com.googler.python 1.1.4 → 1.1.5

package/python3.6.2/lib/python3.6/test/test_posix.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1298 @@
+"Test posix functions"
+
+from test import support
+
+# Skip these tests if there is no posix module.
+posix = support.import_module('posix')
+
+import errno
+import sys
+import time
+import os
+import platform
+import pwd
+import stat
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+import warnings
+
+_DUMMY_SYMLINK = os.path.join(tempfile.gettempdir(),
+                              support.TESTFN + '-dummy-symlink')
+
+class PosixTester(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        # create empty file
+        fp = open(support.TESTFN, 'w+')
+        fp.close()
+        self.teardown_files = [ support.TESTFN ]
+        self._warnings_manager = support.check_warnings()
+        self._warnings_manager.__enter__()
+        warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', '.* potential security risk .*',
+                                RuntimeWarning)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        for teardown_file in self.teardown_files:
+            support.unlink(teardown_file)
+        self._warnings_manager.__exit__(None, None, None)
+
+    def testNoArgFunctions(self):
+        # test posix functions which take no arguments and have
+        # no side-effects which we need to cleanup (e.g., fork, wait, abort)
+        NO_ARG_FUNCTIONS = [ "ctermid", "getcwd", "getcwdb", "uname",
+                             "times", "getloadavg",
+                             "getegid", "geteuid", "getgid", "getgroups",
+                             "getpid", "getpgrp", "getppid", "getuid", "sync",
+                           ]
+
+        for name in NO_ARG_FUNCTIONS:
+            posix_func = getattr(posix, name, None)
+            if posix_func is not None:
+                posix_func()
+                self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix_func, 1)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'getresuid'),
+                         'test needs posix.getresuid()')
+    def test_getresuid(self):
+        user_ids = posix.getresuid()
+        self.assertEqual(len(user_ids), 3)
+        for val in user_ids:
+            self.assertGreaterEqual(val, 0)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'getresgid'),
+                         'test needs posix.getresgid()')
+    def test_getresgid(self):
+        group_ids = posix.getresgid()
+        self.assertEqual(len(group_ids), 3)
+        for val in group_ids:
+            self.assertGreaterEqual(val, 0)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'setresuid'),
+                         'test needs posix.setresuid()')
+    def test_setresuid(self):
+        current_user_ids = posix.getresuid()
+        self.assertIsNone(posix.setresuid(*current_user_ids))
+        # -1 means don't change that value.
+        self.assertIsNone(posix.setresuid(-1, -1, -1))
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'setresuid'),
+                         'test needs posix.setresuid()')
+    def test_setresuid_exception(self):
+        # Don't do this test if someone is silly enough to run us as root.
+        current_user_ids = posix.getresuid()
+        if 0 not in current_user_ids:
+            new_user_ids = (current_user_ids[0]+1, -1, -1)
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, posix.setresuid, *new_user_ids)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'setresgid'),
+                         'test needs posix.setresgid()')
+    def test_setresgid(self):
+        current_group_ids = posix.getresgid()
+        self.assertIsNone(posix.setresgid(*current_group_ids))
+        # -1 means don't change that value.
+        self.assertIsNone(posix.setresgid(-1, -1, -1))
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'setresgid'),
+                         'test needs posix.setresgid()')
+    def test_setresgid_exception(self):
+        # Don't do this test if someone is silly enough to run us as root.
+        current_group_ids = posix.getresgid()
+        if 0 not in current_group_ids:
+            new_group_ids = (current_group_ids[0]+1, -1, -1)
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, posix.setresgid, *new_group_ids)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'initgroups'),
+                         "test needs os.initgroups()")
+    def test_initgroups(self):
+        # It takes a string and an integer; check that it raises a TypeError
+        # for other argument lists.
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.initgroups)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.initgroups, None)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.initgroups, 3, "foo")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.initgroups, "foo", 3, object())
+
+        # If a non-privileged user invokes it, it should fail with OSError
+        # EPERM.
+        if os.getuid() != 0:
+            try:
+                name = pwd.getpwuid(posix.getuid()).pw_name
+            except KeyError:
+                # the current UID may not have a pwd entry
+                raise unittest.SkipTest("need a pwd entry")
+            try:
+                posix.initgroups(name, 13)
+            except OSError as e:
+                self.assertEqual(e.errno, errno.EPERM)
+            else:
+                self.fail("Expected OSError to be raised by initgroups")
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'statvfs'),
+                         'test needs posix.statvfs()')
+    def test_statvfs(self):
+        self.assertTrue(posix.statvfs(os.curdir))
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'fstatvfs'),
+                         'test needs posix.fstatvfs()')
+    def test_fstatvfs(self):
+        fp = open(support.TESTFN)
+        try:
+            self.assertTrue(posix.fstatvfs(fp.fileno()))
+            self.assertTrue(posix.statvfs(fp.fileno()))
+        finally:
+            fp.close()
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'ftruncate'),
+                         'test needs posix.ftruncate()')
+    def test_ftruncate(self):
+        fp = open(support.TESTFN, 'w+')
+        try:
+            # we need to have some data to truncate
+            fp.write('test')
+            fp.flush()
+            posix.ftruncate(fp.fileno(), 0)
+        finally:
+            fp.close()
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'truncate'), "test needs posix.truncate()")
+    def test_truncate(self):
+        with open(support.TESTFN, 'w') as fp:
+            fp.write('test')
+            fp.flush()
+        posix.truncate(support.TESTFN, 0)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(getattr(os, 'execve', None) in os.supports_fd, "test needs execve() to support the fd parameter")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'fork'), "test needs os.fork()")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'waitpid'), "test needs os.waitpid()")
+    def test_fexecve(self):
+        fp = os.open(sys.executable, os.O_RDONLY)
+        try:
+            pid = os.fork()
+            if pid == 0:
+                os.chdir(os.path.split(sys.executable)[0])
+                posix.execve(fp, [sys.executable, '-c', 'pass'], os.environ)
+            else:
+                self.assertEqual(os.waitpid(pid, 0), (pid, 0))
+        finally:
