wasmtime 12.0.1 → 13.0.0

data/ext/cargo-vendor/wasmparser-0.113.1/src/validator.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,1595 @@
+/* Copyright 2018 Mozilla Foundation
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+use crate::{
+    limits::*, BinaryReaderError, Encoding, FromReader, FunctionBody, HeapType, Parser, Payload,
+    Result, SectionLimited, ValType, WASM_COMPONENT_VERSION, WASM_MODULE_VERSION,
+};
+use std::mem;
+use std::ops::Range;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+/// Test whether the given buffer contains a valid WebAssembly module or component,
+/// analogous to [`WebAssembly.validate`][js] in the JS API.
+///
+/// This functions requires the bytes to validate are entirely resident in memory.
+/// Additionally this validates the given bytes with the default set of WebAssembly
+/// features implemented by `wasmparser`.
+///
+/// For more fine-tuned control over validation it's recommended to review the
+/// documentation of [`Validator`].
+///
+/// Upon success, the type information for the top-level module or component will
+/// be returned.
+///
+/// [js]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/WebAssembly/validate
+pub fn validate(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Types> {
+    Validator::new().validate_all(bytes)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_validate() {
+    assert!(validate(&[0x0, 0x61, 0x73, 0x6d, 0x1, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0]).is_ok());
+    assert!(validate(&[0x0, 0x61, 0x73, 0x6d, 0x2, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0]).is_err());
+}
+
+mod component;
+mod core;
+mod func;
+pub mod names;
+mod operators;
+pub mod types;
+
+use self::component::*;
+pub use self::core::ValidatorResources;
+use self::core::*;
+use self::types::{TypeAlloc, Types, TypesRef};
+pub use func::{FuncToValidate, FuncValidator, FuncValidatorAllocations};
+pub use operators::{Frame, FrameKind};
+
+fn check_max(cur_len: usize, amt_added: u32, max: usize, desc: &str, offset: usize) -> Result<()> {
+    if max
+        .checked_sub(cur_len)
+        .and_then(|amt| amt.checked_sub(amt_added as usize))
+        .is_none()
+    {
+        if max == 1 {
+            bail!(offset, "multiple {desc}");
+        }
+
+        bail!(offset, "{desc} count exceeds limit of {max}");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn combine_type_sizes(a: u32, b: u32, offset: usize) -> Result<u32> {
+    match a.checked_add(b) {
+        Some(sum) if sum < MAX_WASM_TYPE_SIZE => Ok(sum),
+        _ => Err(format_err!(
+            offset,
+            "effective type size exceeds the limit of {MAX_WASM_TYPE_SIZE}",
+        )),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Validator for a WebAssembly binary module or component.
+///
+/// This structure encapsulates state necessary to validate a WebAssembly
+/// binary. This implements validation as defined by the [core
+/// specification][core]. A `Validator` is designed, like
+/// [`Parser`], to accept incremental input over time.
+/// Additionally a `Validator` is also designed for parallel validation of
+/// functions as they are received.
+///
+/// It's expected that you'll be using a [`Parser`] in tandem with a
+/// `Validator`. As each [`Payload`](crate::Payload) is received from a
+/// [`Parser`] you'll pass it into a `Validator` to test the validity of the
+/// payload. Note that all payloads received from a [`Parser`] are expected to
+/// be passed to a [`Validator`]. For example if you receive
+/// [`Payload::TypeSection`](crate::Payload) you'll call
+/// [`Validator::type_section`] to validate this.
+///
+/// The design of [`Validator`] is intended that you'll interleave, in your own
+/// application's processing, calls to validation. Each variant, after it's
+/// received, will be validated and then your application would proceed as
+/// usual. At all times, however, you'll have access to the [`Validator`] and
+/// the validation context up to that point. This enables applications to check
+/// the types of functions and learn how many globals there are, for example.
+///
+/// [core]: https://webassembly.github.io/spec/core/valid/index.html
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct Validator {
+    /// The current state of the validator.
