Z"),
+               density=(1.05, "hp-5200-whitepaper", "ASTM D792"),
+               elongation=(40, "hp-5200-whitepaper", "% at break XY (Z: 25)"),
+               conductivity=(0.25, "estimate", "W/(m K), as PA12"),
+               specificHeat=(1600, "estimate", "J/(kg K), as PA12"),
+               fatigue=("pa11", "durability", "as PA12 (assumed)"),
+               cte=(100, "estimate", "um/(m K) near 23 C; typical PA11"),
+               retention=([(23, 1.0), (45, 0.75), (80, 0.45), (120, 0.25), (160, 0.1)], "dma-estimate", _RET)),
+    "pa12-gb": _c("glass-bead PA 12 (values from HP 3D HR PA 12 GB): stiff, stable, brittle", ("sls", "mjf"), "mjf",
+                  E=(2900, "hp-5200-whitepaper", "tensile modulus XY"),
+                  EZ=(3000, "hp-5200-whitepaper", "tensile modulus Z"),
+                  nu=(0.37, "estimate", "filled nylon"),
+                  strength=(31, "hp-5200-whitepaper", "tensile strength XY"),
+                  strengthZ=(30, "hp-5200-whitepaper", "tensile strength Z"),
+                  density=(1.30, "hp-5200-whitepaper", "ASTM D792"),
+                  elongation=(9, "hp-5200-whitepaper", "% at break XY"),
+                  hdt=(170, "hp-5200-whitepaper", "ASTM D648, 0.45 MPa, XY"),
+                  hdt18=(113, "hp-5200-whitepaper", "ASTM D648, 1.82 MPa, XY")),
+    "pa12-gf": _c("glass-filled PA 12 (values from EOS PA 3200 GF, SLS): stiff, wear resistant", ("sls",),
+                  E=(3200, "eos-pa3200gf", "tensile modulus X"),
+                  EZ=(2500, "eos-pa3200gf", "tensile modulus Z"),
+                  nu=(0.37, "estimate", "filled nylon"),
+                  strength=(51, "eos-pa3200gf", "tensile strength X"),
+                  strengthZ=(47, "eos-pa3200gf", "tensile strength Z"),
+                  density=(1.22, "eos-pa3200gf", "laser-sintered part density (EOS method)"),
+                  elongation=(9, "eos-pa3200gf", "% at break X (Z: 5.5)"),
+                  hdt=(157, "eos-pa3200gf", "ISO 75, 0.45 MPa, X"),
+                  hdt18=(96, "eos-pa3200gf", "ISO 75, 1.80 MPa, X")),
+    "tpu88a": _c("TPU 88A (values from BASF Ultrasint TPU 88A, SLS): a linear analysis is a rough estimate "
+                 "past a few percent strain; run verify_nonlinear", ("sls", "mjf"),
+                 E=(75, "basf-tpu88a", "tensile modulus X (ISO 527-2 1A)"),
+                 EZ=(75, "basf-tpu88a", "tensile modulus Z"),
+                 nu=(0.45, "estimate", "elastomers are nearly incompressible"),
+                 strength=(8, "basf-tpu88a", "tensile strength X (DIN 53504 S2)"),
+                 strengthZ=(7, "basf-tpu88a", "tensile strength Z"),
+                 density=(1.10, "basf-tpu88a", "printed part, ISO 1183-1"),
+                 elongation=(270, "basf-tpu88a", "% at break X (Z: 130)")),
+    # ------------------------------------------------------------ resin
+    "resin": _c("standard resin (values from Formlabs Grey V4, post-cured)", ("sla", "dlp"),
+                E=(2800, "formlabs-standard", "tensile modulus, post-cured"),
+                nu=(0.38, "estimate", "acrylate photopolymer"),
+                strength=(65, "formlabs-standard", "ultimate tensile strength, post-cured"),
+                density=(1.18, "estimate", "the TDS gives none; cured acrylates 1.15-1.20"),
+                elongation=(6, "formlabs-standard", "% at break, post-cured"),
+                hdt=(73, "formlabs-standard", "ASTM D648, 0.45 MPa"),
+                hdt18=(58, "formlabs-standard", "ASTM D648, 1.8 MPa"),
+                conductivity=(0.18, "estimate", "W/(m K)"),
+                specificHeat=(1400, "estimate", "J/(kg K), cured acrylates 1.2-1.6"),
+                fatigue=("resin", "durability", "rough estimate"),
+                cte=(79, "formlabs-standard", "um/(m K), 0-150 C, post-cured (ASTM E831)"),
+                retention=([(23, 1.0), (40, 0.8), (50, 0.5), (60, 0.2), (70, 0.05)], "dma-estimate", _RET)),
+    "resin-tough": _c("tough resin (values from Formlabs Tough 2000, post-cured)", ("sla", "dlp"),
+                      E=(2200, "formlabs-tough2000", "tensile modulus, post-cured"),
+                      nu=(0.40, "estimate", "toughened photopolymer"),
+                      strength=(46, "formlabs-tough2000", "ultimate tensile strength, post-cured"),
