wasmtime 19.0.2 → 20.0.0

data/ext/cargo-vendor/wasmtime-20.0.0/src/runtime/types.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,1378 @@
+use anyhow::{bail, Result};
+use std::fmt::{self, Display};
+use wasmtime_environ::{
+    EngineOrModuleTypeIndex, EntityType, Global, Memory, ModuleTypes, Table, TypeTrace,
+    WasmFuncType, WasmHeapType, WasmRefType, WasmValType,
+};
+use wasmtime_runtime::VMSharedTypeIndex;
+
+use crate::{type_registry::RegisteredType, Engine};
+
+pub(crate) mod matching;
+
+// Type Representations
+
+// Type attributes
+
+/// Indicator of whether a global is mutable or not
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Hash, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub enum Mutability {
+    /// The global is constant and its value does not change
+    Const,
+    /// The value of the global can change over time
+    Var,
+}
+
+// Value Types
+
+/// A list of all possible value types in WebAssembly.
+///
+/// # Subtyping and Equality
+///
+/// `ValType` does not implement `Eq`, because reference types have a subtyping
+/// relationship, and so 99.99% of the time you actually want to check whether
+/// one type matches (i.e. is a subtype of) another type. You can use the
+/// [`ValType::matches`] and [`Val::matches_ty`][crate::Val::matches_ty] methods
+/// to perform these types of checks. If, however, you are in that 0.01%
+/// scenario where you need to check precise equality between types, you can use
+/// the [`ValType::eq`] method.
+#[derive(Clone, Hash)]
+pub enum ValType {
+    // NB: the ordering of variants here is intended to match the ordering in
+    // `wasmtime_types::WasmType` to help improve codegen when converting.
+    //
+    /// Signed 32 bit integer.
+    I32,
+    /// Signed 64 bit integer.
+    I64,
+    /// Floating point 32 bit integer.
+    F32,
+    /// Floating point 64 bit integer.
+    F64,
+    /// A 128 bit number.
+    V128,
+    /// An opaque reference to some type on the heap.
+    Ref(RefType),
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for ValType {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        fmt::Display::fmt(self, f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for ValType {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            ValType::I32 => write!(f, "i32"),
+            ValType::I64 => write!(f, "i64"),
+            ValType::F32 => write!(f, "f32"),
+            ValType::F64 => write!(f, "f64"),
+            ValType::V128 => write!(f, "v128"),
+            ValType::Ref(r) => Display::fmt(r, f),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<RefType> for ValType {
+    #[inline]
+    fn from(r: RefType) -> Self {
+        ValType::Ref(r)
+    }
+}
+
+impl ValType {
+    /// The `externref` type, aka `(ref null extern)`.
+    pub const EXTERNREF: Self = ValType::Ref(RefType::EXTERNREF);
+
+    /// The `funcref` type, aka `(ref null func)`.
+    pub const FUNCREF: Self = ValType::Ref(RefType::FUNCREF);
+
+    /// The `nullfuncref` type, aka `(ref null nofunc)`.
+    pub const NULLFUNCREF: Self = ValType::Ref(RefType::NULLFUNCREF);
+
+    /// The `anyref` type, aka `(ref null any)`.
+    pub const ANYREF: Self = ValType::Ref(RefType::ANYREF);
+
+    /// The `i31ref` type, aka `(ref null i31)`.
+    pub const I31REF: Self = ValType::Ref(RefType::I31REF);
+
+    /// The `nullref` type, aka `(ref null none)`.
+    pub const NULLREF: Self = ValType::Ref(RefType::NULLREF);
+
+    /// Returns true if `ValType` matches any of the numeric types. (e.g. `I32`,
+    /// `I64`, `F32`, `F64`).
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_num(&self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            ValType::I32 | ValType::I64 | ValType::F32 | ValType::F64 => true,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Is this the `i32` type?
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_i32(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, ValType::I32)
+    }
+
+    /// Is this the `i64` type?
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_i64(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, ValType::I64)
+    }
+
+    /// Is this the `f32` type?
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_f32(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, ValType::F32)
+    }
+
+    /// Is this the `f64` type?
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_f64(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, ValType::F64)
+    }
+
+    /// Is this the `v128` type?
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_v128(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, ValType::V128)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true if `ValType` is any kind of reference type.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_ref(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, ValType::Ref(_))
+    }
+
+    /// Is this the `funcref` (aka `(ref null func)`) type?
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_funcref(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(
+            self,
+            ValType::Ref(RefType {
+                is_nullable: true,
+                heap_type: HeapType::Func
+            })
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Is this the `externref` (aka `(ref null extern)`) type?
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_externref(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(
+            self,
+            ValType::Ref(RefType {
+                is_nullable: true,
+                heap_type: HeapType::Extern
+            })
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Is this the `anyref` (aka `(ref null any)`) type?