+    state: State,
+
+    /// The global type space used by the validator and any sub-validators.
+    types: TypeAlloc,
+
+    /// The module state when parsing a WebAssembly module.
+    module: Option<ModuleState>,
+
+    /// With the component model enabled, this stores the pushed component states.
+    /// The top of the stack is the current component state.
+    components: Vec<ComponentState>,
+
+    /// Enabled WebAssembly feature flags, dictating what's valid and what
+    /// isn't.
+    features: WasmFeatures,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq)]
+enum State {
+    /// A header has not yet been parsed.
+    ///
+    /// The value is the expected encoding for the header.
+    Unparsed(Option<Encoding>),
+    /// A module header has been parsed.
+    ///
+    /// The associated module state is available via [`Validator::module`].
+    Module,
+    /// A component header has been parsed.
+    ///
+    /// The associated component state exists at the top of the
+    /// validator's [`Validator::components`] stack.
+    Component,
+    /// The parse has completed and no more data is expected.
+    End,
+}
+
+impl State {
+    fn ensure_parsable(&self, offset: usize) -> Result<()> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Module | Self::Component => Ok(()),
+            Self::Unparsed(_) => Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                "unexpected section before header was parsed",
+                offset,
+            )),
+            Self::End => Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                "unexpected section after parsing has completed",
+                offset,
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn ensure_module(&self, section: &str, offset: usize) -> Result<()> {
+        self.ensure_parsable(offset)?;
+
+        match self {
+            Self::Module => Ok(()),
+            Self::Component => Err(format_err!(
+                offset,
+                "unexpected module {section} section while parsing a component",
+            )),
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn ensure_component(&self, section: &str, offset: usize) -> Result<()> {
+        self.ensure_parsable(offset)?;
+
+        match self {
+            Self::Component => Ok(()),
+            Self::Module => Err(format_err!(
+                offset,
+                "unexpected component {section} section while parsing a module",
+            )),
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for State {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::Unparsed(None)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Flags for features that are enabled for validation.
+#[derive(Hash, Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+pub struct WasmFeatures {
+    /// The WebAssembly `mutable-global` proposal (enabled by default)
+    pub mutable_global: bool,
+    /// The WebAssembly `nontrapping-float-to-int-conversions` proposal (enabled by default)
+    pub saturating_float_to_int: bool,
+    /// The WebAssembly `sign-extension-ops` proposal (enabled by default)
+    pub sign_extension: bool,
+    /// The WebAssembly reference types proposal (enabled by default)
+    pub reference_types: bool,
+    /// The WebAssembly multi-value proposal (enabled by default)
+    pub multi_value: bool,
+    /// The WebAssembly bulk memory operations proposal (enabled by default)
+    pub bulk_memory: bool,
+    /// The WebAssembly SIMD proposal (enabled by default)
+    pub simd: bool,
+    /// The WebAssembly Relaxed SIMD proposal
+    pub relaxed_simd: bool,
+    /// The WebAssembly threads proposal
+    pub threads: bool,
+    /// The WebAssembly tail-call proposal
+    pub tail_call: bool,
+    /// Whether or not floating-point instructions are enabled.
+    ///
+    /// This is enabled by default can be used to disallow floating-point
+    /// operators and types.
+    ///
+    /// This does not correspond to a WebAssembly proposal but is instead
+    /// intended for embeddings which have stricter-than-usual requirements
+    /// about execution. Floats in WebAssembly can have different NaN patterns
+    /// across hosts which can lead to host-dependent execution which some
+    /// runtimes may not desire.
+    pub floats: bool,
+    /// The WebAssembly multi memory proposal
+    pub multi_memory: bool,
+    /// The WebAssembly exception handling proposal
+    pub exceptions: bool,
+    /// The WebAssembly memory64 proposal
+    pub memory64: bool,
+    /// The WebAssembly extended_const proposal
+    pub extended_const: bool,
+    /// The WebAssembly component model proposal.
