@woosh/meep-engine 3.1.0 → 3.3.0

package/src/engine/physics/narrowphase/compute_penetration.js

@@ -1,369 +1,369 @@
-import { aabb3_transform_oriented } from "../../../core/geom/3d/aabb/aabb3_transform_oriented.js";
-import { v3_quaternion_apply } from "../../../core/geom/vec3/v3_quaternion_apply.js";
-import { aabb3_transform_oriented_inverse } from "../../../core/geom/3d/aabb/aabb3_transform_oriented_inverse.js";
-import { decompose_to_triangles } from "./decomposition/decompose_to_triangles.js";
-import { tri3_closest_point_barycentric } from "../../../core/geom/3d/triangle/tri3_closest_point_barycentric.js";
-import { TRIANGLE_FLOAT_STRIDE } from "./decomposition/triangle_buffer_layout.js";
-import { deepest_pair_penetration } from "./narrowphase_step.js";
-import { PosedShape3D } from "../../../core/geom/3d/shape/PosedShape3D.js";
-
-/**
- * Module-scoped scratch — same single-thread re-entrancy assumption as
- * the other narrowphase utilities. Safe because PhysicsSystem queries
- * (and gameplay code calling this) run on the main thread.
- */
-const posed_b = new PosedShape3D();
-
-/**
- * Scratch normal written by the primary {@link deepest_pair_penetration} query.
- * Copied to the caller's `out_direction` only when the depth clears
- * {@link CONTACT_EPSILON}, preserving the "untouched on no overlap" contract.
- * @type {Float64Array}
- */
-const primary_normal = new Float64Array(3);
-
-/**
- * Scratch buffers for the convex-vs-concave recovery path (see
- * {@link concave_recovery_penetration}).
- */
-const local_aabb = new Float64Array(6);
-const world_aabb = new Float64Array(6);
-const concave_query_aabb = new Float64Array(6);
-const scratch_v3 = new Float64Array(3);
-const scratch_rot = new Float64Array(3);
-const scratch_bary = new Float64Array(2);
-
-/**
- * Per-pair triangle decomposition cap for the recovery path. Same rationale as
- * `narrowphase_step.MAX_TRIANGLES_PER_PAIR`: the query AABB is bounded by the
- * convex shape's envelope, so a single pair yields tens of triangles — though
- * a heightmap's count scales O(N²) with its `tessellation` (still inside the
- * buffer for a bounded query at moderate tessellation). The enumerators return
- * the TRUE overlap count and drop overflow writes (typed-array OOB semantics);
- * the consume loop clamps the count to this cap so it never reads past the
- * buffer.
- * @type {number}
- */
-const MAX_TRIANGLES_PER_PAIR = 1024;
-const triangle_buffer = new Float64Array(MAX_TRIANGLES_PER_PAIR * TRIANGLE_FLOAT_STRIDE);
-
-/**
- * Penetration depths below this are treated as no contact. The narrowphase
- * dispatch can report sub-micron "overlap" at exact tangent (GJK/EPA noise,
- * or a closed-form solver returning a hair of depth on a kissing contact); the
- * "0 means no overlap" contract is more useful when that noise is filtered out
- * at the source.
- *
- * 1e-4 m (100 µm) is well below any practical world-scale tolerance while
- * still larger than typical convergence residuals at exact tangent.
- *
- * @type {number}
- */
-const CONTACT_EPSILON = 1e-4;
-
-/**
- * Compute the penetration depth between two shapes at world poses,
- * returning the depth and writing the separation direction.
- *
- * If the shapes overlap, the return value is the positive distance
- * along `out_direction` you would have to translate `shape_a` to
- * separate it from `shape_b`. `out_direction` is the unit vector
- * pointing from `shape_b` toward `shape_a` — applying
- * `out_direction * return_value` to `position_a` (or equivalently
- * `-out_direction * return_value` to `position_b`) is the minimum
- * translation that produces separation.
- *
- * If the shapes do not overlap, the return value is `0` and
- * `out_direction` is left untouched. Callers should treat 0 as "no
- * penetration".
- *
- * Sign convention matches the narrowphase's stored contact normal:
- * `out_direction` ≡ the "B → A" direction (B's outward surface normal at the
- * contact, pointing toward A).
- *
- * ## How it is computed (hardened)
- *
- * The query routes through the **same narrowphase contact dispatch the solver
- * consumes** ({@link deepest_pair_penetration} → `dispatch_pair`) and reports
- * the deepest contact. That makes it correct — not "correct sometimes" — for
- * every shape pair the engine can build:
- *
- *   - **sphere / box / capsule pairs** → exact closed-form solvers
- *     (`sphere_sphere`, `sphere_box`, `box_box` via SAT, `capsule_*`). Box-box
- *     in particular uses the true minimum-translation axis, so a small body
- *     resting on a large box reports the few-cm overlap through the near face
- *     rather than the metres-deep "exit through the far side" a centroid-seeded
- *     MPR portal used to return.