+            os.close(fp)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'waitid'), "test needs posix.waitid()")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'fork'), "test needs os.fork()")
+    def test_waitid(self):
+        pid = os.fork()
+        if pid == 0:
+            os.chdir(os.path.split(sys.executable)[0])
+            posix.execve(sys.executable, [sys.executable, '-c', 'pass'], os.environ)
+        else:
+            res = posix.waitid(posix.P_PID, pid, posix.WEXITED)
+            self.assertEqual(pid, res.si_pid)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'lockf'), "test needs posix.lockf()")
+    def test_lockf(self):
+        fd = os.open(support.TESTFN, os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT)
+        try:
+            os.write(fd, b'test')
+            os.lseek(fd, 0, os.SEEK_SET)
+            posix.lockf(fd, posix.F_LOCK, 4)
+            # section is locked
+            posix.lockf(fd, posix.F_ULOCK, 4)
+        finally:
+            os.close(fd)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'pread'), "test needs posix.pread()")
+    def test_pread(self):
+        fd = os.open(support.TESTFN, os.O_RDWR | os.O_CREAT)
+        try:
+            os.write(fd, b'test')
+            os.lseek(fd, 0, os.SEEK_SET)
+            self.assertEqual(b'es', posix.pread(fd, 2, 1))
+            # the first pread() shouldn't disturb the file offset
+            self.assertEqual(b'te', posix.read(fd, 2))
+        finally:
+            os.close(fd)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'pwrite'), "test needs posix.pwrite()")
+    def test_pwrite(self):
+        fd = os.open(support.TESTFN, os.O_RDWR | os.O_CREAT)
+        try:
+            os.write(fd, b'test')
+            os.lseek(fd, 0, os.SEEK_SET)
+            posix.pwrite(fd, b'xx', 1)
+            self.assertEqual(b'txxt', posix.read(fd, 4))
+        finally:
+            os.close(fd)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'posix_fallocate'),
+        "test needs posix.posix_fallocate()")
+    def test_posix_fallocate(self):
+        fd = os.open(support.TESTFN, os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT)
+        try:
+            posix.posix_fallocate(fd, 0, 10)
+        except OSError as inst:
+            # issue10812, ZFS doesn't appear to support posix_fallocate,
+            # so skip Solaris-based since they are likely to have ZFS.
+            if inst.errno != errno.EINVAL or not sys.platform.startswith("sunos"):
+                raise
+        finally:
+            os.close(fd)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'posix_fadvise'),
+        "test needs posix.posix_fadvise()")
+    def test_posix_fadvise(self):
+        fd = os.open(support.TESTFN, os.O_RDONLY)
+        try:
+            posix.posix_fadvise(fd, 0, 0, posix.POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED)
+        finally:
+            os.close(fd)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(os.utime in os.supports_fd, "test needs fd support in os.utime")
+    def test_utime_with_fd(self):
+        now = time.time()
+        fd = os.open(support.TESTFN, os.O_RDONLY)
+        try:
+            posix.utime(fd)
+            posix.utime(fd, None)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.utime, fd, (None, None))
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.utime, fd, (now, None))
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.utime, fd, (None, now))
+            posix.utime(fd, (int(now), int(now)))
+            posix.utime(fd, (now, now))
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, posix.utime, fd, (now, now), ns=(now, now))
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, posix.utime, fd, (now, 0), ns=(None, None))
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, posix.utime, fd, (None, None), ns=(now, 0))
+            posix.utime(fd, (int(now), int((now - int(now)) * 1e9)))
+            posix.utime(fd, ns=(int(now), int((now - int(now)) * 1e9)))
+
+        finally:
+            os.close(fd)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(os.utime in os.supports_follow_symlinks, "test needs follow_symlinks support in os.utime")
+    def test_utime_nofollow_symlinks(self):
+        now = time.time()
+        posix.utime(support.TESTFN, None, follow_symlinks=False)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.utime, support.TESTFN, (None, None), follow_symlinks=False)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.utime, support.TESTFN, (now, None), follow_symlinks=False)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.utime, support.TESTFN, (None, now), follow_symlinks=False)
+        posix.utime(support.TESTFN, (int(now), int(now)), follow_symlinks=False)
+        posix.utime(support.TESTFN, (now, now), follow_symlinks=False)
+        posix.utime(support.TESTFN, follow_symlinks=False)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'writev'), "test needs posix.writev()")
+    def test_writev(self):
+        fd = os.open(support.TESTFN, os.O_RDWR | os.O_CREAT)
+        try:
+            n = os.writev(fd, (b'test1', b'tt2', b't3'))
+            self.assertEqual(n, 10)
+
+            os.lseek(fd, 0, os.SEEK_SET)
+            self.assertEqual(b'test1tt2t3', posix.read(fd, 10))
+
+            # Issue #20113: empty list of buffers should not crash
+            try:
+                size = posix.writev(fd, [])
+            except OSError:
+                # writev(fd, []) raises OSError(22, "Invalid argument")
+                # on OpenIndiana
+                pass
+            else:
+                self.assertEqual(size, 0)
+        finally:
+            os.close(fd)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'readv'), "test needs posix.readv()")
+    def test_readv(self):
+        fd = os.open(support.TESTFN, os.O_RDWR | os.O_CREAT)
+        try:
+            os.write(fd, b'test1tt2t3')
+            os.lseek(fd, 0, os.SEEK_SET)
+            buf = [bytearray(i) for i in [5, 3, 2]]
+            self.assertEqual(posix.readv(fd, buf), 10)
+            self.assertEqual([b'test1', b'tt2', b't3'], [bytes(i) for i in buf])
+
+            # Issue #20113: empty list of buffers should not crash
+            try:
+                size = posix.readv(fd, [])
+            except OSError:
+                # readv(fd, []) raises OSError(22, "Invalid argument")
+                # on OpenIndiana
+                pass
+            else:
+                self.assertEqual(size, 0)
+        finally:
+            os.close(fd)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'dup'),
+                         'test needs posix.dup()')
+    def test_dup(self):
+        fp = open(support.TESTFN)
+        try:
+            fd = posix.dup(fp.fileno())
+            self.assertIsInstance(fd, int)
+            os.close(fd)
+        finally:
+            fp.close()
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'confstr'),
+                         'test needs posix.confstr()')
+    def test_confstr(self):
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, posix.confstr, "CS_garbage")
+        self.assertEqual(len(posix.confstr("CS_PATH")) > 0, True)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'dup2'),
+                         'test needs posix.dup2()')
+    def test_dup2(self):
+        fp1 = open(support.TESTFN)
+        fp2 = open(support.TESTFN)
+        try:
+            posix.dup2(fp1.fileno(), fp2.fileno())
+        finally:
+            fp1.close()
+            fp2.close()
