com.googler.python 1.1.4 → 1.1.5

package/python3.6.2/lib/python3.6/test/test_unicode.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2894 @@
+""" Test script for the Unicode implementation.
+
+Written by Marc-Andre Lemburg (mal@lemburg.com).
+
+(c) Copyright CNRI, All Rights Reserved. NO WARRANTY.
+
+"""
+import _string
+import codecs
+import itertools
+import operator
+import struct
+import string
+import sys
+import unittest
+import warnings
+from test import support, string_tests
+
+# Error handling (bad decoder return)
+def search_function(encoding):
+    def decode1(input, errors="strict"):
+        return 42 # not a tuple
+    def encode1(input, errors="strict"):
+        return 42 # not a tuple
+    def encode2(input, errors="strict"):
+        return (42, 42) # no unicode
+    def decode2(input, errors="strict"):
+        return (42, 42) # no unicode
+    if encoding=="test.unicode1":
+        return (encode1, decode1, None, None)
+    elif encoding=="test.unicode2":
+        return (encode2, decode2, None, None)
+    else:
+        return None
+codecs.register(search_function)
+
+def duplicate_string(text):
+    """
+    Try to get a fresh clone of the specified text:
+    new object with a reference count of 1.
+
+    This is a best-effort: latin1 single letters and the empty
+    string ('') are singletons and cannot be cloned.
+    """
+    return text.encode().decode()
+
+class StrSubclass(str):
+    pass
+
+class UnicodeTest(string_tests.CommonTest,
+        string_tests.MixinStrUnicodeUserStringTest,
+        string_tests.MixinStrUnicodeTest,
+        unittest.TestCase):
+
+    type2test = str
+
+    def checkequalnofix(self, result, object, methodname, *args):
+        method = getattr(object, methodname)
+        realresult = method(*args)
+        self.assertEqual(realresult, result)
+        self.assertTrue(type(realresult) is type(result))
+
+        # if the original is returned make sure that
+        # this doesn't happen with subclasses
+        if realresult is object:
+            class usub(str):
+                def __repr__(self):
+                    return 'usub(%r)' % str.__repr__(self)
+            object = usub(object)
+            method = getattr(object, methodname)
+            realresult = method(*args)
+            self.assertEqual(realresult, result)
+            self.assertTrue(object is not realresult)
+
+    def test_literals(self):
+        self.assertEqual('\xff', '\u00ff')
+        self.assertEqual('\uffff', '\U0000ffff')
+        self.assertRaises(SyntaxError, eval, '\'\\Ufffffffe\'')
+        self.assertRaises(SyntaxError, eval, '\'\\Uffffffff\'')
+        self.assertRaises(SyntaxError, eval, '\'\\U%08x\'' % 0x110000)
+        # raw strings should not have unicode escapes
+        self.assertNotEqual(r"\u0020", " ")
+
+    def test_ascii(self):
+        if not sys.platform.startswith('java'):
+            # Test basic sanity of repr()
+            self.assertEqual(ascii('abc'), "'abc'")
+            self.assertEqual(ascii('ab\\c'), "'ab\\\\c'")
+            self.assertEqual(ascii('ab\\'), "'ab\\\\'")
+            self.assertEqual(ascii('\\c'), "'\\\\c'")
+            self.assertEqual(ascii('\\'), "'\\\\'")
+            self.assertEqual(ascii('\n'), "'\\n'")
+            self.assertEqual(ascii('\r'), "'\\r'")
+            self.assertEqual(ascii('\t'), "'\\t'")
+            self.assertEqual(ascii('\b'), "'\\x08'")
+            self.assertEqual(ascii("'\""), """'\\'"'""")
+            self.assertEqual(ascii("'\""), """'\\'"'""")
+            self.assertEqual(ascii("'"), '''"'"''')
+            self.assertEqual(ascii('"'), """'"'""")
+            latin1repr = (
+                "'\\x00\\x01\\x02\\x03\\x04\\x05\\x06\\x07\\x08\\t\\n\\x0b\\x0c\\r"
+                "\\x0e\\x0f\\x10\\x11\\x12\\x13\\x14\\x15\\x16\\x17\\x18\\x19\\x1a"
+                "\\x1b\\x1c\\x1d\\x1e\\x1f !\"#$%&\\'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHI"
+                "JKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\\\\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~\\x7f"
+                "\\x80\\x81\\x82\\x83\\x84\\x85\\x86\\x87\\x88\\x89\\x8a\\x8b\\x8c\\x8d"
+                "\\x8e\\x8f\\x90\\x91\\x92\\x93\\x94\\x95\\x96\\x97\\x98\\x99\\x9a\\x9b"
+                "\\x9c\\x9d\\x9e\\x9f\\xa0\\xa1\\xa2\\xa3\\xa4\\xa5\\xa6\\xa7\\xa8\\xa9"
+                "\\xaa\\xab\\xac\\xad\\xae\\xaf\\xb0\\xb1\\xb2\\xb3\\xb4\\xb5\\xb6\\xb7"
+                "\\xb8\\xb9\\xba\\xbb\\xbc\\xbd\\xbe\\xbf\\xc0\\xc1\\xc2\\xc3\\xc4\\xc5"
+                "\\xc6\\xc7\\xc8\\xc9\\xca\\xcb\\xcc\\xcd\\xce\\xcf\\xd0\\xd1\\xd2\\xd3"
+                "\\xd4\\xd5\\xd6\\xd7\\xd8\\xd9\\xda\\xdb\\xdc\\xdd\\xde\\xdf\\xe0\\xe1"
+                "\\xe2\\xe3\\xe4\\xe5\\xe6\\xe7\\xe8\\xe9\\xea\\xeb\\xec\\xed\\xee\\xef"
+                "\\xf0\\xf1\\xf2\\xf3\\xf4\\xf5\\xf6\\xf7\\xf8\\xf9\\xfa\\xfb\\xfc\\xfd"
+                "\\xfe\\xff'")
+            testrepr = ascii(''.join(map(chr, range(256))))
+            self.assertEqual(testrepr, latin1repr)
+            # Test ascii works on wide unicode escapes without overflow.
+            self.assertEqual(ascii("\U00010000" * 39 + "\uffff" * 4096),
+                             ascii("\U00010000" * 39 + "\uffff" * 4096))
+
+            class WrongRepr:
+                def __repr__(self):
+                    return b'byte-repr'
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, ascii, WrongRepr())
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        if not sys.platform.startswith('java'):
+            # Test basic sanity of repr()
+            self.assertEqual(repr('abc'), "'abc'")
+            self.assertEqual(repr('ab\\c'), "'ab\\\\c'")
+            self.assertEqual(repr('ab\\'), "'ab\\\\'")
+            self.assertEqual(repr('\\c'), "'\\\\c'")
+            self.assertEqual(repr('\\'), "'\\\\'")
+            self.assertEqual(repr('\n'), "'\\n'")
+            self.assertEqual(repr('\r'), "'\\r'")
+            self.assertEqual(repr('\t'), "'\\t'")
+            self.assertEqual(repr('\b'), "'\\x08'")
+            self.assertEqual(repr("'\""), """'\\'"'""")
+            self.assertEqual(repr("'\""), """'\\'"'""")
+            self.assertEqual(repr("'"), '''"'"''')
+            self.assertEqual(repr('"'), """'"'""")
+            latin1repr = (
+                "'\\x00\\x01\\x02\\x03\\x04\\x05\\x06\\x07\\x08\\t\\n\\x0b\\x0c\\r"
+                "\\x0e\\x0f\\x10\\x11\\x12\\x13\\x14\\x15\\x16\\x17\\x18\\x19\\x1a"
+                "\\x1b\\x1c\\x1d\\x1e\\x1f !\"#$%&\\'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHI"
+                "JKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\\\\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~\\x7f"
+                "\\x80\\x81\\x82\\x83\\x84\\x85\\x86\\x87\\x88\\x89\\x8a\\x8b\\x8c\\x8d"
+                "\\x8e\\x8f\\x90\\x91\\x92\\x93\\x94\\x95\\x96\\x97\\x98\\x99\\x9a\\x9b"
+                "\\x9c\\x9d\\x9e\\x9f\\xa0\xa1\xa2\xa3\xa4\xa5\xa6\xa7\xa8\xa9"
+                "\xaa\xab\xac\\xad\xae\xaf\xb0\xb1\xb2\xb3\xb4\xb5\xb6\xb7"
+                "\xb8\xb9\xba\xbb\xbc\xbd\xbe\xbf\xc0\xc1\xc2\xc3\xc4\xc5"
+                "\xc6\xc7\xc8\xc9\xca\xcb\xcc\xcd\xce\xcf\xd0\xd1\xd2\xd3"
+                "\xd4\xd5\xd6\xd7\xd8\xd9\xda\xdb\xdc\xdd\xde\xdf\xe0\xe1"
+                "\xe2\xe3\xe4\xe5\xe6\xe7\xe8\xe9\xea\xeb\xec\xed\xee\xef"
+                "\xf0\xf1\xf2\xf3\xf4\xf5\xf6\xf7\xf8\xf9\xfa\xfb\xfc\xfd"
+                "\xfe\xff'")
+            testrepr = repr(''.join(map(chr, range(256))))
+            self.assertEqual(testrepr, latin1repr)
+            # Test repr works on wide unicode escapes without overflow.
+            self.assertEqual(repr("\U00010000" * 39 + "\uffff" * 4096),
+                             repr("\U00010000" * 39 + "\uffff" * 4096))
+
+            class WrongRepr:
+                def __repr__(self):
+                    return b'byte-repr'
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, repr, WrongRepr())
+
+    def test_iterators(self):
+        # Make sure unicode objects have an __iter__ method
+        it = "\u1111\u2222\u3333".__iter__()
+        self.assertEqual(next(it), "\u1111")
+        self.assertEqual(next(it), "\u2222")
+        self.assertEqual(next(it), "\u3333")
+        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, next, it)
+
+    def test_count(self):
+        string_tests.CommonTest.test_count(self)
+        # check mixed argument types
+        self.checkequalnofix(3,  'aaa', 'count', 'a')
+        self.checkequalnofix(0,  'aaa', 'count', 'b')
+        self.checkequalnofix(3, 'aaa', 'count',  'a')
+        self.checkequalnofix(0, 'aaa', 'count',  'b')
+        self.checkequalnofix(0, 'aaa', 'count',  'b')
+        self.checkequalnofix(1, 'aaa', 'count',  'a', -1)
+        self.checkequalnofix(3, 'aaa', 'count',  'a', -10)
+        self.checkequalnofix(2, 'aaa', 'count',  'a', 0, -1)
+        self.checkequalnofix(0, 'aaa', 'count',  'a', 0, -10)
+        # test mixed kinds
+        self.checkequal(10, '\u0102' + 'a' * 10, 'count', 'a')
+        self.checkequal(10, '\U00100304' + 'a' * 10, 'count', 'a')
+        self.checkequal(10, '\U00100304' + '\u0102' * 10, 'count', '\u0102')
+        self.checkequal(0, 'a' * 10, 'count', '\u0102')
+        self.checkequal(0, 'a' * 10, 'count', '\U00100304')
+        self.checkequal(0, '\u0102' * 10, 'count', '\U00100304')
+        self.checkequal(10, '\u0102' + 'a_' * 10, 'count', 'a_')
+        self.checkequal(10, '\U00100304' + 'a_' * 10, 'count', 'a_')
+        self.checkequal(10, '\U00100304' + '\u0102_' * 10, 'count', '\u0102_')
+        self.checkequal(0, 'a' * 10, 'count', 'a\u0102')
+        self.checkequal(0, 'a' * 10, 'count', 'a\U00100304')
+        self.checkequal(0, '\u0102' * 10, 'count', '\u0102\U00100304')
+
+    def test_find(self):
+        string_tests.CommonTest.test_find(self)
+        # test implementation details of the memchr fast path
+        self.checkequal(100, 'a' * 100 + '\u0102', 'find', '\u0102')
+        self.checkequal(-1, 'a' * 100 + '\u0102', 'find', '\u0201')
+        self.checkequal(-1, 'a' * 100 + '\u0102', 'find', '\u0120')
+        self.checkequal(-1, 'a' * 100 + '\u0102', 'find', '\u0220')
+        self.checkequal(100, 'a' * 100 + '\U00100304', 'find', '\U00100304')
+        self.checkequal(-1, 'a' * 100 + '\U00100304', 'find', '\U00100204')
+        self.checkequal(-1, 'a' * 100 + '\U00100304', 'find', '\U00102004')
+        # check mixed argument types
+        self.checkequalnofix(0,  'abcdefghiabc', 'find', 'abc')
+        self.checkequalnofix(9,  'abcdefghiabc', 'find', 'abc', 1)
+        self.checkequalnofix(-1, 'abcdefghiabc', 'find', 'def', 4)
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, 'hello'.find)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, 'hello'.find, 42)
+        # test mixed kinds
+        self.checkequal(100, '\u0102' * 100 + 'a', 'find', 'a')
+        self.checkequal(100, '\U00100304' * 100 + 'a', 'find', 'a')
+        self.checkequal(100, '\U00100304' * 100 + '\u0102', 'find', '\u0102')
+        self.checkequal(-1, 'a' * 100, 'find', '\u0102')
+        self.checkequal(-1, 'a' * 100, 'find', '\U00100304')
+        self.checkequal(-1, '\u0102' * 100, 'find', '\U00100304')
+        self.checkequal(100, '\u0102' * 100 + 'a_', 'find', 'a_')
+        self.checkequal(100, '\U00100304' * 100 + 'a_', 'find', 'a_')
+        self.checkequal(100, '\U00100304' * 100 + '\u0102_', 'find', '\u0102_')
+        self.checkequal(-1, 'a' * 100, 'find', 'a\u0102')
+        self.checkequal(-1, 'a' * 100, 'find', 'a\U00100304')
+        self.checkequal(-1, '\u0102' * 100, 'find', '\u0102\U00100304')
+
+    def test_rfind(self):
+        string_tests.CommonTest.test_rfind(self)
+        # test implementation details of the memrchr fast path
+        self.checkequal(0, '\u0102' + 'a' * 100 , 'rfind', '\u0102')
+        self.checkequal(-1, '\u0102' + 'a' * 100 , 'rfind', '\u0201')
+        self.checkequal(-1, '\u0102' + 'a' * 100 , 'rfind', '\u0120')
+        self.checkequal(-1, '\u0102' + 'a' * 100 , 'rfind', '\u0220')
+        self.checkequal(0, '\U00100304' + 'a' * 100, 'rfind', '\U00100304')
+        self.checkequal(-1, '\U00100304' + 'a' * 100, 'rfind', '\U00100204')
+        self.checkequal(-1, '\U00100304' + 'a' * 100, 'rfind', '\U00102004')
+        # check mixed argument types
+        self.checkequalnofix(9,   'abcdefghiabc', 'rfind', 'abc')
+        self.checkequalnofix(12,  'abcdefghiabc', 'rfind', '')
+        self.checkequalnofix(12, 'abcdefghiabc', 'rfind',  '')
+        # test mixed kinds
+        self.checkequal(0, 'a' + '\u0102' * 100, 'rfind', 'a')
+        self.checkequal(0, 'a' + '\U00100304' * 100, 'rfind', 'a')
+        self.checkequal(0, '\u0102' + '\U00100304' * 100, 'rfind', '\u0102')
+        self.checkequal(-1, 'a' * 100, 'rfind', '\u0102')
+        self.checkequal(-1, 'a' * 100, 'rfind', '\U00100304')
+        self.checkequal(-1, '\u0102' * 100, 'rfind', '\U00100304')
+        self.checkequal(0, '_a' + '\u0102' * 100, 'rfind', '_a')
+        self.checkequal(0, '_a' + '\U00100304' * 100, 'rfind', '_a')
+        self.checkequal(0, '_\u0102' + '\U00100304' * 100, 'rfind', '_\u0102')
+        self.checkequal(-1, 'a' * 100, 'rfind', '\u0102a')
+        self.checkequal(-1, 'a' * 100, 'rfind', '\U00100304a')
+        self.checkequal(-1, '\u0102' * 100, 'rfind', '\U00100304\u0102')
+
+    def test_index(self):
+        string_tests.CommonTest.test_index(self)
+        self.checkequalnofix(0, 'abcdefghiabc', 'index',  '')
+        self.checkequalnofix(3, 'abcdefghiabc', 'index',  'def')
+        self.checkequalnofix(0, 'abcdefghiabc', 'index',  'abc')
+        self.checkequalnofix(9, 'abcdefghiabc', 'index',  'abc', 1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, 'abcdefghiabc'.index, 'hib')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, 'abcdefghiab'.index,  'abc', 1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, 'abcdefghi'.index,  'ghi', 8)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, 'abcdefghi'.index,  'ghi', -1)
+        # test mixed kinds
+        self.checkequal(100, '\u0102' * 100 + 'a', 'index', 'a')
+        self.checkequal(100, '\U00100304' * 100 + 'a', 'index', 'a')
+        self.checkequal(100, '\U00100304' * 100 + '\u0102', 'index', '\u0102')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ('a' * 100).index, '\u0102')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ('a' * 100).index, '\U00100304')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ('\u0102' * 100).index, '\U00100304')
+        self.checkequal(100, '\u0102' * 100 + 'a_', 'index', 'a_')
+        self.checkequal(100, '\U00100304' * 100 + 'a_', 'index', 'a_')
+        self.checkequal(100, '\U00100304' * 100 + '\u0102_', 'index', '\u0102_')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ('a' * 100).index, 'a\u0102')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ('a' * 100).index, 'a\U00100304')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ('\u0102' * 100).index, '\u0102\U00100304')
+
+    def test_rindex(self):
+        string_tests.CommonTest.test_rindex(self)
+        self.checkequalnofix(12, 'abcdefghiabc', 'rindex',  '')
+        self.checkequalnofix(3,  'abcdefghiabc', 'rindex',  'def')
+        self.checkequalnofix(9,  'abcdefghiabc', 'rindex',  'abc')
+        self.checkequalnofix(0,  'abcdefghiabc', 'rindex',  'abc', 0, -1)
+
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, 'abcdefghiabc'.rindex,  'hib')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, 'defghiabc'.rindex,  'def', 1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, 'defghiabc'.rindex,  'abc', 0, -1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, 'abcdefghi'.rindex,  'ghi', 0, 8)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, 'abcdefghi'.rindex,  'ghi', 0, -1)
+        # test mixed kinds
+        self.checkequal(0, 'a' + '\u0102' * 100, 'rindex', 'a')
+        self.checkequal(0, 'a' + '\U00100304' * 100, 'rindex', 'a')
+        self.checkequal(0, '\u0102' + '\U00100304' * 100, 'rindex', '\u0102')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ('a' * 100).rindex, '\u0102')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ('a' * 100).rindex, '\U00100304')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ('\u0102' * 100).rindex, '\U00100304')
+        self.checkequal(0, '_a' + '\u0102' * 100, 'rindex', '_a')
+        self.checkequal(0, '_a' + '\U00100304' * 100, 'rindex', '_a')
+        self.checkequal(0, '_\u0102' + '\U00100304' * 100, 'rindex', '_\u0102')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ('a' * 100).rindex, '\u0102a')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ('a' * 100).rindex, '\U00100304a')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ('\u0102' * 100).rindex, '\U00100304\u0102')
+
+    def test_maketrans_translate(self):
+        # these work with plain translate()
+        self.checkequalnofix('bbbc', 'abababc', 'translate',
+                             {ord('a'): None})
+        self.checkequalnofix('iiic', 'abababc', 'translate',
+                             {ord('a'): None, ord('b'): ord('i')})
+        self.checkequalnofix('iiix', 'abababc', 'translate',
+                             {ord('a'): None, ord('b'): ord('i'), ord('c'): 'x'})
+        self.checkequalnofix('c', 'abababc', 'translate',
+                             {ord('a'): None, ord('b'): ''})
+        self.checkequalnofix('xyyx', 'xzx', 'translate',
+                             {ord('z'): 'yy'})
+
+        # this needs maketrans()
+        self.checkequalnofix('abababc', 'abababc', 'translate',
+                             {'b': '<i>'})
+        tbl = self.type2test.maketrans({'a': None, 'b': '<i>'})
+        self.checkequalnofix('<i><i><i>c', 'abababc', 'translate', tbl)
+        # test alternative way of calling maketrans()
+        tbl = self.type2test.maketrans('abc', 'xyz', 'd')
+        self.checkequalnofix('xyzzy', 'abdcdcbdddd', 'translate', tbl)
+
+        # various tests switching from ASCII to latin1 or the opposite;
+        # same length, remove a letter, or replace with a longer string.