- *   - **general convex pairs** (anything without a closed form) → GJK + EPA,
- *     which is exact for polytopes and is only ever reached by polytope-like
- *     shapes here, since every curved primitive (sphere, capsule) has a closed
- *     form above.
- *   - **convex vs concave** (one of heightmap / mesh) → triangle decomposition
- *     over the convex AABB + the closed-form per-triangle solvers
- *     (`sphere_triangle`, `box_triangle`, `capsule_triangle`), deepest wins.
- *     These are bounded to each triangle's true 2-D extent, so the historical
- *     over-report on closed-mesh side faces (infinite-plane extrapolation) is
- *     gone.
- *
- * ## Convex-vs-concave recovery (fully-tunnelled bodies)
- *
- * The per-triangle closed-form solvers are intentionally one-sided: a convex
- * shape that has crossed to the *inner* side of a surface produces no
- * from-outside contact (the narrowphase won't shove a body deeper into the
- * solid mid-step). For a standalone penetration / depenetration query that is
- * the wrong answer — the shape *is* overlapping the solid and must be pushed
- * back out. When the primary dispatch finds no contact for a convex-vs-concave
- * pair, this function falls back to a half-space test
- * ({@link concave_recovery_penetration}) that reports the outward push-out
- * vector. This is exact for heightmap terrain and a valid (if not strictly
- * minimal) recovery direction for closed meshes.
- *
- * Concave-vs-concave throws — the M×N triangle-pair cost is out of scope (and
- * is also refused by the narrowphase for dynamic pairs).
- *
- * @param {Float64Array|number[]} out_direction length ≥ 3; receives the unit
- *   separation direction (B → A) on penetration
- * @param {AbstractShape3D} shape_a  in shape_a's local frame; may be concave
- * @param {{x:number,y:number,z:number}} position_a  world position of A
- * @param {{x:number,y:number,z:number,w:number}} rotation_a  world rotation of A
- * @param {AbstractShape3D} shape_b  in shape_b's local frame; may be concave
- * @param {{x:number,y:number,z:number}} position_b  world position of B
- * @param {{x:number,y:number,z:number,w:number}} rotation_b  world rotation of B
- * @returns {number} penetration depth (positive) on overlap, 0 otherwise
- * @throws {Error} if both shapes have `is_convex === false`
- */
-export function compute_penetration(
-    out_direction,
-    shape_a, position_a, rotation_a,
-    shape_b, position_b, rotation_b
-) {
-    const isConcaveA = shape_a.is_convex === false;
-    const isConcaveB = shape_b.is_convex === false;
-
-    if (isConcaveA && isConcaveB) {
-        throw new Error("compute_penetration: at most one shape may be non-convex (concave-vs-concave triangle-pair cost is out of scope)");
-    }
-
-    // ── Primary: the exact narrowphase dispatch, deepest contact = MTV. ──
-    const depth = deepest_pair_penetration(
-        primary_normal,
-        shape_a, position_a, rotation_a,
-        shape_b, position_b, rotation_b
-    );
-
-    if (depth > CONTACT_EPSILON && Number.isFinite(depth)) {
-        out_direction[0] = primary_normal[0];
-        out_direction[1] = primary_normal[1];
-        out_direction[2] = primary_normal[2];
-        return depth;
-    }
-
-    // ── Recovery: a convex shape fully crossed to the inner side of a concave
-    //    surface produces no from-outside contact above. Push it back out. ──
-    if (isConcaveA !== isConcaveB) {
-        return concave_recovery_penetration(
-            out_direction, isConcaveA,
-            shape_a, position_a, rotation_a,
-            shape_b, position_b, rotation_b
-        );
-    }
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-/**
- * Recovery fallback for a convex shape that has tunnelled to the inner side of
- * a concave surface (heightmap / mesh), where the one-sided per-triangle
- * solvers report no contact.
- *
- * Per-triangle half-space test, deepest-wins:
- *   1. Face normal of the triangle in world frame (outward by winding).
- *   2. `convex.support(-face_normal)` — the convex's deepest point along the
- *      inward face axis.
- *   3. Signed distance of that point to the triangle's plane. If positive the
- *      convex is fully outside this face → skip. If negative, its magnitude is
- *      the depth and the face normal is the contact axis.
- *
- * Exact for heightmaps (adjacent triangles cover the boundary); for closed
- * meshes the infinite-plane extrapolation can over-report on side faces, but
- * deepest-wins gives a valid outward push that resolves over iterations — and
- * this path only runs once a body is already inside the solid, where any
- * outward direction is progress.