+    pub component_model: bool,
+    /// The WebAssembly typed function references proposal
+    pub function_references: bool,
+    /// The WebAssembly memory control proposal
+    pub memory_control: bool,
+    /// The WebAssembly gc proposal
+    pub gc: bool,
+    /// Support for the `value` type in the component model proposal.
+    pub component_model_values: bool,
+}
+
+impl WasmFeatures {
+    /// Returns [`WasmFeatures`] with all features enabled.
+    pub fn all() -> Self {
+        WasmFeatures {
+            mutable_global: true,
+            saturating_float_to_int: true,
+            sign_extension: true,
+            reference_types: true,
+            multi_value: true,
+            bulk_memory: true,
+            simd: true,
+            relaxed_simd: true,
+            threads: true,
+            tail_call: true,
+            floats: true,
+            multi_memory: true,
+            exceptions: true,
+            memory64: true,
+            extended_const: true,
+            component_model: true,
+            function_references: true,
+            memory_control: true,
+            gc: true,
+            component_model_values: true,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// NOTE: This only checks that the value type corresponds to the feature set!!
+    ///
+    /// To check that reference types are valid, we need access to the module
+    /// types. Use module.check_value_type.
+    pub(crate) fn check_value_type(&self, ty: ValType) -> Result<(), &'static str> {
+        match ty {
+            ValType::I32 | ValType::I64 => Ok(()),
+            ValType::F32 | ValType::F64 => {
+                if self.floats {
+                    Ok(())
+                } else {
+                    Err("floating-point support is disabled")
+                }
+            }
+            ValType::Ref(r) => {
+                if !self.reference_types {
+                    return Err("reference types support is not enabled");
+                }
+                match (r.heap_type(), r.is_nullable()) {
+                    // funcref/externref only require `reference-types`
+                    (HeapType::Func, true) | (HeapType::Extern, true) => Ok(()),
+
+                    // non-nullable func/extern references requires the
+                    // `function-references` proposal
+                    (HeapType::Func | HeapType::Extern, false) => {
+                        if self.function_references {
+                            Ok(())
+                        } else {
+                            Err("function references required for non-nullable types")
+                        }
+                    }
+                    // indexed types require at least the function-references
+                    // proposal
+                    (HeapType::Indexed(_), _) => {
+                        if self.function_references {
+                            Ok(())
+                        } else {
+                            Err("function references required for index reference types")
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    // types added in the gc proposal
+                    (
+                        HeapType::Any
+                        | HeapType::None
+                        | HeapType::Eq
+                        | HeapType::Struct
+                        | HeapType::Array
+                        | HeapType::I31
+                        | HeapType::NoExtern
+                        | HeapType::NoFunc,
+                        _,
+                    ) => {
+                        if self.gc {
+                            Ok(())
+                        } else {
+                            Err("heap types not supported without the gc feature")
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            ValType::V128 => {
+                if self.simd {
+                    Ok(())
+                } else {
+                    Err("SIMD support is not enabled")
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for WasmFeatures {
+    fn default() -> WasmFeatures {
+        WasmFeatures {
+            // Off-by-default features.
+            relaxed_simd: false,
+            threads: false,
+            multi_memory: false,
+            exceptions: false,
+            memory64: false,
+            extended_const: false,
+            component_model: false,
+            function_references: false,
+            memory_control: false,
+            gc: false,
+            component_model_values: false,
+
+            // On-by-default features (phase 4 or greater).
+            mutable_global: true,
+            saturating_float_to_int: true,
+            sign_extension: true,
+            bulk_memory: true,
+            multi_value: true,
+            reference_types: true,
+            tail_call: true,
+            simd: true,
+            floats: true,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Possible return values from [`Validator::payload`].
+#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
+pub enum ValidPayload<'a> {
+    /// The payload validated, no further action need be taken.
+    Ok,
+    /// The payload validated, but it started a nested module or component.
+    ///
+    /// This result indicates that the specified parser should be used instead
+    /// of the currently-used parser until this returned one ends.
+    Parser(Parser),
+    /// A function was found to be validate.
