wasmtime 19.0.2 → 20.0.0

data/ext/cargo-vendor/wasmtime-20.0.0/src/runtime/component/values.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,978 @@
+use crate::component::func::{desc, Lift, LiftContext, Lower, LowerContext};
+use crate::component::ResourceAny;
+use crate::ValRaw;
+use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Result};
+use std::mem::MaybeUninit;
+use wasmtime_component_util::{DiscriminantSize, FlagsSize};
+use wasmtime_environ::component::{
+    CanonicalAbiInfo, InterfaceType, TypeEnum, TypeFlags, TypeListIndex, TypeOption, TypeResult,
+    TypeVariant, VariantInfo,
+};
+
+/// Represents possible runtime values which a component function can either
+/// consume or produce
+///
+/// This is a dynamic representation of possible values in the component model.
+/// Note that this is not an efficient representation but is instead intended to
+/// be a flexible and somewhat convenient representation. The most efficient
+/// representation of component model types is to use the `bindgen!` macro to
+/// generate native Rust types with specialized liftings and lowerings.
+///
+/// This type is used in conjunction with [`Func::call`] for example if the
+/// signature of a component is not statically known ahead of time.
+///
+/// # Equality and `Val`
+///
+/// This type implements both the Rust `PartialEq` and `Eq` traits. This type
+/// additionally contains values which are not necessarily easily equated,
+/// however, such as floats (`Float32` and `Float64`) and resources. Equality
+/// does require that two values have the same type, and then these cases are
+/// handled as:
+///
+/// * Floats are tested if they are "semantically the same" meaning all NaN
+///   values are equal to all other NaN values. Additionally zero values must be
+///   exactly the same, so positive zero is not equal to negative zero. The
+///   primary use case at this time is fuzzing-related equality which this is
+///   sufficient for.
+///
+/// * Resources are tested if their types and indices into the host table are
+///   equal. This does not compare the underlying representation so borrows of
+///   the same guest resource are not considered equal. This additionally
+///   doesn't go further and test for equality in the guest itself (for example
+///   two different heap allocations of `Box<u32>` can be equal in normal Rust
+///   if they contain the same value, but will never be considered equal when
+///   compared as `Val::Resource`s).
+///
+/// In general if a strict guarantee about equality is required here it's
+/// recommended to "build your own" as this equality intended for fuzzing
+/// Wasmtime may not be suitable for you.
+///
+/// # Component model types and `Val`
+///
+/// The `Val` type here does not contain enough information to say what the
+/// component model type of a `Val` is. This is instead more of an AST of sorts.
+/// For example the `Val::Enum` only carries information about a single
+/// discriminant, not the entire enumeration or what it's a discriminant of.
+///
+/// This means that when a `Val` is passed to Wasmtime, for example as a
+/// function parameter when calling a function or as a return value from an
+/// host-defined imported function, then it must pass a type-check. Instances of
+/// `Val` are type-checked against what's required by the component itself.
+///
+/// [`Func::call`]: crate::component::Func::call
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[allow(missing_docs)]
+pub enum Val {
+    Bool(bool),
+    S8(i8),
+    U8(u8),
+    S16(i16),
+    U16(u16),
+    S32(i32),
+    U32(u32),
+    S64(i64),
+    U64(u64),
+    Float32(f32),
+    Float64(f64),
+    Char(char),
+    String(String),
+    List(Vec<Val>),
+    Record(Vec<(String, Val)>),
+    Tuple(Vec<Val>),
+    Variant(String, Option<Box<Val>>),
+    Enum(String),
+    Option(Option<Box<Val>>),
+    Result(Result<Option<Box<Val>>, Option<Box<Val>>>),
+    Flags(Vec<String>),
+    Resource(ResourceAny),
+}
+
+impl Val {
+    /// Deserialize a value of this type from core Wasm stack values.
+    pub(crate) fn lift(
+        cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>,
+        ty: InterfaceType,
+        src: &mut std::slice::Iter<'_, ValRaw>,
+    ) -> Result<Val> {
+        Ok(match ty {
+            InterfaceType::Bool => Val::Bool(bool::lift(cx, ty, next(src))?),
+            InterfaceType::S8 => Val::S8(i8::lift(cx, ty, next(src))?),
+            InterfaceType::U8 => Val::U8(u8::lift(cx, ty, next(src))?),
+            InterfaceType::S16 => Val::S16(i16::lift(cx, ty, next(src))?),
+            InterfaceType::U16 => Val::U16(u16::lift(cx, ty, next(src))?),
+            InterfaceType::S32 => Val::S32(i32::lift(cx, ty, next(src))?),
+            InterfaceType::U32 => Val::U32(u32::lift(cx, ty, next(src))?),
+            InterfaceType::S64 => Val::S64(i64::lift(cx, ty, next(src))?),
+            InterfaceType::U64 => Val::U64(u64::lift(cx, ty, next(src))?),
+            InterfaceType::Float32 => Val::Float32(f32::lift(cx, ty, next(src))?),
+            InterfaceType::Float64 => Val::Float64(f64::lift(cx, ty, next(src))?),
+            InterfaceType::Char => Val::Char(char::lift(cx, ty, next(src))?),
+            InterfaceType::Own(_) | InterfaceType::Borrow(_) => {
+                Val::Resource(ResourceAny::lift(cx, ty, next(src))?)