- *
- * @private
- */
-function concave_recovery_penetration(
-    out_direction, isConcaveA,
-    shape_a, position_a, rotation_a,
-    shape_b, position_b, rotation_b
-) {
-    const concave_shape = isConcaveA ? shape_a : shape_b;
-    const concave_pos   = isConcaveA ? position_a : position_b;
-    const concave_rot   = isConcaveA ? rotation_a : rotation_b;
-    const convex_shape  = isConcaveA ? shape_b : shape_a;
-    const convex_pos    = isConcaveA ? position_b : position_a;
-    const convex_rot    = isConcaveA ? rotation_b : rotation_a;
-
-    // ── 1. Convex shape's world AABB ───────────────────────────────
-    convex_shape.compute_bounding_box(local_aabb);
-    aabb3_transform_oriented(
-        world_aabb, 0,
-        local_aabb[0], local_aabb[1], local_aabb[2],
-        local_aabb[3], local_aabb[4], local_aabb[5],
-        convex_pos.x, convex_pos.y, convex_pos.z,
-        convex_rot.x, convex_rot.y, convex_rot.z, convex_rot.w
-    );
-
-    // ── 2. Project into concave's body-local frame ─────────────────
-    aabb3_transform_oriented_inverse(
-        concave_query_aabb, 0,
-        world_aabb,
-        concave_pos.x, concave_pos.y, concave_pos.z,
-        concave_rot.x, concave_rot.y, concave_rot.z, concave_rot.w
-    );
-
-    // ── 3. Decompose to triangles (clamp: TRUE count may exceed the buffer) ─
-    let tri_count = decompose_to_triangles(
-        triangle_buffer, 0, concave_shape,
-        concave_query_aabb[0], concave_query_aabb[1], concave_query_aabb[2],
-        concave_query_aabb[3], concave_query_aabb[4], concave_query_aabb[5]
-    );
-    if (tri_count > MAX_TRIANGLES_PER_PAIR) tri_count = MAX_TRIANGLES_PER_PAIR;
-    if (tri_count === 0) return 0;
-
-    // ── 4. Setup convex PosedShape3D (we'll call support on it per tri) ─
-    posed_b.setup(convex_shape, convex_pos, convex_rot);
-
-    const cqx = concave_rot.x;
-    const cqy = concave_rot.y;
-    const cqz = concave_rot.z;
-    const cqw = concave_rot.w;
-    const c_pos_x = concave_pos.x;
-    const c_pos_y = concave_pos.y;
-    const c_pos_z = concave_pos.z;
-
-    // ── 5. Per-triangle half-space test, deepest-wins ──────────────
-    let best_depth = 0;
-    let best_fnx_w = 0, best_fny_w = 0, best_fnz_w = 0;
-
-    for (let i = 0; i < tri_count; i++) {
-        const tri_offset = i * TRIANGLE_FLOAT_STRIDE;
-
-        const ax = triangle_buffer[tri_offset    ];
-        const ay = triangle_buffer[tri_offset + 1];
-        const az = triangle_buffer[tri_offset + 2];
-        const bx = triangle_buffer[tri_offset + 3];
-        const by = triangle_buffer[tri_offset + 4];
-        const bz = triangle_buffer[tri_offset + 5];
-        const cx_v = triangle_buffer[tri_offset + 6];
-        const cy_v = triangle_buffer[tri_offset + 7];
-        const cz_v = triangle_buffer[tri_offset + 8];
-
-        // Face normal in body-local: (B − A) × (C − A), then normalise.
-        const e1x_l = bx - ax, e1y_l = by - ay, e1z_l = bz - az;
-        const e2x_l = cx_v - ax, e2y_l = cy_v - ay, e2z_l = cz_v - az;
-        let fnx_l = e1y_l * e2z_l - e1z_l * e2y_l;
-        let fny_l = e1z_l * e2x_l - e1x_l * e2z_l;
-        let fnz_l = e1x_l * e2y_l - e1y_l * e2x_l;
-        const fn_mag = Math.sqrt(fnx_l * fnx_l + fny_l * fny_l + fnz_l * fnz_l);
-        if (fn_mag < 1e-12) continue;  // degenerate triangle
-        const fn_inv = 1 / fn_mag;
-        fnx_l *= fn_inv; fny_l *= fn_inv; fnz_l *= fn_inv;
-
-        // Rotate face normal to world via the concave body's quaternion.
-        v3_quaternion_apply(scratch_rot, 0, fnx_l, fny_l, fnz_l, cqx, cqy, cqz, cqw);
-        const fnx_w = scratch_rot[0];
-        const fny_w = scratch_rot[1];
-        const fnz_w = scratch_rot[2];
-
-        // Centroid in body-local → world (one point on the triangle's plane).