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_anyref(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(
+            self,
+            ValType::Ref(RefType {
+                is_nullable: true,
+                heap_type: HeapType::Any
+            })
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Get the underlying reference type, if this value type is a reference
+    /// type.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn as_ref(&self) -> Option<&RefType> {
+        match self {
+            ValType::Ref(r) => Some(r),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the underlying reference type, panicking if this value type is not a
+    /// reference type.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn unwrap_ref(&self) -> &RefType {
+        self.as_ref()
+            .expect("ValType::unwrap_ref on a non-reference type")
+    }
+
+    /// Does this value type match the other type?
+    ///
+    /// That is, is this value type a subtype of the other?
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if either type is associated with a different engine from the
+    /// other.
+    pub fn matches(&self, other: &ValType) -> bool {
+        match (self, other) {
+            (Self::I32, Self::I32) => true,
+            (Self::I64, Self::I64) => true,
+            (Self::F32, Self::F32) => true,
+            (Self::F64, Self::F64) => true,
+            (Self::V128, Self::V128) => true,
+            (Self::Ref(a), Self::Ref(b)) => a.matches(b),
+            (Self::I32, _)
+            | (Self::I64, _)
+            | (Self::F32, _)
+            | (Self::F64, _)
+            | (Self::V128, _)
+            | (Self::Ref(_), _) => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Is value type `a` precisely equal to value type `b`?
+    ///
+    /// Returns `false` even if `a` is a subtype of `b` or vice versa, if they
+    /// are not exactly the same value type.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if either type is associated with a different engine.
+    pub fn eq(a: &Self, b: &Self) -> bool {
+        a.matches(b) && b.matches(a)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn ensure_matches(&self, engine: &Engine, other: &ValType) -> Result<()> {
+        if !self.comes_from_same_engine(engine) || !other.comes_from_same_engine(engine) {
+            bail!("type used with wrong engine");
+        }
+        if self.matches(other) {
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            bail!("type mismatch: expected {other}, found {self}")
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn comes_from_same_engine(&self, engine: &Engine) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            Self::I32 | Self::I64 | Self::F32 | Self::F64 | Self::V128 => true,
+            Self::Ref(r) => r.comes_from_same_engine(engine),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn to_wasm_type(&self) -> WasmValType {
+        match self {
+            Self::I32 => WasmValType::I32,
+            Self::I64 => WasmValType::I64,
+            Self::F32 => WasmValType::F32,
+            Self::F64 => WasmValType::F64,
+            Self::V128 => WasmValType::V128,
+            Self::Ref(r) => WasmValType::Ref(r.to_wasm_type()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn from_wasm_type(engine: &Engine, ty: &WasmValType) -> Self {
+        match ty {
+            WasmValType::I32 => Self::I32,
+            WasmValType::I64 => Self::I64,
+            WasmValType::F32 => Self::F32,
+            WasmValType::F64 => Self::F64,
+            WasmValType::V128 => Self::V128,
+            WasmValType::Ref(r) => Self::Ref(RefType::from_wasm_type(engine, r)),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Opaque references to data in the Wasm heap or to host data.
+///
+/// # Subtyping and Equality
+///
+/// `RefType` does not implement `Eq`, because reference types have a subtyping
+/// relationship, and so 99.99% of the time you actually want to check whether
+/// one type matches (i.e. is a subtype of) another type. You can use the
+/// [`RefType::matches`] and [`Ref::matches_ty`][crate::Ref::matches_ty] methods
+/// to perform these types of checks. If, however, you are in that 0.01%
+/// scenario where you need to check precise equality between types, you can use
+/// the [`RefType::eq`] method.
+#[derive(Clone, Hash)]
+pub struct RefType {
+    is_nullable: bool,
+    heap_type: HeapType,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for RefType {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        Display::fmt(self, f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for RefType {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "(ref ")?;
+        if self.is_nullable() {
+            write!(f, "null ")?;
+        }
+        write!(f, "{})", self.heap_type())
+    }
+}
+
+impl RefType {
+    /// The `externref` type, aka `(ref null extern)`.
+    pub const EXTERNREF: Self = RefType {
+        is_nullable: true,
+        heap_type: HeapType::Extern,
+    };
+
+    /// The `funcref` type, aka `(ref null func)`.
+    pub const FUNCREF: Self = RefType {
+        is_nullable: true,
+        heap_type: HeapType::Func,
+    };
+
+    /// The `nullfuncref` type, aka `(ref null nofunc)`.
+    pub const NULLFUNCREF: Self = RefType {
+        is_nullable: true,
+        heap_type: HeapType::NoFunc,
+    };
+
+    /// The `anyref` type, aka `(ref null any)`.
+    pub const ANYREF: Self = RefType {
+        is_nullable: true,
+        heap_type: HeapType::Any,
+    };
+
+    /// The `i31ref` type, aka `(ref null i31)`.
+    pub const I31REF: Self = RefType {
+        is_nullable: true,
+        heap_type: HeapType::I31,
+    };
+
+    /// The `nullref` type, aka `(ref null none)`.
+    pub const NULLREF: Self = RefType {
+        is_nullable: true,
+        heap_type: HeapType::None,
+    };
+
+    /// Construct a new reference type.
+    pub fn new(is_nullable: bool, heap_type: HeapType) -> RefType {
+        RefType {
+            is_nullable,
+            heap_type,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Can this type of reference be null?