+                      density=(1.15, "estimate", "the TDS gives none"),
+                      elongation=(48, "formlabs-tough2000", "% at break, post-cured"),
+                      hdt=(63, "formlabs-tough2000", "ASTM D648, 0.45 MPa"),
+                      hdt18=(53, "formlabs-tough2000", "ASTM D648, 1.8 MPa"),
+                      cte=(91, "formlabs-tough2000", "um/(m K), 0-150 C, post-cured (ASTM E831)"),
+                      conductivity=(0.18, "estimate", "W/(m K)"),
+                      specificHeat=(1400, "estimate", "J/(kg K), cured acrylates 1.2-1.6"),
+                      fatigue=("resin-tough", "durability", "rough estimate"),
+                      retention=([(23, 1.0), (40, 0.75), (50, 0.45), (60, 0.2), (70, 0.05)], "dma-estimate", _RET)),
+    "resin-rigid": _c("glass-filled rigid resin (values from Formlabs Rigid 10K, UV cure): brittle", ("sla", "dlp"),
+                      E=(10000, "formlabs-rigid10k", "tensile modulus, UV post-cure"),
+                      nu=(0.33, "estimate", "highly glass-filled photopolymer"),
+                      strength=(65, "formlabs-rigid10k", "ultimate tensile strength, UV post-cure"),
+                      density=(1.65, "estimate", "the TDS gives none; glass-filled acrylates 1.6-1.7"),
+                      elongation=(1, "formlabs-rigid10k", "% at break, UV post-cure"),
+                      cte=(47, "formlabs-rigid10k", "um/(m K), 0-150 C, UV post-cure (ASTM E831)")),
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------- jetting
+    # PolyJet (material jetting): rigid and rubber-like photopolymers jetted
+    # and UV-cured in the same layers; interface_library.py has their bond.
+    # The datasheets give ranges; the cards take the low end.
+    "vero": _c("rigid PolyJet photopolymer (values from Stratasys Vero / Rigid Opaque, low end of the "
+               "family's ranges)", ("jetting",),
+               E=(2000, "stratasys-vero", "modulus of elasticity, ASTM D638 (range 2000-3000)"),
+               nu=(0.38, "estimate", "acrylate photopolymer, as resin"),
+               strength=(50, "stratasys-vero", "tensile strength, ASTM D638 (range 50-65)"),
+               density=(1.17, "stratasys-vero", "polymerized density (range 1.17-1.18)"),
+               elongation=(10, "stratasys-vero", "% at break, ASTM D638 (range 10-25)"),
+               tg=(52, "stratasys-vero", "DMA (range 52-54)"),
+               hdt=(45, "stratasys-vero", "ASTM D648, 0.45 MPa (range 45-50)"),
+               hdt18=(45, "stratasys-vero", "ASTM D648, 1.82 MPa (range 45-50)"),
+               conductivity=(0.18, "estimate", "W/(m K), as other cured acrylates")),
+    "agilus30": _c("rubber-like PolyJet photopolymer, Shore 30A (values from Stratasys Agilus30): a linear "
+                   "analysis is a rough estimate past a few percent strain; run verify_nonlinear", ("jetting",),
+                   E=(1.1, "estimate", "the TDS gives none; Gent's Shore A relation at 30A gives ~1.1 MPa "
+                      "(initial tangent modulus)"),
+                   nu=(0.45, "estimate", "elastomers are nearly incompressible; 0.45 keeps the linear solve "
+                       "well conditioned"),
+                   strength=(2.4, "stratasys-agilus30", "tensile strength, ASTM D412, Black/Translucent "
+                             "(range 2.4-3.1; White 2.1-2.6)"),
+                   density=(1.14, "stratasys-agilus30", "polymerized density, ASTM D792 (range 1.14-1.15)"),
+                   elongation=(220, "stratasys-agilus30", "% at break, ASTM D412, Black/Translucent "
+                               "(range 220-270; White 185-230)"),
+                   hardness=(30, "stratasys-agilus30", "Shore A, ASTM D2240 (range 30-35)")),
+    # ------------------------------------------------------------- LPBF
+    "alsi10mg": _c("LPBF AlSi10Mg, as built (values from AddUp)", ("lpbf",),
+                   E=(72000, "addup-alsi10mg", "modulus XY, as built (Z 71 GPa)"),
+                   EZ=(71000, "addup-alsi10mg", "modulus Z, as built"),
+                   nu=(0.33, "handbook", "aluminium alloys"),
+                   strength=(275, "addup-alsi10mg", "yield strength XY, as built"),