-        const cent_lx = (ax + bx + cx_v) / 3;
-        const cent_ly = (ay + by + cy_v) / 3;
-        const cent_lz = (az + bz + cz_v) / 3;
-        v3_quaternion_apply(scratch_rot, 0, cent_lx, cent_ly, cent_lz, cqx, cqy, cqz, cqw);
-        const cent_wx = scratch_rot[0] + c_pos_x;
-        const cent_wy = scratch_rot[1] + c_pos_y;
-        const cent_wz = scratch_rot[2] + c_pos_z;
-
-        // Deepest inward point of convex along -face_normal.
-        posed_b.support(scratch_v3, 0, -fnx_w, -fny_w, -fnz_w);
-
-        // Signed distance from that point to the triangle plane along
-        // the face normal: > 0 ⇒ convex is fully on outward side,
-        // ≤ 0 ⇒ convex extends |dist| into the solid through this face.
-        const signed_dist =
-              (scratch_v3[0] - cent_wx) * fnx_w
-            + (scratch_v3[1] - cent_wy) * fny_w
-            + (scratch_v3[2] - cent_wz) * fnz_w;
-
-        if (signed_dist >= 0) continue;
-
-        const depth = -signed_dist;
-        if (depth < CONTACT_EPSILON) continue;
-
-        // REVIEW_003 B10: the half-space test alone treats every triangle as
-        // an INFINITE plane, and the enumerator deliberately skips height-axis
-        // filtering — so a body partially buried at a cliff base picked up
-        // the cliff-TOP triangle's plane and reported a many-metre phantom
-        // depth that out-bid the genuine local push-out (deepest-wins), and
-        // recovery consumers teleported the body to the plateau. Accept a
-        // triangle only when the CONVEX CENTRE laterally projects onto it
-        // (closest-point distance decomposed against the plane component).
-        // The centre is used rather than the support point because the
-        // support slides along the triangle's own normal and falls off small
-        // steep triangles that genuinely cover the body; the centre of a
-        // buried body is always inside SOME covering triangle's footprint,
-        // so rejection never disables legitimate recovery — it only
-        // silences far-away planes.
-        v3_quaternion_apply(scratch_rot, 0, ax, ay, az, cqx, cqy, cqz, cqw);
-        const wax = scratch_rot[0] + c_pos_x, way = scratch_rot[1] + c_pos_y, waz = scratch_rot[2] + c_pos_z;
-        v3_quaternion_apply(scratch_rot, 0, bx, by, bz, cqx, cqy, cqz, cqw);
-        const wbx = scratch_rot[0] + c_pos_x, wby = scratch_rot[1] + c_pos_y, wbz = scratch_rot[2] + c_pos_z;
-        v3_quaternion_apply(scratch_rot, 0, cx_v, cy_v, cz_v, cqx, cqy, cqz, cqw);
-        const wcx = scratch_rot[0] + c_pos_x, wcy = scratch_rot[1] + c_pos_y, wcz = scratch_rot[2] + c_pos_z;
-        tri3_closest_point_barycentric(
-            scratch_bary, 0,
-            convex_pos.x, convex_pos.y, convex_pos.z,
-            wax, way, waz,
-            wbx, wby, wbz,
-            wcx, wcy, wcz
-        );
-        const al = scratch_bary[0];
-        const be = scratch_bary[1];
-        const qx = al * wax + be * wbx + (1 - al - be) * wcx;
-        const qy = al * way + be * wby + (1 - al - be) * wcy;
-        const qz = al * waz + be * wbz + (1 - al - be) * wcz;
-        const tdx = convex_pos.x - qx, tdy = convex_pos.y - qy, tdz = convex_pos.z - qz;
-        const closest_sqr = tdx * tdx + tdy * tdy + tdz * tdz;
-        const plane_d = tdx * fnx_w + tdy * fny_w + tdz * fnz_w;
-        const lateral_sqr = closest_sqr - plane_d * plane_d;
-        const LATERAL_TOL_SQR = 1e-6; // FP slack only; seams are covered by the neighbouring triangle
-        if (lateral_sqr > LATERAL_TOL_SQR) continue;
-
-        if (depth > best_depth) {
-            best_depth = depth;
-            best_fnx_w = fnx_w;
-            best_fny_w = fny_w;
-            best_fnz_w = fnz_w;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (best_depth === 0) return 0;
-
-    // ── 6. Write out_direction in the user's "B → A" convention ────
-    //   - isConcaveA: original A = concave. "B → A" = convex → concave
-    //     = INTO the solid = −face_normal.
-    //   - isConcaveB: original A = convex. "B → A" = concave → convex
-    //     = AWAY from the solid = +face_normal.