+    pub fn is_nullable(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_nullable
+    }
+
+    /// The heap type that this is a reference to.
+    pub fn heap_type(&self) -> &HeapType {
+        &self.heap_type
+    }
+
+    /// Does this reference type match the other?
+    ///
+    /// That is, is this reference type a subtype of the other?
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if either type is associated with a different engine from the
+    /// other.
+    pub fn matches(&self, other: &RefType) -> bool {
+        if self.is_nullable() && !other.is_nullable() {
+            return false;
+        }
+        self.heap_type().matches(other.heap_type())
+    }
+
+    /// Is reference type `a` precisely equal to reference type `b`?
+    ///
+    /// Returns `false` even if `a` is a subtype of `b` or vice versa, if they
+    /// are not exactly the same reference type.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if either type is associated with a different engine.
+    pub fn eq(a: &RefType, b: &RefType) -> bool {
+        a.matches(b) && b.matches(a)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn ensure_matches(&self, engine: &Engine, other: &RefType) -> Result<()> {
+        if !self.comes_from_same_engine(engine) || !other.comes_from_same_engine(engine) {
+            bail!("type used with wrong engine");
+        }
+        if self.matches(other) {
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            bail!("type mismatch: expected {other}, found {self}")
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn comes_from_same_engine(&self, engine: &Engine) -> bool {
+        self.heap_type().comes_from_same_engine(engine)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn to_wasm_type(&self) -> WasmRefType {
+        WasmRefType {
+            nullable: self.is_nullable(),
+            heap_type: self.heap_type().to_wasm_type(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn from_wasm_type(engine: &Engine, ty: &WasmRefType) -> RefType {
+        RefType {
+            is_nullable: ty.nullable,
+            heap_type: HeapType::from_wasm_type(engine, &ty.heap_type),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn is_gc_heap_type(&self) -> bool {
+        self.heap_type().is_gc_heap_type()
+    }
+}
+
+/// The heap types that can Wasm can have references to.
+///
+/// # Subtyping and Equality
+///
+/// `HeapType` does not implement `Eq`, because heap types have a subtyping
+/// relationship, and so 99.99% of the time you actually want to check whether
+/// one type matches (i.e. is a subtype of) another type. You can use the
+/// [`HeapType::matches`] method to perform these types of checks. If, however,
+/// you are in that 0.01% scenario where you need to check precise equality
+/// between types, you can use the [`HeapType::eq`] method.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash)]
+pub enum HeapType {
+    /// The `extern` heap type represents external host data.
+    Extern,
+
+    /// The `func` heap type represents a reference to any kind of function.
+    ///
+    /// This is the top type for the function references type hierarchy, and is
+    /// therefore a supertype of every function reference.
+    Func,
+
+    /// The concrete heap type represents a reference to a function of a
+    /// specific, concrete type.
+    ///
+    /// This is a subtype of `func` and a supertype of `nofunc`.
+    Concrete(FuncType),
+
+    /// The `nofunc` heap type represents the null function reference.
+    ///
+    /// This is the bottom type for the function references type hierarchy, and
+    /// therefore `nofunc` is a subtype of all function reference types.
+    NoFunc,
+
+    /// The abstract `any` heap type represents all internal Wasm data.
+    ///
+    /// This is the top type of the internal type hierarchy, and is therefore a
+    /// supertype of all internal types (such as `i31`, `struct`s, and
+    /// `array`s).
+    Any,
+
+    /// The `i31` heap type represents unboxed 31-bit integers.
+    I31,
+
+    /// The abstract `none` heap type represents the null internal reference.
+    ///
+    /// This is the bottom type for the internal type hierarchy, and therefore
+    /// `none` is a subtype of internal types.
+    None,
+}
+
+impl Display for HeapType {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            HeapType::Extern => write!(f, "extern"),
+            HeapType::Func => write!(f, "func"),
+            HeapType::NoFunc => write!(f, "nofunc"),
+            HeapType::Any => write!(f, "any"),
+            HeapType::I31 => write!(f, "i31"),
+            HeapType::None => write!(f, "none"),
+            HeapType::Concrete(ty) => write!(f, "(concrete {:?})", ty.type_index()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<FuncType> for HeapType {
+    #[inline]
+    fn from(f: FuncType) -> Self {
+        HeapType::Concrete(f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl HeapType {
+    /// Is this the abstract `extern` heap type?
+    pub fn is_extern(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, HeapType::Extern)
+    }
+
+    /// Is this the abstract `func` heap type?
+    pub fn is_func(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, HeapType::Func)
+    }
+
+    /// Is this the abstract `nofunc` heap type?
+    pub fn is_no_func(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, HeapType::NoFunc)
+    }
+
+    /// Is this the abstract `any` heap type?
+    pub fn is_any(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, HeapType::Any)
+    }
+
+    /// Is this the abstract `i31` heap type?
+    pub fn is_i31(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, HeapType::I31)
+    }
+
+    /// Is this the abstract `none` heap type?
+    pub fn is_none(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, HeapType::None)
+    }
+
+    /// Is this an abstract type?