+    Func(FuncToValidate<ValidatorResources>, FunctionBody<'a>),
+    /// The end payload was validated and the types known to the validator
+    /// are provided.
+    End(Types),
+}
+
+impl Validator {
+    /// Creates a new [`Validator`] ready to validate a WebAssembly module
+    /// or component.
+    ///
+    /// The new validator will receive payloads parsed from
+    /// [`Parser`], and expects the first payload received to be
+    /// the version header from the parser.
+    pub fn new() -> Validator {
+        Validator::default()
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new [`Validator`] which has the specified set of wasm
+    /// features activated for validation.
+    ///
+    /// This function is the same as [`Validator::new`] except it also allows
+    /// you to customize the active wasm features in use for validation. This
+    /// can allow enabling experimental proposals or also turning off
+    /// on-by-default wasm proposals.
+    pub fn new_with_features(features: WasmFeatures) -> Validator {
+        let mut ret = Validator::new();
+        ret.features = features;
+        ret
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the wasm features used for this validator.
+    pub fn features(&self) -> &WasmFeatures {
+        &self.features
+    }
+
+    /// Validates an entire in-memory module or component with this validator.
+    ///
+    /// This function will internally create a [`Parser`] to parse the `bytes`
+    /// provided. The entire module or component specified by `bytes` will be
+    /// parsed and validated.
+    ///
+    /// Upon success, the type information for the top-level module or component
+    /// will be returned.
+    pub fn validate_all(&mut self, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Types> {
+        let mut functions_to_validate = Vec::new();
+        let mut last_types = None;
+        for payload in Parser::new(0).parse_all(bytes) {
+            match self.payload(&payload?)? {
+                ValidPayload::Func(a, b) => {
+                    functions_to_validate.push((a, b));
+                }
+                ValidPayload::End(types) => {
+                    // Only the last (top-level) type information will be returned
+                    last_types = Some(types);
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut allocs = FuncValidatorAllocations::default();
+        for (func, body) in functions_to_validate {
+            let mut validator = func.into_validator(allocs);
+            validator.validate(&body)?;
+            allocs = validator.into_allocations();
+        }
+
+        Ok(last_types.unwrap())
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the types known by the validator so far within the
+    /// module/component `level` modules/components up from the
+    /// module/component currently being parsed.
+    ///
+    /// For instance, calling `validator.types(0)` will get the types of the
+    /// module/component currently being parsed, and `validator.types(1)` will
+    /// get the types of the component containing that module/component.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if there is no module/component that many levels up.
+    pub fn types(&self, mut level: usize) -> Option<TypesRef> {
+        if let Some(module) = &self.module {
+            if level == 0 {
+                return Some(TypesRef::from_module(&self.types, &module.module));
+            } else {
+                level -= 1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.components
+            .iter()
+            .nth_back(level)
+            .map(|component| TypesRef::from_component(&self.types, component))
+    }
+
+    /// Convenience function to validate a single [`Payload`].
+    ///
+    /// This function is intended to be used as a convenience. It will
+    /// internally perform any validation necessary to validate the [`Payload`]
+    /// provided. The convenience part is that you're likely already going to
+    /// be matching on [`Payload`] in your application, at which point it's more
+    /// appropriate to call the individual methods on [`Validator`] per-variant
+    /// in [`Payload`], such as [`Validator::type_section`].
+    ///
+    /// This function returns a [`ValidPayload`] variant on success, indicating
+    /// one of a few possible actions that need to be taken after a payload is
+    /// validated. For example function contents are not validated here, they're
+    /// returned through [`ValidPayload`] for validation by the caller.