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'O_CLOEXEC'), "needs os.O_CLOEXEC")
+    @support.requires_linux_version(2, 6, 23)
+    def test_oscloexec(self):
+        fd = os.open(support.TESTFN, os.O_RDONLY|os.O_CLOEXEC)
+        self.addCleanup(os.close, fd)
+        self.assertFalse(os.get_inheritable(fd))
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'O_EXLOCK'),
+                         'test needs posix.O_EXLOCK')
+    def test_osexlock(self):
+        fd = os.open(support.TESTFN,
+                     os.O_WRONLY|os.O_EXLOCK|os.O_CREAT)
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, os.open, support.TESTFN,
+                          os.O_WRONLY|os.O_EXLOCK|os.O_NONBLOCK)
+        os.close(fd)
+
+        if hasattr(posix, "O_SHLOCK"):
+            fd = os.open(support.TESTFN,
+                         os.O_WRONLY|os.O_SHLOCK|os.O_CREAT)
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, os.open, support.TESTFN,
+                              os.O_WRONLY|os.O_EXLOCK|os.O_NONBLOCK)
+            os.close(fd)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'O_SHLOCK'),
+                         'test needs posix.O_SHLOCK')
+    def test_osshlock(self):
+        fd1 = os.open(support.TESTFN,
+                     os.O_WRONLY|os.O_SHLOCK|os.O_CREAT)
+        fd2 = os.open(support.TESTFN,
+                      os.O_WRONLY|os.O_SHLOCK|os.O_CREAT)
+        os.close(fd2)
+        os.close(fd1)
+
+        if hasattr(posix, "O_EXLOCK"):
+            fd = os.open(support.TESTFN,
+                         os.O_WRONLY|os.O_SHLOCK|os.O_CREAT)
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, os.open, support.TESTFN,
+                              os.O_RDONLY|os.O_EXLOCK|os.O_NONBLOCK)
+            os.close(fd)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'fstat'),
+                         'test needs posix.fstat()')
+    def test_fstat(self):
+        fp = open(support.TESTFN)
+        try:
+            self.assertTrue(posix.fstat(fp.fileno()))
+            self.assertTrue(posix.stat(fp.fileno()))
+
+            self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                    'should be string, bytes, os.PathLike or integer, not',
+                    posix.stat, float(fp.fileno()))
+        finally:
+            fp.close()
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'stat'),
+                         'test needs posix.stat()')
+    def test_stat(self):
+        self.assertTrue(posix.stat(support.TESTFN))
+        self.assertTrue(posix.stat(os.fsencode(support.TESTFN)))
+
+        self.assertWarnsRegex(DeprecationWarning,
+                'should be string, bytes, os.PathLike or integer, not',
+                posix.stat, bytearray(os.fsencode(support.TESTFN)))
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                'should be string, bytes, os.PathLike or integer, not',
+                posix.stat, None)
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                'should be string, bytes, os.PathLike or integer, not',
+                posix.stat, list(support.TESTFN))
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                'should be string, bytes, os.PathLike or integer, not',
+                posix.stat, list(os.fsencode(support.TESTFN)))
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'mkfifo'), "don't have mkfifo()")
+    def test_mkfifo(self):
+        support.unlink(support.TESTFN)
+        try:
+            posix.mkfifo(support.TESTFN, stat.S_IRUSR | stat.S_IWUSR)
+        except PermissionError as e:
+            self.skipTest('posix.mkfifo(): %s' % e)
+        self.assertTrue(stat.S_ISFIFO(posix.stat(support.TESTFN).st_mode))
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'mknod') and hasattr(stat, 'S_IFIFO'),
+                         "don't have mknod()/S_IFIFO")
+    def test_mknod(self):
+        # Test using mknod() to create a FIFO (the only use specified
+        # by POSIX).
+        support.unlink(support.TESTFN)
+        mode = stat.S_IFIFO | stat.S_IRUSR | stat.S_IWUSR
+        try:
+            posix.mknod(support.TESTFN, mode, 0)
+        except OSError as e:
+            # Some old systems don't allow unprivileged users to use
+            # mknod(), or only support creating device nodes.
+            self.assertIn(e.errno, (errno.EPERM, errno.EINVAL, errno.EACCES))
+        else:
+            self.assertTrue(stat.S_ISFIFO(posix.stat(support.TESTFN).st_mode))
+
+        # Keyword arguments are also supported
+        support.unlink(support.TESTFN)
+        try:
+            posix.mknod(path=support.TESTFN, mode=mode, device=0,
+                dir_fd=None)
+        except OSError as e:
+            self.assertIn(e.errno, (errno.EPERM, errno.EINVAL, errno.EACCES))
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'stat'), 'test needs posix.stat()')
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'makedev'), 'test needs posix.makedev()')
+    def test_makedev(self):
+        st = posix.stat(support.TESTFN)
+        dev = st.st_dev
+        self.assertIsInstance(dev, int)
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(dev, 0)
+
+        major = posix.major(dev)
+        self.assertIsInstance(major, int)
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(major, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(posix.major(dev), major)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.major, float(dev))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.major)
+        self.assertRaises((ValueError, OverflowError), posix.major, -1)
+
+        minor = posix.minor(dev)
+        self.assertIsInstance(minor, int)
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(minor, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(posix.minor(dev), minor)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.minor, float(dev))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.minor)
+        self.assertRaises((ValueError, OverflowError), posix.minor, -1)
+
+        if sys.platform.startswith('freebsd') and dev >= 0x1_0000_0000:
+            self.skipTest("bpo-31044: on FreeBSD CURRENT, minor() truncates "
+                          "64-bit dev to 32-bit")
+
+        self.assertEqual(posix.makedev(major, minor), dev)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.makedev, float(major), minor)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.makedev, major, float(minor))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.makedev, major)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.makedev)
+
+    def _test_all_chown_common(self, chown_func, first_param, stat_func):
+        """Common code for chown, fchown and lchown tests."""
+        def check_stat(uid, gid):
+            if stat_func is not None:
+                stat = stat_func(first_param)
+                self.assertEqual(stat.st_uid, uid)
+                self.assertEqual(stat.st_gid, gid)
+        uid = os.getuid()
+        gid = os.getgid()
+        # test a successful chown call
+        chown_func(first_param, uid, gid)
+        check_stat(uid, gid)
+        chown_func(first_param, -1, gid)
+        check_stat(uid, gid)
+        chown_func(first_param, uid, -1)
+        check_stat(uid, gid)
+
+        if uid == 0:
+            # Try an amusingly large uid/gid to make sure we handle
+            # large unsigned values.  (chown lets you use any
+            # uid/gid you like, even if they aren't defined.)