+    ///
+    /// Types that are not abstract are concrete, user-defined types.
+    pub fn is_abstract(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.is_concrete()
+    }
+
+    /// Is this a concrete, user-defined heap type?
+    ///
+    /// Types that are not concrete, user-defined types are abstract types.
+    pub fn is_concrete(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, HeapType::Concrete(_))
+    }
+
+    /// Get the underlying concrete, user-defined type, if any.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` for abstract types.
+    pub fn as_concrete(&self) -> Option<&FuncType> {
+        match self {
+            HeapType::Concrete(f) => Some(f),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the underlying concrete, user-defined type, panicking if this heap
+    /// type is not concrete.
+    pub fn unwrap_concrete(&self) -> &FuncType {
+        self.as_concrete()
+            .expect("HeapType::unwrap_concrete on non-concrete heap type")
+    }
+
+    /// Get the top type of this heap type's type hierarchy.
+    ///
+    /// The returned heap type is a supertype of all types in this heap type's
+    /// type hierarchy.
+    pub fn top(&self, engine: &Engine) -> HeapType {
+        // The engine isn't used yet, but will be once we support Wasm GC, so
+        // future-proof our API.
+        let _ = engine;
+
+        match self {
+            HeapType::Func | HeapType::Concrete(_) | HeapType::NoFunc => HeapType::Func,
+            HeapType::Extern => HeapType::Extern,
+            HeapType::Any | HeapType::I31 | HeapType::None => HeapType::Any,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Does this heap type match the other heap type?
+    ///
+    /// That is, is this heap type a subtype of the other?
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if either type is associated with a different engine from the
+    /// other.
+    pub fn matches(&self, other: &HeapType) -> bool {
+        match (self, other) {
+            (HeapType::Extern, HeapType::Extern) => true,
+            (HeapType::Extern, _) => false,
+
+            (HeapType::NoFunc, HeapType::NoFunc | HeapType::Concrete(_) | HeapType::Func) => true,
+            (HeapType::NoFunc, _) => false,
+
+            (HeapType::Concrete(_), HeapType::Func) => true,
+            (HeapType::Concrete(a), HeapType::Concrete(b)) => a.matches(b),
+            (HeapType::Concrete(_), _) => false,
+
+            (HeapType::Func, HeapType::Func) => true,
+            (HeapType::Func, _) => false,
+
+            (HeapType::None, HeapType::None | HeapType::I31 | HeapType::Any) => true,
+            (HeapType::None, _) => false,
+
+            (HeapType::I31, HeapType::I31 | HeapType::Any) => true,
+            (HeapType::I31, _) => false,
+
+            (HeapType::Any, HeapType::Any) => true,
+            (HeapType::Any, _) => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Is heap type `a` precisely equal to heap type `b`?
+    ///
+    /// Returns `false` even if `a` is a subtype of `b` or vice versa, if they
+    /// are not exactly the same heap type.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if either type is associated with a different engine from the
+    /// other.
+    pub fn eq(a: &HeapType, b: &HeapType) -> bool {
+        a.matches(b) && b.matches(a)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn ensure_matches(&self, engine: &Engine, other: &HeapType) -> Result<()> {
+        if !self.comes_from_same_engine(engine) || !other.comes_from_same_engine(engine) {
+            bail!("type used with wrong engine");
+        }
+        if self.matches(other) {
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            bail!("type mismatch: expected {other}, found {self}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn comes_from_same_engine(&self, engine: &Engine) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            HeapType::Extern
+            | HeapType::Func
+            | HeapType::NoFunc
+            | HeapType::Any
+            | HeapType::I31
+            | HeapType::None => true,
+            HeapType::Concrete(ty) => ty.comes_from_same_engine(engine),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn to_wasm_type(&self) -> WasmHeapType {
+        match self {
+            HeapType::Extern => WasmHeapType::Extern,
+            HeapType::Func => WasmHeapType::Func,
+            HeapType::NoFunc => WasmHeapType::NoFunc,
+            HeapType::Any => WasmHeapType::Any,
+            HeapType::I31 => WasmHeapType::I31,
+            HeapType::None => WasmHeapType::None,
+            HeapType::Concrete(f) => {
+                WasmHeapType::Concrete(EngineOrModuleTypeIndex::Engine(f.type_index().bits()))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn from_wasm_type(engine: &Engine, ty: &WasmHeapType) -> HeapType {
+        match ty {
+            WasmHeapType::Extern => HeapType::Extern,
+            WasmHeapType::Func => HeapType::Func,
+            WasmHeapType::NoFunc => HeapType::NoFunc,
+            WasmHeapType::Any => HeapType::Any,
+            WasmHeapType::I31 => HeapType::I31,
+            WasmHeapType::None => HeapType::None,
+            WasmHeapType::Concrete(EngineOrModuleTypeIndex::Engine(idx)) => {
+                let idx = VMSharedTypeIndex::new(*idx);
+                HeapType::Concrete(FuncType::from_shared_type_index(engine, idx))
+            }
+            WasmHeapType::Concrete(EngineOrModuleTypeIndex::Module(_)) => {
+                panic!("HeapType::from_wasm_type on non-canonical heap type")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn is_gc_heap_type(&self) -> bool {
+        // All `t <: (ref null any)` and `t <: (ref null extern)` that are
+        // not `(ref null? i31)` are GC-managed references.