+            }
+            InterfaceType::String => Val::String(<_>::lift(cx, ty, &[*next(src), *next(src)])?),
+            InterfaceType::List(i) => {
+                // FIXME: needs memory64 treatment
+                let ptr = u32::lift(cx, InterfaceType::U32, next(src))? as usize;
+                let len = u32::lift(cx, InterfaceType::U32, next(src))? as usize;
+                load_list(cx, i, ptr, len)?
+            }
+            InterfaceType::Record(i) => Val::Record(
+                cx.types[i]
+                    .fields
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|field| {
+                        let val = Self::lift(cx, field.ty, src)?;
+                        Ok((field.name.to_string(), val))
+                    })
+                    .collect::<Result<_>>()?,
+            ),
+            InterfaceType::Tuple(i) => Val::Tuple(
+                cx.types[i]
+                    .types
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|ty| Self::lift(cx, *ty, src))
+                    .collect::<Result<_>>()?,
+            ),
+            InterfaceType::Variant(i) => {
+                let vty = &cx.types[i];
+                let (discriminant, value) = lift_variant(
+                    cx,
+                    cx.types.canonical_abi(&ty).flat_count(usize::MAX).unwrap(),
+                    vty.cases.values().copied(),
+                    src,
+                )?;
+
+                let (k, _) = vty.cases.get_index(discriminant as usize).unwrap();
+                Val::Variant(k.clone(), value)
+            }
+            InterfaceType::Enum(i) => {
+                let ety = &cx.types[i];
+                let (discriminant, _) = lift_variant(
+                    cx,
+                    cx.types.canonical_abi(&ty).flat_count(usize::MAX).unwrap(),
+                    ety.names.iter().map(|_| None),
+                    src,
+                )?;
+
+                Val::Enum(ety.names[discriminant as usize].clone())
+            }
+            InterfaceType::Option(i) => {
+                let (_discriminant, value) = lift_variant(
+                    cx,
+                    cx.types.canonical_abi(&ty).flat_count(usize::MAX).unwrap(),
+                    [None, Some(cx.types[i].ty)].into_iter(),
+                    src,
+                )?;
+
+                Val::Option(value)
+            }
+            InterfaceType::Result(i) => {
+                let result_ty = &cx.types[i];
+                let (discriminant, value) = lift_variant(
+                    cx,
+                    cx.types.canonical_abi(&ty).flat_count(usize::MAX).unwrap(),
+                    [result_ty.ok, result_ty.err].into_iter(),
+                    src,
+                )?;
+
+                Val::Result(if discriminant == 0 {
+                    Ok(value)
+                } else {
+                    Err(value)
+                })
+            }
+            InterfaceType::Flags(i) => {
+                let u32_count = cx.types.canonical_abi(&ty).flat_count(usize::MAX).unwrap();
+                let ty = &cx.types[i];
+                let mut flags = Vec::new();
+                for i in 0..u32_count {
+                    push_flags(
+                        ty,
+                        &mut flags,
+                        (i as u32) * 32,
+                        u32::lift(cx, InterfaceType::U32, next(src))?,
+                    );
+                }
+
+                Val::Flags(flags.into())
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Deserialize a value of this type from the heap.
+    pub(crate) fn load(cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>, ty: InterfaceType, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Val> {
+        Ok(match ty {
+            InterfaceType::Bool => Val::Bool(bool::load(cx, ty, bytes)?),
+            InterfaceType::S8 => Val::S8(i8::load(cx, ty, bytes)?),
+            InterfaceType::U8 => Val::U8(u8::load(cx, ty, bytes)?),
+            InterfaceType::S16 => Val::S16(i16::load(cx, ty, bytes)?),
+            InterfaceType::U16 => Val::U16(u16::load(cx, ty, bytes)?),
+            InterfaceType::S32 => Val::S32(i32::load(cx, ty, bytes)?),
+            InterfaceType::U32 => Val::U32(u32::load(cx, ty, bytes)?),
+            InterfaceType::S64 => Val::S64(i64::load(cx, ty, bytes)?),
+            InterfaceType::U64 => Val::U64(u64::load(cx, ty, bytes)?),
+            InterfaceType::Float32 => Val::Float32(f32::load(cx, ty, bytes)?),
+            InterfaceType::Float64 => Val::Float64(f64::load(cx, ty, bytes)?),
+            InterfaceType::Char => Val::Char(char::load(cx, ty, bytes)?),
+            InterfaceType::String => Val::String(<_>::load(cx, ty, bytes)?),
+            InterfaceType::Own(_) | InterfaceType::Borrow(_) => {
+                Val::Resource(ResourceAny::load(cx, ty, bytes)?)