+        self.assertEqual("[a]".translate(str.maketrans('a', 'X')),
+                         "[X]")
+        self.assertEqual("[a]".translate(str.maketrans({'a': 'X'})),
+                         "[X]")
+        self.assertEqual("[a]".translate(str.maketrans({'a': None})),
+                         "[]")
+        self.assertEqual("[a]".translate(str.maketrans({'a': 'XXX'})),
+                         "[XXX]")
+        self.assertEqual("[a]".translate(str.maketrans({'a': '\xe9'})),
+                         "[\xe9]")
+        self.assertEqual('axb'.translate(str.maketrans({'a': None, 'b': '123'})),
+                         "x123")
+        self.assertEqual('axb'.translate(str.maketrans({'a': None, 'b': '\xe9'})),
+                         "x\xe9")
+
+        # test non-ASCII (don't take the fast-path)
+        self.assertEqual("[a]".translate(str.maketrans({'a': '<\xe9>'})),
+                         "[<\xe9>]")
+        self.assertEqual("[\xe9]".translate(str.maketrans({'\xe9': 'a'})),
+                         "[a]")
+        self.assertEqual("[\xe9]".translate(str.maketrans({'\xe9': None})),
+                         "[]")
+        self.assertEqual("[\xe9]".translate(str.maketrans({'\xe9': '123'})),
+                         "[123]")
+        self.assertEqual("[a\xe9]".translate(str.maketrans({'a': '<\u20ac>'})),
+                         "[<\u20ac>\xe9]")
+
+        # invalid Unicode characters
+        invalid_char = 0x10ffff+1
+        for before in "a\xe9\u20ac\U0010ffff":
+            mapping = str.maketrans({before: invalid_char})
+            text = "[%s]" % before
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, text.translate, mapping)
+
+        # errors
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test.maketrans)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.type2test.maketrans, 'abc', 'defg')
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test.maketrans, 2, 'def')
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test.maketrans, 'abc', 2)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test.maketrans, 'abc', 'def', 2)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.type2test.maketrans, {'xy': 2})
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.type2test.maketrans, {(1,): 2})
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, 'hello'.translate)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, 'abababc'.translate, 'abc', 'xyz')
+
+    def test_split(self):
+        string_tests.CommonTest.test_split(self)
+
+        # test mixed kinds
+        for left, right in ('ba', '\u0101\u0100', '\U00010301\U00010300'):
+            left *= 9
+            right *= 9
+            for delim in ('c', '\u0102', '\U00010302'):
+                self.checkequal([left + right],
+                                left + right, 'split', delim)
+                self.checkequal([left, right],
+                                left + delim + right, 'split', delim)
+                self.checkequal([left + right],
+                                left + right, 'split', delim * 2)
+                self.checkequal([left, right],
+                                left + delim * 2 + right, 'split', delim *2)
+
+    def test_rsplit(self):
+        string_tests.CommonTest.test_rsplit(self)
+        # test mixed kinds
+        for left, right in ('ba', '\u0101\u0100', '\U00010301\U00010300'):
+            left *= 9
+            right *= 9
+            for delim in ('c', '\u0102', '\U00010302'):
+                self.checkequal([left + right],
+                                left + right, 'rsplit', delim)
+                self.checkequal([left, right],
+                                left + delim + right, 'rsplit', delim)
+                self.checkequal([left + right],
+                                left + right, 'rsplit', delim * 2)
+                self.checkequal([left, right],
+                                left + delim * 2 + right, 'rsplit', delim *2)
+
+    def test_partition(self):
+        string_tests.MixinStrUnicodeUserStringTest.test_partition(self)
+        # test mixed kinds
+        self.checkequal(('ABCDEFGH', '', ''), 'ABCDEFGH', 'partition', '\u4200')
+        for left, right in ('ba', '\u0101\u0100', '\U00010301\U00010300'):
+            left *= 9
+            right *= 9
+            for delim in ('c', '\u0102', '\U00010302'):
+                self.checkequal((left + right, '', ''),
+                                left + right, 'partition', delim)
+                self.checkequal((left, delim, right),
+                                left + delim + right, 'partition', delim)
+                self.checkequal((left + right, '', ''),
+                                left + right, 'partition', delim * 2)
+                self.checkequal((left, delim * 2, right),
+                                left + delim * 2 + right, 'partition', delim * 2)
+
+    def test_rpartition(self):
+        string_tests.MixinStrUnicodeUserStringTest.test_rpartition(self)
+        # test mixed kinds
+        self.checkequal(('', '', 'ABCDEFGH'), 'ABCDEFGH', 'rpartition', '\u4200')
+        for left, right in ('ba', '\u0101\u0100', '\U00010301\U00010300'):
+            left *= 9
+            right *= 9
+            for delim in ('c', '\u0102', '\U00010302'):
+                self.checkequal(('', '', left + right),
+                                left + right, 'rpartition', delim)
+                self.checkequal((left, delim, right),
+                                left + delim + right, 'rpartition', delim)
+                self.checkequal(('', '', left + right),
+                                left + right, 'rpartition', delim * 2)
+                self.checkequal((left, delim * 2, right),
+                                left + delim * 2 + right, 'rpartition', delim * 2)
+
+    def test_join(self):
+        string_tests.MixinStrUnicodeUserStringTest.test_join(self)
+
+        class MyWrapper:
+            def __init__(self, sval): self.sval = sval
+            def __str__(self): return self.sval
+
+        # mixed arguments
+        self.checkequalnofix('a b c d', ' ', 'join', ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
+        self.checkequalnofix('abcd', '', 'join', ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd'))
+        self.checkequalnofix('w x y z', ' ', 'join', string_tests.Sequence('wxyz'))
+        self.checkequalnofix('a b c d', ' ', 'join', ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
+        self.checkequalnofix('a b c d', ' ', 'join', ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
+        self.checkequalnofix('abcd', '', 'join', ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd'))
+        self.checkequalnofix('w x y z', ' ', 'join', string_tests.Sequence('wxyz'))
+        self.checkraises(TypeError, ' ', 'join', ['1', '2', MyWrapper('foo')])
+        self.checkraises(TypeError, ' ', 'join', ['1', '2', '3', bytes()])
+        self.checkraises(TypeError, ' ', 'join', [1, 2, 3])
+        self.checkraises(TypeError, ' ', 'join', ['1', '2', 3])
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.maxsize > 2**32,
+        'needs too much memory on a 64-bit platform')
+    def test_join_overflow(self):
+        size = int(sys.maxsize**0.5) + 1
+        seq = ('A' * size,) * size
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, ''.join, seq)
+
+    def test_replace(self):
+        string_tests.CommonTest.test_replace(self)
+
+        # method call forwarded from str implementation because of unicode argument
+        self.checkequalnofix('one@two!three!', 'one!two!three!', 'replace', '!', '@', 1)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, 'replace'.replace, "r", 42)
+        # test mixed kinds
+        for left, right in ('ba', '\u0101\u0100', '\U00010301\U00010300'):
+            left *= 9
+            right *= 9
+            for delim in ('c', '\u0102', '\U00010302'):
+                for repl in ('d', '\u0103', '\U00010303'):
+                    self.checkequal(left + right,
+                                    left + right, 'replace', delim, repl)
+                    self.checkequal(left + repl + right,
+                                    left + delim + right,
+                                    'replace', delim, repl)
+                    self.checkequal(left + right,
+                                    left + right, 'replace', delim * 2, repl)
+                    self.checkequal(left + repl + right,
+                                    left + delim * 2 + right,
+                                    'replace', delim * 2, repl)
+
+    @support.cpython_only
+    def test_replace_id(self):
+        pattern = 'abc'
+        text = 'abc def'
+        self.assertIs(text.replace(pattern, pattern), text)
+
+    def test_bytes_comparison(self):
+        with support.check_warnings():
+            warnings.simplefilter('ignore', BytesWarning)
+            self.assertEqual('abc' == b'abc', False)
+            self.assertEqual('abc' != b'abc', True)
+            self.assertEqual('abc' == bytearray(b'abc'), False)
+            self.assertEqual('abc' != bytearray(b'abc'), True)
+
+    def test_comparison(self):
+        # Comparisons:
+        self.assertEqual('abc', 'abc')
+        self.assertTrue('abcd' > 'abc')
+        self.assertTrue('abc' < 'abcd')
+
+        if 0:
+            # Move these tests to a Unicode collation module test...
+            # Testing UTF-16 code point order comparisons...
+
+            # No surrogates, no fixup required.
+            self.assertTrue('\u0061' < '\u20ac')
+            # Non surrogate below surrogate value, no fixup required
+            self.assertTrue('\u0061' < '\ud800\udc02')
+
+            # Non surrogate above surrogate value, fixup required
+            def test_lecmp(s, s2):
+                self.assertTrue(s < s2)
+
+            def test_fixup(s):
+                s2 = '\ud800\udc01'
+                test_lecmp(s, s2)
+                s2 = '\ud900\udc01'
+                test_lecmp(s, s2)
+                s2 = '\uda00\udc01'
+                test_lecmp(s, s2)
+                s2 = '\udb00\udc01'
+                test_lecmp(s, s2)
+                s2 = '\ud800\udd01'
+                test_lecmp(s, s2)
+                s2 = '\ud900\udd01'
+                test_lecmp(s, s2)
+                s2 = '\uda00\udd01'
+                test_lecmp(s, s2)
+                s2 = '\udb00\udd01'
+                test_lecmp(s, s2)
+                s2 = '\ud800\ude01'
+                test_lecmp(s, s2)
+                s2 = '\ud900\ude01'
+                test_lecmp(s, s2)
+                s2 = '\uda00\ude01'
+                test_lecmp(s, s2)
+                s2 = '\udb00\ude01'
+                test_lecmp(s, s2)
+                s2 = '\ud800\udfff'
+                test_lecmp(s, s2)
+                s2 = '\ud900\udfff'
+                test_lecmp(s, s2)
+                s2 = '\uda00\udfff'
+                test_lecmp(s, s2)
+                s2 = '\udb00\udfff'
+                test_lecmp(s, s2)
+
+                test_fixup('\ue000')
+                test_fixup('\uff61')
+
+        # Surrogates on both sides, no fixup required
+        self.assertTrue('\ud800\udc02' < '\ud84d\udc56')
+
+    def test_islower(self):
+        super().test_islower()
+        self.checkequalnofix(False, '\u1FFc', 'islower')
+        self.assertFalse('\u2167'.islower())
+        self.assertTrue('\u2177'.islower())
+        # non-BMP, uppercase
+        self.assertFalse('\U00010401'.islower())
+        self.assertFalse('\U00010427'.islower())
+        # non-BMP, lowercase
+        self.assertTrue('\U00010429'.islower())
+        self.assertTrue('\U0001044E'.islower())
+        # non-BMP, non-cased
+        self.assertFalse('\U0001F40D'.islower())
+        self.assertFalse('\U0001F46F'.islower())
+
+    def test_isupper(self):
+        super().test_isupper()
+        if not sys.platform.startswith('java'):
+            self.checkequalnofix(False, '\u1FFc', 'isupper')
+        self.assertTrue('\u2167'.isupper())
+        self.assertFalse('\u2177'.isupper())
+        # non-BMP, uppercase
+        self.assertTrue('\U00010401'.isupper())
+        self.assertTrue('\U00010427'.isupper())
+        # non-BMP, lowercase
+        self.assertFalse('\U00010429'.isupper())
+        self.assertFalse('\U0001044E'.isupper())
+        # non-BMP, non-cased
+        self.assertFalse('\U0001F40D'.isupper())
+        self.assertFalse('\U0001F46F'.isupper())
+
+    def test_istitle(self):
+        super().test_istitle()
+        self.checkequalnofix(True, '\u1FFc', 'istitle')
+        self.checkequalnofix(True, 'Greek \u1FFcitlecases ...', 'istitle')
+
+        # non-BMP, uppercase + lowercase
+        self.assertTrue('\U00010401\U00010429'.istitle())
+        self.assertTrue('\U00010427\U0001044E'.istitle())
+        # apparently there are no titlecased (Lt) non-BMP chars in Unicode 6
+        for ch in ['\U00010429', '\U0001044E', '\U0001F40D', '\U0001F46F']:
+            self.assertFalse(ch.istitle(), '{!a} is not title'.format(ch))
+
+    def test_isspace(self):
+        super().test_isspace()
+        self.checkequalnofix(True, '\u2000', 'isspace')
+        self.checkequalnofix(True, '\u200a', 'isspace')
+        self.checkequalnofix(False, '\u2014', 'isspace')
+        # apparently there are no non-BMP spaces chars in Unicode 6
+        for ch in ['\U00010401', '\U00010427', '\U00010429', '\U0001044E',
+                   '\U0001F40D', '\U0001F46F']:
+            self.assertFalse(ch.isspace(), '{!a} is not space.'.format(ch))
+
+    def test_isalnum(self):
+        super().test_isalnum()
+        for ch in ['\U00010401', '\U00010427', '\U00010429', '\U0001044E',
+                   '\U0001D7F6', '\U00011066', '\U000104A0', '\U0001F107']:
+            self.assertTrue(ch.isalnum(), '{!a} is alnum.'.format(ch))
+
+    def test_isalpha(self):
+        super().test_isalpha()
+        self.checkequalnofix(True, '\u1FFc', 'isalpha')
+        # non-BMP, cased
+        self.assertTrue('\U00010401'.isalpha())
+        self.assertTrue('\U00010427'.isalpha())
+        self.assertTrue('\U00010429'.isalpha())
+        self.assertTrue('\U0001044E'.isalpha())
+        # non-BMP, non-cased
+        self.assertFalse('\U0001F40D'.isalpha())
+        self.assertFalse('\U0001F46F'.isalpha())
+
+    def test_isdecimal(self):
+        self.checkequalnofix(False, '', 'isdecimal')
+        self.checkequalnofix(False, 'a', 'isdecimal')
+        self.checkequalnofix(True, '0', 'isdecimal')
+        self.checkequalnofix(False, '\u2460', 'isdecimal') # CIRCLED DIGIT ONE
+        self.checkequalnofix(False, '\xbc', 'isdecimal') # VULGAR FRACTION ONE QUARTER
+        self.checkequalnofix(True, '\u0660', 'isdecimal') # ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ZERO
+        self.checkequalnofix(True, '0123456789', 'isdecimal')
+        self.checkequalnofix(False, '0123456789a', 'isdecimal')
+
+        self.checkraises(TypeError, 'abc', 'isdecimal', 42)
+
+        for ch in ['\U00010401', '\U00010427', '\U00010429', '\U0001044E',
+                   '\U0001F40D', '\U0001F46F', '\U00011065', '\U0001F107']:
+            self.assertFalse(ch.isdecimal(), '{!a} is not decimal.'.format(ch))
+        for ch in ['\U0001D7F6', '\U00011066', '\U000104A0']:
+            self.assertTrue(ch.isdecimal(), '{!a} is decimal.'.format(ch))
+
+    def test_isdigit(self):
+        super().test_isdigit()
+        self.checkequalnofix(True, '\u2460', 'isdigit')
+        self.checkequalnofix(False, '\xbc', 'isdigit')
+        self.checkequalnofix(True, '\u0660', 'isdigit')
+
+        for ch in ['\U00010401', '\U00010427', '\U00010429', '\U0001044E',
+                   '\U0001F40D', '\U0001F46F', '\U00011065']:
+            self.assertFalse(ch.isdigit(), '{!a} is not a digit.'.format(ch))
+        for ch in ['\U0001D7F6', '\U00011066', '\U000104A0', '\U0001F107']:
+            self.assertTrue(ch.isdigit(), '{!a} is a digit.'.format(ch))
+
+    def test_isnumeric(self):
+        self.checkequalnofix(False, '', 'isnumeric')
+        self.checkequalnofix(False, 'a', 'isnumeric')
+        self.checkequalnofix(True, '0', 'isnumeric')
+        self.checkequalnofix(True, '\u2460', 'isnumeric')
+        self.checkequalnofix(True, '\xbc', 'isnumeric')
+        self.checkequalnofix(True, '\u0660', 'isnumeric')
+        self.checkequalnofix(True, '0123456789', 'isnumeric')
+        self.checkequalnofix(False, '0123456789a', 'isnumeric')
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, "abc".isnumeric, 42)
+
+        for ch in ['\U00010401', '\U00010427', '\U00010429', '\U0001044E',
+                   '\U0001F40D', '\U0001F46F']:
+            self.assertFalse(ch.isnumeric(), '{!a} is not numeric.'.format(ch))
+        for ch in ['\U00011065', '\U0001D7F6', '\U00011066',
+                   '\U000104A0', '\U0001F107']:
+            self.assertTrue(ch.isnumeric(), '{!a} is numeric.'.format(ch))