+                   strengthZ=(239, "addup-alsi10mg", "yield strength Z, as built"),
+                   density=(2.67, "addup-alsi10mg", "theoretical; parts 99.5% dense"),
+                   elongation=(5, "addup-alsi10mg", "% at failure, XY and Z"),
+                   conductivity=(125, "addup-alsi10mg", "W/(m K), low end of the sheet's 120-160 at 25 C"),
+                   specificHeat=(900, "handbook", "J/(kg K) near 25 C; Al-Si casting alloys 880-920"),
+                   fatigue=("alsi10mg", "durability", "rough, as-built surface"),
+                   cte=(21, "addup-alsi10mg", "um/(m K), 20-100 C"),
+                   retention=([(23, 1.0), (150, 0.92), (200, 0.85), (300, 0.6)], "dma-estimate", _RET)),
+    "ti64": _c("LPBF Ti-6Al-4V, heat treated (values from EOS)", ("lpbf",),
+               E=(110000, "eos-ti64", "modulus XY and Z, +-15 GPa"),
+               EZ=(110000, "eos-ti64", "modulus Z"),
+               nu=(0.34, "handbook", "Ti-6Al-4V"),
+               strength=(1000, "eos-ti64", "yield strength Rp0.2 XY, heat treated (min 860)"),
+               strengthZ=(1000, "eos-ti64", "yield strength Rp0.2 Z, heat treated"),
+               density=(4.41, "eos-ti64", "part density"),
+               elongation=(13.5, "eos-ti64", "% at break, heat treated"),
+               conductivity=(6.7, "handbook", "W/(m K), Ti-6Al-4V"),
+               specificHeat=(526, "handbook", "J/(kg K), Ti-6Al-4V at 25 C"),
+               fatigueStrength=(595, "eos-ti64-grade5", "MPa at 1e7 cycles, heat treated (Grade 5 sheet)"),
+               fatigue=("ti64", "durability", "rough, as-built surface"),
+               cte=(8.6, "handbook", "um/(m K), 20-100 C, Ti-6Al-4V"),
+               retention=([(23, 1.0), (300, 0.85), (500, 0.75)], "dma-estimate", _RET)),
+    "316l": _c("LPBF 316L stainless, as built (values from AddUp)", ("lpbf",),
+               E=(193000, "addup-316l", "modulus XY, as built"),
+               EZ=(160000, "addup-316l", "modulus Z, as built"),
+               nu=(0.30, "handbook", "austenitic stainless"),
+               strength=(699, "addup-316l", "yield strength XY, as built"),
+               strengthZ=(632, "addup-316l", "yield strength Z, as built"),
+               density=(8.0, "addup-316l", "theoretical; parts 99.9% dense"),
+               conductivity=(15, "addup-316l", "W/(m K) at 20 C"),
+               specificHeat=(500, "handbook", "J/(kg K), 316L at 25 C"),
+               fatigue=("316l", "durability", "rough, as-built surface"),
+               cte=(17.2, "addup-316l", "um/(m K), RT-200 C (the sheet's literature value)"),
+               retention=([(23, 1.0), (300, 0.9), (500, 0.82)], "dma-estimate", _RET)),
+    "in625": _c("LPBF Inconel 625, as built (values from EOS)", ("lpbf",),
+                E=(204000, "eos-in625", "modulus Z, heat treated (as built reads 10-20% lower on other sheets)"),
+                nu=(0.31, "handbook", "nickel alloy 625"),
+                strength=(720, "eos-in625", "yield strength Rp0.2 XY, as built"),
+                strengthZ=(630, "eos-in625", "yield strength Rp0.2 Z, as built"),
+                density=(8.44, "handbook", "alloy 625"),
+                conductivity=(9.8, "handbook", "W/(m K) at 20 C, alloy 625"),
+                cte=(12.8, "handbook", "um/(m K), 20-100 C, alloy 625"),
+                retention=([(23, 1.0), (300, 0.93), (500, 0.88)], "dma-estimate", _RET)),
+    "15-5ph": _c("LPBF 15-5 PH stainless, as built (values from EOS PH1)", ("lpbf",),
+                 E=(196000, "handbook", "wrought 15-5 PH; the EOS sheet gives none"),
+                 nu=(0.27, "handbook", "precipitation-hardening stainless"),
+                 strength=(1025, "eos-ph1", "yield strength Rp0.2 XY, as built"),
+                 strengthZ=(930, "eos-ph1", "yield strength Rp0.2 Z, as built"),
+                 density=(7.8, "handbook", "15-5 PH"),
+                 conductivity=(17.8, "handbook", "W/(m K) at 100 C, 15-5 PH"),
+                 cte=(10.8, "handbook", "um/(m K), 20-100 C, 15-5 PH"),
+                 retention=([(23, 1.0), (300, 0.9), (500, 0.8)], "dma-estimate", _RET)),
+}
+
+
+def card_names():
+    return sorted(LIBRARY)
+
+
+def card(name):
+    """The library card (dict) for a material name, or None."""