-    if (isConcaveA) {
-        out_direction[0] = -best_fnx_w;
-        out_direction[1] = -best_fny_w;
-        out_direction[2] = -best_fnz_w;
-    } else {
-        out_direction[0] = best_fnx_w;
-        out_direction[1] = best_fny_w;
-        out_direction[2] = best_fnz_w;
-    }
-
-    return best_depth;
-}
+import { aabb3_transform_oriented } from "../../../core/geom/3d/aabb/aabb3_transform_oriented.js";
+import { v3_quaternion_apply } from "../../../core/geom/vec3/v3_quaternion_apply.js";
+import { aabb3_transform_oriented_inverse } from "../../../core/geom/3d/aabb/aabb3_transform_oriented_inverse.js";
+import { decompose_to_triangles } from "./decomposition/decompose_to_triangles.js";
+import { tri3_closest_point_barycentric } from "../../../core/geom/3d/triangle/tri3_closest_point_barycentric.js";
+import { TRIANGLE_FLOAT_STRIDE } from "./decomposition/triangle_buffer_layout.js";
+import { deepest_pair_penetration } from "./narrowphase_step.js";
+import { PosedShape3D } from "../../../core/geom/3d/shape/PosedShape3D.js";
+
+/**
+ * Module-scoped scratch — same single-thread re-entrancy assumption as
+ * the other narrowphase utilities. Safe because PhysicsSystem queries
+ * (and gameplay code calling this) run on the main thread.
+ */
+const posed_b = new PosedShape3D();
+
+/**
+ * Scratch normal written by the primary {@link deepest_pair_penetration} query.
+ * Copied to the caller's `out_direction` only when the depth clears
+ * {@link CONTACT_EPSILON}, preserving the "untouched on no overlap" contract.
+ * @type {Float64Array}
+ */
+const primary_normal = new Float64Array(3);
+
+/**
+ * Scratch buffers for the convex-vs-concave recovery path (see
+ * {@link concave_recovery_penetration}).
+ */
+const local_aabb = new Float64Array(6);
+const world_aabb = new Float64Array(6);
+const concave_query_aabb = new Float64Array(6);
+const scratch_v3 = new Float64Array(3);
+const scratch_rot = new Float64Array(3);
+const scratch_bary = new Float64Array(2);
+
+/**
+ * Per-pair triangle decomposition cap for the recovery path. Same rationale as
+ * `narrowphase_step.MAX_TRIANGLES_PER_PAIR`: the query AABB is bounded by the
+ * convex shape's envelope, so a single pair yields tens of triangles — though
+ * a heightmap's count scales O(N²) with its `tessellation` (still inside the
+ * buffer for a bounded query at moderate tessellation). The enumerators return
+ * the TRUE overlap count and drop overflow writes (typed-array OOB semantics);
+ * the consume loop clamps the count to this cap so it never reads past the
+ * buffer.
+ * @type {number}
+ */
+const MAX_TRIANGLES_PER_PAIR = 1024;
+const triangle_buffer = new Float64Array(MAX_TRIANGLES_PER_PAIR * TRIANGLE_FLOAT_STRIDE);
+
+/**
+ * Penetration depths below this are treated as no contact. The narrowphase
+ * dispatch can report sub-micron "overlap" at exact tangent (GJK/EPA noise,
+ * or a closed-form solver returning a hair of depth on a kissing contact); the
+ * "0 means no overlap" contract is more useful when that noise is filtered out
+ * at the source.
+ *
+ * 1e-4 m (100 µm) is well below any practical world-scale tolerance while
+ * still larger than typical convergence residuals at exact tangent.
+ *
+ * @type {number}
+ */
+const CONTACT_EPSILON = 1e-4;
+
+/**
+ * Compute the penetration depth between two shapes at world poses,
+ * returning the depth and writing the separation direction.
+ *
+ * If the shapes overlap, the return value is the positive distance
+ * along `out_direction` you would have to translate `shape_a` to
+ * separate it from `shape_b`. `out_direction` is the unit vector
+ * pointing from `shape_b` toward `shape_a` — applying
+ * `out_direction * return_value` to `position_a` (or equivalently
+ * `-out_direction * return_value` to `position_b`) is the minimum
+ * translation that produces separation.
+ *
+ * If the shapes do not overlap, the return value is `0` and
+ * `out_direction` is left untouched. Callers should treat 0 as "no
+ * penetration".
+ *
+ * Sign convention matches the narrowphase's stored contact normal:
+ * `out_direction` ≡ the "B → A" direction (B's outward surface normal at the
+ * contact, pointing toward A).
+ *
+ * ## How it is computed (hardened)
+ *
+ * The query routes through the **same narrowphase contact dispatch the solver
+ * consumes** ({@link deepest_pair_penetration} → `dispatch_pair`) and reports
+ * the deepest contact. That makes it correct — not "correct sometimes" — for
+ * every shape pair the engine can build:
+ *
+ *   - **sphere / box / capsule pairs** → exact closed-form solvers
+ *     (`sphere_sphere`, `sphere_box`, `box_box` via SAT, `capsule_*`). Box-box
+ *     in particular uses the true minimum-translation axis, so a small body
+ *     resting on a large box reports the few-cm overlap through the near face
+ *     rather than the metres-deep "exit through the far side" a centroid-seeded
+ *     MPR portal used to return.