+
+    def test_isidentifier(self):
+        self.assertTrue("a".isidentifier())
+        self.assertTrue("Z".isidentifier())
+        self.assertTrue("_".isidentifier())
+        self.assertTrue("b0".isidentifier())
+        self.assertTrue("bc".isidentifier())
+        self.assertTrue("b_".isidentifier())
+        self.assertTrue("µ".isidentifier())
+        self.assertTrue("𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢".isidentifier())
+
+        self.assertFalse(" ".isidentifier())
+        self.assertFalse("[".isidentifier())
+        self.assertFalse("©".isidentifier())
+        self.assertFalse("0".isidentifier())
+
+    def test_isprintable(self):
+        self.assertTrue("".isprintable())
+        self.assertTrue(" ".isprintable())
+        self.assertTrue("abcdefg".isprintable())
+        self.assertFalse("abcdefg\n".isprintable())
+        # some defined Unicode character
+        self.assertTrue("\u0374".isprintable())
+        # undefined character
+        self.assertFalse("\u0378".isprintable())
+        # single surrogate character
+        self.assertFalse("\ud800".isprintable())
+
+        self.assertTrue('\U0001F46F'.isprintable())
+        self.assertFalse('\U000E0020'.isprintable())
+
+    def test_surrogates(self):
+        for s in ('a\uD800b\uDFFF', 'a\uDFFFb\uD800',
+                  'a\uD800b\uDFFFa', 'a\uDFFFb\uD800a'):
+            self.assertTrue(s.islower())
+            self.assertFalse(s.isupper())
+            self.assertFalse(s.istitle())
+        for s in ('A\uD800B\uDFFF', 'A\uDFFFB\uD800',
+                  'A\uD800B\uDFFFA', 'A\uDFFFB\uD800A'):
+            self.assertFalse(s.islower())
+            self.assertTrue(s.isupper())
+            self.assertTrue(s.istitle())
+
+        for meth_name in ('islower', 'isupper', 'istitle'):
+            meth = getattr(str, meth_name)
+            for s in ('\uD800', '\uDFFF', '\uD800\uD800', '\uDFFF\uDFFF'):
+                self.assertFalse(meth(s), '%a.%s() is False' % (s, meth_name))
+
+        for meth_name in ('isalpha', 'isalnum', 'isdigit', 'isspace',
+                          'isdecimal', 'isnumeric',
+                          'isidentifier', 'isprintable'):
+            meth = getattr(str, meth_name)
+            for s in ('\uD800', '\uDFFF', '\uD800\uD800', '\uDFFF\uDFFF',
+                      'a\uD800b\uDFFF', 'a\uDFFFb\uD800',
+                      'a\uD800b\uDFFFa', 'a\uDFFFb\uD800a'):
+                self.assertFalse(meth(s), '%a.%s() is False' % (s, meth_name))
+
+
+    def test_lower(self):
+        string_tests.CommonTest.test_lower(self)
+        self.assertEqual('\U00010427'.lower(), '\U0001044F')
+        self.assertEqual('\U00010427\U00010427'.lower(),
+                         '\U0001044F\U0001044F')
+        self.assertEqual('\U00010427\U0001044F'.lower(),
+                         '\U0001044F\U0001044F')
+        self.assertEqual('X\U00010427x\U0001044F'.lower(),
+                         'x\U0001044Fx\U0001044F')
+        self.assertEqual('fi'.lower(), 'fi')
+        self.assertEqual('\u0130'.lower(), '\u0069\u0307')
+        # Special case for GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA U+03A3
+        self.assertEqual('\u03a3'.lower(), '\u03c3')
+        self.assertEqual('\u0345\u03a3'.lower(), '\u0345\u03c3')
+        self.assertEqual('A\u0345\u03a3'.lower(), 'a\u0345\u03c2')
+        self.assertEqual('A\u0345\u03a3a'.lower(), 'a\u0345\u03c3a')
+        self.assertEqual('A\u0345\u03a3'.lower(), 'a\u0345\u03c2')
+        self.assertEqual('A\u03a3\u0345'.lower(), 'a\u03c2\u0345')
+        self.assertEqual('\u03a3\u0345 '.lower(), '\u03c3\u0345 ')
+        self.assertEqual('\U0008fffe'.lower(), '\U0008fffe')
+        self.assertEqual('\u2177'.lower(), '\u2177')
+
+    def test_casefold(self):
+        self.assertEqual('hello'.casefold(), 'hello')
+        self.assertEqual('hELlo'.casefold(), 'hello')
+        self.assertEqual('ß'.casefold(), 'ss')
+        self.assertEqual('fi'.casefold(), 'fi')
+        self.assertEqual('\u03a3'.casefold(), '\u03c3')
+        self.assertEqual('A\u0345\u03a3'.casefold(), 'a\u03b9\u03c3')
+        self.assertEqual('\u00b5'.casefold(), '\u03bc')
+
+    def test_upper(self):
+        string_tests.CommonTest.test_upper(self)
+        self.assertEqual('\U0001044F'.upper(), '\U00010427')
+        self.assertEqual('\U0001044F\U0001044F'.upper(),
+                         '\U00010427\U00010427')
+        self.assertEqual('\U00010427\U0001044F'.upper(),
+                         '\U00010427\U00010427')
+        self.assertEqual('X\U00010427x\U0001044F'.upper(),
+                         'X\U00010427X\U00010427')
+        self.assertEqual('fi'.upper(), 'FI')
+        self.assertEqual('\u0130'.upper(), '\u0130')
+        self.assertEqual('\u03a3'.upper(), '\u03a3')
+        self.assertEqual('ß'.upper(), 'SS')
+        self.assertEqual('\u1fd2'.upper(), '\u0399\u0308\u0300')
+        self.assertEqual('\U0008fffe'.upper(), '\U0008fffe')
+        self.assertEqual('\u2177'.upper(), '\u2167')
+
+    def test_capitalize(self):
+        string_tests.CommonTest.test_capitalize(self)
+        self.assertEqual('\U0001044F'.capitalize(), '\U00010427')
+        self.assertEqual('\U0001044F\U0001044F'.capitalize(),
+                         '\U00010427\U0001044F')
+        self.assertEqual('\U00010427\U0001044F'.capitalize(),
+                         '\U00010427\U0001044F')
+        self.assertEqual('\U0001044F\U00010427'.capitalize(),
+                         '\U00010427\U0001044F')
+        self.assertEqual('X\U00010427x\U0001044F'.capitalize(),
+                         'X\U0001044Fx\U0001044F')
+        self.assertEqual('h\u0130'.capitalize(), 'H\u0069\u0307')
+        exp = '\u0399\u0308\u0300\u0069\u0307'
+        self.assertEqual('\u1fd2\u0130'.capitalize(), exp)
+        self.assertEqual('finnish'.capitalize(), 'FInnish')
+        self.assertEqual('A\u0345\u03a3'.capitalize(), 'A\u0345\u03c2')
+
+    def test_title(self):
+        super().test_title()
+        self.assertEqual('\U0001044F'.title(), '\U00010427')
+        self.assertEqual('\U0001044F\U0001044F'.title(),
+                         '\U00010427\U0001044F')
+        self.assertEqual('\U0001044F\U0001044F \U0001044F\U0001044F'.title(),
+                         '\U00010427\U0001044F \U00010427\U0001044F')
+        self.assertEqual('\U00010427\U0001044F \U00010427\U0001044F'.title(),
+                         '\U00010427\U0001044F \U00010427\U0001044F')
+        self.assertEqual('\U0001044F\U00010427 \U0001044F\U00010427'.title(),
+                         '\U00010427\U0001044F \U00010427\U0001044F')
+        self.assertEqual('X\U00010427x\U0001044F X\U00010427x\U0001044F'.title(),
+                         'X\U0001044Fx\U0001044F X\U0001044Fx\U0001044F')
+        self.assertEqual('fiNNISH'.title(), 'Finnish')
+        self.assertEqual('A\u03a3 \u1fa1xy'.title(), 'A\u03c2 \u1fa9xy')
+        self.assertEqual('A\u03a3A'.title(), 'A\u03c3a')
+
+    def test_swapcase(self):
+        string_tests.CommonTest.test_swapcase(self)
+        self.assertEqual('\U0001044F'.swapcase(), '\U00010427')
+        self.assertEqual('\U00010427'.swapcase(), '\U0001044F')
+        self.assertEqual('\U0001044F\U0001044F'.swapcase(),
+                         '\U00010427\U00010427')
+        self.assertEqual('\U00010427\U0001044F'.swapcase(),
+                         '\U0001044F\U00010427')
+        self.assertEqual('\U0001044F\U00010427'.swapcase(),
+                         '\U00010427\U0001044F')
+        self.assertEqual('X\U00010427x\U0001044F'.swapcase(),
+                         'x\U0001044FX\U00010427')
+        self.assertEqual('fi'.swapcase(), 'FI')
+        self.assertEqual('\u0130'.swapcase(), '\u0069\u0307')
+        # Special case for GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA U+03A3
+        self.assertEqual('\u03a3'.swapcase(), '\u03c3')
+        self.assertEqual('\u0345\u03a3'.swapcase(), '\u0399\u03c3')
+        self.assertEqual('A\u0345\u03a3'.swapcase(), 'a\u0399\u03c2')
+        self.assertEqual('A\u0345\u03a3a'.swapcase(), 'a\u0399\u03c3A')
+        self.assertEqual('A\u0345\u03a3'.swapcase(), 'a\u0399\u03c2')
+        self.assertEqual('A\u03a3\u0345'.swapcase(), 'a\u03c2\u0399')
+        self.assertEqual('\u03a3\u0345 '.swapcase(), '\u03c3\u0399 ')
+        self.assertEqual('\u03a3'.swapcase(), '\u03c3')
+        self.assertEqual('ß'.swapcase(), 'SS')
+        self.assertEqual('\u1fd2'.swapcase(), '\u0399\u0308\u0300')
+
+    def test_center(self):
+        string_tests.CommonTest.test_center(self)
+        self.assertEqual('x'.center(2, '\U0010FFFF'),
+                         'x\U0010FFFF')
+        self.assertEqual('x'.center(3, '\U0010FFFF'),
+                         '\U0010FFFFx\U0010FFFF')
+        self.assertEqual('x'.center(4, '\U0010FFFF'),
+                         '\U0010FFFFx\U0010FFFF\U0010FFFF')
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(sys.maxsize == 2**31 - 1, "requires 32-bit system")
+    @support.cpython_only
+    def test_case_operation_overflow(self):
+        # Issue #22643
+        size = 2**32//12 + 1
+        try:
+            s = "ü" * size
+        except MemoryError:
+            self.skipTest('no enough memory (%.0f MiB required)' % (size / 2**20))
+        try:
+            self.assertRaises(OverflowError, s.upper)
+        finally:
+            del s
+
+    def test_contains(self):
+        # Testing Unicode contains method
+        self.assertIn('a', 'abdb')
+        self.assertIn('a', 'bdab')
+        self.assertIn('a', 'bdaba')
+        self.assertIn('a', 'bdba')
+        self.assertNotIn('a', 'bdb')
+        self.assertIn('a', 'bdba')
+        self.assertIn('a', ('a',1,None))
+        self.assertIn('a', (1,None,'a'))
+        self.assertIn('a', ('a',1,None))
+        self.assertIn('a', (1,None,'a'))
+        self.assertNotIn('a', ('x',1,'y'))
+        self.assertNotIn('a', ('x',1,None))
+        self.assertNotIn('abcd', 'abcxxxx')
+        self.assertIn('ab', 'abcd')
+        self.assertIn('ab', 'abc')
+        self.assertIn('ab', (1,None,'ab'))
+        self.assertIn('', 'abc')
+        self.assertIn('', '')
+        self.assertIn('', 'abc')
+        self.assertNotIn('\0', 'abc')
+        self.assertIn('\0', '\0abc')
+        self.assertIn('\0', 'abc\0')
+        self.assertIn('a', '\0abc')
+        self.assertIn('asdf', 'asdf')
+        self.assertNotIn('asdf', 'asd')
+        self.assertNotIn('asdf', '')
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, "abc".__contains__)
+        # test mixed kinds
+        for fill in ('a', '\u0100', '\U00010300'):
+            fill *= 9
+            for delim in ('c', '\u0102', '\U00010302'):
+                self.assertNotIn(delim, fill)
+                self.assertIn(delim, fill + delim)
+                self.assertNotIn(delim * 2, fill)
+                self.assertIn(delim * 2, fill + delim * 2)
+
+    def test_issue18183(self):
+        '\U00010000\U00100000'.lower()
+        '\U00010000\U00100000'.casefold()
+        '\U00010000\U00100000'.upper()
+        '\U00010000\U00100000'.capitalize()
+        '\U00010000\U00100000'.title()
+        '\U00010000\U00100000'.swapcase()
+        '\U00100000'.center(3, '\U00010000')
+        '\U00100000'.ljust(3, '\U00010000')
+        '\U00100000'.rjust(3, '\U00010000')
+
+    def test_format(self):
+        self.assertEqual(''.format(), '')
+        self.assertEqual('a'.format(), 'a')
+        self.assertEqual('ab'.format(), 'ab')
+        self.assertEqual('a{{'.format(), 'a{')
+        self.assertEqual('a}}'.format(), 'a}')
+        self.assertEqual('{{b'.format(), '{b')
+        self.assertEqual('}}b'.format(), '}b')
+        self.assertEqual('a{{b'.format(), 'a{b')
+
+        # examples from the PEP:
+        import datetime
+        self.assertEqual("My name is {0}".format('Fred'), "My name is Fred")
+        self.assertEqual("My name is {0[name]}".format(dict(name='Fred')),
+                         "My name is Fred")
+        self.assertEqual("My name is {0} :-{{}}".format('Fred'),
+                         "My name is Fred :-{}")
+
+        d = datetime.date(2007, 8, 18)
+        self.assertEqual("The year is {0.year}".format(d),
+                         "The year is 2007")
+
+        # classes we'll use for testing
+        class C:
+            def __init__(self, x=100):
+                self._x = x
+            def __format__(self, spec):
+                return spec
+
+        class D:
+            def __init__(self, x):
+                self.x = x
+            def __format__(self, spec):
+                return str(self.x)
+
+        # class with __str__, but no __format__
+        class E:
+            def __init__(self, x):
+                self.x = x
+            def __str__(self):
+                return 'E(' + self.x + ')'
+
+        # class with __repr__, but no __format__ or __str__
+        class F:
+            def __init__(self, x):
+                self.x = x
+            def __repr__(self):
+                return 'F(' + self.x + ')'
+
+        # class with __format__ that forwards to string, for some format_spec's
+        class G:
+            def __init__(self, x):
+                self.x = x
+            def __str__(self):
+                return "string is " + self.x
+            def __format__(self, format_spec):
+                if format_spec == 'd':
+                    return 'G(' + self.x + ')'
+                return object.__format__(self, format_spec)
+
+        class I(datetime.date):
+            def __format__(self, format_spec):
+                return self.strftime(format_spec)
+
+        class J(int):
+            def __format__(self, format_spec):
+                return int.__format__(self * 2, format_spec)
+
+        class M:
+            def __init__(self, x):
+                self.x = x
+            def __repr__(self):
+                return 'M(' + self.x + ')'
+            __str__ = None
+
+        class N:
+            def __init__(self, x):
+                self.x = x
+            def __repr__(self):
+                return 'N(' + self.x + ')'
+            __format__ = None
+
+        self.assertEqual(''.format(), '')
+        self.assertEqual('abc'.format(), 'abc')
+        self.assertEqual('{0}'.format('abc'), 'abc')
+        self.assertEqual('{0:}'.format('abc'), 'abc')
+#        self.assertEqual('{ 0 }'.format('abc'), 'abc')
+        self.assertEqual('X{0}'.format('abc'), 'Xabc')
+        self.assertEqual('{0}X'.format('abc'), 'abcX')
+        self.assertEqual('X{0}Y'.format('abc'), 'XabcY')
+        self.assertEqual('{1}'.format(1, 'abc'), 'abc')
+        self.assertEqual('X{1}'.format(1, 'abc'), 'Xabc')
+        self.assertEqual('{1}X'.format(1, 'abc'), 'abcX')
+        self.assertEqual('X{1}Y'.format(1, 'abc'), 'XabcY')
+        self.assertEqual('{0}'.format(-15), '-15')
+        self.assertEqual('{0}{1}'.format(-15, 'abc'), '-15abc')
+        self.assertEqual('{0}X{1}'.format(-15, 'abc'), '-15Xabc')
+        self.assertEqual('{{'.format(), '{')
+        self.assertEqual('}}'.format(), '}')
+        self.assertEqual('{{}}'.format(), '{}')
+        self.assertEqual('{{x}}'.format(), '{x}')
+        self.assertEqual('{{{0}}}'.format(123), '{123}')
+        self.assertEqual('{{{{0}}}}'.format(), '{{0}}')
+        self.assertEqual('}}{{'.format(), '}{')
+        self.assertEqual('}}x{{'.format(), '}x{')
+
+        # weird field names
+        self.assertEqual("{0[foo-bar]}".format({'foo-bar':'baz'}), 'baz')
+        self.assertEqual("{0[foo bar]}".format({'foo bar':'baz'}), 'baz')
+        self.assertEqual("{0[ ]}".format({' ':3}), '3')
+
+        self.assertEqual('{foo._x}'.format(foo=C(20)), '20')
+        self.assertEqual('{1}{0}'.format(D(10), D(20)), '2010')
+        self.assertEqual('{0._x.x}'.format(C(D('abc'))), 'abc')
+        self.assertEqual('{0[0]}'.format(['abc', 'def']), 'abc')
+        self.assertEqual('{0[1]}'.format(['abc', 'def']), 'def')
+        self.assertEqual('{0[1][0]}'.format(['abc', ['def']]), 'def')
+        self.assertEqual('{0[1][0].x}'.format(['abc', [D('def')]]), 'def')
+
+        # strings
+        self.assertEqual('{0:.3s}'.format('abc'), 'abc')
+        self.assertEqual('{0:.3s}'.format('ab'), 'ab')
+        self.assertEqual('{0:.3s}'.format('abcdef'), 'abc')
+        self.assertEqual('{0:.0s}'.format('abcdef'), '')
+        self.assertEqual('{0:3.3s}'.format('abc'), 'abc')
+        self.assertEqual('{0:2.3s}'.format('abc'), 'abc')
+        self.assertEqual('{0:2.2s}'.format('abc'), 'ab')
+        self.assertEqual('{0:3.2s}'.format('abc'), 'ab ')
+        self.assertEqual('{0:x<0s}'.format('result'), 'result')
+        self.assertEqual('{0:x<5s}'.format('result'), 'result')
+        self.assertEqual('{0:x<6s}'.format('result'), 'result')
+        self.assertEqual('{0:x<7s}'.format('result'), 'resultx')
+        self.assertEqual('{0:x<8s}'.format('result'), 'resultxx')