+            #
+            # This problem keeps coming up:
+            #   http://bugs.python.org/issue1747858
+            #   http://bugs.python.org/issue4591
+            #   http://bugs.python.org/issue15301
+            # Hopefully the fix in 4591 fixes it for good!
+            #
+            # This part of the test only runs when run as root.
+            # Only scary people run their tests as root.
+
+            big_value = 2**31
+            chown_func(first_param, big_value, big_value)
+            check_stat(big_value, big_value)
+            chown_func(first_param, -1, -1)
+            check_stat(big_value, big_value)
+            chown_func(first_param, uid, gid)
+            check_stat(uid, gid)
+        elif platform.system() in ('HP-UX', 'SunOS'):
+            # HP-UX and Solaris can allow a non-root user to chown() to root
+            # (issue #5113)
+            raise unittest.SkipTest("Skipping because of non-standard chown() "
+                                    "behavior")
+        else:
+            # non-root cannot chown to root, raises OSError
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, chown_func, first_param, 0, 0)
+            check_stat(uid, gid)
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, chown_func, first_param, 0, -1)
+            check_stat(uid, gid)
+            if 0 not in os.getgroups():
+                self.assertRaises(OSError, chown_func, first_param, -1, 0)
+                check_stat(uid, gid)
+        # test illegal types
+        for t in str, float:
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, chown_func, first_param, t(uid), gid)
+            check_stat(uid, gid)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, chown_func, first_param, uid, t(gid))
+            check_stat(uid, gid)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'chown'), "test needs os.chown()")
+    def test_chown(self):
+        # raise an OSError if the file does not exist
+        os.unlink(support.TESTFN)
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, posix.chown, support.TESTFN, -1, -1)
+
+        # re-create the file
+        support.create_empty_file(support.TESTFN)
+        self._test_all_chown_common(posix.chown, support.TESTFN,
+                                    getattr(posix, 'stat', None))
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'fchown'), "test needs os.fchown()")
+    def test_fchown(self):
+        os.unlink(support.TESTFN)
+
+        # re-create the file
+        test_file = open(support.TESTFN, 'w')
+        try:
+            fd = test_file.fileno()
+            self._test_all_chown_common(posix.fchown, fd,
+                                        getattr(posix, 'fstat', None))
+        finally:
+            test_file.close()
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'lchown'), "test needs os.lchown()")
+    def test_lchown(self):
+        os.unlink(support.TESTFN)
+        # create a symlink
+        os.symlink(_DUMMY_SYMLINK, support.TESTFN)
+        self._test_all_chown_common(posix.lchown, support.TESTFN,
+                                    getattr(posix, 'lstat', None))
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'chdir'), 'test needs posix.chdir()')
+    def test_chdir(self):
+        posix.chdir(os.curdir)
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, posix.chdir, support.TESTFN)
+
+    def test_listdir(self):
+        self.assertIn(support.TESTFN, posix.listdir(os.curdir))
+
+    def test_listdir_default(self):
+        # When listdir is called without argument,
+        # it's the same as listdir(os.curdir).
+        self.assertIn(support.TESTFN, posix.listdir())
+
+    def test_listdir_bytes(self):
+        # When listdir is called with a bytes object,
+        # the returned strings are of type bytes.
+        self.assertIn(os.fsencode(support.TESTFN), posix.listdir(b'.'))
+
+    def test_listdir_bytes_like(self):
+        for cls in bytearray, memoryview:
+            with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+                names = posix.listdir(cls(b'.'))
+            self.assertIn(os.fsencode(support.TESTFN), names)
+            for name in names:
+                self.assertIs(type(name), bytes)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(posix.listdir in os.supports_fd,
+                         "test needs fd support for posix.listdir()")
+    def test_listdir_fd(self):
+        f = posix.open(posix.getcwd(), posix.O_RDONLY)
+        self.addCleanup(posix.close, f)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            sorted(posix.listdir('.')),
+            sorted(posix.listdir(f))
+            )
+        # Check that the fd offset was reset (issue #13739)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            sorted(posix.listdir('.')),
+            sorted(posix.listdir(f))
+            )
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'access'), 'test needs posix.access()')
+    def test_access(self):
+        self.assertTrue(posix.access(support.TESTFN, os.R_OK))
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'umask'), 'test needs posix.umask()')
+    def test_umask(self):
+        old_mask = posix.umask(0)
+        self.assertIsInstance(old_mask, int)
+        posix.umask(old_mask)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'strerror'),
+                         'test needs posix.strerror()')
+    def test_strerror(self):
+        self.assertTrue(posix.strerror(0))
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'pipe'), 'test needs posix.pipe()')
+    def test_pipe(self):
+        reader, writer = posix.pipe()
+        os.close(reader)
+        os.close(writer)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'pipe2'), "test needs os.pipe2()")
+    @support.requires_linux_version(2, 6, 27)
+    def test_pipe2(self):
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, os.pipe2, 'DEADBEEF')
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, os.pipe2, 0, 0)
+
+        # try calling with flags = 0, like os.pipe()
+        r, w = os.pipe2(0)
+        os.close(r)
+        os.close(w)
+
+        # test flags
+        r, w = os.pipe2(os.O_CLOEXEC|os.O_NONBLOCK)
+        self.addCleanup(os.close, r)
+        self.addCleanup(os.close, w)
+        self.assertFalse(os.get_inheritable(r))
+        self.assertFalse(os.get_inheritable(w))
+        self.assertFalse(os.get_blocking(r))
+        self.assertFalse(os.get_blocking(w))
+        # try reading from an empty pipe: this should fail, not block
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, os.read, r, 1)
+        # try a write big enough to fill-up the pipe: this should either
+        # fail or perform a partial write, not block
+        try:
+            os.write(w, b'x' * support.PIPE_MAX_SIZE)
+        except OSError:
+            pass
+
+    @support.cpython_only
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'pipe2'), "test needs os.pipe2()")
+    @support.requires_linux_version(2, 6, 27)
+    def test_pipe2_c_limits(self):
+        # Issue 15989
+        import _testcapi
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, os.pipe2, _testcapi.INT_MAX + 1)
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, os.pipe2, _testcapi.UINT_MAX + 1)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'utime'), 'test needs posix.utime()')
+    def test_utime(self):
+        now = time.time()
+        posix.utime(support.TESTFN, None)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.utime, support.TESTFN, (None, None))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.utime, support.TESTFN, (now, None))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.utime, support.TESTFN, (None, now))
+        posix.utime(support.TESTFN, (int(now), int(now)))
+        posix.utime(support.TESTFN, (now, now))
+
+    def _test_chflags_regular_file(self, chflags_func, target_file, **kwargs):
+        st = os.stat(target_file)
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(st, 'st_flags'))
+
+        # ZFS returns EOPNOTSUPP when attempting to set flag UF_IMMUTABLE.