+ *   - **general convex pairs** (anything without a closed form) → GJK + EPA,
+ *     which is exact for polytopes and is only ever reached by polytope-like
+ *     shapes here, since every curved primitive (sphere, capsule) has a closed
+ *     form above.
+ *   - **convex vs concave** (one of heightmap / mesh) → triangle decomposition
+ *     over the convex AABB + the closed-form per-triangle solvers
+ *     (`sphere_triangle`, `box_triangle`, `capsule_triangle`), deepest wins.
+ *     These are bounded to each triangle's true 2-D extent, so the historical
+ *     over-report on closed-mesh side faces (infinite-plane extrapolation) is
+ *     gone.
+ *
+ * ## Convex-vs-concave recovery (fully-tunnelled bodies)
+ *
+ * The per-triangle closed-form solvers are intentionally one-sided: a convex
+ * shape that has crossed to the *inner* side of a surface produces no
+ * from-outside contact (the narrowphase won't shove a body deeper into the
+ * solid mid-step). For a standalone penetration / depenetration query that is
+ * the wrong answer — the shape *is* overlapping the solid and must be pushed
+ * back out. When the primary dispatch finds no contact for a convex-vs-concave
+ * pair, this function falls back to a half-space test
+ * ({@link concave_recovery_penetration}) that reports the outward push-out
+ * vector. This is exact for heightmap terrain and a valid (if not strictly
+ * minimal) recovery direction for closed meshes.
+ *
+ * Concave-vs-concave throws — the M×N triangle-pair cost is out of scope (and
+ * is also refused by the narrowphase for dynamic pairs).
+ *
+ * @param {Float64Array|number[]} out_direction length ≥ 3; receives the unit
+ *   separation direction (B → A) on penetration
+ * @param {AbstractShape3D} shape_a  in shape_a's local frame; may be concave
+ * @param {{x:number,y:number,z:number}} position_a  world position of A
+ * @param {{x:number,y:number,z:number,w:number}} rotation_a  world rotation of A
+ * @param {AbstractShape3D} shape_b  in shape_b's local frame; may be concave
+ * @param {{x:number,y:number,z:number}} position_b  world position of B
+ * @param {{x:number,y:number,z:number,w:number}} rotation_b  world rotation of B
+ * @returns {number} penetration depth (positive) on overlap, 0 otherwise
+ * @throws {Error} if both shapes have `is_convex === false`
+ */
+export function compute_penetration(
+    out_direction,
+    shape_a, position_a, rotation_a,
+    shape_b, position_b, rotation_b
+) {
+    const isConcaveA = shape_a.is_convex === false;
+    const isConcaveB = shape_b.is_convex === false;
+
+    if (isConcaveA && isConcaveB) {
+        throw new Error("compute_penetration: at most one shape may be non-convex (concave-vs-concave triangle-pair cost is out of scope)");
+    }
+
+    // ── Primary: the exact narrowphase dispatch, deepest contact = MTV. ──
+    const depth = deepest_pair_penetration(
+        primary_normal,
+        shape_a, position_a, rotation_a,
+        shape_b, position_b, rotation_b
+    );
+
+    if (depth > CONTACT_EPSILON && Number.isFinite(depth)) {
+        out_direction[0] = primary_normal[0];
+        out_direction[1] = primary_normal[1];
+        out_direction[2] = primary_normal[2];
+        return depth;
+    }
+
+    // ── Recovery: a convex shape fully crossed to the inner side of a concave
+    //    surface produces no from-outside contact above. Push it back out. ──
+    if (isConcaveA !== isConcaveB) {
+        return concave_recovery_penetration(
+            out_direction, isConcaveA,
+            shape_a, position_a, rotation_a,
+            shape_b, position_b, rotation_b
+        );
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Recovery fallback for a convex shape that has tunnelled to the inner side of
+ * a concave surface (heightmap / mesh), where the one-sided per-triangle
+ * solvers report no contact.
+ *
+ * Per-triangle half-space test, deepest-wins:
+ *   1. Face normal of the triangle in world frame (outward by winding).
+ *   2. `convex.support(-face_normal)` — the convex's deepest point along the
+ *      inward face axis.
+ *   3. Signed distance of that point to the triangle's plane. If positive the
+ *      convex is fully outside this face → skip. If negative, its magnitude is
+ *      the depth and the face normal is the contact axis.
+ *
+ * Exact for heightmaps (adjacent triangles cover the boundary); for closed
+ * meshes the infinite-plane extrapolation can over-report on side faces, but
+ * deepest-wins gives a valid outward push that resolves over iterations — and
+ * this path only runs once a body is already inside the solid, where any
+ * outward direction is progress.