+    pub fn payload<'a>(&mut self, payload: &Payload<'a>) -> Result<ValidPayload<'a>> {
+        use crate::Payload::*;
+        match payload {
+            Version {
+                num,
+                encoding,
+                range,
+            } => self.version(*num, *encoding, range)?,
+
+            // Module sections
+            TypeSection(s) => self.type_section(s)?,
+            ImportSection(s) => self.import_section(s)?,
+            FunctionSection(s) => self.function_section(s)?,
+            TableSection(s) => self.table_section(s)?,
+            MemorySection(s) => self.memory_section(s)?,
+            TagSection(s) => self.tag_section(s)?,
+            GlobalSection(s) => self.global_section(s)?,
+            ExportSection(s) => self.export_section(s)?,
+            StartSection { func, range } => self.start_section(*func, range)?,
+            ElementSection(s) => self.element_section(s)?,
+            DataCountSection { count, range } => self.data_count_section(*count, range)?,
+            CodeSectionStart {
+                count,
+                range,
+                size: _,
+            } => self.code_section_start(*count, range)?,
+            CodeSectionEntry(body) => {
+                let func_validator = self.code_section_entry(body)?;
+                return Ok(ValidPayload::Func(func_validator, body.clone()));
+            }
+            DataSection(s) => self.data_section(s)?,
+
+            // Component sections
+            ModuleSection { parser, range, .. } => {
+                self.module_section(range)?;
+                return Ok(ValidPayload::Parser(parser.clone()));
+            }
+            InstanceSection(s) => self.instance_section(s)?,
+            CoreTypeSection(s) => self.core_type_section(s)?,
+            ComponentSection { parser, range, .. } => {
+                self.component_section(range)?;
+                return Ok(ValidPayload::Parser(parser.clone()));
+            }
+            ComponentInstanceSection(s) => self.component_instance_section(s)?,
+            ComponentAliasSection(s) => self.component_alias_section(s)?,
+            ComponentTypeSection(s) => self.component_type_section(s)?,
+            ComponentCanonicalSection(s) => self.component_canonical_section(s)?,
+            ComponentStartSection { start, range } => self.component_start_section(start, range)?,
+            ComponentImportSection(s) => self.component_import_section(s)?,
+            ComponentExportSection(s) => self.component_export_section(s)?,
+
+            End(offset) => return Ok(ValidPayload::End(self.end(*offset)?)),
+
+            CustomSection { .. } => {} // no validation for custom sections
+            UnknownSection { id, range, .. } => self.unknown_section(*id, range)?,
+        }
+        Ok(ValidPayload::Ok)
+    }
+
+    /// Validates [`Payload::Version`](crate::Payload).
+    pub fn version(&mut self, num: u16, encoding: Encoding, range: &Range<usize>) -> Result<()> {
+        match &self.state {
+            State::Unparsed(expected) => {
+                if let Some(expected) = expected {
+                    if *expected != encoding {
+                        bail!(
+                            range.start,
+                            "expected a version header for a {}",
+                            match expected {
+                                Encoding::Module => "module",
+                                Encoding::Component => "component",
+                            }
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {
+                return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                    "wasm version header out of order",
+                    range.start,
+                ))
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.state = match encoding {
+            Encoding::Module => {
+                if num == WASM_MODULE_VERSION {
+                    assert!(self.module.is_none());
+                    self.module = Some(ModuleState::default());
+                    State::Module
+                } else {
+                    bail!(range.start, "unknown binary version: {num:#x}");
+                }
+            }
+            Encoding::Component => {
+                if !self.features.component_model {
+                    bail!(
+                        range.start,
+                        "unknown binary version and encoding combination: {num:#x} and 0x1, \
+                        note: encoded as a component but the WebAssembly component model feature \
+                        is not enabled - enable the feature to allow component validation",
+                    );
+                }
+                if num == WASM_COMPONENT_VERSION {
+                    self.components
+                        .push(ComponentState::new(ComponentKind::Component));
+                    State::Component
+                } else if num < WASM_COMPONENT_VERSION {
+                    bail!(range.start, "unsupported component version: {num:#x}");
+                } else {
+                    bail!(range.start, "unknown component version: {num:#x}");
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Validates [`Payload::TypeSection`](crate::Payload).