+            }
+            InterfaceType::List(i) => {
+                // FIXME: needs memory64 treatment
+                let ptr = u32::from_le_bytes(bytes[..4].try_into().unwrap()) as usize;
+                let len = u32::from_le_bytes(bytes[4..].try_into().unwrap()) as usize;
+                load_list(cx, i, ptr, len)?
+            }
+
+            InterfaceType::Record(i) => {
+                let mut offset = 0;
+                let fields = cx.types[i].fields.iter();
+                Val::Record(
+                    fields
+                        .map(|field| -> Result<(String, Val)> {
+                            let abi = cx.types.canonical_abi(&field.ty);
+                            let offset = abi.next_field32(&mut offset);
+                            let offset = usize::try_from(offset).unwrap();
+                            let size = usize::try_from(abi.size32).unwrap();
+                            Ok((
+                                field.name.to_string(),
+                                Val::load(cx, field.ty, &bytes[offset..][..size])?,
+                            ))
+                        })
+                        .collect::<Result<_>>()?,
+                )
+            }
+            InterfaceType::Tuple(i) => {
+                let types = cx.types[i].types.iter().copied();
+                let mut offset = 0;
+                Val::Tuple(
+                    types
+                        .map(|ty| {
+                            let abi = cx.types.canonical_abi(&ty);
+                            let offset = abi.next_field32(&mut offset);
+                            let offset = usize::try_from(offset).unwrap();
+                            let size = usize::try_from(abi.size32).unwrap();
+                            Val::load(cx, ty, &bytes[offset..][..size])
+                        })
+                        .collect::<Result<_>>()?,
+                )
+            }
+            InterfaceType::Variant(i) => {
+                let ty = &cx.types[i];
+                let (discriminant, value) =
+                    load_variant(cx, &ty.info, ty.cases.values().copied(), bytes)?;
+
+                let (k, _) = ty.cases.get_index(discriminant as usize).unwrap();
+                Val::Variant(k.clone(), value)
+            }
+            InterfaceType::Enum(i) => {
+                let ty = &cx.types[i];
+                let (discriminant, _) =
+                    load_variant(cx, &ty.info, ty.names.iter().map(|_| None), bytes)?;
+
+                Val::Enum(ty.names[discriminant as usize].clone())
+            }
+            InterfaceType::Option(i) => {
+                let ty = &cx.types[i];
+                let (_discriminant, value) =
+                    load_variant(cx, &ty.info, [None, Some(ty.ty)].into_iter(), bytes)?;
+
+                Val::Option(value)
+            }
+            InterfaceType::Result(i) => {
+                let ty = &cx.types[i];
+                let (discriminant, value) =
+                    load_variant(cx, &ty.info, [ty.ok, ty.err].into_iter(), bytes)?;
+
+                Val::Result(if discriminant == 0 {
+                    Ok(value)
+                } else {
+                    Err(value)
+                })
+            }
+            InterfaceType::Flags(i) => {
+                let ty = &cx.types[i];
+                let mut flags = Vec::new();
+                match FlagsSize::from_count(ty.names.len()) {
+                    FlagsSize::Size0 => {}
+                    FlagsSize::Size1 => {
+                        let bits = u8::load(cx, InterfaceType::U8, bytes)?;
+                        push_flags(ty, &mut flags, 0, u32::from(bits));
+                    }
+                    FlagsSize::Size2 => {
+                        let bits = u16::load(cx, InterfaceType::U16, bytes)?;
+                        push_flags(ty, &mut flags, 0, u32::from(bits));
+                    }
+                    FlagsSize::Size4Plus(n) => {
+                        for i in 0..n {
+                            let bits = u32::load(
+                                cx,
+                                InterfaceType::U32,
+                                &bytes[usize::from(i) * 4..][..4],
+                            )?;
+                            push_flags(ty, &mut flags, u32::from(i) * 32, bits);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                Val::Flags(flags.into())
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Serialize this value as core Wasm stack values.