+ *
+ * @private
+ */
+function concave_recovery_penetration(
+    out_direction, isConcaveA,
+    shape_a, position_a, rotation_a,
+    shape_b, position_b, rotation_b
+) {
+    const concave_shape = isConcaveA ? shape_a : shape_b;
+    const concave_pos   = isConcaveA ? position_a : position_b;
+    const concave_rot   = isConcaveA ? rotation_a : rotation_b;
+    const convex_shape  = isConcaveA ? shape_b : shape_a;
+    const convex_pos    = isConcaveA ? position_b : position_a;
+    const convex_rot    = isConcaveA ? rotation_b : rotation_a;
+
+    // ── 1. Convex shape's world AABB ───────────────────────────────
+    convex_shape.compute_bounding_box(local_aabb);
+    aabb3_transform_oriented(
+        world_aabb, 0,
+        local_aabb[0], local_aabb[1], local_aabb[2],
+        local_aabb[3], local_aabb[4], local_aabb[5],
+        convex_pos.x, convex_pos.y, convex_pos.z,
+        convex_rot.x, convex_rot.y, convex_rot.z, convex_rot.w
+    );
+
+    // ── 2. Project into concave's body-local frame ─────────────────
+    aabb3_transform_oriented_inverse(
+        concave_query_aabb, 0,
+        world_aabb,
+        concave_pos.x, concave_pos.y, concave_pos.z,
+        concave_rot.x, concave_rot.y, concave_rot.z, concave_rot.w
+    );
+
+    // ── 3. Decompose to triangles (clamp: TRUE count may exceed the buffer) ─
+    let tri_count = decompose_to_triangles(
+        triangle_buffer, 0, concave_shape,
+        concave_query_aabb[0], concave_query_aabb[1], concave_query_aabb[2],
+        concave_query_aabb[3], concave_query_aabb[4], concave_query_aabb[5]
+    );
+    if (tri_count > MAX_TRIANGLES_PER_PAIR) tri_count = MAX_TRIANGLES_PER_PAIR;
+    if (tri_count === 0) return 0;
+
+    // ── 4. Setup convex PosedShape3D (we'll call support on it per tri) ─
+    posed_b.setup(convex_shape, convex_pos, convex_rot);
+
+    const cqx = concave_rot.x;
+    const cqy = concave_rot.y;
+    const cqz = concave_rot.z;
+    const cqw = concave_rot.w;
+    const c_pos_x = concave_pos.x;
+    const c_pos_y = concave_pos.y;
+    const c_pos_z = concave_pos.z;
+
+    // ── 5. Per-triangle half-space test, deepest-wins ──────────────
+    let best_depth = 0;
+    let best_fnx_w = 0, best_fny_w = 0, best_fnz_w = 0;
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < tri_count; i++) {
+        const tri_offset = i * TRIANGLE_FLOAT_STRIDE;
+
+        const ax = triangle_buffer[tri_offset    ];
+        const ay = triangle_buffer[tri_offset + 1];
+        const az = triangle_buffer[tri_offset + 2];
+        const bx = triangle_buffer[tri_offset + 3];
+        const by = triangle_buffer[tri_offset + 4];
+        const bz = triangle_buffer[tri_offset + 5];
+        const cx_v = triangle_buffer[tri_offset + 6];
+        const cy_v = triangle_buffer[tri_offset + 7];
+        const cz_v = triangle_buffer[tri_offset + 8];
+
+        // Face normal in body-local: (B − A) × (C − A), then normalise.
+        const e1x_l = bx - ax, e1y_l = by - ay, e1z_l = bz - az;
+        const e2x_l = cx_v - ax, e2y_l = cy_v - ay, e2z_l = cz_v - az;
+        let fnx_l = e1y_l * e2z_l - e1z_l * e2y_l;
+        let fny_l = e1z_l * e2x_l - e1x_l * e2z_l;
+        let fnz_l = e1x_l * e2y_l - e1y_l * e2x_l;
+        const fn_mag = Math.sqrt(fnx_l * fnx_l + fny_l * fny_l + fnz_l * fnz_l);
+        if (fn_mag < 1e-12) continue;  // degenerate triangle
+        const fn_inv = 1 / fn_mag;
+        fnx_l *= fn_inv; fny_l *= fn_inv; fnz_l *= fn_inv;
+
+        // Rotate face normal to world via the concave body's quaternion.
+        v3_quaternion_apply(scratch_rot, 0, fnx_l, fny_l, fnz_l, cqx, cqy, cqz, cqw);
+        const fnx_w = scratch_rot[0];
+        const fny_w = scratch_rot[1];
+        const fnz_w = scratch_rot[2];
+
+        // Centroid in body-local → world (one point on the triangle's plane).