+    pub fn type_section(&mut self, section: &crate::TypeSectionReader<'_>) -> Result<()> {
+        self.process_module_section(
+            Order::Type,
+            section,
+            "type",
+            |state, _, types, count, offset| {
+                check_max(
+                    state.module.types.len(),
+                    count,
+                    MAX_WASM_TYPES,
+                    "types",
+                    offset,
+                )?;
+                types.reserve(count as usize);
+                state.module.assert_mut().types.reserve(count as usize);
+                Ok(())
+            },
+            |state, features, types, def, offset| {
+                state
+                    .module
+                    .assert_mut()
+                    .add_types(&def, features, types, offset, true)?;
+                Ok(())
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Validates [`Payload::ImportSection`](crate::Payload).
+    ///
+    /// This method should only be called when parsing a module.
+    pub fn import_section(&mut self, section: &crate::ImportSectionReader<'_>) -> Result<()> {
+        self.process_module_section(
+            Order::Import,
+            section,
+            "import",
+            |_, _, _, _, _| Ok(()), // add_import will check limits
+            |state, features, types, import, offset| {
+                state
+                    .module
+                    .assert_mut()
+                    .add_import(import, features, types, offset)
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Validates [`Payload::FunctionSection`](crate::Payload).
+    ///
+    /// This method should only be called when parsing a module.
+    pub fn function_section(&mut self, section: &crate::FunctionSectionReader<'_>) -> Result<()> {
+        self.process_module_section(
+            Order::Function,
+            section,
+            "function",
+            |state, _, _, count, offset| {
+                check_max(
+                    state.module.functions.len(),
+                    count,
+                    MAX_WASM_FUNCTIONS,
+                    "functions",
+                    offset,
+                )?;
+                state.module.assert_mut().functions.reserve(count as usize);
+                debug_assert!(state.expected_code_bodies.is_none());
+                state.expected_code_bodies = Some(count);
+                Ok(())
+            },
+            |state, _, types, ty, offset| state.module.assert_mut().add_function(ty, types, offset),
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Validates [`Payload::TableSection`](crate::Payload).
+    ///
+    /// This method should only be called when parsing a module.
+    pub fn table_section(&mut self, section: &crate::TableSectionReader<'_>) -> Result<()> {
+        let features = self.features;
+        self.process_module_section(
+            Order::Table,
+            section,
+            "table",
+            |state, _, _, count, offset| {
+                check_max(
+                    state.module.tables.len(),
+                    count,
+                    state.module.max_tables(&features),
+                    "tables",
+                    offset,
+                )?;
+                state.module.assert_mut().tables.reserve(count as usize);
+                Ok(())
+            },
+            |state, features, types, table, offset| state.add_table(table, features, types, offset),
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Validates [`Payload::MemorySection`](crate::Payload).
+    ///
+    /// This method should only be called when parsing a module.
+    pub fn memory_section(&mut self, section: &crate::MemorySectionReader<'_>) -> Result<()> {
+        self.process_module_section(
+            Order::Memory,
+            section,
+            "memory",
+            |state, features, _, count, offset| {
+                check_max(
+                    state.module.memories.len(),
+                    count,
+                    state.module.max_memories(features),
+                    "memories",
+                    offset,
+                )?;
+                state.module.assert_mut().memories.reserve(count as usize);
+                Ok(())
+            },
+            |state, features, _, ty, offset| {
+                state.module.assert_mut().add_memory(ty, features, offset)
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Validates [`Payload::TagSection`](crate::Payload).
+    ///
+    /// This method should only be called when parsing a module.
+    pub fn tag_section(&mut self, section: &crate::TagSectionReader<'_>) -> Result<()> {
+        if !self.features.exceptions {
+            return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                "exceptions proposal not enabled",
+                section.range().start,
+            ));
+        }
+
+        self.process_module_section(
+            Order::Tag,
+            section,
+            "tag",
+            |state, _, _, count, offset| {
+                check_max(
+                    state.module.tags.len(),
+                    count,
+                    MAX_WASM_TAGS,
+                    "tags",
+                    offset,
+                )?;
+                state.module.assert_mut().tags.reserve(count as usize);
+                Ok(())
+            },
+            |state, features, types, ty, offset| {
+                state
+                    .module
+                    .assert_mut()
+                    .add_tag(ty, features, types, offset)
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Validates [`Payload::GlobalSection`](crate::Payload).