+    pub(crate) fn lower<T>(
+        &self,
+        cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, T>,
+        ty: InterfaceType,
+        dst: &mut std::slice::IterMut<'_, MaybeUninit<ValRaw>>,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        match (ty, self) {
+            (InterfaceType::Bool, Val::Bool(value)) => value.lower(cx, ty, next_mut(dst)),
+            (InterfaceType::Bool, _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::S8, Val::S8(value)) => value.lower(cx, ty, next_mut(dst)),
+            (InterfaceType::S8, _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::U8, Val::U8(value)) => value.lower(cx, ty, next_mut(dst)),
+            (InterfaceType::U8, _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::S16, Val::S16(value)) => value.lower(cx, ty, next_mut(dst)),
+            (InterfaceType::S16, _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::U16, Val::U16(value)) => value.lower(cx, ty, next_mut(dst)),
+            (InterfaceType::U16, _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::S32, Val::S32(value)) => value.lower(cx, ty, next_mut(dst)),
+            (InterfaceType::S32, _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::U32, Val::U32(value)) => value.lower(cx, ty, next_mut(dst)),
+            (InterfaceType::U32, _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::S64, Val::S64(value)) => value.lower(cx, ty, next_mut(dst)),
+            (InterfaceType::S64, _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::U64, Val::U64(value)) => value.lower(cx, ty, next_mut(dst)),
+            (InterfaceType::U64, _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::Float32, Val::Float32(value)) => value.lower(cx, ty, next_mut(dst)),
+            (InterfaceType::Float32, _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::Float64, Val::Float64(value)) => value.lower(cx, ty, next_mut(dst)),
+            (InterfaceType::Float64, _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::Char, Val::Char(value)) => value.lower(cx, ty, next_mut(dst)),
+            (InterfaceType::Char, _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            // NB: `lower` on `ResourceAny` does its own type-checking, so skip
+            // looking at it here.
+            (InterfaceType::Borrow(_) | InterfaceType::Own(_), Val::Resource(value)) => {
+                value.lower(cx, ty, next_mut(dst))
+            }
+            (InterfaceType::Borrow(_) | InterfaceType::Own(_), _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::String, Val::String(value)) => {
+                let my_dst = &mut MaybeUninit::<[ValRaw; 2]>::uninit();
+                value.lower(cx, ty, my_dst)?;
+                let my_dst = unsafe { my_dst.assume_init() };
+                next_mut(dst).write(my_dst[0]);
+                next_mut(dst).write(my_dst[1]);
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            (InterfaceType::String, _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::List(ty), Val::List(values)) => {
+                let ty = &cx.types[ty];
+                let (ptr, len) = lower_list(cx, ty.element, values)?;
+                next_mut(dst).write(ValRaw::i64(ptr as i64));
+                next_mut(dst).write(ValRaw::i64(len as i64));
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            (InterfaceType::List(_), _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::Record(ty), Val::Record(values)) => {
+                let ty = &cx.types[ty];
+                if ty.fields.len() != values.len() {
+                    bail!("expected {} fields, got {}", ty.fields.len(), values.len());
+                }
+                for ((name, value), field) in values.iter().zip(ty.fields.iter()) {
+                    if *name != field.name {
+                        bail!("expected field `{}`, got `{name}`", field.name);
+                    }
+                    value.lower(cx, field.ty, dst)?;
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            (InterfaceType::Record(_), _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::Tuple(ty), Val::Tuple(values)) => {
+                let ty = &cx.types[ty];
+                if ty.types.len() != values.len() {
+                    bail!("expected {} types, got {}", ty.types.len(), values.len());
+                }
+                for (value, ty) in values.iter().zip(ty.types.iter()) {
+                    value.lower(cx, *ty, dst)?;
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            (InterfaceType::Tuple(_), _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::Variant(ty), Val::Variant(n, v)) => {
+                GenericVariant::variant(&cx.types[ty], n, v)?.lower(cx, dst)
+            }
+            (InterfaceType::Variant(_), _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::Option(ty), Val::Option(v)) => {
+                GenericVariant::option(&cx.types[ty], v).lower(cx, dst)
+            }
+            (InterfaceType::Option(_), _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::Result(ty), Val::Result(v)) => {
+                GenericVariant::result(&cx.types[ty], v)?.lower(cx, dst)
+            }
+            (InterfaceType::Result(_), _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::Enum(ty), Val::Enum(discriminant)) => {
+                let discriminant = get_enum_discriminant(&cx.types[ty], discriminant)?;
+                next_mut(dst).write(ValRaw::u32(discriminant));
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            (InterfaceType::Enum(_), _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::Flags(ty), Val::Flags(value)) => {
+                let ty = &cx.types[ty];
+                let storage = flags_to_storage(ty, value)?;
+                for value in storage {
+                    next_mut(dst).write(ValRaw::u32(value));
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            (InterfaceType::Flags(_), _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Serialize this value to the heap at the specified memory location.