+        self.assertEqual('{0: <7s}'.format('result'), 'result ')
+        self.assertEqual('{0:<7s}'.format('result'), 'result ')
+        self.assertEqual('{0:>7s}'.format('result'), ' result')
+        self.assertEqual('{0:>8s}'.format('result'), '  result')
+        self.assertEqual('{0:^8s}'.format('result'), ' result ')
+        self.assertEqual('{0:^9s}'.format('result'), ' result  ')
+        self.assertEqual('{0:^10s}'.format('result'), '  result  ')
+        self.assertEqual('{0:10000}'.format('a'), 'a' + ' ' * 9999)
+        self.assertEqual('{0:10000}'.format(''), ' ' * 10000)
+        self.assertEqual('{0:10000000}'.format(''), ' ' * 10000000)
+
+        # issue 12546: use \x00 as a fill character
+        self.assertEqual('{0:\x00<6s}'.format('foo'), 'foo\x00\x00\x00')
+        self.assertEqual('{0:\x01<6s}'.format('foo'), 'foo\x01\x01\x01')
+        self.assertEqual('{0:\x00^6s}'.format('foo'), '\x00foo\x00\x00')
+        self.assertEqual('{0:^6s}'.format('foo'), ' foo  ')
+
+        self.assertEqual('{0:\x00<6}'.format(3), '3\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00')
+        self.assertEqual('{0:\x01<6}'.format(3), '3\x01\x01\x01\x01\x01')
+        self.assertEqual('{0:\x00^6}'.format(3), '\x00\x003\x00\x00\x00')
+        self.assertEqual('{0:<6}'.format(3), '3     ')
+
+        self.assertEqual('{0:\x00<6}'.format(3.14), '3.14\x00\x00')
+        self.assertEqual('{0:\x01<6}'.format(3.14), '3.14\x01\x01')
+        self.assertEqual('{0:\x00^6}'.format(3.14), '\x003.14\x00')
+        self.assertEqual('{0:^6}'.format(3.14), ' 3.14 ')
+
+        self.assertEqual('{0:\x00<12}'.format(3+2.0j), '(3+2j)\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00')
+        self.assertEqual('{0:\x01<12}'.format(3+2.0j), '(3+2j)\x01\x01\x01\x01\x01\x01')
+        self.assertEqual('{0:\x00^12}'.format(3+2.0j), '\x00\x00\x00(3+2j)\x00\x00\x00')
+        self.assertEqual('{0:^12}'.format(3+2.0j), '   (3+2j)   ')
+
+        # format specifiers for user defined type
+        self.assertEqual('{0:abc}'.format(C()), 'abc')
+
+        # !r, !s and !a coercions
+        self.assertEqual('{0!s}'.format('Hello'), 'Hello')
+        self.assertEqual('{0!s:}'.format('Hello'), 'Hello')
+        self.assertEqual('{0!s:15}'.format('Hello'), 'Hello          ')
+        self.assertEqual('{0!s:15s}'.format('Hello'), 'Hello          ')
+        self.assertEqual('{0!r}'.format('Hello'), "'Hello'")
+        self.assertEqual('{0!r:}'.format('Hello'), "'Hello'")
+        self.assertEqual('{0!r}'.format(F('Hello')), 'F(Hello)')
+        self.assertEqual('{0!r}'.format('\u0378'), "'\\u0378'") # nonprintable
+        self.assertEqual('{0!r}'.format('\u0374'), "'\u0374'")  # printable
+        self.assertEqual('{0!r}'.format(F('\u0374')), 'F(\u0374)')
+        self.assertEqual('{0!a}'.format('Hello'), "'Hello'")
+        self.assertEqual('{0!a}'.format('\u0378'), "'\\u0378'") # nonprintable
+        self.assertEqual('{0!a}'.format('\u0374'), "'\\u0374'") # printable
+        self.assertEqual('{0!a:}'.format('Hello'), "'Hello'")
+        self.assertEqual('{0!a}'.format(F('Hello')), 'F(Hello)')
+        self.assertEqual('{0!a}'.format(F('\u0374')), 'F(\\u0374)')
+
+        # test fallback to object.__format__
+        self.assertEqual('{0}'.format({}), '{}')
+        self.assertEqual('{0}'.format([]), '[]')
+        self.assertEqual('{0}'.format([1]), '[1]')
+
+        self.assertEqual('{0:d}'.format(G('data')), 'G(data)')
+        self.assertEqual('{0!s}'.format(G('data')), 'string is data')
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, '{0:^10}'.format, E('data'))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, '{0:^10s}'.format, E('data'))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, '{0:>15s}'.format, G('data'))
+
+        self.assertEqual("{0:date: %Y-%m-%d}".format(I(year=2007,
+                                                       month=8,
+                                                       day=27)),
+                         "date: 2007-08-27")
+
+        # test deriving from a builtin type and overriding __format__
+        self.assertEqual("{0}".format(J(10)), "20")
+
+
+        # string format specifiers
+        self.assertEqual('{0:}'.format('a'), 'a')
+
+        # computed format specifiers
+        self.assertEqual("{0:.{1}}".format('hello world', 5), 'hello')
+        self.assertEqual("{0:.{1}s}".format('hello world', 5), 'hello')
+        self.assertEqual("{0:.{precision}s}".format('hello world', precision=5), 'hello')
+        self.assertEqual("{0:{width}.{precision}s}".format('hello world', width=10, precision=5), 'hello     ')
+        self.assertEqual("{0:{width}.{precision}s}".format('hello world', width='10', precision='5'), 'hello     ')
+
+        # test various errors
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, '{'.format)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, '}'.format)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, 'a{'.format)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, 'a}'.format)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, '{a'.format)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, '}a'.format)
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, '{0}'.format)
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, '{1}'.format, 'abc')
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError,   '{x}'.format)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, "}{".format)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, "abc{0:{}".format)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, "{0".format)
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, "{0.}".format)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, "{0.}".format, 0)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, "{0[}".format)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, "{0[}".format, [])
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError,   "{0]}".format)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, "{0.[]}".format, 0)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, "{0..foo}".format, 0)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, "{0[0}".format, 0)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, "{0[0:foo}".format, 0)
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError,   "{c]}".format)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, "{{ {{{0}}".format, 0)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, "{0}}".format, 0)
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError,   "{foo}".format, bar=3)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, "{0!x}".format, 3)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, "{0!}".format, 0)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, "{0!rs}".format, 0)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, "{!}".format)
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, "{:}".format)
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, "{:s}".format)
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, "{}".format)
+        big = "23098475029384702983476098230754973209482573"
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ("{" + big + "}").format)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ("{[" + big + "]}").format, [0])
+
+        # issue 6089
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, "{0[0]x}".format, [None])
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, "{0[0](10)}".format, [None])
+
+        # can't have a replacement on the field name portion
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, '{0[{1}]}'.format, 'abcdefg', 4)
+
+        # exceed maximum recursion depth
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, "{0:{1:{2}}}".format, 'abc', 's', '')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, "{0:{1:{2:{3:{4:{5:{6}}}}}}}".format,
+                          0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)
+
+        # string format spec errors
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, "{0:-s}".format, '')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, format, "", "-")
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, "{0:=s}".format, '')
+
+        # Alternate formatting is not supported
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, format, '', '#')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, format, '', '#20')
+
+        # Non-ASCII
+        self.assertEqual("{0:s}{1:s}".format("ABC", "\u0410\u0411\u0412"),
+                         'ABC\u0410\u0411\u0412')
+        self.assertEqual("{0:.3s}".format("ABC\u0410\u0411\u0412"),
+                         'ABC')
+        self.assertEqual("{0:.0s}".format("ABC\u0410\u0411\u0412"),
+                         '')
+
+        self.assertEqual("{[{}]}".format({"{}": 5}), "5")
+        self.assertEqual("{[{}]}".format({"{}" : "a"}), "a")
+        self.assertEqual("{[{]}".format({"{" : "a"}), "a")
+        self.assertEqual("{[}]}".format({"}" : "a"}), "a")
+        self.assertEqual("{[[]}".format({"[" : "a"}), "a")
+        self.assertEqual("{[!]}".format({"!" : "a"}), "a")
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, "{a{}b}".format, 42)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, "{a{b}".format, 42)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, "{[}".format, 42)
+
+        self.assertEqual("0x{:0{:d}X}".format(0x0,16), "0x0000000000000000")
+
+        # Blocking fallback
+        m = M('data')
+        self.assertEqual("{!r}".format(m), 'M(data)')
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, "{!s}".format, m)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, "{}".format, m)
+        n = N('data')
+        self.assertEqual("{!r}".format(n), 'N(data)')
+        self.assertEqual("{!s}".format(n), 'N(data)')
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, "{}".format, n)
+
+    def test_format_map(self):
+        self.assertEqual(''.format_map({}), '')
+        self.assertEqual('a'.format_map({}), 'a')
+        self.assertEqual('ab'.format_map({}), 'ab')
+        self.assertEqual('a{{'.format_map({}), 'a{')
+        self.assertEqual('a}}'.format_map({}), 'a}')
+        self.assertEqual('{{b'.format_map({}), '{b')
+        self.assertEqual('}}b'.format_map({}), '}b')
+        self.assertEqual('a{{b'.format_map({}), 'a{b')
+
+        # using mappings
+        class Mapping(dict):
+            def __missing__(self, key):
+                return key
+        self.assertEqual('{hello}'.format_map(Mapping()), 'hello')
+        self.assertEqual('{a} {world}'.format_map(Mapping(a='hello')), 'hello world')
+
+        class InternalMapping:
+            def __init__(self):
+                self.mapping = {'a': 'hello'}
+            def __getitem__(self, key):
+                return self.mapping[key]
+        self.assertEqual('{a}'.format_map(InternalMapping()), 'hello')
+
+
+        class C:
+            def __init__(self, x=100):
+                self._x = x
+            def __format__(self, spec):
+                return spec
+        self.assertEqual('{foo._x}'.format_map({'foo': C(20)}), '20')
+
+        # test various errors
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ''.format_map)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, 'a'.format_map)
+
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, '{'.format_map, {})
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, '}'.format_map, {})
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, 'a{'.format_map, {})
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, 'a}'.format_map, {})
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, '{a'.format_map, {})
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, '}a'.format_map, {})
+
+        # issue #12579: can't supply positional params to format_map
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, '{}'.format_map, {'a' : 2})
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, '{}'.format_map, 'a')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, '{a} {}'.format_map, {"a" : 2, "b" : 1})
+
+        class BadMapping:
+            def __getitem__(self, key):
+                return 1/0
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError, '{a}'.format_map, {})
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, '{a}'.format_map, [])
+        self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, '{a}'.format_map, BadMapping())
+
+    def test_format_huge_precision(self):
+        format_string = ".{}f".format(sys.maxsize + 1)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            result = format(2.34, format_string)
+
+    def test_format_huge_width(self):
+        format_string = "{}f".format(sys.maxsize + 1)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            result = format(2.34, format_string)
+
+    def test_format_huge_item_number(self):
+        format_string = "{{{}:.6f}}".format(sys.maxsize + 1)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            result = format_string.format(2.34)
+
+    def test_format_auto_numbering(self):
+        class C:
+            def __init__(self, x=100):
+                self._x = x
+            def __format__(self, spec):
+                return spec
+
+        self.assertEqual('{}'.format(10), '10')
+        self.assertEqual('{:5}'.format('s'), 's    ')
+        self.assertEqual('{!r}'.format('s'), "'s'")
+        self.assertEqual('{._x}'.format(C(10)), '10')
+        self.assertEqual('{[1]}'.format([1, 2]), '2')
+        self.assertEqual('{[a]}'.format({'a':4, 'b':2}), '4')
+        self.assertEqual('a{}b{}c'.format(0, 1), 'a0b1c')
+
+        self.assertEqual('a{:{}}b'.format('x', '^10'), 'a    x     b')
+        self.assertEqual('a{:{}x}b'.format(20, '#'), 'a0x14b')
+
+        # can't mix and match numbering and auto-numbering
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, '{}{1}'.format, 1, 2)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, '{1}{}'.format, 1, 2)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, '{:{1}}'.format, 1, 2)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, '{0:{}}'.format, 1, 2)
+
+        # can mix and match auto-numbering and named
+        self.assertEqual('{f}{}'.format(4, f='test'), 'test4')
+        self.assertEqual('{}{f}'.format(4, f='test'), '4test')
+        self.assertEqual('{:{f}}{g}{}'.format(1, 3, g='g', f=2), ' 1g3')
+        self.assertEqual('{f:{}}{}{g}'.format(2, 4, f=1, g='g'), ' 14g')
+
+    def test_formatting(self):
+        string_tests.MixinStrUnicodeUserStringTest.test_formatting(self)
+        # Testing Unicode formatting strings...
+        self.assertEqual("%s, %s" % ("abc", "abc"), 'abc, abc')
+        self.assertEqual("%s, %s, %i, %f, %5.2f" % ("abc", "abc", 1, 2, 3), 'abc, abc, 1, 2.000000,  3.00')
+        self.assertEqual("%s, %s, %i, %f, %5.2f" % ("abc", "abc", 1, -2, 3), 'abc, abc, 1, -2.000000,  3.00')
+        self.assertEqual("%s, %s, %i, %f, %5.2f" % ("abc", "abc", -1, -2, 3.5), 'abc, abc, -1, -2.000000,  3.50')
+        self.assertEqual("%s, %s, %i, %f, %5.2f" % ("abc", "abc", -1, -2, 3.57), 'abc, abc, -1, -2.000000,  3.57')
+        self.assertEqual("%s, %s, %i, %f, %5.2f" % ("abc", "abc", -1, -2, 1003.57), 'abc, abc, -1, -2.000000, 1003.57')
+        if not sys.platform.startswith('java'):
+            self.assertEqual("%r, %r" % (b"abc", "abc"), "b'abc', 'abc'")
+            self.assertEqual("%r" % ("\u1234",), "'\u1234'")
+            self.assertEqual("%a" % ("\u1234",), "'\\u1234'")
+        self.assertEqual("%(x)s, %(y)s" % {'x':"abc", 'y':"def"}, 'abc, def')
+        self.assertEqual("%(x)s, %(\xfc)s" % {'x':"abc", '\xfc':"def"}, 'abc, def')
+
+        self.assertEqual('%c' % 0x1234, '\u1234')
+        self.assertEqual('%c' % 0x21483, '\U00021483')
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, "%c".__mod__, (0x110000,))
+        self.assertEqual('%c' % '\U00021483', '\U00021483')
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, "%c".__mod__, "aa")
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, "%.1\u1032f".__mod__, (1.0/3))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, "%i".__mod__, "aa")
+
+        # formatting jobs delegated from the string implementation:
+        self.assertEqual('...%(foo)s...' % {'foo':"abc"}, '...abc...')
+        self.assertEqual('...%(foo)s...' % {'foo':"abc"}, '...abc...')
+        self.assertEqual('...%(foo)s...' % {'foo':"abc"}, '...abc...')
+        self.assertEqual('...%(foo)s...' % {'foo':"abc"}, '...abc...')
+        self.assertEqual('...%(foo)s...' % {'foo':"abc",'def':123},  '...abc...')
+        self.assertEqual('...%(foo)s...' % {'foo':"abc",'def':123}, '...abc...')
+        self.assertEqual('...%s...%s...%s...%s...' % (1,2,3,"abc"), '...1...2...3...abc...')
+        self.assertEqual('...%%...%%s...%s...%s...%s...%s...' % (1,2,3,"abc"), '...%...%s...1...2...3...abc...')
+        self.assertEqual('...%s...' % "abc", '...abc...')