+        flags = st.st_flags | stat.UF_IMMUTABLE
+        try:
+            chflags_func(target_file, flags, **kwargs)
+        except OSError as err:
+            if err.errno != errno.EOPNOTSUPP:
+                raise
+            msg = 'chflag UF_IMMUTABLE not supported by underlying fs'
+            self.skipTest(msg)
+
+        try:
+            new_st = os.stat(target_file)
+            self.assertEqual(st.st_flags | stat.UF_IMMUTABLE, new_st.st_flags)
+            try:
+                fd = open(target_file, 'w+')
+            except OSError as e:
+                self.assertEqual(e.errno, errno.EPERM)
+        finally:
+            posix.chflags(target_file, st.st_flags)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'chflags'), 'test needs os.chflags()')
+    def test_chflags(self):
+        self._test_chflags_regular_file(posix.chflags, support.TESTFN)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'lchflags'), 'test needs os.lchflags()')
+    def test_lchflags_regular_file(self):
+        self._test_chflags_regular_file(posix.lchflags, support.TESTFN)
+        self._test_chflags_regular_file(posix.chflags, support.TESTFN, follow_symlinks=False)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'lchflags'), 'test needs os.lchflags()')
+    def test_lchflags_symlink(self):
+        testfn_st = os.stat(support.TESTFN)
+
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(testfn_st, 'st_flags'))
+
+        os.symlink(support.TESTFN, _DUMMY_SYMLINK)
+        self.teardown_files.append(_DUMMY_SYMLINK)
+        dummy_symlink_st = os.lstat(_DUMMY_SYMLINK)
+
+        def chflags_nofollow(path, flags):
+            return posix.chflags(path, flags, follow_symlinks=False)
+
+        for fn in (posix.lchflags, chflags_nofollow):
+            # ZFS returns EOPNOTSUPP when attempting to set flag UF_IMMUTABLE.
+            flags = dummy_symlink_st.st_flags | stat.UF_IMMUTABLE
+            try:
+                fn(_DUMMY_SYMLINK, flags)
+            except OSError as err:
+                if err.errno != errno.EOPNOTSUPP:
+                    raise
+                msg = 'chflag UF_IMMUTABLE not supported by underlying fs'
+                self.skipTest(msg)
+            try:
+                new_testfn_st = os.stat(support.TESTFN)
+                new_dummy_symlink_st = os.lstat(_DUMMY_SYMLINK)
+
+                self.assertEqual(testfn_st.st_flags, new_testfn_st.st_flags)
+                self.assertEqual(dummy_symlink_st.st_flags | stat.UF_IMMUTABLE,
+                                 new_dummy_symlink_st.st_flags)
+            finally:
+                fn(_DUMMY_SYMLINK, dummy_symlink_st.st_flags)
+
+    def test_environ(self):
+        if os.name == "nt":
+            item_type = str
+        else:
+            item_type = bytes
+        for k, v in posix.environ.items():
+            self.assertEqual(type(k), item_type)
+            self.assertEqual(type(v), item_type)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "putenv"), "requires os.putenv()")
+    def test_putenv(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            os.putenv('FRUIT\0VEGETABLE', 'cabbage')
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            os.putenv(b'FRUIT\0VEGETABLE', b'cabbage')
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            os.putenv('FRUIT', 'orange\0VEGETABLE=cabbage')
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            os.putenv(b'FRUIT', b'orange\0VEGETABLE=cabbage')
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            os.putenv('FRUIT=ORANGE', 'lemon')
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            os.putenv(b'FRUIT=ORANGE', b'lemon')
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'getcwd'), 'test needs posix.getcwd()')
+    def test_getcwd_long_pathnames(self):
+        dirname = 'getcwd-test-directory-0123456789abcdef-01234567890abcdef'
+        curdir = os.getcwd()
+        base_path = os.path.abspath(support.TESTFN) + '.getcwd'
+
+        try:
+            os.mkdir(base_path)
+            os.chdir(base_path)
+        except:
+            #  Just returning nothing instead of the SkipTest exception, because
+            #  the test results in Error in that case.  Is that ok?
+            #  raise unittest.SkipTest("cannot create directory for testing")
+            return
+
+            def _create_and_do_getcwd(dirname, current_path_length = 0):
+                try:
+                    os.mkdir(dirname)
+                except:
+                    raise unittest.SkipTest("mkdir cannot create directory sufficiently deep for getcwd test")
+
+                os.chdir(dirname)
+                try:
+                    os.getcwd()
+                    if current_path_length < 1027:
+                        _create_and_do_getcwd(dirname, current_path_length + len(dirname) + 1)
+                finally:
+                    os.chdir('..')
+                    os.rmdir(dirname)
+
+            _create_and_do_getcwd(dirname)
+
+        finally:
+            os.chdir(curdir)
+            support.rmtree(base_path)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'getgrouplist'), "test needs posix.getgrouplist()")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(pwd, 'getpwuid'), "test needs pwd.getpwuid()")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'getuid'), "test needs os.getuid()")
+    def test_getgrouplist(self):
+        user = pwd.getpwuid(os.getuid())[0]
+        group = pwd.getpwuid(os.getuid())[3]
+        self.assertIn(group, posix.getgrouplist(user, group))
+
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'getegid'), "test needs os.getegid()")
+    def test_getgroups(self):
+        with os.popen('id -G 2>/dev/null') as idg:
+            groups = idg.read().strip()
+            ret = idg.close()
+
+        try:
+            idg_groups = set(int(g) for g in groups.split())
+        except ValueError:
+            idg_groups = set()
+        if ret is not None or not idg_groups:
+            raise unittest.SkipTest("need working 'id -G'")
+
+        # Issues 16698: OS X ABIs prior to 10.6 have limits on getgroups()
+        if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+            import sysconfig
+            dt = sysconfig.get_config_var('MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET') or '10.0'
+            if tuple(int(n) for n in dt.split('.')[0:2]) < (10, 6):
+                raise unittest.SkipTest("getgroups(2) is broken prior to 10.6")
+
+        # 'id -G' and 'os.getgroups()' should return the same
+        # groups, ignoring order, duplicates, and the effective gid.