+    pub(crate) fn store<T>(
+        &self,
+        cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, T>,
+        ty: InterfaceType,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        debug_assert!(offset % usize::try_from(cx.types.canonical_abi(&ty).align32)? == 0);
+
+        match (ty, self) {
+            (InterfaceType::Bool, Val::Bool(value)) => value.store(cx, ty, offset),
+            (InterfaceType::Bool, _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::U8, Val::U8(value)) => value.store(cx, ty, offset),
+            (InterfaceType::U8, _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::S8, Val::S8(value)) => value.store(cx, ty, offset),
+            (InterfaceType::S8, _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::U16, Val::U16(value)) => value.store(cx, ty, offset),
+            (InterfaceType::U16, _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::S16, Val::S16(value)) => value.store(cx, ty, offset),
+            (InterfaceType::S16, _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::U32, Val::U32(value)) => value.store(cx, ty, offset),
+            (InterfaceType::U32, _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::S32, Val::S32(value)) => value.store(cx, ty, offset),
+            (InterfaceType::S32, _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::U64, Val::U64(value)) => value.store(cx, ty, offset),
+            (InterfaceType::U64, _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::S64, Val::S64(value)) => value.store(cx, ty, offset),
+            (InterfaceType::S64, _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::Float32, Val::Float32(value)) => value.store(cx, ty, offset),
+            (InterfaceType::Float32, _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::Float64, Val::Float64(value)) => value.store(cx, ty, offset),
+            (InterfaceType::Float64, _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::Char, Val::Char(value)) => value.store(cx, ty, offset),
+            (InterfaceType::Char, _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::String, Val::String(value)) => value.store(cx, ty, offset),
+            (InterfaceType::String, _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+
+            // NB: resources do type-checking when they lower.
+            (InterfaceType::Borrow(_) | InterfaceType::Own(_), Val::Resource(value)) => {
+                value.store(cx, ty, offset)
+            }
+            (InterfaceType::Borrow(_) | InterfaceType::Own(_), _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::List(ty), Val::List(values)) => {
+                let ty = &cx.types[ty];
+                let (ptr, len) = lower_list(cx, ty.element, values)?;
+                // FIXME: needs memory64 handling
+                *cx.get(offset + 0) = (ptr as i32).to_le_bytes();
+                *cx.get(offset + 4) = (len as i32).to_le_bytes();
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            (InterfaceType::List(_), _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::Record(ty), Val::Record(values)) => {
+                let ty = &cx.types[ty];
+                if ty.fields.len() != values.len() {
+                    bail!("expected {} fields, got {}", ty.fields.len(), values.len());
+                }
+                let mut offset = offset;
+                for ((name, value), field) in values.iter().zip(ty.fields.iter()) {
+                    if *name != field.name {
+                        bail!("expected field `{}`, got `{name}`", field.name);
+                    }
+                    value.store(
+                        cx,
+                        field.ty,
+                        cx.types
+                            .canonical_abi(&field.ty)
+                            .next_field32_size(&mut offset),
+                    )?;
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            (InterfaceType::Record(_), _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::Tuple(ty), Val::Tuple(values)) => {
+                let ty = &cx.types[ty];
+                if ty.types.len() != values.len() {
+                    bail!("expected {} types, got {}", ty.types.len(), values.len());
+                }
+                let mut offset = offset;
+                for (value, ty) in values.iter().zip(ty.types.iter()) {
+                    value.store(
+                        cx,
+                        *ty,
+                        cx.types.canonical_abi(ty).next_field32_size(&mut offset),
+                    )?;
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            (InterfaceType::Tuple(_), _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+
+            (InterfaceType::Variant(ty), Val::Variant(n, v)) => {
+                GenericVariant::variant(&cx.types[ty], n, v)?.store(cx, offset)
+            }
+            (InterfaceType::Variant(_), _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::Enum(ty), Val::Enum(v)) => {
+                GenericVariant::enum_(&cx.types[ty], v)?.store(cx, offset)
+            }
+            (InterfaceType::Enum(_), _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::Option(ty), Val::Option(v)) => {
+                GenericVariant::option(&cx.types[ty], v).store(cx, offset)
+            }
+            (InterfaceType::Option(_), _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+            (InterfaceType::Result(ty), Val::Result(v)) => {
+                GenericVariant::result(&cx.types[ty], v)?.store(cx, offset)
+            }
+            (InterfaceType::Result(_), _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+
+            (InterfaceType::Flags(ty), Val::Flags(flags)) => {
+                let ty = &cx.types[ty];
+                let storage = flags_to_storage(ty, flags)?;
+                match FlagsSize::from_count(ty.names.len()) {
+                    FlagsSize::Size0 => {}
+                    FlagsSize::Size1 => {
+                        u8::try_from(storage[0])
+                            .unwrap()
+                            .store(cx, InterfaceType::U8, offset)?
+                    }
+                    FlagsSize::Size2 => {
+                        u16::try_from(storage[0])
+                            .unwrap()
+                            .store(cx, InterfaceType::U16, offset)?