+        match self {
+            // These types are managed by the GC.
+            HeapType::Extern | HeapType::Any => true,
+
+            // TODO: Once we support concrete struct and array types, we will
+            // need to inspect the payload to determine whether this is a
+            // GC-managed type or not.
+            Self::Concrete(_) => false,
+
+            // These are compatible with GC references, but don't actually point
+            // to GC objecs. It would generally be safe to return `true` here,
+            // but there is no need to.
+            HeapType::I31 => false,
+
+            // These are a subtype of GC-managed types, but are uninhabited, so
+            // can never actually point to a GC object. Again, we could return
+            // `true` here but there is no need.
+            HeapType::None => false,
+
+            // These types are not managed by the GC.
+            HeapType::Func | HeapType::NoFunc => false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// External Types
+
+/// A list of all possible types which can be externally referenced from a
+/// WebAssembly module.
+///
+/// This list can be found in [`ImportType`] or [`ExportType`], so these types
+/// can either be imported or exported.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum ExternType {
+    /// This external type is the type of a WebAssembly function.
+    Func(FuncType),
+    /// This external type is the type of a WebAssembly global.
+    Global(GlobalType),
+    /// This external type is the type of a WebAssembly table.
+    Table(TableType),
+    /// This external type is the type of a WebAssembly memory.
+    Memory(MemoryType),
+}
+
+macro_rules! extern_type_accessors {
+    ($(($variant:ident($ty:ty) $get:ident $unwrap:ident))*) => ($(
+        /// Attempt to return the underlying type of this external type,
+        /// returning `None` if it is a different type.
+        pub fn $get(&self) -> Option<&$ty> {
+            if let ExternType::$variant(e) = self {
+                Some(e)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// Returns the underlying descriptor of this [`ExternType`], panicking
+        /// if it is a different type.
+        ///
+        /// # Panics
+        ///
+        /// Panics if `self` is not of the right type.
+        pub fn $unwrap(&self) -> &$ty {
+            self.$get().expect(concat!("expected ", stringify!($ty)))
+        }
+    )*)
+}
+
+impl ExternType {
+    extern_type_accessors! {
+        (Func(FuncType) func unwrap_func)
+        (Global(GlobalType) global unwrap_global)
+        (Table(TableType) table unwrap_table)
+        (Memory(MemoryType) memory unwrap_memory)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn from_wasmtime(
+        engine: &Engine,
+        types: &ModuleTypes,
+        ty: &EntityType,
+    ) -> ExternType {
+        match ty {
+            EntityType::Function(idx) => match idx {
+                EngineOrModuleTypeIndex::Engine(e) => {
+                    FuncType::from_shared_type_index(engine, VMSharedTypeIndex::new(*e)).into()
+                }
+                EngineOrModuleTypeIndex::Module(m) => {
+                    FuncType::from_wasm_func_type(engine, types[*m].clone()).into()
+                }
+            },
+            EntityType::Global(ty) => GlobalType::from_wasmtime_global(engine, ty).into(),
+            EntityType::Memory(ty) => MemoryType::from_wasmtime_memory(ty).into(),
+            EntityType::Table(ty) => TableType::from_wasmtime_table(engine, ty).into(),
+            EntityType::Tag(_) => unimplemented!("wasm tag support"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<FuncType> for ExternType {
+    fn from(ty: FuncType) -> ExternType {
+        ExternType::Func(ty)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<GlobalType> for ExternType {
+    fn from(ty: GlobalType) -> ExternType {
+        ExternType::Global(ty)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<MemoryType> for ExternType {
+    fn from(ty: MemoryType) -> ExternType {
+        ExternType::Memory(ty)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<TableType> for ExternType {
+    fn from(ty: TableType) -> ExternType {
+        ExternType::Table(ty)
+    }
+}
+
+/// The type of a WebAssembly function.
+///
+/// WebAssembly functions can have 0 or more parameters and results.
+///
+/// # Subtyping and Equality
+///
+/// `FuncType` does not implement `Eq`, because reference types have a subtyping
+/// relationship, and so 99.99% of the time you actually want to check whether
+/// one type matches (i.e. is a subtype of) another type. You can use the
+/// [`FuncType::matches`] and [`Func::matches_ty`][crate::Func::matches_ty]
+/// methods to perform these types of checks. If, however, you are in that 0.01%
+/// scenario where you need to check precise equality between types, you can use
+/// the [`FuncType::eq`] method.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash)]
+pub struct FuncType {
+    registered_type: RegisteredType,
+}
+
+impl Display for FuncType {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "(type (func")?;
+        if self.params().len() > 0 {
+            write!(f, " (param")?;
+            for p in self.params() {
+                write!(f, " {p}")?;
+            }
+            write!(f, ")")?;
+        }
+        if self.results().len() > 0 {
+            write!(f, " (result")?;
+            for r in self.results() {
+                write!(f, " {r}")?;
+            }
+            write!(f, ")")?;
+        }
+        write!(f, "))")
+    }
+}
+
+impl FuncType {
+    /// Creates a new function descriptor from the given parameters and results.