+        # #10822/#26944 - It is implementation defined whether
+        # posix.getgroups() includes the effective gid.
+        symdiff = idg_groups.symmetric_difference(posix.getgroups())
+        self.assertTrue(not symdiff or symdiff == {posix.getegid()})
+
+    # tests for the posix *at functions follow
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(os.access in os.supports_dir_fd, "test needs dir_fd support for os.access()")
+    def test_access_dir_fd(self):
+        f = posix.open(posix.getcwd(), posix.O_RDONLY)
+        try:
+            self.assertTrue(posix.access(support.TESTFN, os.R_OK, dir_fd=f))
+        finally:
+            posix.close(f)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(os.chmod in os.supports_dir_fd, "test needs dir_fd support in os.chmod()")
+    def test_chmod_dir_fd(self):
+        os.chmod(support.TESTFN, stat.S_IRUSR)
+
+        f = posix.open(posix.getcwd(), posix.O_RDONLY)
+        try:
+            posix.chmod(support.TESTFN, stat.S_IRUSR | stat.S_IWUSR, dir_fd=f)
+
+            s = posix.stat(support.TESTFN)
+            self.assertEqual(s[0] & stat.S_IRWXU, stat.S_IRUSR | stat.S_IWUSR)
+        finally:
+            posix.close(f)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(os.chown in os.supports_dir_fd, "test needs dir_fd support in os.chown()")
+    def test_chown_dir_fd(self):
+        support.unlink(support.TESTFN)
+        support.create_empty_file(support.TESTFN)
+
+        f = posix.open(posix.getcwd(), posix.O_RDONLY)
+        try:
+            posix.chown(support.TESTFN, os.getuid(), os.getgid(), dir_fd=f)
+        finally:
+            posix.close(f)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(os.stat in os.supports_dir_fd, "test needs dir_fd support in os.stat()")
+    def test_stat_dir_fd(self):
+        support.unlink(support.TESTFN)
+        with open(support.TESTFN, 'w') as outfile:
+            outfile.write("testline\n")
+
+        f = posix.open(posix.getcwd(), posix.O_RDONLY)
+        try:
+            s1 = posix.stat(support.TESTFN)
+            s2 = posix.stat(support.TESTFN, dir_fd=f)
+            self.assertEqual(s1, s2)
+            s2 = posix.stat(support.TESTFN, dir_fd=None)
+            self.assertEqual(s1, s2)
+            self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'should be integer or None, not',
+                    posix.stat, support.TESTFN, dir_fd=posix.getcwd())
+            self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'should be integer or None, not',
+                    posix.stat, support.TESTFN, dir_fd=float(f))
+            self.assertRaises(OverflowError,
+                    posix.stat, support.TESTFN, dir_fd=10**20)
+        finally:
+            posix.close(f)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(os.utime in os.supports_dir_fd, "test needs dir_fd support in os.utime()")
+    def test_utime_dir_fd(self):
+        f = posix.open(posix.getcwd(), posix.O_RDONLY)
+        try:
+            now = time.time()
+            posix.utime(support.TESTFN, None, dir_fd=f)
+            posix.utime(support.TESTFN, dir_fd=f)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.utime, support.TESTFN, now, dir_fd=f)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.utime, support.TESTFN, (None, None), dir_fd=f)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.utime, support.TESTFN, (now, None), dir_fd=f)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.utime, support.TESTFN, (None, now), dir_fd=f)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.utime, support.TESTFN, (now, "x"), dir_fd=f)
+            posix.utime(support.TESTFN, (int(now), int(now)), dir_fd=f)
+            posix.utime(support.TESTFN, (now, now), dir_fd=f)
+            posix.utime(support.TESTFN,
+                    (int(now), int((now - int(now)) * 1e9)), dir_fd=f)
+            posix.utime(support.TESTFN, dir_fd=f,
+                            times=(int(now), int((now - int(now)) * 1e9)))
+
+            # try dir_fd and follow_symlinks together
+            if os.utime in os.supports_follow_symlinks:
+                try:
+                    posix.utime(support.TESTFN, follow_symlinks=False, dir_fd=f)
+                except ValueError:
+                    # whoops!  using both together not supported on this platform.
+                    pass
+
+        finally:
+            posix.close(f)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(os.link in os.supports_dir_fd, "test needs dir_fd support in os.link()")
+    def test_link_dir_fd(self):
+        f = posix.open(posix.getcwd(), posix.O_RDONLY)
+        try:
+            posix.link(support.TESTFN, support.TESTFN + 'link', src_dir_fd=f, dst_dir_fd=f)
+        except PermissionError as e:
+            self.skipTest('posix.link(): %s' % e)
+        else:
+            # should have same inodes
+            self.assertEqual(posix.stat(support.TESTFN)[1],
+                posix.stat(support.TESTFN + 'link')[1])
+        finally:
+            posix.close(f)
+            support.unlink(support.TESTFN + 'link')
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(os.mkdir in os.supports_dir_fd, "test needs dir_fd support in os.mkdir()")
+    def test_mkdir_dir_fd(self):
+        f = posix.open(posix.getcwd(), posix.O_RDONLY)
+        try:
+            posix.mkdir(support.TESTFN + 'dir', dir_fd=f)
+            posix.stat(support.TESTFN + 'dir') # should not raise exception
+        finally:
+            posix.close(f)
+            support.rmtree(support.TESTFN + 'dir')
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless((os.mknod in os.supports_dir_fd) and hasattr(stat, 'S_IFIFO'),
+                         "test requires both stat.S_IFIFO and dir_fd support for os.mknod()")
+    def test_mknod_dir_fd(self):
+        # Test using mknodat() to create a FIFO (the only use specified
+        # by POSIX).
+        support.unlink(support.TESTFN)
+        mode = stat.S_IFIFO | stat.S_IRUSR | stat.S_IWUSR
+        f = posix.open(posix.getcwd(), posix.O_RDONLY)
+        try:
+            posix.mknod(support.TESTFN, mode, 0, dir_fd=f)
+        except OSError as e:
+            # Some old systems don't allow unprivileged users to use
+            # mknod(), or only support creating device nodes.