+                    }
+                    FlagsSize::Size4Plus(_) => {
+                        let mut offset = offset;
+                        for value in storage {
+                            value.store(cx, InterfaceType::U32, offset)?;
+                            offset += 4;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            (InterfaceType::Flags(_), _) => unexpected(ty, self),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn desc(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Val::Bool(_) => "bool",
+            Val::U8(_) => "u8",
+            Val::S8(_) => "s8",
+            Val::U16(_) => "u16",
+            Val::S16(_) => "s16",
+            Val::U32(_) => "u32",
+            Val::S32(_) => "s32",
+            Val::U64(_) => "u64",
+            Val::S64(_) => "s64",
+            Val::Float32(_) => "f32",
+            Val::Float64(_) => "f64",
+            Val::Char(_) => "char",
+            Val::List(_) => "list",
+            Val::String(_) => "string",
+            Val::Record(_) => "record",
+            Val::Enum(_) => "enum",
+            Val::Variant(..) => "variant",
+            Val::Tuple(_) => "tuple",
+            Val::Option(_) => "option",
+            Val::Result(_) => "result",
+            Val::Resource(_) => "resource",
+            Val::Flags(_) => "flags",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for Val {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        match (self, other) {
+            // IEEE 754 equality considers NaN inequal to NaN and negative zero
+            // equal to positive zero, however we do the opposite here, because
+            // this logic is used by testing and fuzzing, which want to know
+            // whether two values are semantically the same, rather than
+            // numerically equal.
+            (Self::Float32(l), Self::Float32(r)) => {
+                (*l != 0.0 && l == r)
+                    || (*l == 0.0 && l.to_bits() == r.to_bits())
+                    || (l.is_nan() && r.is_nan())
+            }
+            (Self::Float32(_), _) => false,
+            (Self::Float64(l), Self::Float64(r)) => {
+                (*l != 0.0 && l == r)
+                    || (*l == 0.0 && l.to_bits() == r.to_bits())
+                    || (l.is_nan() && r.is_nan())
+            }
+            (Self::Float64(_), _) => false,
+
+            (Self::Bool(l), Self::Bool(r)) => l == r,
+            (Self::Bool(_), _) => false,
+            (Self::S8(l), Self::S8(r)) => l == r,
+            (Self::S8(_), _) => false,
+            (Self::U8(l), Self::U8(r)) => l == r,
+            (Self::U8(_), _) => false,
+            (Self::S16(l), Self::S16(r)) => l == r,
+            (Self::S16(_), _) => false,
+            (Self::U16(l), Self::U16(r)) => l == r,
+            (Self::U16(_), _) => false,
+            (Self::S32(l), Self::S32(r)) => l == r,
+            (Self::S32(_), _) => false,
+            (Self::U32(l), Self::U32(r)) => l == r,
+            (Self::U32(_), _) => false,
+            (Self::S64(l), Self::S64(r)) => l == r,
+            (Self::S64(_), _) => false,
+            (Self::U64(l), Self::U64(r)) => l == r,
+            (Self::U64(_), _) => false,
+            (Self::Char(l), Self::Char(r)) => l == r,
+            (Self::Char(_), _) => false,
+            (Self::String(l), Self::String(r)) => l == r,
+            (Self::String(_), _) => false,
+            (Self::List(l), Self::List(r)) => l == r,
+            (Self::List(_), _) => false,
+            (Self::Record(l), Self::Record(r)) => l == r,
+            (Self::Record(_), _) => false,
+            (Self::Tuple(l), Self::Tuple(r)) => l == r,
+            (Self::Tuple(_), _) => false,
+            (Self::Variant(ln, lv), Self::Variant(rn, rv)) => ln == rn && lv == rv,
+            (Self::Variant(..), _) => false,
+            (Self::Enum(l), Self::Enum(r)) => l == r,
+            (Self::Enum(_), _) => false,
+            (Self::Option(l), Self::Option(r)) => l == r,
+            (Self::Option(_), _) => false,
+            (Self::Result(l), Self::Result(r)) => l == r,
+            (Self::Result(_), _) => false,
+            (Self::Flags(l), Self::Flags(r)) => l == r,
+            (Self::Flags(_), _) => false,
+            (Self::Resource(l), Self::Resource(r)) => l == r,
+            (Self::Resource(_), _) => false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for Val {}
+
+struct GenericVariant<'a> {
+    discriminant: u32,
+    payload: Option<(&'a Val, InterfaceType)>,
+    abi: &'a CanonicalAbiInfo,
+    info: &'a VariantInfo,
+}
+
+impl GenericVariant<'_> {
+    fn result<'a>(
+        ty: &'a TypeResult,
+        r: &'a Result<Option<Box<Val>>, Option<Box<Val>>>,
+    ) -> Result<GenericVariant<'a>> {
+        let (discriminant, payload) = match r {
+            Ok(val) => {
+                let payload = match (val, ty.ok) {
+                    (Some(val), Some(ty)) => Some((&**val, ty)),
+                    (None, None) => None,
+                    (Some(_), None) => {
+                        bail!("payload provided to `ok` but not expected");
+                    }
+                    (None, Some(_)) => {
+                        bail!("payload expected to `ok` but not provided");
+                    }
+                };
+                (0, payload)
+            }
+            Err(val) => {
+                let payload = match (val, ty.err) {
+                    (Some(val), Some(ty)) => Some((&**val, ty)),
+                    (None, None) => None,
+                    (Some(_), None) => {
+                        bail!("payload provided to `err` but not expected");
+                    }
+                    (None, Some(_)) => {
+                        bail!("payload expected to `err` but not provided");
+                    }
+                };