+        self.assertEqual('%*s' % (5,'abc',), '  abc')
+        self.assertEqual('%*s' % (-5,'abc',), 'abc  ')
+        self.assertEqual('%*.*s' % (5,2,'abc',), '   ab')
+        self.assertEqual('%*.*s' % (5,3,'abc',), '  abc')
+        self.assertEqual('%i %*.*s' % (10, 5,3,'abc',), '10   abc')
+        self.assertEqual('%i%s %*.*s' % (10, 3, 5, 3, 'abc',), '103   abc')
+        self.assertEqual('%c' % 'a', 'a')
+        class Wrapper:
+            def __str__(self):
+                return '\u1234'
+        self.assertEqual('%s' % Wrapper(), '\u1234')
+
+        # issue 3382
+        NAN = float('nan')
+        INF = float('inf')
+        self.assertEqual('%f' % NAN, 'nan')
+        self.assertEqual('%F' % NAN, 'NAN')
+        self.assertEqual('%f' % INF, 'inf')
+        self.assertEqual('%F' % INF, 'INF')
+
+        # PEP 393
+        self.assertEqual('%.1s' % "a\xe9\u20ac", 'a')
+        self.assertEqual('%.2s' % "a\xe9\u20ac", 'a\xe9')
+
+        #issue 19995
+        class PseudoInt:
+            def __init__(self, value):
+                self.value = int(value)
+            def __int__(self):
+                return self.value
+            def __index__(self):
+                return self.value
+        class PseudoFloat:
+            def __init__(self, value):
+                self.value = float(value)
+            def __int__(self):
+                return int(self.value)
+        pi = PseudoFloat(3.1415)
+        letter_m = PseudoInt(109)
+        self.assertEqual('%x' % 42, '2a')
+        self.assertEqual('%X' % 15, 'F')
+        self.assertEqual('%o' % 9, '11')
+        self.assertEqual('%c' % 109, 'm')
+        self.assertEqual('%x' % letter_m, '6d')
+        self.assertEqual('%X' % letter_m, '6D')
+        self.assertEqual('%o' % letter_m, '155')
+        self.assertEqual('%c' % letter_m, 'm')
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, '%x format: an integer is required, not float', operator.mod, '%x', 3.14),
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, '%X format: an integer is required, not float', operator.mod, '%X', 2.11),
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, '%o format: an integer is required, not float', operator.mod, '%o', 1.79),
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, '%x format: an integer is required, not PseudoFloat', operator.mod, '%x', pi),
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, operator.mod, '%c', pi),
+
+    def test_formatting_with_enum(self):
+        # issue18780
+        import enum
+        class Float(float, enum.Enum):
+            PI = 3.1415926
+        class Int(enum.IntEnum):
+            IDES = 15
+        class Str(str, enum.Enum):
+            ABC = 'abc'
+        # Testing Unicode formatting strings...
+        self.assertEqual("%s, %s" % (Str.ABC, Str.ABC),
+                         'Str.ABC, Str.ABC')
+        self.assertEqual("%s, %s, %d, %i, %u, %f, %5.2f" %
+                        (Str.ABC, Str.ABC,
+                         Int.IDES, Int.IDES, Int.IDES,
+                         Float.PI, Float.PI),
+                         'Str.ABC, Str.ABC, 15, 15, 15, 3.141593,  3.14')
+
+        # formatting jobs delegated from the string implementation:
+        self.assertEqual('...%(foo)s...' % {'foo':Str.ABC},
+                         '...Str.ABC...')
+        self.assertEqual('...%(foo)s...' % {'foo':Int.IDES},
+                         '...Int.IDES...')
+        self.assertEqual('...%(foo)i...' % {'foo':Int.IDES},
+                         '...15...')
+        self.assertEqual('...%(foo)d...' % {'foo':Int.IDES},
+                         '...15...')
+        self.assertEqual('...%(foo)u...' % {'foo':Int.IDES, 'def':Float.PI},
+                         '...15...')
+        self.assertEqual('...%(foo)f...' % {'foo':Float.PI,'def':123},
+                         '...3.141593...')
+
+    def test_formatting_huge_precision(self):
+        format_string = "%.{}f".format(sys.maxsize + 1)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            result = format_string % 2.34
+
+    def test_issue28598_strsubclass_rhs(self):
+        # A subclass of str with an __rmod__ method should be able to hook
+        # into the % operator
+        class SubclassedStr(str):
+            def __rmod__(self, other):
+                return 'Success, self.__rmod__({!r}) was called'.format(other)
+        self.assertEqual('lhs %% %r' % SubclassedStr('rhs'),
+                         "Success, self.__rmod__('lhs %% %r') was called")
+
+    @support.cpython_only
+    def test_formatting_huge_precision_c_limits(self):
+        from _testcapi import INT_MAX
+        format_string = "%.{}f".format(INT_MAX + 1)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            result = format_string % 2.34
+
+    def test_formatting_huge_width(self):
+        format_string = "%{}f".format(sys.maxsize + 1)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            result = format_string % 2.34
+
+    def test_startswith_endswith_errors(self):
+        for meth in ('foo'.startswith, 'foo'.endswith):
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as cm:
+                meth(['f'])
+            exc = str(cm.exception)
+            self.assertIn('str', exc)
+            self.assertIn('tuple', exc)
+
+    @support.run_with_locale('LC_ALL', 'de_DE', 'fr_FR')
+    def test_format_float(self):
+        # should not format with a comma, but always with C locale
+        self.assertEqual('1.0', '%.1f' % 1.0)
+
+    def test_constructor(self):
+        # unicode(obj) tests (this maps to PyObject_Unicode() at C level)
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            str('unicode remains unicode'),
+            'unicode remains unicode'
+        )
+
+        for text in ('ascii', '\xe9', '\u20ac', '\U0010FFFF'):
+            subclass = StrSubclass(text)
+            self.assertEqual(str(subclass), text)
+            self.assertEqual(len(subclass), len(text))
+            if text == 'ascii':
+                self.assertEqual(subclass.encode('ascii'), b'ascii')
+                self.assertEqual(subclass.encode('utf-8'), b'ascii')
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            str('strings are converted to unicode'),
+            'strings are converted to unicode'
+        )
+
+        class StringCompat:
+            def __init__(self, x):
+                self.x = x
+            def __str__(self):
+                return self.x
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            str(StringCompat('__str__ compatible objects are recognized')),
+            '__str__ compatible objects are recognized'
+        )
+
+        # unicode(obj) is compatible to str():
+
+        o = StringCompat('unicode(obj) is compatible to str()')
+        self.assertEqual(str(o), 'unicode(obj) is compatible to str()')
+        self.assertEqual(str(o), 'unicode(obj) is compatible to str()')
+
+        for obj in (123, 123.45, 123):
+            self.assertEqual(str(obj), str(str(obj)))
+
+        # unicode(obj, encoding, error) tests (this maps to
+        # PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject() at C level)
+
+        if not sys.platform.startswith('java'):
+            self.assertRaises(
+                TypeError,
+                str,
+                'decoding unicode is not supported',
+                'utf-8',
+                'strict'
+            )
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            str(b'strings are decoded to unicode', 'utf-8', 'strict'),
+            'strings are decoded to unicode'
+        )
+
+        if not sys.platform.startswith('java'):
+            self.assertEqual(
+                str(
+                    memoryview(b'character buffers are decoded to unicode'),
+                    'utf-8',
+                    'strict'
+                ),
+                'character buffers are decoded to unicode'
+            )
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, str, 42, 42, 42)
+
+    def test_constructor_keyword_args(self):
+        """Pass various keyword argument combinations to the constructor."""
+        # The object argument can be passed as a keyword.
+        self.assertEqual(str(object='foo'), 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(str(object=b'foo', encoding='utf-8'), 'foo')
+        # The errors argument without encoding triggers "decode" mode.
+        self.assertEqual(str(b'foo', errors='strict'), 'foo')  # not "b'foo'"
+        self.assertEqual(str(object=b'foo', errors='strict'), 'foo')
+
+    def test_constructor_defaults(self):
+        """Check the constructor argument defaults."""
+        # The object argument defaults to '' or b''.
+        self.assertEqual(str(), '')
+        self.assertEqual(str(errors='strict'), '')
+        utf8_cent = '¢'.encode('utf-8')
+        # The encoding argument defaults to utf-8.
+        self.assertEqual(str(utf8_cent, errors='strict'), '¢')
+        # The errors argument defaults to strict.
+        self.assertRaises(UnicodeDecodeError, str, utf8_cent, encoding='ascii')
+
+    def test_codecs_utf7(self):
+        utfTests = [
+            ('A\u2262\u0391.', b'A+ImIDkQ.'),             # RFC2152 example
+            ('Hi Mom -\u263a-!', b'Hi Mom -+Jjo--!'),     # RFC2152 example
+            ('\u65E5\u672C\u8A9E', b'+ZeVnLIqe-'),        # RFC2152 example
+            ('Item 3 is \u00a31.', b'Item 3 is +AKM-1.'), # RFC2152 example
+            ('+', b'+-'),
+            ('+-', b'+--'),
+            ('+?', b'+-?'),
+            (r'\?', b'+AFw?'),
+            ('+?', b'+-?'),
+            (r'\\?', b'+AFwAXA?'),
+            (r'\\\?', b'+AFwAXABc?'),
+            (r'++--', b'+-+---'),
+            ('\U000abcde', b'+2m/c3g-'),                  # surrogate pairs
+            ('/', b'/'),
+        ]
+
+        for (x, y) in utfTests:
+            self.assertEqual(x.encode('utf-7'), y)
+
+        # Unpaired surrogates are passed through
+        self.assertEqual('\uD801'.encode('utf-7'), b'+2AE-')
+        self.assertEqual('\uD801x'.encode('utf-7'), b'+2AE-x')
+        self.assertEqual('\uDC01'.encode('utf-7'), b'+3AE-')
+        self.assertEqual('\uDC01x'.encode('utf-7'), b'+3AE-x')
+        self.assertEqual(b'+2AE-'.decode('utf-7'), '\uD801')
+        self.assertEqual(b'+2AE-x'.decode('utf-7'), '\uD801x')
+        self.assertEqual(b'+3AE-'.decode('utf-7'), '\uDC01')
+        self.assertEqual(b'+3AE-x'.decode('utf-7'), '\uDC01x')
+
+        self.assertEqual('\uD801\U000abcde'.encode('utf-7'), b'+2AHab9ze-')
+        self.assertEqual(b'+2AHab9ze-'.decode('utf-7'), '\uD801\U000abcde')
+
+        # Issue #2242: crash on some Windows/MSVC versions
+        self.assertEqual(b'+\xc1'.decode('utf-7', 'ignore'), '')
+
+        # Direct encoded characters
+        set_d = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789'(),-./:?"
+        # Optional direct characters
+        set_o = '!"#$%&*;<=>@[]^_`{|}'
+        for c in set_d:
+            self.assertEqual(c.encode('utf7'), c.encode('ascii'))
+            self.assertEqual(c.encode('ascii').decode('utf7'), c)
+        for c in set_o:
+            self.assertEqual(c.encode('ascii').decode('utf7'), c)
+
+    def test_codecs_utf8(self):
+        self.assertEqual(''.encode('utf-8'), b'')
+        self.assertEqual('\u20ac'.encode('utf-8'), b'\xe2\x82\xac')
+        self.assertEqual('\U00010002'.encode('utf-8'), b'\xf0\x90\x80\x82')
+        self.assertEqual('\U00023456'.encode('utf-8'), b'\xf0\xa3\x91\x96')
+        self.assertEqual('\ud800'.encode('utf-8', 'surrogatepass'), b'\xed\xa0\x80')
+        self.assertEqual('\udc00'.encode('utf-8', 'surrogatepass'), b'\xed\xb0\x80')
+        self.assertEqual(('\U00010002'*10).encode('utf-8'),
+                         b'\xf0\x90\x80\x82'*10)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            '\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8a00\u3046\u3068\u7ffb\u8a33\u306f'
+            '\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u4e00'
+            '\u90e8\u306f\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\u8a9e\u3067\u3059\u304c'
+            '\u3001\u3042\u3068\u306f\u3067\u305f\u3089\u3081\u3067'
+            '\u3059\u3002\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u300cWenn ist das'
+            ' Nunstuck git und'.encode('utf-8'),
+            b'\xe6\xad\xa3\xe7\xa2\xba\xe3\x81\xab\xe8\xa8\x80\xe3\x81'
+            b'\x86\xe3\x81\xa8\xe7\xbf\xbb\xe8\xa8\xb3\xe3\x81\xaf\xe3'
+            b'\x81\x95\xe3\x82\x8c\xe3\x81\xa6\xe3\x81\x84\xe3\x81\xbe'
+            b'\xe3\x81\x9b\xe3\x82\x93\xe3\x80\x82\xe4\xb8\x80\xe9\x83'
+            b'\xa8\xe3\x81\xaf\xe3\x83\x89\xe3\x82\xa4\xe3\x83\x84\xe8'
+            b'\xaa\x9e\xe3\x81\xa7\xe3\x81\x99\xe3\x81\x8c\xe3\x80\x81'
+            b'\xe3\x81\x82\xe3\x81\xa8\xe3\x81\xaf\xe3\x81\xa7\xe3\x81'
+            b'\x9f\xe3\x82\x89\xe3\x82\x81\xe3\x81\xa7\xe3\x81\x99\xe3'
+            b'\x80\x82\xe5\xae\x9f\xe9\x9a\x9b\xe3\x81\xab\xe3\x81\xaf'
+            b'\xe3\x80\x8cWenn ist das Nunstuck git und'
+        )
+
+        # UTF-8 specific decoding tests
+        self.assertEqual(str(b'\xf0\xa3\x91\x96', 'utf-8'), '\U00023456' )
+        self.assertEqual(str(b'\xf0\x90\x80\x82', 'utf-8'), '\U00010002' )
+        self.assertEqual(str(b'\xe2\x82\xac', 'utf-8'), '\u20ac' )
+
+        # Other possible utf-8 test cases:
+        # * strict decoding testing for all of the
+        #   UTF8_ERROR cases in PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8
+
+    def test_utf8_decode_valid_sequences(self):
+        sequences = [
+            # single byte
+            (b'\x00', '\x00'), (b'a', 'a'), (b'\x7f', '\x7f'),
+            # 2 bytes
+            (b'\xc2\x80', '\x80'), (b'\xdf\xbf', '\u07ff'),
+            # 3 bytes
+            (b'\xe0\xa0\x80', '\u0800'), (b'\xed\x9f\xbf', '\ud7ff'),
+            (b'\xee\x80\x80', '\uE000'), (b'\xef\xbf\xbf', '\uffff'),
+            # 4 bytes
+            (b'\xF0\x90\x80\x80', '\U00010000'),
+            (b'\xf4\x8f\xbf\xbf', '\U0010FFFF')
+        ]
+        for seq, res in sequences:
+            self.assertEqual(seq.decode('utf-8'), res)
+
+
+    def test_utf8_decode_invalid_sequences(self):
+        # continuation bytes in a sequence of 2, 3, or 4 bytes
+        continuation_bytes = [bytes([x]) for x in range(0x80, 0xC0)]
+        # start bytes of a 2-byte sequence equivalent to code points < 0x7F
+        invalid_2B_seq_start_bytes = [bytes([x]) for x in range(0xC0, 0xC2)]
+        # start bytes of a 4-byte sequence equivalent to code points > 0x10FFFF
+        invalid_4B_seq_start_bytes = [bytes([x]) for x in range(0xF5, 0xF8)]
+        invalid_start_bytes = (
+            continuation_bytes + invalid_2B_seq_start_bytes +
+            invalid_4B_seq_start_bytes + [bytes([x]) for x in range(0xF7, 0x100)]
+        )
+
+        for byte in invalid_start_bytes:
+            self.assertRaises(UnicodeDecodeError, byte.decode, 'utf-8')
+
+        for sb in invalid_2B_seq_start_bytes:
+            for cb in continuation_bytes:
+                self.assertRaises(UnicodeDecodeError, (sb+cb).decode, 'utf-8')
+
+        for sb in invalid_4B_seq_start_bytes:
+            for cb1 in continuation_bytes[:3]:
+                for cb3 in continuation_bytes[:3]:
+                    self.assertRaises(UnicodeDecodeError,
+                                      (sb+cb1+b'\x80'+cb3).decode, 'utf-8')
+
+        for cb in [bytes([x]) for x in range(0x80, 0xA0)]:
+            self.assertRaises(UnicodeDecodeError,
+                              (b'\xE0'+cb+b'\x80').decode, 'utf-8')
+            self.assertRaises(UnicodeDecodeError,
+                              (b'\xE0'+cb+b'\xBF').decode, 'utf-8')
+        # surrogates
+        for cb in [bytes([x]) for x in range(0xA0, 0xC0)]:
+            self.assertRaises(UnicodeDecodeError,
+                              (b'\xED'+cb+b'\x80').decode, 'utf-8')
+            self.assertRaises(UnicodeDecodeError,
+                              (b'\xED'+cb+b'\xBF').decode, 'utf-8')
+        for cb in [bytes([x]) for x in range(0x80, 0x90)]:
+            self.assertRaises(UnicodeDecodeError,
+                              (b'\xF0'+cb+b'\x80\x80').decode, 'utf-8')
+            self.assertRaises(UnicodeDecodeError,
+                              (b'\xF0'+cb+b'\xBF\xBF').decode, 'utf-8')
+        for cb in [bytes([x]) for x in range(0x90, 0xC0)]:
+            self.assertRaises(UnicodeDecodeError,
+                              (b'\xF4'+cb+b'\x80\x80').decode, 'utf-8')
+            self.assertRaises(UnicodeDecodeError,
+                              (b'\xF4'+cb+b'\xBF\xBF').decode, 'utf-8')
+
+    def test_issue8271(self):
+        # Issue #8271: during the decoding of an invalid UTF-8 byte sequence,
+        # only the start byte and the continuation byte(s) are now considered
+        # invalid, instead of the number of bytes specified by the start byte.
+        # See http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.2.0/ch03.pdf (page 95,
+        # table 3-8, Row 2) for more information about the algorithm used.