+            self.assertIn(e.errno, (errno.EPERM, errno.EINVAL, errno.EACCES))
+        else:
+            self.assertTrue(stat.S_ISFIFO(posix.stat(support.TESTFN).st_mode))
+        finally:
+            posix.close(f)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(os.open in os.supports_dir_fd, "test needs dir_fd support in os.open()")
+    def test_open_dir_fd(self):
+        support.unlink(support.TESTFN)
+        with open(support.TESTFN, 'w') as outfile:
+            outfile.write("testline\n")
+        a = posix.open(posix.getcwd(), posix.O_RDONLY)
+        b = posix.open(support.TESTFN, posix.O_RDONLY, dir_fd=a)
+        try:
+            res = posix.read(b, 9).decode(encoding="utf-8")
+            self.assertEqual("testline\n", res)
+        finally:
+            posix.close(a)
+            posix.close(b)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(os.readlink in os.supports_dir_fd, "test needs dir_fd support in os.readlink()")
+    def test_readlink_dir_fd(self):
+        os.symlink(support.TESTFN, support.TESTFN + 'link')
+        f = posix.open(posix.getcwd(), posix.O_RDONLY)
+        try:
+            self.assertEqual(posix.readlink(support.TESTFN + 'link'),
+                posix.readlink(support.TESTFN + 'link', dir_fd=f))
+        finally:
+            support.unlink(support.TESTFN + 'link')
+            posix.close(f)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(os.rename in os.supports_dir_fd, "test needs dir_fd support in os.rename()")
+    def test_rename_dir_fd(self):
+        support.unlink(support.TESTFN)
+        support.create_empty_file(support.TESTFN + 'ren')
+        f = posix.open(posix.getcwd(), posix.O_RDONLY)
+        try:
+            posix.rename(support.TESTFN + 'ren', support.TESTFN, src_dir_fd=f, dst_dir_fd=f)
+        except:
+            posix.rename(support.TESTFN + 'ren', support.TESTFN)
+            raise
+        else:
+            posix.stat(support.TESTFN) # should not raise exception
+        finally:
+            posix.close(f)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(os.symlink in os.supports_dir_fd, "test needs dir_fd support in os.symlink()")
+    def test_symlink_dir_fd(self):
+        f = posix.open(posix.getcwd(), posix.O_RDONLY)
+        try:
+            posix.symlink(support.TESTFN, support.TESTFN + 'link', dir_fd=f)
+            self.assertEqual(posix.readlink(support.TESTFN + 'link'), support.TESTFN)
+        finally:
+            posix.close(f)
+            support.unlink(support.TESTFN + 'link')
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(os.unlink in os.supports_dir_fd, "test needs dir_fd support in os.unlink()")
+    def test_unlink_dir_fd(self):
+        f = posix.open(posix.getcwd(), posix.O_RDONLY)
+        support.create_empty_file(support.TESTFN + 'del')
+        posix.stat(support.TESTFN + 'del') # should not raise exception
+        try:
+            posix.unlink(support.TESTFN + 'del', dir_fd=f)
+        except:
+            support.unlink(support.TESTFN + 'del')
+            raise
+        else:
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, posix.stat, support.TESTFN + 'link')
+        finally:
+            posix.close(f)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(os.mkfifo in os.supports_dir_fd, "test needs dir_fd support in os.mkfifo()")
+    def test_mkfifo_dir_fd(self):
+        support.unlink(support.TESTFN)
+        f = posix.open(posix.getcwd(), posix.O_RDONLY)
+        try:
+            try:
+                posix.mkfifo(support.TESTFN,
+                             stat.S_IRUSR | stat.S_IWUSR, dir_fd=f)
+            except PermissionError as e:
+                self.skipTest('posix.mkfifo(): %s' % e)
+            self.assertTrue(stat.S_ISFIFO(posix.stat(support.TESTFN).st_mode))
+        finally:
+            posix.close(f)
+
+    requires_sched_h = unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'sched_yield'),
+                                           "don't have scheduling support")
+    requires_sched_affinity = unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'sched_setaffinity'),
+                                                  "don't have sched affinity support")
+
+    @requires_sched_h
+    def test_sched_yield(self):
+        # This has no error conditions (at least on Linux).
+        posix.sched_yield()
+
+    @requires_sched_h
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'sched_get_priority_max'),
+                         "requires sched_get_priority_max()")
+    def test_sched_priority(self):
+        # Round-robin usually has interesting priorities.
+        pol = posix.SCHED_RR
+        lo = posix.sched_get_priority_min(pol)
+        hi = posix.sched_get_priority_max(pol)
+        self.assertIsInstance(lo, int)
+        self.assertIsInstance(hi, int)
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(hi, lo)
+        # OSX evidently just returns 15 without checking the argument.
+        if sys.platform != "darwin":
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, posix.sched_get_priority_min, -23)
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, posix.sched_get_priority_max, -23)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'sched_setscheduler'), "can't change scheduler")
+    def test_get_and_set_scheduler_and_param(self):
+        possible_schedulers = [sched for name, sched in posix.__dict__.items()
+                               if name.startswith("SCHED_")]
+        mine = posix.sched_getscheduler(0)
+        self.assertIn(mine, possible_schedulers)
+        try:
+            parent = posix.sched_getscheduler(os.getppid())
+        except OSError as e:
+            if e.errno != errno.EPERM:
+                raise
+        else:
+            self.assertIn(parent, possible_schedulers)
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, posix.sched_getscheduler, -1)
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, posix.sched_getparam, -1)
+        param = posix.sched_getparam(0)
+        self.assertIsInstance(param.sched_priority, int)
+
+        # POSIX states that calling sched_setparam() or sched_setscheduler() on
+        # a process with a scheduling policy other than SCHED_FIFO or SCHED_RR
+        # is implementation-defined: NetBSD and FreeBSD can return EINVAL.