+    return LIBRARY.get(str(name).strip().lower())
+
+
+def value(name, key, default=None):
+    """A card's number for `key` (e.g. "strengthZ"), or default."""
+    c = card(name)
+    if c is None or key not in c["values"]:
+        return default
+    return c["values"][key][0]
+
+
+def describe(name):
+    """A card as JSON: every value with its source's title and url."""
+    c = card(name)
+    if c is None:
+        return None
+    vals = {}
+    for k, (v, src, note) in c["values"].items():
+        s = SOURCES[src]
+        vals[k] = {"value": v, "note": note, "source": s.title, **({"url": s.url} if s.url else {})}
+    return {"name": str(name).strip().lower(), "title": c["title"], "processes": list(c["processes"]),
+            "measured": c["measured"],
+            "values": vals, "accessed": ACCESSED}

loadpath/materials.py

@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+"""
+Material properties for the verification pass.
+
+The optimizer itself does not need any of this: for a linear elastic
+compliance problem the optimal layout is independent of Young's modulus, so
+the solver runs on E = 1. Material only enters when we turn an outcome into
+numbers a person acts on (stress against strength, deflection in mm, mass in
+grams).
+
+Values come from named datasheets of printed parts, each value cited in
+material_library.py (`loadpath materials` lists them); they are typical
+values, not certified allowables. Printed plastics are anisotropic (weaker across layers, often by
+half for FDM) and the analysis is linear, so a safety factor computed from
+these is an estimate to compare designs and to catch an undersized part, not
+a sign-off.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from .material_library import LIBRARY
+
+__all__ = ["Material", "MATERIALS", "material_from_spec"]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class Material:
+    name: str
+    E: float          # Young's modulus, MPa
+    nu: float         # Poisson's ratio
+    strength: float   # MPa: yield for metals, tensile strength for polymers
+    density: float    # g/cm^3
+    note: str = ""
+    # the processes (spec.PROCESSES) it is printed by; empty = any
+    processes: tuple = ()
+    # across layers, when the datasheet measured it (MPa); None = in-plane
+    # values with the process's own factors (spec.PROCESSES)
+    E_z: float | None = None
+    strength_z: float | None = None
+    # the process the datasheet's specimens were made by: E_z and
+    # strength_z apply to a study printed that way
+    measured: str = ""
+
+    def to_dict(self):
+        out = {"name": self.name, "E": self.E, "nu": self.nu,
+               "strength": self.strength, "density": self.density, "note": self.note,
+               "processes": list(self.processes)}
+        if self.E_z is not None:
+            out["EZ"] = self.E_z
+        if self.strength_z is not None:
+            out["strengthZ"] = self.strength_z
+        if self.measured:
+            out["measured"] = self.measured
+        return out
+
+    def across_layers(self):
+        """(strength ratio, modulus ratio) across layers from the datasheet,
+        each capped at 1, or None where it wasn't measured."""