+    ///
+    /// The function descriptor returned will represent a function which takes
+    /// `params` as arguments and returns `results` when it is finished.
+    pub fn new(
+        engine: &Engine,
+        params: impl IntoIterator<Item = ValType>,
+        results: impl IntoIterator<Item = ValType>,
+    ) -> FuncType {
+        // Keep any of our parameters' and results' `RegisteredType`s alive
+        // across `Self::from_wasm_func_type`. If one of our given `ValType`s is
+        // the only thing keeping a type in the registry, we don't want to
+        // unregister it when we convert the `ValType` into a `WasmValType` just
+        // before we register our new `WasmFuncType` that will reference it.
+        let mut registrations = vec![];
+
+        let mut to_wasm_type = |ty: ValType| {
+            if let Some(r) = ty.as_ref() {
+                if let Some(c) = r.heap_type().as_concrete() {
+                    registrations.push(c.registered_type.clone());
+                }
+            }
+            ty.to_wasm_type()
+        };
+
+        Self::from_wasm_func_type(
+            engine,
+            WasmFuncType::new(
+                params.into_iter().map(&mut to_wasm_type).collect(),
+                results.into_iter().map(&mut to_wasm_type).collect(),
+            ),
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Get the engine that this function type is associated with.
+    pub fn engine(&self) -> &Engine {
+        self.registered_type.engine()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the `i`th parameter type.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if `i` is out of bounds.
+    pub fn param(&self, i: usize) -> Option<ValType> {
+        let engine = self.engine();
+        self.registered_type
+            .params()
+            .get(i)
+            .map(|ty| ValType::from_wasm_type(engine, ty))
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the list of parameter types for this function.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn params(&self) -> impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = ValType> + '_ {
+        let engine = self.engine();
+        self.registered_type
+            .params()
+            .iter()
+            .map(|ty| ValType::from_wasm_type(engine, ty))
+    }
+
+    /// Get the `i`th result type.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if `i` is out of bounds.
+    pub fn result(&self, i: usize) -> Option<ValType> {
+        let engine = self.engine();
+        self.registered_type
+            .returns()
+            .get(i)
+            .map(|ty| ValType::from_wasm_type(engine, ty))
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the list of result types for this function.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn results(&self) -> impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = ValType> + '_ {
+        let engine = self.engine();
+        self.registered_type
+            .returns()
+            .iter()
+            .map(|ty| ValType::from_wasm_type(engine, ty))
+    }
+
+    /// Does this function type match the other function type?
+    ///
+    /// That is, is this function type a subtype of the other function type?
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if either type is associated with a different engine from the
+    /// other.
+    pub fn matches(&self, other: &FuncType) -> bool {
+        assert!(self.comes_from_same_engine(other.engine()));
+
+        // Avoid matching on structure for subtyping checks when we have
+        // precisely the same type.
+        if self.type_index() == other.type_index() {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        self.params().len() == other.params().len()
+            && self.results().len() == other.results().len()
+            // Params are contravariant and results are covariant. For more
+            // details and a refresher on variance, read
+            // https://github.com/bytecodealliance/wasm-tools/blob/f1d89a4/crates/wasmparser/src/readers/core/types/matches.rs#L137-L174
+            && self
+                .params()
+                .zip(other.params())
+                .all(|(a, b)| b.matches(&a))
+            && self
+                .results()
+                .zip(other.results())
+                .all(|(a, b)| a.matches(&b))
+    }
+
+    /// Is function type `a` precisely equal to function type `b`?
+    ///
+    /// Returns `false` even if `a` is a subtype of `b` or vice versa, if they
+    /// are not exactly the same function type.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if either type is associated with a different engine from the
+    /// other.
+    pub fn eq(a: &FuncType, b: &FuncType) -> bool {
+        assert!(a.comes_from_same_engine(b.engine()));
+        a.type_index() == b.type_index()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn comes_from_same_engine(&self, engine: &Engine) -> bool {
+        Engine::same(self.registered_type.engine(), engine)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn type_index(&self) -> VMSharedTypeIndex {
+        self.registered_type.index()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn as_wasm_func_type(&self) -> &WasmFuncType {
+        &self.registered_type
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn into_registered_type(self) -> RegisteredType {
+        self.registered_type
+    }
+
+    /// Construct a `FuncType` from a `WasmFuncType`.
+    ///
+    /// This method should only be used when something has already registered --
+    /// and is *keeping registered* -- any other concrete Wasm types referenced
+    /// by the given `WasmFuncType`.
+    ///
+    /// For example, this method may be called to convert a function type from
+    /// within a Wasm module's `ModuleTypes` since the Wasm module itself is
+    /// holding a strong reference to all of its types, including any `(ref null
+    /// <index>)` types used in the function's parameters and results.