+        if not sys.platform.startswith(('freebsd', 'netbsd')):
+            try:
+                posix.sched_setscheduler(0, mine, param)
+                posix.sched_setparam(0, param)
+            except OSError as e:
+                if e.errno != errno.EPERM:
+                    raise
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, posix.sched_setparam, -1, param)
+
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, posix.sched_setscheduler, -1, mine, param)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.sched_setscheduler, 0, mine, None)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.sched_setparam, 0, 43)
+        param = posix.sched_param(None)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.sched_setparam, 0, param)
+        large = 214748364700
+        param = posix.sched_param(large)
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, posix.sched_setparam, 0, param)
+        param = posix.sched_param(sched_priority=-large)
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, posix.sched_setparam, 0, param)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, "sched_rr_get_interval"), "no function")
+    def test_sched_rr_get_interval(self):
+        try:
+            interval = posix.sched_rr_get_interval(0)
+        except OSError as e:
+            # This likely means that sched_rr_get_interval is only valid for
+            # processes with the SCHED_RR scheduler in effect.
+            if e.errno != errno.EINVAL:
+                raise
+            self.skipTest("only works on SCHED_RR processes")
+        self.assertIsInstance(interval, float)
+        # Reasonable constraints, I think.
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(interval, 0.)
+        self.assertLess(interval, 1.)
+
+    @requires_sched_affinity
+    def test_sched_getaffinity(self):
+        mask = posix.sched_getaffinity(0)
+        self.assertIsInstance(mask, set)
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(len(mask), 1)
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, posix.sched_getaffinity, -1)
+        for cpu in mask:
+            self.assertIsInstance(cpu, int)
+            self.assertGreaterEqual(cpu, 0)
+            self.assertLess(cpu, 1 << 32)
+
+    @requires_sched_affinity
+    def test_sched_setaffinity(self):
+        mask = posix.sched_getaffinity(0)
+        if len(mask) > 1:
+            # Empty masks are forbidden
+            mask.pop()
+        posix.sched_setaffinity(0, mask)
+        self.assertEqual(posix.sched_getaffinity(0), mask)
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, posix.sched_setaffinity, 0, [])
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, posix.sched_setaffinity, 0, [-10])
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, posix.sched_setaffinity, 0, [1<<128])
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, posix.sched_setaffinity, -1, mask)
+
+    def test_rtld_constants(self):
+        # check presence of major RTLD_* constants
+        posix.RTLD_LAZY
+        posix.RTLD_NOW
+        posix.RTLD_GLOBAL
+        posix.RTLD_LOCAL
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'SEEK_HOLE'),
+                         "test needs an OS that reports file holes")
+    def test_fs_holes(self):
+        # Even if the filesystem doesn't report holes,
+        # if the OS supports it the SEEK_* constants
+        # will be defined and will have a consistent
+        # behaviour:
+        # os.SEEK_DATA = current position
+        # os.SEEK_HOLE = end of file position
+        with open(support.TESTFN, 'r+b') as fp:
+            fp.write(b"hello")
+            fp.flush()
+            size = fp.tell()
+            fno = fp.fileno()
+            try :
+                for i in range(size):
+                    self.assertEqual(i, os.lseek(fno, i, os.SEEK_DATA))
+                    self.assertLessEqual(size, os.lseek(fno, i, os.SEEK_HOLE))
+                self.assertRaises(OSError, os.lseek, fno, size, os.SEEK_DATA)
+                self.assertRaises(OSError, os.lseek, fno, size, os.SEEK_HOLE)
+            except OSError :
+                # Some OSs claim to support SEEK_HOLE/SEEK_DATA
+                # but it is not true.
+                # For instance:
+                # http://lists.freebsd.org/pipermail/freebsd-amd64/2012-January/014332.html
+                raise unittest.SkipTest("OSError raised!")
+
+    def test_path_error2(self):
+        """
+        Test functions that call path_error2(), providing two filenames in their exceptions.
+        """
+        for name in ("rename", "replace", "link"):
+            function = getattr(os, name, None)
+            if function is None:
+                continue
+
+            for dst in ("noodly2", support.TESTFN):
+                try:
+                    function('doesnotexistfilename', dst)
+                except OSError as e:
+                    self.assertIn("'doesnotexistfilename' -> '{}'".format(dst), str(e))
+                    break
+            else:
+                self.fail("No valid path_error2() test for os." + name)
+
+    def test_path_with_null_character(self):
+        fn = support.TESTFN
+        fn_with_NUL = fn + '\0'
+        self.addCleanup(support.unlink, fn)
+        support.unlink(fn)
+        fd = None
+        try:
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                fd = os.open(fn_with_NUL, os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT) # raises
+        finally:
+            if fd is not None:
+                os.close(fd)
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(fn))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, os.mkdir, fn_with_NUL)
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(fn))
+        open(fn, 'wb').close()
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, os.stat, fn_with_NUL)
+
+    def test_path_with_null_byte(self):
+        fn = os.fsencode(support.TESTFN)
+        fn_with_NUL = fn + b'\0'
+        self.addCleanup(support.unlink, fn)
+        support.unlink(fn)
+        fd = None
+        try:
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                fd = os.open(fn_with_NUL, os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT) # raises
+        finally:
+            if fd is not None:
+                os.close(fd)
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(fn))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, os.mkdir, fn_with_NUL)
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(fn))
+        open(fn, 'wb').close()
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, os.stat, fn_with_NUL)
+
+class PosixGroupsTester(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        if posix.getuid() != 0:
+            raise unittest.SkipTest("not enough privileges")
+        if not hasattr(posix, 'getgroups'):
+            raise unittest.SkipTest("need posix.getgroups")
+        if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+            raise unittest.SkipTest("getgroups(2) is broken on OSX")
+        self.saved_groups = posix.getgroups()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        if hasattr(posix, 'setgroups'):
+            posix.setgroups(self.saved_groups)
+        elif hasattr(posix, 'initgroups'):
+            name = pwd.getpwuid(posix.getuid()).pw_name
+            posix.initgroups(name, self.saved_groups[0])
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'initgroups'),
+                         "test needs posix.initgroups()")
+    def test_initgroups(self):
+        # find missing group
+
+        g = max(self.saved_groups or [0]) + 1
+        name = pwd.getpwuid(posix.getuid()).pw_name
+        posix.initgroups(name, g)
+        self.assertIn(g, posix.getgroups())
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'setgroups'),
+                         "test needs posix.setgroups()")
+    def test_setgroups(self):
+        for groups in [[0], list(range(16))]:
+            posix.setgroups(groups)
+            self.assertListEqual(groups, posix.getgroups())
+
+def test_main():
+    try:
+        support.run_unittest(PosixTester, PosixGroupsTester)
+    finally:
+        support.reap_children()
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    test_main()