+                (1, payload)
+            }
+        };
+        Ok(GenericVariant {
+            discriminant,
+            payload,
+            abi: &ty.abi,
+            info: &ty.info,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn option<'a>(ty: &'a TypeOption, r: &'a Option<Box<Val>>) -> GenericVariant<'a> {
+        let (discriminant, payload) = match r {
+            None => (0, None),
+            Some(val) => (1, Some((&**val, ty.ty))),
+        };
+        GenericVariant {
+            discriminant,
+            payload,
+            abi: &ty.abi,
+            info: &ty.info,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn enum_<'a>(ty: &'a TypeEnum, discriminant: &str) -> Result<GenericVariant<'a>> {
+        let discriminant = get_enum_discriminant(ty, discriminant)?;
+
+        Ok(GenericVariant {
+            discriminant,
+            payload: None,
+            abi: &ty.abi,
+            info: &ty.info,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn variant<'a>(
+        ty: &'a TypeVariant,
+        discriminant_name: &str,
+        payload: &'a Option<Box<Val>>,
+    ) -> Result<GenericVariant<'a>> {
+        let (discriminant, payload_ty) = get_variant_discriminant(ty, discriminant_name)?;
+
+        let payload = match (payload, payload_ty) {
+            (Some(val), Some(ty)) => Some((&**val, *ty)),
+            (None, None) => None,
+            (Some(_), None) => bail!("did not expect a payload for case `{discriminant_name}`"),
+            (None, Some(_)) => bail!("expected a payload for case `{discriminant_name}`"),
+        };
+
+        Ok(GenericVariant {
+            discriminant,
+            payload,
+            abi: &ty.abi,
+            info: &ty.info,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn lower<T>(
+        &self,
+        cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, T>,
+        dst: &mut std::slice::IterMut<'_, MaybeUninit<ValRaw>>,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        next_mut(dst).write(ValRaw::u32(self.discriminant));
+
+        // For the remaining lowered representation of this variant that
+        // the payload didn't write we write out zeros here to ensure
+        // the entire variant is written.
+        let value_flat = match self.payload {
+            Some((value, ty)) => {
+                value.lower(cx, ty, dst)?;
+                cx.types.canonical_abi(&ty).flat_count(usize::MAX).unwrap()
+            }
+            None => 0,
+        };
+        let variant_flat = self.abi.flat_count(usize::MAX).unwrap();
+        for _ in (1 + value_flat)..variant_flat {
+            next_mut(dst).write(ValRaw::u64(0));
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn store<T>(&self, cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, T>, offset: usize) -> Result<()> {
+        match self.info.size {
+            DiscriminantSize::Size1 => {
+                u8::try_from(self.discriminant)
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .store(cx, InterfaceType::U8, offset)?
+            }
+            DiscriminantSize::Size2 => {
+                u16::try_from(self.discriminant)
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .store(cx, InterfaceType::U16, offset)?
+            }
+            DiscriminantSize::Size4 => self.discriminant.store(cx, InterfaceType::U32, offset)?,
+        }
+
+        if let Some((value, ty)) = self.payload {
+            let offset = offset + usize::try_from(self.info.payload_offset32).unwrap();
+            value.store(cx, ty, offset)?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+fn load_list(cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>, ty: TypeListIndex, ptr: usize, len: usize) -> Result<Val> {
+    let elem = cx.types[ty].element;
+    let abi = cx.types.canonical_abi(&elem);
+    let element_size = usize::try_from(abi.size32).unwrap();
+    let element_alignment = abi.align32;
+
+    match len
+        .checked_mul(element_size)
+        .and_then(|len| ptr.checked_add(len))
+    {
+        Some(n) if n <= cx.memory().len() => {}
+        _ => bail!("list pointer/length out of bounds of memory"),
+    }
+    if ptr % usize::try_from(element_alignment)? != 0 {
+        bail!("list pointer is not aligned")
+    }
+
+    Ok(Val::List(
+        (0..len)
+            .map(|index| {
+                Val::load(
+                    cx,
+                    elem,
+                    &cx.memory()[ptr + (index * element_size)..][..element_size],
+                )
+            })
+            .collect::<Result<_>>()?,
+    ))
+}
+
+fn load_variant(
+    cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>,
+    info: &VariantInfo,
+    mut types: impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = Option<InterfaceType>>,
+    bytes: &[u8],
+) -> Result<(u32, Option<Box<Val>>)> {
+    let discriminant = match info.size {
+        DiscriminantSize::Size1 => u32::from(u8::load(cx, InterfaceType::U8, &bytes[..1])?),
+        DiscriminantSize::Size2 => u32::from(u16::load(cx, InterfaceType::U16, &bytes[..2])?),
+        DiscriminantSize::Size4 => u32::load(cx, InterfaceType::U32, &bytes[..4])?,
+    };
+    let case_ty = types.nth(discriminant as usize).ok_or_else(|| {
+        anyhow!(
+            "discriminant {} out of range [0..{})",
+            discriminant,
+            types.len()
+        )
+    })?;
+    let value = match case_ty {
+        Some(case_ty) => {
+            let payload_offset = usize::try_from(info.payload_offset32).unwrap();
+            let case_abi = cx.types.canonical_abi(&case_ty);
+            let case_size = usize::try_from(case_abi.size32).unwrap();
+            Some(Box::new(Val::load(
+                cx,
+                case_ty,
+                &bytes[payload_offset..][..case_size],
+            )?))