+        FFFD = '\ufffd'
+        sequences = [
+            # invalid start bytes
+            (b'\x80', FFFD), # continuation byte
+            (b'\x80\x80', FFFD*2), # 2 continuation bytes
+            (b'\xc0', FFFD),
+            (b'\xc0\xc0', FFFD*2),
+            (b'\xc1', FFFD),
+            (b'\xc1\xc0', FFFD*2),
+            (b'\xc0\xc1', FFFD*2),
+            # with start byte of a 2-byte sequence
+            (b'\xc2', FFFD), # only the start byte
+            (b'\xc2\xc2', FFFD*2), # 2 start bytes
+            (b'\xc2\xc2\xc2', FFFD*3), # 3 start bytes
+            (b'\xc2\x41', FFFD+'A'), # invalid continuation byte
+            # with start byte of a 3-byte sequence
+            (b'\xe1', FFFD), # only the start byte
+            (b'\xe1\xe1', FFFD*2), # 2 start bytes
+            (b'\xe1\xe1\xe1', FFFD*3), # 3 start bytes
+            (b'\xe1\xe1\xe1\xe1', FFFD*4), # 4 start bytes
+            (b'\xe1\x80', FFFD), # only 1 continuation byte
+            (b'\xe1\x41', FFFD+'A'), # invalid continuation byte
+            (b'\xe1\x41\x80', FFFD+'A'+FFFD), # invalid cb followed by valid cb
+            (b'\xe1\x41\x41', FFFD+'AA'), # 2 invalid continuation bytes
+            (b'\xe1\x80\x41', FFFD+'A'), # only 1 valid continuation byte
+            (b'\xe1\x80\xe1\x41', FFFD*2+'A'), # 1 valid and the other invalid
+            (b'\xe1\x41\xe1\x80', FFFD+'A'+FFFD), # 1 invalid and the other valid
+            # with start byte of a 4-byte sequence
+            (b'\xf1', FFFD), # only the start byte
+            (b'\xf1\xf1', FFFD*2), # 2 start bytes
+            (b'\xf1\xf1\xf1', FFFD*3), # 3 start bytes
+            (b'\xf1\xf1\xf1\xf1', FFFD*4), # 4 start bytes
+            (b'\xf1\xf1\xf1\xf1\xf1', FFFD*5), # 5 start bytes
+            (b'\xf1\x80', FFFD), # only 1 continuation bytes
+            (b'\xf1\x80\x80', FFFD), # only 2 continuation bytes
+            (b'\xf1\x80\x41', FFFD+'A'), # 1 valid cb and 1 invalid
+            (b'\xf1\x80\x41\x41', FFFD+'AA'), # 1 valid cb and 1 invalid
+            (b'\xf1\x80\x80\x41', FFFD+'A'), # 2 valid cb and 1 invalid
+            (b'\xf1\x41\x80', FFFD+'A'+FFFD), # 1 invalid cv and 1 valid
+            (b'\xf1\x41\x80\x80', FFFD+'A'+FFFD*2), # 1 invalid cb and 2 invalid
+            (b'\xf1\x41\x80\x41', FFFD+'A'+FFFD+'A'), # 2 invalid cb and 1 invalid
+            (b'\xf1\x41\x41\x80', FFFD+'AA'+FFFD), # 1 valid cb and 1 invalid
+            (b'\xf1\x41\xf1\x80', FFFD+'A'+FFFD),
+            (b'\xf1\x41\x80\xf1', FFFD+'A'+FFFD*2),
+            (b'\xf1\xf1\x80\x41', FFFD*2+'A'),
+            (b'\xf1\x41\xf1\xf1', FFFD+'A'+FFFD*2),
+            # with invalid start byte of a 4-byte sequence (rfc2279)
+            (b'\xf5', FFFD), # only the start byte
+            (b'\xf5\xf5', FFFD*2), # 2 start bytes
+            (b'\xf5\x80', FFFD*2), # only 1 continuation byte
+            (b'\xf5\x80\x80', FFFD*3), # only 2 continuation byte
+            (b'\xf5\x80\x80\x80', FFFD*4), # 3 continuation bytes
+            (b'\xf5\x80\x41', FFFD*2+'A'), #  1 valid cb and 1 invalid
+            (b'\xf5\x80\x41\xf5', FFFD*2+'A'+FFFD),
+            (b'\xf5\x41\x80\x80\x41', FFFD+'A'+FFFD*2+'A'),
+            # with invalid start byte of a 5-byte sequence (rfc2279)
+            (b'\xf8', FFFD), # only the start byte
+            (b'\xf8\xf8', FFFD*2), # 2 start bytes
+            (b'\xf8\x80', FFFD*2), # only one continuation byte
+            (b'\xf8\x80\x41', FFFD*2 + 'A'), # 1 valid cb and 1 invalid
+            (b'\xf8\x80\x80\x80\x80', FFFD*5), # invalid 5 bytes seq with 5 bytes
+            # with invalid start byte of a 6-byte sequence (rfc2279)
+            (b'\xfc', FFFD), # only the start byte
+            (b'\xfc\xfc', FFFD*2), # 2 start bytes
+            (b'\xfc\x80\x80', FFFD*3), # only 2 continuation bytes
+            (b'\xfc\x80\x80\x80\x80\x80', FFFD*6), # 6 continuation bytes
+            # invalid start byte
+            (b'\xfe', FFFD),
+            (b'\xfe\x80\x80', FFFD*3),
+            # other sequences
+            (b'\xf1\x80\x41\x42\x43', '\ufffd\x41\x42\x43'),
+            (b'\xf1\x80\xff\x42\x43', '\ufffd\ufffd\x42\x43'),
+            (b'\xf1\x80\xc2\x81\x43', '\ufffd\x81\x43'),
+            (b'\x61\xF1\x80\x80\xE1\x80\xC2\x62\x80\x63\x80\xBF\x64',
+             '\x61\uFFFD\uFFFD\uFFFD\x62\uFFFD\x63\uFFFD\uFFFD\x64'),
+        ]
+        for n, (seq, res) in enumerate(sequences):
+            self.assertRaises(UnicodeDecodeError, seq.decode, 'utf-8', 'strict')
+            self.assertEqual(seq.decode('utf-8', 'replace'), res)
+            self.assertEqual((seq+b'b').decode('utf-8', 'replace'), res+'b')
+            self.assertEqual(seq.decode('utf-8', 'ignore'),
+                             res.replace('\uFFFD', ''))
+
+    def to_bytestring(self, seq):
+        return bytes(int(c, 16) for c in seq.split())
+
+    def assertCorrectUTF8Decoding(self, seq, res, err):
+        """
+        Check that an invalid UTF-8 sequence raises a UnicodeDecodeError when
+        'strict' is used, returns res when 'replace' is used, and that doesn't
+        return anything when 'ignore' is used.
+        """
+        with self.assertRaises(UnicodeDecodeError) as cm:
+            seq.decode('utf-8')
+        exc = cm.exception
+
+        self.assertIn(err, str(exc))
+        self.assertEqual(seq.decode('utf-8', 'replace'), res)
+        self.assertEqual((b'aaaa' + seq + b'bbbb').decode('utf-8', 'replace'),
+                         'aaaa' + res + 'bbbb')
+        res = res.replace('\ufffd', '')
+        self.assertEqual(seq.decode('utf-8', 'ignore'), res)
+        self.assertEqual((b'aaaa' + seq + b'bbbb').decode('utf-8', 'ignore'),
+                          'aaaa' + res + 'bbbb')
+
+    def test_invalid_start_byte(self):
+        """
+        Test that an 'invalid start byte' error is raised when the first byte
+        is not in the ASCII range or is not a valid start byte of a 2-, 3-, or
+        4-bytes sequence. The invalid start byte is replaced with a single
+        U+FFFD when errors='replace'.
+        E.g. <80> is a continuation byte and can appear only after a start byte.
+        """
+        FFFD = '\ufffd'
+        for byte in b'\x80\xA0\x9F\xBF\xC0\xC1\xF5\xFF':
+            self.assertCorrectUTF8Decoding(bytes([byte]), '\ufffd',
+                                           'invalid start byte')
+
+    def test_unexpected_end_of_data(self):
+        """
+        Test that an 'unexpected end of data' error is raised when the string
+        ends after a start byte of a 2-, 3-, or 4-bytes sequence without having
+        enough continuation bytes.  The incomplete sequence is replaced with a
+        single U+FFFD when errors='replace'.
+        E.g. in the sequence <F3 80 80>, F3 is the start byte of a 4-bytes
+        sequence, but it's followed by only 2 valid continuation bytes and the
+        last continuation bytes is missing.
+        Note: the continuation bytes must be all valid, if one of them is
+        invalid another error will be raised.
+        """
+        sequences = [
+            'C2', 'DF',
+            'E0 A0', 'E0 BF', 'E1 80', 'E1 BF', 'EC 80', 'EC BF',
+            'ED 80', 'ED 9F', 'EE 80', 'EE BF', 'EF 80', 'EF BF',
+            'F0 90', 'F0 BF', 'F0 90 80', 'F0 90 BF', 'F0 BF 80', 'F0 BF BF',
+            'F1 80', 'F1 BF', 'F1 80 80', 'F1 80 BF', 'F1 BF 80', 'F1 BF BF',
+            'F3 80', 'F3 BF', 'F3 80 80', 'F3 80 BF', 'F3 BF 80', 'F3 BF BF',
+            'F4 80', 'F4 8F', 'F4 80 80', 'F4 80 BF', 'F4 8F 80', 'F4 8F BF'
+        ]
+        FFFD = '\ufffd'
+        for seq in sequences:
+            self.assertCorrectUTF8Decoding(self.to_bytestring(seq), '\ufffd',
+                                           'unexpected end of data')
+
+    def test_invalid_cb_for_2bytes_seq(self):
+        """
+        Test that an 'invalid continuation byte' error is raised when the
+        continuation byte of a 2-bytes sequence is invalid.  The start byte
+        is replaced by a single U+FFFD and the second byte is handled
+        separately when errors='replace'.
+        E.g. in the sequence <C2 41>, C2 is the start byte of a 2-bytes
+        sequence, but 41 is not a valid continuation byte because it's the
+        ASCII letter 'A'.
+        """
+        FFFD = '\ufffd'
+        FFFDx2 = FFFD * 2
+        sequences = [
+            ('C2 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('C2 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'),
+            ('C2 C0', FFFDx2), ('C2 FF', FFFDx2),
+            ('DF 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('DF 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'),
+            ('DF C0', FFFDx2), ('DF FF', FFFDx2),
+        ]
+        for seq, res in sequences:
+            self.assertCorrectUTF8Decoding(self.to_bytestring(seq), res,
+                                           'invalid continuation byte')
+
+    def test_invalid_cb_for_3bytes_seq(self):
+        """
+        Test that an 'invalid continuation byte' error is raised when the
+        continuation byte(s) of a 3-bytes sequence are invalid.  When
+        errors='replace', if the first continuation byte is valid, the first
+        two bytes (start byte + 1st cb) are replaced by a single U+FFFD and the
+        third byte is handled separately, otherwise only the start byte is
+        replaced with a U+FFFD and the other continuation bytes are handled
+        separately.
+        E.g. in the sequence <E1 80 41>, E1 is the start byte of a 3-bytes
+        sequence, 80 is a valid continuation byte, but 41 is not a valid cb
+        because it's the ASCII letter 'A'.
+        Note: when the start byte is E0 or ED, the valid ranges for the first
+        continuation byte are limited to A0..BF and 80..9F respectively.
+        Python 2 used to consider all the bytes in range 80..BF valid when the
+        start byte was ED.  This is fixed in Python 3.
+        """
+        FFFD = '\ufffd'
+        FFFDx2 = FFFD * 2
+        sequences = [
+            ('E0 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('E0 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'), ('E0 80', FFFDx2),
+            ('E0 9F', FFFDx2), ('E0 C0', FFFDx2), ('E0 FF', FFFDx2),
+            ('E0 A0 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('E0 A0 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'),
+            ('E0 A0 C0', FFFDx2), ('E0 A0 FF', FFFDx2),
+            ('E0 BF 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('E0 BF 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'),
+            ('E0 BF C0', FFFDx2), ('E0 BF FF', FFFDx2), ('E1 00', FFFD+'\x00'),
+            ('E1 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'), ('E1 C0', FFFDx2), ('E1 FF', FFFDx2),
+            ('E1 80 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('E1 80 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'),
+            ('E1 80 C0', FFFDx2), ('E1 80 FF', FFFDx2),
+            ('E1 BF 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('E1 BF 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'),
+            ('E1 BF C0', FFFDx2), ('E1 BF FF', FFFDx2), ('EC 00', FFFD+'\x00'),
+            ('EC 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'), ('EC C0', FFFDx2), ('EC FF', FFFDx2),
+            ('EC 80 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('EC 80 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'),
+            ('EC 80 C0', FFFDx2), ('EC 80 FF', FFFDx2),
+            ('EC BF 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('EC BF 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'),
+            ('EC BF C0', FFFDx2), ('EC BF FF', FFFDx2), ('ED 00', FFFD+'\x00'),
+            ('ED 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'),
+            ('ED A0', FFFDx2), ('ED BF', FFFDx2), # see note ^
+            ('ED C0', FFFDx2), ('ED FF', FFFDx2), ('ED 80 00', FFFD+'\x00'),
+            ('ED 80 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'), ('ED 80 C0', FFFDx2),
+            ('ED 80 FF', FFFDx2), ('ED 9F 00', FFFD+'\x00'),
+            ('ED 9F 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'), ('ED 9F C0', FFFDx2),
+            ('ED 9F FF', FFFDx2), ('EE 00', FFFD+'\x00'),
+            ('EE 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'), ('EE C0', FFFDx2), ('EE FF', FFFDx2),
+            ('EE 80 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('EE 80 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'),
+            ('EE 80 C0', FFFDx2), ('EE 80 FF', FFFDx2),
+            ('EE BF 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('EE BF 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'),
+            ('EE BF C0', FFFDx2), ('EE BF FF', FFFDx2), ('EF 00', FFFD+'\x00'),
+            ('EF 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'), ('EF C0', FFFDx2), ('EF FF', FFFDx2),
+            ('EF 80 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('EF 80 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'),
+            ('EF 80 C0', FFFDx2), ('EF 80 FF', FFFDx2),
+            ('EF BF 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('EF BF 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'),
+            ('EF BF C0', FFFDx2), ('EF BF FF', FFFDx2),
+        ]
+        for seq, res in sequences:
+            self.assertCorrectUTF8Decoding(self.to_bytestring(seq), res,
+                                           'invalid continuation byte')
+
+    def test_invalid_cb_for_4bytes_seq(self):
+        """
+        Test that an 'invalid continuation byte' error is raised when the
+        continuation byte(s) of a 4-bytes sequence are invalid.  When
+        errors='replace',the start byte and all the following valid
+        continuation bytes are replaced with a single U+FFFD, and all the bytes
+        starting from the first invalid continuation bytes (included) are
+        handled separately.
+        E.g. in the sequence <E1 80 41>, E1 is the start byte of a 3-bytes
+        sequence, 80 is a valid continuation byte, but 41 is not a valid cb
+        because it's the ASCII letter 'A'.
+        Note: when the start byte is E0 or ED, the valid ranges for the first
+        continuation byte are limited to A0..BF and 80..9F respectively.
+        However, when the start byte is ED, Python 2 considers all the bytes
+        in range 80..BF valid.  This is fixed in Python 3.
+        """
+        FFFD = '\ufffd'
+        FFFDx2 = FFFD * 2
+        sequences = [
+            ('F0 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('F0 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'), ('F0 80', FFFDx2),
+            ('F0 8F', FFFDx2), ('F0 C0', FFFDx2), ('F0 FF', FFFDx2),
+            ('F0 90 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('F0 90 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'),
+            ('F0 90 C0', FFFDx2), ('F0 90 FF', FFFDx2),
+            ('F0 BF 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('F0 BF 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'),
+            ('F0 BF C0', FFFDx2), ('F0 BF FF', FFFDx2),
+            ('F0 90 80 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('F0 90 80 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'),
+            ('F0 90 80 C0', FFFDx2), ('F0 90 80 FF', FFFDx2),
+            ('F0 90 BF 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('F0 90 BF 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'),
+            ('F0 90 BF C0', FFFDx2), ('F0 90 BF FF', FFFDx2),
+            ('F0 BF 80 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('F0 BF 80 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'),
+            ('F0 BF 80 C0', FFFDx2), ('F0 BF 80 FF', FFFDx2),
+            ('F0 BF BF 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('F0 BF BF 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'),
+            ('F0 BF BF C0', FFFDx2), ('F0 BF BF FF', FFFDx2),
+            ('F1 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('F1 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'), ('F1 C0', FFFDx2),
+            ('F1 FF', FFFDx2), ('F1 80 00', FFFD+'\x00'),
+            ('F1 80 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'), ('F1 80 C0', FFFDx2),
+            ('F1 80 FF', FFFDx2), ('F1 BF 00', FFFD+'\x00'),
+            ('F1 BF 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'), ('F1 BF C0', FFFDx2),
+            ('F1 BF FF', FFFDx2), ('F1 80 80 00', FFFD+'\x00'),
+            ('F1 80 80 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'), ('F1 80 80 C0', FFFDx2),
+            ('F1 80 80 FF', FFFDx2), ('F1 80 BF 00', FFFD+'\x00'),
+            ('F1 80 BF 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'), ('F1 80 BF C0', FFFDx2),
+            ('F1 80 BF FF', FFFDx2), ('F1 BF 80 00', FFFD+'\x00'),
+            ('F1 BF 80 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'), ('F1 BF 80 C0', FFFDx2),
+            ('F1 BF 80 FF', FFFDx2), ('F1 BF BF 00', FFFD+'\x00'),
+            ('F1 BF BF 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'), ('F1 BF BF C0', FFFDx2),
+            ('F1 BF BF FF', FFFDx2), ('F3 00', FFFD+'\x00'),
+            ('F3 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'), ('F3 C0', FFFDx2), ('F3 FF', FFFDx2),
+            ('F3 80 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('F3 80 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'),
+            ('F3 80 C0', FFFDx2), ('F3 80 FF', FFFDx2),
+            ('F3 BF 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('F3 BF 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'),
+            ('F3 BF C0', FFFDx2), ('F3 BF FF', FFFDx2),
+            ('F3 80 80 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('F3 80 80 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'),
+            ('F3 80 80 C0', FFFDx2), ('F3 80 80 FF', FFFDx2),
+            ('F3 80 BF 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('F3 80 BF 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'),
+            ('F3 80 BF C0', FFFDx2), ('F3 80 BF FF', FFFDx2),
+            ('F3 BF 80 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('F3 BF 80 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'),
+            ('F3 BF 80 C0', FFFDx2), ('F3 BF 80 FF', FFFDx2),
+            ('F3 BF BF 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('F3 BF BF 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'),
+            ('F3 BF BF C0', FFFDx2), ('F3 BF BF FF', FFFDx2),
+            ('F4 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('F4 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'), ('F4 90', FFFDx2),
+            ('F4 BF', FFFDx2), ('F4 C0', FFFDx2), ('F4 FF', FFFDx2),
+            ('F4 80 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('F4 80 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'),
+            ('F4 80 C0', FFFDx2), ('F4 80 FF', FFFDx2),
+            ('F4 8F 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('F4 8F 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'),
+            ('F4 8F C0', FFFDx2), ('F4 8F FF', FFFDx2),
+            ('F4 80 80 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('F4 80 80 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'),
+            ('F4 80 80 C0', FFFDx2), ('F4 80 80 FF', FFFDx2),
+            ('F4 80 BF 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('F4 80 BF 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'),
+            ('F4 80 BF C0', FFFDx2), ('F4 80 BF FF', FFFDx2),
+            ('F4 8F 80 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('F4 8F 80 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'),
+            ('F4 8F 80 C0', FFFDx2), ('F4 8F 80 FF', FFFDx2),
+            ('F4 8F BF 00', FFFD+'\x00'), ('F4 8F BF 7F', FFFD+'\x7f'),
+            ('F4 8F BF C0', FFFDx2), ('F4 8F BF FF', FFFDx2)
+        ]
+        for seq, res in sequences:
+            self.assertCorrectUTF8Decoding(self.to_bytestring(seq), res,
+                                           'invalid continuation byte')
+
+    def test_codecs_idna(self):
+        # Test whether trailing dot is preserved
+        self.assertEqual("www.python.org.".encode("idna"), b"www.python.org.")