+    ///
+    /// This method should only be called when parsing a module.
+    pub fn global_section(&mut self, section: &crate::GlobalSectionReader<'_>) -> Result<()> {
+        self.process_module_section(
+            Order::Global,
+            section,
+            "global",
+            |state, _, _, count, offset| {
+                check_max(
+                    state.module.globals.len(),
+                    count,
+                    MAX_WASM_GLOBALS,
+                    "globals",
+                    offset,
+                )?;
+                state.module.assert_mut().globals.reserve(count as usize);
+                Ok(())
+            },
+            |state, features, types, global, offset| {
+                state.add_global(global, features, types, offset)
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Validates [`Payload::ExportSection`](crate::Payload).
+    ///
+    /// This method should only be called when parsing a module.
+    pub fn export_section(&mut self, section: &crate::ExportSectionReader<'_>) -> Result<()> {
+        self.process_module_section(
+            Order::Export,
+            section,
+            "export",
+            |state, _, _, count, offset| {
+                check_max(
+                    state.module.exports.len(),
+                    count,
+                    MAX_WASM_EXPORTS,
+                    "exports",
+                    offset,
+                )?;
+                state.module.assert_mut().exports.reserve(count as usize);
+                Ok(())
+            },
+            |state, features, _, e, offset| {
+                let state = state.module.assert_mut();
+                let ty = state.export_to_entity_type(&e, offset)?;
+                state.add_export(e.name, ty, features, offset, false /* checked above */)
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Validates [`Payload::StartSection`](crate::Payload).
+    ///
+    /// This method should only be called when parsing a module.
+    pub fn start_section(&mut self, func: u32, range: &Range<usize>) -> Result<()> {
+        let offset = range.start;
+        self.state.ensure_module("start", offset)?;
+        let state = self.module.as_mut().unwrap();
+        state.update_order(Order::Start, offset)?;
+
+        let ty = state.module.get_func_type(func, &self.types, offset)?;
+        if !ty.params().is_empty() || !ty.results().is_empty() {
+            return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                "invalid start function type",
+                offset,
+            ));
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Validates [`Payload::ElementSection`](crate::Payload).
+    ///
+    /// This method should only be called when parsing a module.
+    pub fn element_section(&mut self, section: &crate::ElementSectionReader<'_>) -> Result<()> {
+        self.process_module_section(
+            Order::Element,
+            section,
+            "element",
+            |state, _, _, count, offset| {
+                check_max(
+                    state.module.element_types.len(),
+                    count,
+                    MAX_WASM_ELEMENT_SEGMENTS,
+                    "element segments",
+                    offset,
+                )?;
+                state
+                    .module
+                    .assert_mut()
+                    .element_types
+                    .reserve(count as usize);
+                Ok(())
+            },
+            |state, features, types, e, offset| {
+                state.add_element_segment(e, features, types, offset)
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Validates [`Payload::DataCountSection`](crate::Payload).
+    ///
+    /// This method should only be called when parsing a module.
+    pub fn data_count_section(&mut self, count: u32, range: &Range<usize>) -> Result<()> {
+        let offset = range.start;
+        self.state.ensure_module("data count", offset)?;
+
+        let state = self.module.as_mut().unwrap();
+        state.update_order(Order::DataCount, offset)?;
+
+        if count > MAX_WASM_DATA_SEGMENTS as u32 {
+            return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                "data count section specifies too many data segments",
+                offset,
+            ));
+        }
+
+        state.module.assert_mut().data_count = Some(count);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Validates [`Payload::CodeSectionStart`](crate::Payload).
+    ///
+    /// This method should only be called when parsing a module.