+        s = min(1.0, self.strength_z / self.strength) if self.strength_z else None
+        e = min(1.0, self.E_z / self.E) if self.E_z else None
+        return s, e
+
+
+def _from_card(name, c):
+    v = c["values"]
+    get = (lambda k: float(v[k][0]) if k in v else None)
+    return Material(name, get("E"), get("nu"), get("strength"), get("density"), c["title"],
+                    c["processes"], E_z=get("EZ"), strength_z=get("strengthZ"),
+                    measured=c.get("measured", c["processes"][0]))
+
+
+# every value sourced: material_library.py (`loadpath materials <name>`)
+MATERIALS = {k: _from_card(k, c) for k, c in LIBRARY.items()}
+
+_ALIASES = {
+    "nylon": "pa12", "pa": "pa12", "pa 12": "pa12", "pa-12": "pa12",
+    "aluminium": "alsi10mg", "aluminum": "alsi10mg", "titanium": "ti64",
+    "stainless": "316l", "steel": "316l", "carbon nylon": "pa-cf",
+    "tpu95a": "tpu", "tpu 95a": "tpu", "flex": "tpu",
+    "pa 11": "pa11", "pa-11": "pa11", "pa12gb": "pa12-gb", "glass nylon": "pa12-gb",
+    "pa12gf": "pa12-gf", "pa 3200 gf": "pa12-gf", "pa3200gf": "pa12-gf",
+    "tpu 88a": "tpu88a", "tpu-88a": "tpu88a", "sla": "resin", "standard resin": "resin", "tough resin": "resin-tough",
+    "rigid resin": "resin-rigid",
+    "verowhite": "vero", "vero white": "vero", "agilus": "agilus30", "agilus 30": "agilus30",
+}
+
+
+def material_from_spec(spec) -> Material:
+    """A name from MATERIALS (or an alias), a calibrated card's name, or a
+    custom {"name"?, "E", "nu", "strength", "density"} object; a custom
+    object with "base": <name> starts from that material and changes only
+    the keys it gives. A calibrated card (calibration.py, measured on your
+    printer) named like a library material replaces it."""
+    if isinstance(spec, Material):
+        return spec
+    if isinstance(spec, str):
+        key = spec.strip().lower()
+        from .calibration import list_cards, load_card
+        cal = _calibrated(key, load_card)
+        if cal is not None:
+            return cal
+        key = _ALIASES.get(key, key)
+        if key in MATERIALS:
+            return MATERIALS[key]
+        raise ValueError(f"unknown material {spec!r}; known: {sorted(MATERIALS)}"
+                         + (f", calibrated: {list_cards()}" if list_cards() else "")
+                         + " or pass {E, nu, strength, density}")
+    if isinstance(spec, dict):
+        base = material_from_spec(spec["base"]) if spec.get("base") is not None else None
+        d = dict(base.to_dict()) if base is not None else {}
+        d.update({k: v for k, v in spec.items() if k != "base"})
+        if base is not None and "name" not in spec:
+            d["name"] = f"{base.name}-custom"
+        if base is not None and "note" not in spec:
+            d["note"] = f"{base.name} with {', '.join(sorted(k for k in spec if k not in ('base', 'name')))} changed"
+        try:
+            m = Material(str(d.get("name", "custom")), float(d["E"]), float(d.get("nu", 0.35)),
+                         float(d["strength"]), float(d["density"]), str(d.get("note", "")),
+                         tuple(d.get("processes") or ()),
+                         E_z=float(d["EZ"]) if d.get("EZ") is not None else None,
+                         strength_z=float(d["strengthZ"]) if d.get("strengthZ") is not None else None,
+                         measured=str(d.get("measured") or ""))
+        except KeyError as exc:
+            raise ValueError(f"custom material is missing {exc.args[0]!r} (needs E, strength, density, "
+                             "or a base material)") from None
+        if m.E <= 0 or m.strength <= 0 or m.density <= 0 or not (0 <= m.nu < 0.5):
+            raise ValueError("custom material needs E, strength, density > 0 and 0 <= nu < 0.5")
+        if (m.E_z is not None and m.E_z <= 0) or (m.strength_z is not None and m.strength_z <= 0):
+            raise ValueError("custom material EZ and strengthZ must be > 0")
+        return m
+    raise ValueError("material must be a name or {E, nu, strength, density}")
+
+
+def _calibrated(key, load_card):
+    """The Material of a calibrated card named `key`, or None. Its
+    across-layer factors travel in the card's process block (spec.py)."""
+    card = load_card(key)
+    if card is None:
+        return None
+    m = card["material"]
+    base = MATERIALS.get(_ALIASES.get(card.get("basedOn", ""), card.get("basedOn", "")))
+    return Material(card["name"], float(m["E"]), float(m["nu"]), float(m["strength"]),
+                    float(m["density"]), str(m.get("note", "")),
+                    tuple(m.get("processes") or (base.processes if base else ())))