+        const cent_lx = (ax + bx + cx_v) / 3;
+        const cent_ly = (ay + by + cy_v) / 3;
+        const cent_lz = (az + bz + cz_v) / 3;
+        v3_quaternion_apply(scratch_rot, 0, cent_lx, cent_ly, cent_lz, cqx, cqy, cqz, cqw);
+        const cent_wx = scratch_rot[0] + c_pos_x;
+        const cent_wy = scratch_rot[1] + c_pos_y;
+        const cent_wz = scratch_rot[2] + c_pos_z;
+
+        // Deepest inward point of convex along -face_normal.
+        posed_b.support(scratch_v3, 0, -fnx_w, -fny_w, -fnz_w);
+
+        // Signed distance from that point to the triangle plane along
+        // the face normal: > 0 ⇒ convex is fully on outward side,
+        // ≤ 0 ⇒ convex extends |dist| into the solid through this face.
+        const signed_dist =
+              (scratch_v3[0] - cent_wx) * fnx_w
+            + (scratch_v3[1] - cent_wy) * fny_w
+            + (scratch_v3[2] - cent_wz) * fnz_w;
+
+        if (signed_dist >= 0) continue;
+
+        const depth = -signed_dist;
+        if (depth < CONTACT_EPSILON) continue;
+
+        // REVIEW_003 B10: the half-space test alone treats every triangle as
+        // an INFINITE plane, and the enumerator deliberately skips height-axis
+        // filtering — so a body partially buried at a cliff base picked up
+        // the cliff-TOP triangle's plane and reported a many-metre phantom
+        // depth that out-bid the genuine local push-out (deepest-wins), and
+        // recovery consumers teleported the body to the plateau. Accept a
+        // triangle only when the CONVEX CENTRE laterally projects onto it
+        // (closest-point distance decomposed against the plane component).
+        // The centre is used rather than the support point because the
+        // support slides along the triangle's own normal and falls off small
+        // steep triangles that genuinely cover the body; the centre of a
+        // buried body is always inside SOME covering triangle's footprint,
+        // so rejection never disables legitimate recovery — it only
+        // silences far-away planes.
+        v3_quaternion_apply(scratch_rot, 0, ax, ay, az, cqx, cqy, cqz, cqw);
+        const wax = scratch_rot[0] + c_pos_x, way = scratch_rot[1] + c_pos_y, waz = scratch_rot[2] + c_pos_z;
+        v3_quaternion_apply(scratch_rot, 0, bx, by, bz, cqx, cqy, cqz, cqw);
+        const wbx = scratch_rot[0] + c_pos_x, wby = scratch_rot[1] + c_pos_y, wbz = scratch_rot[2] + c_pos_z;
+        v3_quaternion_apply(scratch_rot, 0, cx_v, cy_v, cz_v, cqx, cqy, cqz, cqw);
+        const wcx = scratch_rot[0] + c_pos_x, wcy = scratch_rot[1] + c_pos_y, wcz = scratch_rot[2] + c_pos_z;
+        tri3_closest_point_barycentric(
+            scratch_bary, 0,
+            convex_pos.x, convex_pos.y, convex_pos.z,
+            wax, way, waz,
+            wbx, wby, wbz,
+            wcx, wcy, wcz
+        );
+        const al = scratch_bary[0];
+        const be = scratch_bary[1];
+        const qx = al * wax + be * wbx + (1 - al - be) * wcx;
+        const qy = al * way + be * wby + (1 - al - be) * wcy;
+        const qz = al * waz + be * wbz + (1 - al - be) * wcz;
+        const tdx = convex_pos.x - qx, tdy = convex_pos.y - qy, tdz = convex_pos.z - qz;
+        const closest_sqr = tdx * tdx + tdy * tdy + tdz * tdz;
+        const plane_d = tdx * fnx_w + tdy * fny_w + tdz * fnz_w;
+        const lateral_sqr = closest_sqr - plane_d * plane_d;
+        const LATERAL_TOL_SQR = 1e-6; // FP slack only; seams are covered by the neighbouring triangle
+        if (lateral_sqr > LATERAL_TOL_SQR) continue;
+
+        if (depth > best_depth) {
+            best_depth = depth;
+            best_fnx_w = fnx_w;
+            best_fny_w = fny_w;
+            best_fnz_w = fnz_w;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (best_depth === 0) return 0;
+
+    // ── 6. Write out_direction in the user's "B → A" convention ────
+    //   - isConcaveA: original A = concave. "B → A" = convex → concave
+    //     = INTO the solid = −face_normal.
+    //   - isConcaveB: original A = convex. "B → A" = concave → convex
+    //     = AWAY from the solid = +face_normal.
+    if (isConcaveA) {
+        out_direction[0] = -best_fnx_w;
+        out_direction[1] = -best_fny_w;
+        out_direction[2] = -best_fnz_w;
+    } else {
+        out_direction[0] = best_fnx_w;
+        out_direction[1] = best_fny_w;
+        out_direction[2] = best_fnz_w;
+    }
+
+    return best_depth;
+}