+
+    def test_codecs_errors(self):
+        # Error handling (encoding)
+        self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, 'Andr\202 x'.encode, 'ascii')
+        self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, 'Andr\202 x'.encode, 'ascii','strict')
+        self.assertEqual('Andr\202 x'.encode('ascii','ignore'), b"Andr x")
+        self.assertEqual('Andr\202 x'.encode('ascii','replace'), b"Andr? x")
+        self.assertEqual('Andr\202 x'.encode('ascii', 'replace'),
+                         'Andr\202 x'.encode('ascii', errors='replace'))
+        self.assertEqual('Andr\202 x'.encode('ascii', 'ignore'),
+                         'Andr\202 x'.encode(encoding='ascii', errors='ignore'))
+
+        # Error handling (decoding)
+        self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, str, b'Andr\202 x', 'ascii')
+        self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, str, b'Andr\202 x', 'ascii', 'strict')
+        self.assertEqual(str(b'Andr\202 x', 'ascii', 'ignore'), "Andr x")
+        self.assertEqual(str(b'Andr\202 x', 'ascii', 'replace'), 'Andr\uFFFD x')
+        self.assertEqual(str(b'\202 x', 'ascii', 'replace'), '\uFFFD x')
+
+        # Error handling (unknown character names)
+        self.assertEqual(b"\\N{foo}xx".decode("unicode-escape", "ignore"), "xx")
+
+        # Error handling (truncated escape sequence)
+        self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, b"\\".decode, "unicode-escape")
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, b"hello".decode, "test.unicode1")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, str, b"hello", "test.unicode2")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, "hello".encode, "test.unicode1")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, "hello".encode, "test.unicode2")
+
+        # Error handling (wrong arguments)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, "hello".encode, 42, 42, 42)
+
+        # Error handling (lone surrogate in PyUnicode_TransformDecimalToASCII())
+        self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, float, "\ud800")
+        self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, float, "\udf00")
+        self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, complex, "\ud800")
+        self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, complex, "\udf00")
+
+    def test_codecs(self):
+        # Encoding
+        self.assertEqual('hello'.encode('ascii'), b'hello')
+        self.assertEqual('hello'.encode('utf-7'), b'hello')
+        self.assertEqual('hello'.encode('utf-8'), b'hello')
+        self.assertEqual('hello'.encode('utf-8'), b'hello')
+        self.assertEqual('hello'.encode('utf-16-le'), b'h\000e\000l\000l\000o\000')
+        self.assertEqual('hello'.encode('utf-16-be'), b'\000h\000e\000l\000l\000o')
+        self.assertEqual('hello'.encode('latin-1'), b'hello')
+
+        # Default encoding is utf-8
+        self.assertEqual('\u2603'.encode(), b'\xe2\x98\x83')
+
+        # Roundtrip safety for BMP (just the first 1024 chars)
+        for c in range(1024):
+            u = chr(c)
+            for encoding in ('utf-7', 'utf-8', 'utf-16', 'utf-16-le',
+                             'utf-16-be', 'raw_unicode_escape',
+                             'unicode_escape', 'unicode_internal'):
+                with warnings.catch_warnings():
+                    # unicode-internal has been deprecated
+                    warnings.simplefilter("ignore", DeprecationWarning)
+
+                    self.assertEqual(str(u.encode(encoding),encoding), u)
+
+        # Roundtrip safety for BMP (just the first 256 chars)
+        for c in range(256):
+            u = chr(c)
+            for encoding in ('latin-1',):
+                self.assertEqual(str(u.encode(encoding),encoding), u)
+
+        # Roundtrip safety for BMP (just the first 128 chars)
+        for c in range(128):
+            u = chr(c)
+            for encoding in ('ascii',):
+                self.assertEqual(str(u.encode(encoding),encoding), u)
+
+        # Roundtrip safety for non-BMP (just a few chars)
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            # unicode-internal has been deprecated
+            warnings.simplefilter("ignore", DeprecationWarning)
+
+            u = '\U00010001\U00020002\U00030003\U00040004\U00050005'
+            for encoding in ('utf-8', 'utf-16', 'utf-16-le', 'utf-16-be',
+                             'raw_unicode_escape',
+                             'unicode_escape', 'unicode_internal'):
+                self.assertEqual(str(u.encode(encoding),encoding), u)
+
+        # UTF-8 must be roundtrip safe for all code points
+        # (except surrogates, which are forbidden).
+        u = ''.join(map(chr, list(range(0, 0xd800)) +
+                             list(range(0xe000, 0x110000))))
+        for encoding in ('utf-8',):
+            self.assertEqual(str(u.encode(encoding),encoding), u)
+
+    def test_codecs_charmap(self):
+        # 0-127
+        s = bytes(range(128))
+        for encoding in (
+            'cp037', 'cp1026', 'cp273',
+            'cp437', 'cp500', 'cp720', 'cp737', 'cp775', 'cp850',
+            'cp852', 'cp855', 'cp858', 'cp860', 'cp861', 'cp862',
+            'cp863', 'cp865', 'cp866', 'cp1125',
+            'iso8859_10', 'iso8859_13', 'iso8859_14', 'iso8859_15',
+            'iso8859_2', 'iso8859_3', 'iso8859_4', 'iso8859_5', 'iso8859_6',
+            'iso8859_7', 'iso8859_9',
+            'koi8_r', 'koi8_t', 'koi8_u', 'kz1048', 'latin_1',
+            'mac_cyrillic', 'mac_latin2',
+
+            'cp1250', 'cp1251', 'cp1252', 'cp1253', 'cp1254', 'cp1255',
+            'cp1256', 'cp1257', 'cp1258',
+            'cp856', 'cp857', 'cp864', 'cp869', 'cp874',
+
+            'mac_greek', 'mac_iceland','mac_roman', 'mac_turkish',
+            'cp1006', 'iso8859_8',
+
+            ### These have undefined mappings:
+            #'cp424',
+
+            ### These fail the round-trip:
+            #'cp875'
+
+            ):
+            self.assertEqual(str(s, encoding).encode(encoding), s)
+
+        # 128-255
+        s = bytes(range(128, 256))
+        for encoding in (
+            'cp037', 'cp1026', 'cp273',
+            'cp437', 'cp500', 'cp720', 'cp737', 'cp775', 'cp850',
+            'cp852', 'cp855', 'cp858', 'cp860', 'cp861', 'cp862',
+            'cp863', 'cp865', 'cp866', 'cp1125',
+            'iso8859_10', 'iso8859_13', 'iso8859_14', 'iso8859_15',
+            'iso8859_2', 'iso8859_4', 'iso8859_5',
+            'iso8859_9', 'koi8_r', 'koi8_u', 'latin_1',
+            'mac_cyrillic', 'mac_latin2',
+
+            ### These have undefined mappings:
+            #'cp1250', 'cp1251', 'cp1252', 'cp1253', 'cp1254', 'cp1255',
+            #'cp1256', 'cp1257', 'cp1258',
+            #'cp424', 'cp856', 'cp857', 'cp864', 'cp869', 'cp874',
+            #'iso8859_3', 'iso8859_6', 'iso8859_7', 'koi8_t', 'kz1048',
+            #'mac_greek', 'mac_iceland','mac_roman', 'mac_turkish',
+
+            ### These fail the round-trip:
+            #'cp1006', 'cp875', 'iso8859_8',
+
+            ):
+            self.assertEqual(str(s, encoding).encode(encoding), s)
+
+    def test_concatenation(self):
+        self.assertEqual(("abc" "def"), "abcdef")
+        self.assertEqual(("abc" "def"), "abcdef")
+        self.assertEqual(("abc" "def"), "abcdef")
+        self.assertEqual(("abc" "def" "ghi"), "abcdefghi")
+        self.assertEqual(("abc" "def" "ghi"), "abcdefghi")
+
+    def test_printing(self):
+        class BitBucket:
+            def write(self, text):
+                pass
+
+        out = BitBucket()
+        print('abc', file=out)
+        print('abc', 'def', file=out)
+        print('abc', 'def', file=out)
+        print('abc', 'def', file=out)
+        print('abc\n', file=out)
+        print('abc\n', end=' ', file=out)
+        print('abc\n', end=' ', file=out)
+        print('def\n', file=out)
+        print('def\n', file=out)
+
+    def test_ucs4(self):
+        x = '\U00100000'
+        y = x.encode("raw-unicode-escape").decode("raw-unicode-escape")
+        self.assertEqual(x, y)
+
+        y = br'\U00100000'
+        x = y.decode("raw-unicode-escape").encode("raw-unicode-escape")
+        self.assertEqual(x, y)
+        y = br'\U00010000'
+        x = y.decode("raw-unicode-escape").encode("raw-unicode-escape")
+        self.assertEqual(x, y)
+
+        try:
+            br'\U11111111'.decode("raw-unicode-escape")
+        except UnicodeDecodeError as e:
+            self.assertEqual(e.start, 0)
+            self.assertEqual(e.end, 10)
+        else:
+            self.fail("Should have raised UnicodeDecodeError")
+
+    def test_conversion(self):
+        # Make sure __str__() works properly
+        class ObjectToStr:
+            def __str__(self):
+                return "foo"
+
+        class StrSubclassToStr(str):
+            def __str__(self):
+                return "foo"
+
+        class StrSubclassToStrSubclass(str):
+            def __new__(cls, content=""):
+                return str.__new__(cls, 2*content)
+            def __str__(self):
+                return self
+
+        self.assertEqual(str(ObjectToStr()), "foo")
+        self.assertEqual(str(StrSubclassToStr("bar")), "foo")
+        s = str(StrSubclassToStrSubclass("foo"))
+        self.assertEqual(s, "foofoo")
+        self.assertIs(type(s), StrSubclassToStrSubclass)
+        s = StrSubclass(StrSubclassToStrSubclass("foo"))
+        self.assertEqual(s, "foofoo")
+        self.assertIs(type(s), StrSubclass)
+
+    def test_unicode_repr(self):
+        class s1:
+            def __repr__(self):
+                return '\\n'
+
+        class s2:
+            def __repr__(self):
+                return '\\n'
+
+        self.assertEqual(repr(s1()), '\\n')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(s2()), '\\n')
+
+    def test_printable_repr(self):
+        self.assertEqual(repr('\U00010000'), "'%c'" % (0x10000,)) # printable
+        self.assertEqual(repr('\U00014000'), "'\\U00014000'")     # nonprintable
+
+    # This test only affects 32-bit platforms because expandtabs can only take
+    # an int as the max value, not a 64-bit C long.  If expandtabs is changed
+    # to take a 64-bit long, this test should apply to all platforms.
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.maxsize > (1 << 32) or struct.calcsize('P') != 4,
+                     'only applies to 32-bit platforms')
+    def test_expandtabs_overflows_gracefully(self):
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, 't\tt\t'.expandtabs, sys.maxsize)
+
+    @support.cpython_only
+    def test_expandtabs_optimization(self):
+        s = 'abc'
+        self.assertIs(s.expandtabs(), s)
+
+    def test_raiseMemError(self):
+        if struct.calcsize('P') == 8:
+            # 64 bits pointers
+            ascii_struct_size = 48
+            compact_struct_size = 72
+        else:
+            # 32 bits pointers
+            ascii_struct_size = 24
+            compact_struct_size = 36
+
+        for char in ('a', '\xe9', '\u20ac', '\U0010ffff'):
+            code = ord(char)
+            if code < 0x100:
+                char_size = 1  # sizeof(Py_UCS1)
+                struct_size = ascii_struct_size
+            elif code < 0x10000:
+                char_size = 2  # sizeof(Py_UCS2)
+                struct_size = compact_struct_size
+            else:
+                char_size = 4  # sizeof(Py_UCS4)
+                struct_size = compact_struct_size
+            # Note: sys.maxsize is half of the actual max allocation because of
+            # the signedness of Py_ssize_t. Strings of maxlen-1 should in principle
+            # be allocatable, given enough memory.