+    pub(crate) fn from_wasm_func_type(engine: &Engine, ty: WasmFuncType) -> FuncType {
+        let ty = RegisteredType::new(engine, ty);
+        Self {
+            registered_type: ty,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn from_shared_type_index(engine: &Engine, index: VMSharedTypeIndex) -> FuncType {
+        let ty = RegisteredType::root(engine, index).expect(
+            "VMSharedTypeIndex is not registered in the Engine! Wrong \
+             engine? Didn't root the index somewhere?",
+        );
+        Self {
+            registered_type: ty,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Global Types
+
+/// A WebAssembly global descriptor.
+///
+/// This type describes an instance of a global in a WebAssembly module. Globals
+/// are local to an [`Instance`](crate::Instance) and are either immutable or
+/// mutable.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash)]
+pub struct GlobalType {
+    content: ValType,
+    mutability: Mutability,
+}
+
+impl GlobalType {
+    /// Creates a new global descriptor of the specified `content` type and
+    /// whether or not it's mutable.
+    pub fn new(content: ValType, mutability: Mutability) -> GlobalType {
+        GlobalType {
+            content,
+            mutability,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the value type of this global descriptor.
+    pub fn content(&self) -> &ValType {
+        &self.content
+    }
+
+    /// Returns whether or not this global is mutable.
+    pub fn mutability(&self) -> Mutability {
+        self.mutability
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn to_wasm_type(&self) -> Global {
+        let wasm_ty = self.content().to_wasm_type();
+        let mutability = matches!(self.mutability(), Mutability::Var);
+        Global {
+            wasm_ty,
+            mutability,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `None` if the wasmtime global has a type that we can't
+    /// represent, but that should only very rarely happen and indicate a bug.
+    pub(crate) fn from_wasmtime_global(engine: &Engine, global: &Global) -> GlobalType {
+        let ty = ValType::from_wasm_type(engine, &global.wasm_ty);
+        let mutability = if global.mutability {
+            Mutability::Var
+        } else {
+            Mutability::Const
+        };
+        GlobalType::new(ty, mutability)
+    }
+}
+
+// Table Types
+
+/// A descriptor for a table in a WebAssembly module.
+///
+/// Tables are contiguous chunks of a specific element, typically a `funcref` or
+/// an `externref`. The most common use for tables is a function table through
+/// which `call_indirect` can invoke other functions.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash)]
+pub struct TableType {
+    // Keep a `wasmtime::RefType` so that `TableType::element` doesn't need to
+    // take an `&Engine`.
+    element: RefType,
+    ty: Table,
+}
+
+impl TableType {
+    /// Creates a new table descriptor which will contain the specified
+    /// `element` and have the `limits` applied to its length.
+    pub fn new(element: RefType, min: u32, max: Option<u32>) -> TableType {
+        let wasm_ty = element.to_wasm_type();
+
+        if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
+            wasm_ty
+                .trace(&mut |idx| match idx {
+                    EngineOrModuleTypeIndex::Engine(_) => Ok(()),
+                    EngineOrModuleTypeIndex::Module(module_idx) => Err(format!(
+                        "found module-level canonicalized type index: {module_idx:?}"
+                    )),
+                })
+                .expect("element type should be engine-level canonicalized");
+        }
+
+        TableType {
+            element,
+            ty: Table {
+                wasm_ty,
+                minimum: min,
+                maximum: max,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the element value type of this table.
+    pub fn element(&self) -> &RefType {
+        &self.element
+    }
+
+    /// Returns minimum number of elements this table must have
+    pub fn minimum(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.ty.minimum
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the optionally-specified maximum number of elements this table
+    /// can have.
+    ///
+    /// If this returns `None` then the table is not limited in size.
+    pub fn maximum(&self) -> Option<u32> {
+        self.ty.maximum
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn from_wasmtime_table(engine: &Engine, table: &Table) -> TableType {
+        let element = RefType::from_wasm_type(engine, &table.wasm_ty);
+        TableType {
+            element,
+            ty: table.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn wasmtime_table(&self) -> &Table {
+        &self.ty
+    }
+}
+
+// Memory Types
+
+/// A descriptor for a WebAssembly memory type.
+///
+/// Memories are described in units of pages (64KB) and represent contiguous
+/// chunks of addressable memory.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub struct MemoryType {
+    ty: Memory,
+}
+
+impl MemoryType {
+    /// Creates a new descriptor for a 32-bit WebAssembly memory given the
+    /// specified limits of the memory.
+    ///
+    /// The `minimum` and `maximum`  values here are specified in units of
+    /// WebAssembly pages, which are 64k.
+    pub fn new(minimum: u32, maximum: Option<u32>) -> MemoryType {
+        MemoryType {
+            ty: Memory {
+                memory64: false,
+                shared: false,
+                minimum: minimum.into(),
+                maximum: maximum.map(|i| i.into()),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new descriptor for a 64-bit WebAssembly memory given the
+    /// specified limits of the memory.
+    ///
+    /// The `minimum` and `maximum`  values here are specified in units of
+    /// WebAssembly pages, which are 64k.