+        }
+        None => None,
+    };
+    Ok((discriminant, value))
+}
+
+fn lift_variant(
+    cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>,
+    flatten_count: usize,
+    mut types: impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = Option<InterfaceType>>,
+    src: &mut std::slice::Iter<'_, ValRaw>,
+) -> Result<(u32, Option<Box<Val>>)> {
+    let len = types.len();
+    let discriminant = next(src).get_u32();
+    let ty = types
+        .nth(discriminant as usize)
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("discriminant {} out of range [0..{})", discriminant, len))?;
+    let (value, value_flat) = match ty {
+        Some(ty) => (
+            Some(Box::new(Val::lift(cx, ty, src)?)),
+            cx.types.canonical_abi(&ty).flat_count(usize::MAX).unwrap(),
+        ),
+        None => (None, 0),
+    };
+    for _ in (1 + value_flat)..flatten_count {
+        next(src);
+    }
+    Ok((discriminant, value))
+}
+
+/// Lower a list with the specified element type and values.
+fn lower_list<T>(
+    cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, T>,
+    element_type: InterfaceType,
+    items: &[Val],
+) -> Result<(usize, usize)> {
+    let abi = cx.types.canonical_abi(&element_type);
+    let elt_size = usize::try_from(abi.size32)?;
+    let elt_align = abi.align32;
+    let size = items
+        .len()
+        .checked_mul(elt_size)
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("size overflow copying a list"))?;
+    let ptr = cx.realloc(0, 0, elt_align, size)?;
+    let mut element_ptr = ptr;
+    for item in items {
+        item.store(cx, element_type, element_ptr)?;
+        element_ptr += elt_size;
+    }
+    Ok((ptr, items.len()))
+}
+
+fn push_flags(ty: &TypeFlags, flags: &mut Vec<String>, mut offset: u32, mut bits: u32) {
+    while bits > 0 {
+        if bits & 1 != 0 {
+            flags.push(ty.names[offset as usize].clone());
+        }
+        bits >>= 1;
+        offset += 1;
+    }
+}
+
+fn flags_to_storage(ty: &TypeFlags, flags: &[String]) -> Result<Vec<u32>> {
+    let mut storage = match FlagsSize::from_count(ty.names.len()) {
+        FlagsSize::Size0 => Vec::new(),
+        FlagsSize::Size1 | FlagsSize::Size2 => vec![0],
+        FlagsSize::Size4Plus(n) => vec![0; n.into()],
+    };
+
+    for flag in flags {
+        let bit = ty
+            .names
+            .get_index_of(flag)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("unknown flag: `{flag}`"))?;
+        storage[bit / 32] |= 1 << (bit % 32);
+    }
+    Ok(storage)
+}
+
+fn get_enum_discriminant(ty: &TypeEnum, n: &str) -> Result<u32> {
+    ty.names
+        .get_index_of(n)
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("enum variant name `{n}` is not valid"))
+        .map(|i| i as u32)
+}
+
+fn get_variant_discriminant<'a>(
+    ty: &'a TypeVariant,
+    name: &str,
+) -> Result<(u32, &'a Option<InterfaceType>)> {
+    let (i, _, ty) = ty
+        .cases
+        .get_full(name)
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("unknown variant case: `{name}`"))?;
+    Ok((i as u32, ty))
+}
+
+fn next<'a>(src: &mut std::slice::Iter<'a, ValRaw>) -> &'a ValRaw {
+    src.next().unwrap()
+}
+
+fn next_mut<'a>(
+    dst: &mut std::slice::IterMut<'a, MaybeUninit<ValRaw>>,
+) -> &'a mut MaybeUninit<ValRaw> {
+    dst.next().unwrap()
+}
+
+#[cold]
+fn unexpected<T>(ty: InterfaceType, val: &Val) -> Result<T> {
+    bail!(
+        "type mismatch: expected {}, found {}",
+        desc(&ty),
+        val.desc()
+    )
+}