+            maxlen = ((sys.maxsize - struct_size) // char_size)
+            alloc = lambda: char * maxlen
+            self.assertRaises(MemoryError, alloc)
+            self.assertRaises(MemoryError, alloc)
+
+    def test_format_subclass(self):
+        class S(str):
+            def __str__(self):
+                return '__str__ overridden'
+        s = S('xxx')
+        self.assertEqual("%s" % s, '__str__ overridden')
+        self.assertEqual("{}".format(s), '__str__ overridden')
+
+    def test_subclass_add(self):
+        class S(str):
+            def __add__(self, o):
+                return "3"
+        self.assertEqual(S("4") + S("5"), "3")
+        class S(str):
+            def __iadd__(self, o):
+                return "3"
+        s = S("1")
+        s += "4"
+        self.assertEqual(s, "3")
+
+    def test_getnewargs(self):
+        text = 'abc'
+        args = text.__getnewargs__()
+        self.assertIsNot(args[0], text)
+        self.assertEqual(args[0], text)
+        self.assertEqual(len(args), 1)
+
+    def test_resize(self):
+        for length in range(1, 100, 7):
+            # generate a fresh string (refcount=1)
+            text = 'a' * length + 'b'
+
+            with support.check_warnings(('unicode_internal codec has been '
+                                         'deprecated', DeprecationWarning)):
+                # fill wstr internal field
+                abc = text.encode('unicode_internal')
+                self.assertEqual(abc.decode('unicode_internal'), text)
+
+                # resize text: wstr field must be cleared and then recomputed
+                text += 'c'
+                abcdef = text.encode('unicode_internal')
+                self.assertNotEqual(abc, abcdef)
+                self.assertEqual(abcdef.decode('unicode_internal'), text)
+
+    def test_compare(self):
+        # Issue #17615
+        N = 10
+        ascii = 'a' * N
+        ascii2 = 'z' * N
+        latin = '\x80' * N
+        latin2 = '\xff' * N
+        bmp = '\u0100' * N
+        bmp2 = '\uffff' * N
+        astral = '\U00100000' * N
+        astral2 = '\U0010ffff' * N
+        strings = (
+            ascii, ascii2,
+            latin, latin2,
+            bmp, bmp2,
+            astral, astral2)
+        for text1, text2 in itertools.combinations(strings, 2):
+            equal = (text1 is text2)
+            self.assertEqual(text1 == text2, equal)
+            self.assertEqual(text1 != text2, not equal)
+
+            if equal:
+                self.assertTrue(text1 <= text2)
+                self.assertTrue(text1 >= text2)
+
+                # text1 is text2: duplicate strings to skip the "str1 == str2"
+                # optimization in unicode_compare_eq() and really compare
+                # character per character
+                copy1 = duplicate_string(text1)
+                copy2 = duplicate_string(text2)
+                self.assertIsNot(copy1, copy2)
+
+                self.assertTrue(copy1 == copy2)
+                self.assertFalse(copy1 != copy2)
+
+                self.assertTrue(copy1 <= copy2)
+                self.assertTrue(copy2 >= copy2)
+
+        self.assertTrue(ascii < ascii2)
+        self.assertTrue(ascii < latin)
+        self.assertTrue(ascii < bmp)
+        self.assertTrue(ascii < astral)
+        self.assertFalse(ascii >= ascii2)
+        self.assertFalse(ascii >= latin)
+        self.assertFalse(ascii >= bmp)
+        self.assertFalse(ascii >= astral)
+
+        self.assertFalse(latin < ascii)
+        self.assertTrue(latin < latin2)
+        self.assertTrue(latin < bmp)
+        self.assertTrue(latin < astral)
+        self.assertTrue(latin >= ascii)
+        self.assertFalse(latin >= latin2)
+        self.assertFalse(latin >= bmp)
+        self.assertFalse(latin >= astral)
+
+        self.assertFalse(bmp < ascii)
+        self.assertFalse(bmp < latin)
+        self.assertTrue(bmp < bmp2)
+        self.assertTrue(bmp < astral)
+        self.assertTrue(bmp >= ascii)
+        self.assertTrue(bmp >= latin)
+        self.assertFalse(bmp >= bmp2)
+        self.assertFalse(bmp >= astral)
+
+        self.assertFalse(astral < ascii)
+        self.assertFalse(astral < latin)
+        self.assertFalse(astral < bmp2)
+        self.assertTrue(astral < astral2)
+        self.assertTrue(astral >= ascii)
+        self.assertTrue(astral >= latin)
+        self.assertTrue(astral >= bmp2)
+        self.assertFalse(astral >= astral2)
+
+    def test_free_after_iterating(self):
+        support.check_free_after_iterating(self, iter, str)
+        support.check_free_after_iterating(self, reversed, str)
+
+
+class CAPITest(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    # Test PyUnicode_FromFormat()
+    def test_from_format(self):
+        support.import_module('ctypes')
+        from ctypes import (
+            pythonapi, py_object, sizeof,
+            c_int, c_long, c_longlong, c_ssize_t,
+            c_uint, c_ulong, c_ulonglong, c_size_t, c_void_p)
+        name = "PyUnicode_FromFormat"
+        _PyUnicode_FromFormat = getattr(pythonapi, name)
+        _PyUnicode_FromFormat.restype = py_object
+
+        def PyUnicode_FromFormat(format, *args):
+            cargs = tuple(
+                py_object(arg) if isinstance(arg, str) else arg
+                for arg in args)
+            return _PyUnicode_FromFormat(format, *cargs)
+
+        def check_format(expected, format, *args):
+            text = PyUnicode_FromFormat(format, *args)
+            self.assertEqual(expected, text)
+
+        # ascii format, non-ascii argument
+        check_format('ascii\x7f=unicode\xe9',
+                     b'ascii\x7f=%U', 'unicode\xe9')
+
+        # non-ascii format, ascii argument: ensure that PyUnicode_FromFormatV()
+        # raises an error
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError,
+            r'^PyUnicode_FromFormatV\(\) expects an ASCII-encoded format '
+            'string, got a non-ASCII byte: 0xe9$',
+            PyUnicode_FromFormat, b'unicode\xe9=%s', 'ascii')
+
+        # test "%c"
+        check_format('\uabcd',
+                     b'%c', c_int(0xabcd))
+        check_format('\U0010ffff',
+                     b'%c', c_int(0x10ffff))
+        with self.assertRaises(OverflowError):
+            PyUnicode_FromFormat(b'%c', c_int(0x110000))
+        # Issue #18183
+        check_format('\U00010000\U00100000',
+                     b'%c%c', c_int(0x10000), c_int(0x100000))
+
+        # test "%"
+        check_format('%',
+                     b'%')
+        check_format('%',
+                     b'%%')
+        check_format('%s',
+                     b'%%s')
+        check_format('[%]',
+                     b'[%%]')
+        check_format('%abc',
+                     b'%%%s', b'abc')
+
+        # truncated string
+        check_format('abc',
+                     b'%.3s', b'abcdef')
+        check_format('abc[\ufffd',
+                     b'%.5s', 'abc[\u20ac]'.encode('utf8'))
+        check_format("'\\u20acABC'",
+                     b'%A', '\u20acABC')
+        check_format("'\\u20",
+                     b'%.5A', '\u20acABCDEF')
+        check_format("'\u20acABC'",
+                     b'%R', '\u20acABC')
+        check_format("'\u20acA",
+                     b'%.3R', '\u20acABCDEF')
+        check_format('\u20acAB',
+                     b'%.3S', '\u20acABCDEF')
+        check_format('\u20acAB',
+                     b'%.3U', '\u20acABCDEF')
+        check_format('\u20acAB',
+                     b'%.3V', '\u20acABCDEF', None)
+        check_format('abc[\ufffd',
+                     b'%.5V', None, 'abc[\u20ac]'.encode('utf8'))
+
+        # following tests comes from #7330
+        # test width modifier and precision modifier with %S
+        check_format("repr=  abc",
+                     b'repr=%5S', 'abc')
+        check_format("repr=ab",
+                     b'repr=%.2S', 'abc')
+        check_format("repr=   ab",
+                     b'repr=%5.2S', 'abc')
+
+        # test width modifier and precision modifier with %R
+        check_format("repr=   'abc'",
+                     b'repr=%8R', 'abc')
+        check_format("repr='ab",
+                     b'repr=%.3R', 'abc')
+        check_format("repr=  'ab",
+                     b'repr=%5.3R', 'abc')
+
+        # test width modifier and precision modifier with %A
+        check_format("repr=   'abc'",
+                     b'repr=%8A', 'abc')
+        check_format("repr='ab",
+                     b'repr=%.3A', 'abc')
+        check_format("repr=  'ab",
+                     b'repr=%5.3A', 'abc')
+
+        # test width modifier and precision modifier with %s
+        check_format("repr=  abc",
+                     b'repr=%5s', b'abc')
+        check_format("repr=ab",
+                     b'repr=%.2s', b'abc')
+        check_format("repr=   ab",
+                     b'repr=%5.2s', b'abc')
+
+        # test width modifier and precision modifier with %U
+        check_format("repr=  abc",
+                     b'repr=%5U', 'abc')
+        check_format("repr=ab",
+                     b'repr=%.2U', 'abc')
+        check_format("repr=   ab",
+                     b'repr=%5.2U', 'abc')
+
+        # test width modifier and precision modifier with %V
+        check_format("repr=  abc",
+                     b'repr=%5V', 'abc', b'123')
+        check_format("repr=ab",
+                     b'repr=%.2V', 'abc', b'123')
+        check_format("repr=   ab",
+                     b'repr=%5.2V', 'abc', b'123')
+        check_format("repr=  123",
+                     b'repr=%5V', None, b'123')
+        check_format("repr=12",
+                     b'repr=%.2V', None, b'123')
+        check_format("repr=   12",
+                     b'repr=%5.2V', None, b'123')
+
+        # test integer formats (%i, %d, %u)
+        check_format('010',
+                     b'%03i', c_int(10))
+        check_format('0010',
+                     b'%0.4i', c_int(10))
+        check_format('-123',
+                     b'%i', c_int(-123))
+        check_format('-123',
+                     b'%li', c_long(-123))
+        check_format('-123',
+                     b'%lli', c_longlong(-123))
+        check_format('-123',
+                     b'%zi', c_ssize_t(-123))
+
+        check_format('-123',
+                     b'%d', c_int(-123))
+        check_format('-123',
+                     b'%ld', c_long(-123))
+        check_format('-123',
+                     b'%lld', c_longlong(-123))
+        check_format('-123',
+                     b'%zd', c_ssize_t(-123))
+
+        check_format('123',
+                     b'%u', c_uint(123))
+        check_format('123',
+                     b'%lu', c_ulong(123))
+        check_format('123',
+                     b'%llu', c_ulonglong(123))
+        check_format('123',
+                     b'%zu', c_size_t(123))
+
+        # test long output
+        min_longlong = -(2 ** (8 * sizeof(c_longlong) - 1))
+        max_longlong = -min_longlong - 1
+        check_format(str(min_longlong),
+                     b'%lld', c_longlong(min_longlong))
+        check_format(str(max_longlong),
+                     b'%lld', c_longlong(max_longlong))
+        max_ulonglong = 2 ** (8 * sizeof(c_ulonglong)) - 1
+        check_format(str(max_ulonglong),
+                     b'%llu', c_ulonglong(max_ulonglong))
+        PyUnicode_FromFormat(b'%p', c_void_p(-1))
+
+        # test padding (width and/or precision)
+        check_format('123'.rjust(10, '0'),
+                     b'%010i', c_int(123))
+        check_format('123'.rjust(100),
+                     b'%100i', c_int(123))
+        check_format('123'.rjust(100, '0'),
+                     b'%.100i', c_int(123))
+        check_format('123'.rjust(80, '0').rjust(100),
+                     b'%100.80i', c_int(123))
+
+        check_format('123'.rjust(10, '0'),
+                     b'%010u', c_uint(123))
+        check_format('123'.rjust(100),
+                     b'%100u', c_uint(123))
+        check_format('123'.rjust(100, '0'),
+                     b'%.100u', c_uint(123))
+        check_format('123'.rjust(80, '0').rjust(100),
+                     b'%100.80u', c_uint(123))
+
+        check_format('123'.rjust(10, '0'),
+                     b'%010x', c_int(0x123))
+        check_format('123'.rjust(100),
+                     b'%100x', c_int(0x123))
+        check_format('123'.rjust(100, '0'),
+                     b'%.100x', c_int(0x123))
+        check_format('123'.rjust(80, '0').rjust(100),
+                     b'%100.80x', c_int(0x123))
+
+        # test %A
+        check_format(r"%A:'abc\xe9\uabcd\U0010ffff'",
+                     b'%%A:%A', 'abc\xe9\uabcd\U0010ffff')
+
+        # test %V
+        check_format('repr=abc',
+                     b'repr=%V', 'abc', b'xyz')
+
+        # Test string decode from parameter of %s using utf-8.
+        # b'\xe4\xba\xba\xe6\xb0\x91' is utf-8 encoded byte sequence of
+        # '\u4eba\u6c11'
+        check_format('repr=\u4eba\u6c11',
+                     b'repr=%V', None, b'\xe4\xba\xba\xe6\xb0\x91')
+
+        #Test replace error handler.
+        check_format('repr=abc\ufffd',
+                     b'repr=%V', None, b'abc\xff')
+
+        # not supported: copy the raw format string. these tests are just here
+        # to check for crashes and should not be considered as specifications
+        check_format('%s',
+                     b'%1%s', b'abc')
+        check_format('%1abc',
+                     b'%1abc')
+        check_format('%+i',
+                     b'%+i', c_int(10))
+        check_format('%.%s',
+                     b'%.%s', b'abc')
+
+    # Test PyUnicode_AsWideChar()
+    @support.cpython_only
+    def test_aswidechar(self):
+        from _testcapi import unicode_aswidechar
+        support.import_module('ctypes')
+        from ctypes import c_wchar, sizeof
+
+        wchar, size = unicode_aswidechar('abcdef', 2)
+        self.assertEqual(size, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(wchar, 'ab')
+
+        wchar, size = unicode_aswidechar('abc', 3)
+        self.assertEqual(size, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(wchar, 'abc')
+
+        wchar, size = unicode_aswidechar('abc', 4)
+        self.assertEqual(size, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(wchar, 'abc\0')
+
+        wchar, size = unicode_aswidechar('abc', 10)
+        self.assertEqual(size, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(wchar, 'abc\0')
+
+        wchar, size = unicode_aswidechar('abc\0def', 20)
+        self.assertEqual(size, 7)
+        self.assertEqual(wchar, 'abc\0def\0')
+
+        nonbmp = chr(0x10ffff)
+        if sizeof(c_wchar) == 2:
+            buflen = 3
+            nchar = 2
+        else: # sizeof(c_wchar) == 4
+            buflen = 2
+            nchar = 1
+        wchar, size = unicode_aswidechar(nonbmp, buflen)
+        self.assertEqual(size, nchar)
+        self.assertEqual(wchar, nonbmp + '\0')
+
+    # Test PyUnicode_AsWideCharString()
+    @support.cpython_only
+    def test_aswidecharstring(self):
+        from _testcapi import unicode_aswidecharstring
+        support.import_module('ctypes')
+        from ctypes import c_wchar, sizeof
+
+        wchar, size = unicode_aswidecharstring('abc')
+        self.assertEqual(size, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(wchar, 'abc\0')
+
+        wchar, size = unicode_aswidecharstring('abc\0def')
+        self.assertEqual(size, 7)
+        self.assertEqual(wchar, 'abc\0def\0')
+
+        nonbmp = chr(0x10ffff)
+        if sizeof(c_wchar) == 2:
+            nchar = 2
+        else: # sizeof(c_wchar) == 4
+            nchar = 1
+        wchar, size = unicode_aswidecharstring(nonbmp)
+        self.assertEqual(size, nchar)
+        self.assertEqual(wchar, nonbmp + '\0')
+
+    # Test PyUnicode_AsUCS4()
+    @support.cpython_only
+    def test_asucs4(self):
+        from _testcapi import unicode_asucs4
+        for s in ['abc', '\xa1\xa2', '\u4f60\u597d', 'a\U0001f600',
+                  'a\ud800b\udfffc', '\ud834\udd1e']:
+            l = len(s)
+            self.assertEqual(unicode_asucs4(s, l, 1), s+'\0')
+            self.assertEqual(unicode_asucs4(s, l, 0), s+'\uffff')
+            self.assertEqual(unicode_asucs4(s, l+1, 1), s+'\0\uffff')
+            self.assertEqual(unicode_asucs4(s, l+1, 0), s+'\0\uffff')
+            self.assertRaises(SystemError, unicode_asucs4, s, l-1, 1)
+            self.assertRaises(SystemError, unicode_asucs4, s, l-2, 0)
+            s = '\0'.join([s, s])
+            self.assertEqual(unicode_asucs4(s, len(s), 1), s+'\0')
+            self.assertEqual(unicode_asucs4(s, len(s), 0), s+'\uffff')
+
+    # Test PyUnicode_CopyCharacters()
+    @support.cpython_only
+    def test_copycharacters(self):
+        from _testcapi import unicode_copycharacters
+
+        strings = [
+            'abcde', '\xa1\xa2\xa3\xa4\xa5',
+            '\u4f60\u597d\u4e16\u754c\uff01',
+            '\U0001f600\U0001f601\U0001f602\U0001f603\U0001f604'
+        ]
+
+        for idx, from_ in enumerate(strings):
+            # wide -> narrow: exceed maxchar limitation
+            for to in strings[:idx]:
+                self.assertRaises(
+                    SystemError,
+                    unicode_copycharacters, to, 0, from_, 0, 5
+                )
+            # same kind
+            for from_start in range(5):
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    unicode_copycharacters(from_, 0, from_, from_start, 5),
+                    (from_[from_start:from_start+5].ljust(5, '\0'),
+                     5-from_start)
+                )
+            for to_start in range(5):
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    unicode_copycharacters(from_, to_start, from_, to_start, 5),
+                    (from_[to_start:to_start+5].rjust(5, '\0'),
+                     5-to_start)
+                )
+            # narrow -> wide
+            # Tests omitted since this creates invalid strings.
+
+        s = strings[0]
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, unicode_copycharacters, s, 6, s, 0, 5)
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, unicode_copycharacters, s, -1, s, 0, 5)
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, unicode_copycharacters, s, 0, s, 6, 5)
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, unicode_copycharacters, s, 0, s, -1, 5)
+        self.assertRaises(SystemError, unicode_copycharacters, s, 1, s, 0, 5)
+        self.assertRaises(SystemError, unicode_copycharacters, s, 0, s, 0, -1)
+        self.assertRaises(SystemError, unicode_copycharacters, s, 0, b'', 0, 0)
+
+    @support.cpython_only
+    def test_encode_decimal(self):
+        from _testcapi import unicode_encodedecimal
+        self.assertEqual(unicode_encodedecimal('123'),
+                         b'123')
+        self.assertEqual(unicode_encodedecimal('\u0663.\u0661\u0664'),
+                         b'3.14')
+        self.assertEqual(unicode_encodedecimal("\N{EM SPACE}3.14\N{EN SPACE}"),
+                         b' 3.14 ')
+        self.assertRaises(UnicodeEncodeError,
+                          unicode_encodedecimal, "123\u20ac", "strict")
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            ValueError,
+            "^'decimal' codec can't encode character",
+            unicode_encodedecimal, "123\u20ac", "replace")
+
+    @support.cpython_only
+    def test_transform_decimal(self):
+        from _testcapi import unicode_transformdecimaltoascii as transform_decimal
+        self.assertEqual(transform_decimal('123'),
+                         '123')
+        self.assertEqual(transform_decimal('\u0663.\u0661\u0664'),
+                         '3.14')
+        self.assertEqual(transform_decimal("\N{EM SPACE}3.14\N{EN SPACE}"),
+                         "\N{EM SPACE}3.14\N{EN SPACE}")
+        self.assertEqual(transform_decimal('123\u20ac'),
+                         '123\u20ac')
+
+    @support.cpython_only
+    def test_pep393_utf8_caching_bug(self):
+        # Issue #25709: Problem with string concatenation and utf-8 cache
+        from _testcapi import getargs_s_hash
+        for k in 0x24, 0xa4, 0x20ac, 0x1f40d:
+            s = ''
+            for i in range(5):
+                # Due to CPython specific optimization the 's' string can be
+                # resized in-place.
+                s += chr(k)
+                # Parsing with the "s#" format code calls indirectly
+                # PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize() which creates the UTF-8
+                # encoded string cached in the Unicode object.
+                self.assertEqual(getargs_s_hash(s), chr(k).encode() * (i + 1))
+                # Check that the second call returns the same result
+                self.assertEqual(getargs_s_hash(s), chr(k).encode() * (i + 1))
+
+class StringModuleTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_formatter_parser(self):
+        def parse(format):
+            return list(_string.formatter_parser(format))
+
+        formatter = parse("prefix {2!s}xxx{0:^+10.3f}{obj.attr!s} {z[0]!s:10}")
+        self.assertEqual(formatter, [
+            ('prefix ', '2', '', 's'),
+            ('xxx', '0', '^+10.3f', None),
+            ('', 'obj.attr', '', 's'),
+            (' ', 'z[0]', '10', 's'),
+        ])
+
+        formatter = parse("prefix {} suffix")
+        self.assertEqual(formatter, [
+            ('prefix ', '', '', None),
+            (' suffix', None, None, None),
+        ])
+
+        formatter = parse("str")
+        self.assertEqual(formatter, [
+            ('str', None, None, None),
+        ])
+
+        formatter = parse("")
+        self.assertEqual(formatter, [])
+
+        formatter = parse("{0}")
+        self.assertEqual(formatter, [
+            ('', '0', '', None),
+        ])
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, _string.formatter_parser, 1)
+
+    def test_formatter_field_name_split(self):
+        def split(name):
+            items = list(_string.formatter_field_name_split(name))
+            items[1] = list(items[1])
+            return items
+        self.assertEqual(split("obj"), ["obj", []])
+        self.assertEqual(split("obj.arg"), ["obj", [(True, 'arg')]])
+        self.assertEqual(split("obj[key]"), ["obj", [(False, 'key')]])
+        self.assertEqual(split("obj.arg[key1][key2]"), [
+            "obj",
+            [(True, 'arg'),
+             (False, 'key1'),
+             (False, 'key2'),
+            ]])
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, _string.formatter_field_name_split, 1)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()