+    ///
+    /// Note that 64-bit memories are part of the memory64 proposal for
+    /// WebAssembly which is not standardized yet.
+    pub fn new64(minimum: u64, maximum: Option<u64>) -> MemoryType {
+        MemoryType {
+            ty: Memory {
+                memory64: true,
+                shared: false,
+                minimum,
+                maximum,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new descriptor for shared WebAssembly memory given the
+    /// specified limits of the memory.
+    ///
+    /// The `minimum` and `maximum`  values here are specified in units of
+    /// WebAssembly pages, which are 64k.
+    ///
+    /// Note that shared memories are part of the threads proposal for
+    /// WebAssembly which is not standardized yet.
+    pub fn shared(minimum: u32, maximum: u32) -> MemoryType {
+        MemoryType {
+            ty: Memory {
+                memory64: false,
+                shared: true,
+                minimum: minimum.into(),
+                maximum: Some(maximum.into()),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns whether this is a 64-bit memory or not.
+    ///
+    /// Note that 64-bit memories are part of the memory64 proposal for
+    /// WebAssembly which is not standardized yet.
+    pub fn is_64(&self) -> bool {
+        self.ty.memory64
+    }
+
+    /// Returns whether this is a shared memory or not.
+    ///
+    /// Note that shared memories are part of the threads proposal for
+    /// WebAssembly which is not standardized yet.
+    pub fn is_shared(&self) -> bool {
+        self.ty.shared
+    }
+
+    /// Returns minimum number of WebAssembly pages this memory must have.
+    ///
+    /// Note that the return value, while a `u64`, will always fit into a `u32`
+    /// for 32-bit memories.
+    pub fn minimum(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.ty.minimum
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the optionally-specified maximum number of pages this memory
+    /// can have.
+    ///
+    /// If this returns `None` then the memory is not limited in size.
+    ///
+    /// Note that the return value, while a `u64`, will always fit into a `u32`
+    /// for 32-bit memories.
+    pub fn maximum(&self) -> Option<u64> {
+        self.ty.maximum
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn from_wasmtime_memory(memory: &Memory) -> MemoryType {
+        MemoryType { ty: memory.clone() }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn wasmtime_memory(&self) -> &Memory {
+        &self.ty
+    }
+}
+
+// Import Types
+
+/// A descriptor for an imported value into a wasm module.
+///
+/// This type is primarily accessed from the
+/// [`Module::imports`](crate::Module::imports) API. Each [`ImportType`]
+/// describes an import into the wasm module with the module/name that it's
+/// imported from as well as the type of item that's being imported.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct ImportType<'module> {
+    /// The module of the import.
+    module: &'module str,
+
+    /// The field of the import.
+    name: &'module str,
+
+    /// The type of the import.
+    ty: EntityType,
+    types: &'module ModuleTypes,
+    engine: &'module Engine,
+}
+
+impl<'module> ImportType<'module> {
+    /// Creates a new import descriptor which comes from `module` and `name` and
+    /// is of type `ty`.
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        module: &'module str,
+        name: &'module str,
+        ty: EntityType,
+        types: &'module ModuleTypes,
+        engine: &'module Engine,
+    ) -> ImportType<'module> {
+        ImportType {
+            module,
+            name,
+            ty,
+            types,
+            engine,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the module name that this import is expected to come from.
+    pub fn module(&self) -> &'module str {
+        self.module
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the field name of the module that this import is expected to
+    /// come from.
+    pub fn name(&self) -> &'module str {
+        self.name
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the expected type of this import.
+    pub fn ty(&self) -> ExternType {
+        ExternType::from_wasmtime(self.engine, self.types, &self.ty)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'module> fmt::Debug for ImportType<'module> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("ImportType")
+            .field("module", &self.module())
+            .field("name", &self.name())
+            .field("ty", &self.ty())
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+// Export Types
+
+/// A descriptor for an exported WebAssembly value.
+///
+/// This type is primarily accessed from the
+/// [`Module::exports`](crate::Module::exports) accessor and describes what
+/// names are exported from a wasm module and the type of the item that is
+/// exported.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct ExportType<'module> {
+    /// The name of the export.
+    name: &'module str,
+
+    /// The type of the export.
+    ty: EntityType,
+    types: &'module ModuleTypes,
+    engine: &'module Engine,
+}
+
+impl<'module> ExportType<'module> {
+    /// Creates a new export which is exported with the given `name` and has the
+    /// given `ty`.
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        name: &'module str,
+        ty: EntityType,
+        types: &'module ModuleTypes,
+        engine: &'module Engine,
+    ) -> ExportType<'module> {
+        ExportType {
+            name,
+            ty,
+            types,
+            engine,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the name by which this export is known.
+    pub fn name(&self) -> &'module str {
+        self.name
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the type of this export.
+    pub fn ty(&self) -> ExternType {
+        ExternType::from_wasmtime(self.engine, self.types, &self.ty)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'module> fmt::Debug for ExportType<'module> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("ExportType")
+            .field("name", &self.name().to_owned())
+            .field("ty", &self.ty())
+            .finish()
+    }
+}