+    pub fn code_section_start(&mut self, count: u32, range: &Range<usize>) -> Result<()> {
+        let offset = range.start;
+        self.state.ensure_module("code", offset)?;
+
+        let state = self.module.as_mut().unwrap();
+        state.update_order(Order::Code, offset)?;
+
+        match state.expected_code_bodies.take() {
+            Some(n) if n == count => {}
+            Some(_) => {
+                return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                    "function and code section have inconsistent lengths",
+                    offset,
+                ));
+            }
+            // empty code sections are allowed even if the function section is
+            // missing
+            None if count == 0 => {}
+            None => {
+                return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                    "code section without function section",
+                    offset,
+                ))
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Take a snapshot of the types when we start the code section.
+        state.module.assert_mut().snapshot = Some(Arc::new(self.types.commit()));
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Validates [`Payload::CodeSectionEntry`](crate::Payload).
+    ///
+    /// This function will prepare a [`FuncToValidate`] which can be used to
+    /// create a [`FuncValidator`] to validate the function. The function body
+    /// provided will not be parsed or validated by this function.
+    ///
+    /// Note that the returned [`FuncToValidate`] is "connected" to this
+    /// [`Validator`] in that it uses the internal context of this validator for
+    /// validating the function. The [`FuncToValidate`] can be sent to another
+    /// thread, for example, to offload actual processing of functions
+    /// elsewhere.
+    ///
+    /// This method should only be called when parsing a module.
+    pub fn code_section_entry(
+        &mut self,
+        body: &crate::FunctionBody,
+    ) -> Result<FuncToValidate<ValidatorResources>> {
+        let offset = body.range().start;
+        self.state.ensure_module("code", offset)?;
+
+        let state = self.module.as_mut().unwrap();
+
+        let (index, ty) = state.next_code_index_and_type(offset)?;
+        Ok(FuncToValidate::new(
+            index,
+            ty,
+            ValidatorResources(state.module.arc().clone()),
+            &self.features,
+        ))
+    }
+
+    /// Validates [`Payload::DataSection`](crate::Payload).
+    ///
+    /// This method should only be called when parsing a module.
+    pub fn data_section(&mut self, section: &crate::DataSectionReader<'_>) -> Result<()> {
+        self.process_module_section(
+            Order::Data,
+            section,
+            "data",
+            |state, _, _, count, offset| {
+                state.data_segment_count = count;
+                check_max(0, count, MAX_WASM_DATA_SEGMENTS, "data segments", offset)
+            },
+            |state, features, types, d, offset| state.add_data_segment(d, features, types, offset),
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Validates [`Payload::ModuleSection`](crate::Payload).
+    ///
+    /// This method should only be called when parsing a component.
+    pub fn module_section(&mut self, range: &Range<usize>) -> Result<()> {
+        self.state.ensure_component("module", range.start)?;
+
+        let current = self.components.last_mut().unwrap();
+        check_max(
+            current.core_modules.len(),
+            1,
+            MAX_WASM_MODULES,
+            "modules",
+            range.start,
+        )?;
+
+        match mem::replace(&mut self.state, State::Unparsed(Some(Encoding::Module))) {
+            State::Component => {}
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Validates [`Payload::InstanceSection`](crate::Payload).
+    ///
+    /// This method should only be called when parsing a component.
+    pub fn instance_section(&mut self, section: &crate::InstanceSectionReader) -> Result<()> {
+        self.process_component_section(
+            section,
+            "core instance",
+            |components, _, count, offset| {
+                let current = components.last_mut().unwrap();
+                check_max(
+                    current.instance_count(),
+                    count,
+                    MAX_WASM_INSTANCES,
+                    "instances",
+                    offset,
+                )?;
+                current.core_instances.reserve(count as usize);
+                Ok(())
+            },
+            |components, types, _, instance, offset| {
+                components
+                    .last_mut()
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .add_core_instance(instance, types, offset)
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Validates [`Payload::CoreTypeSection`](crate::Payload).
+    ///
+    /// This method should only be called when parsing a component.
+    pub fn core_type_section(&mut self, section: &crate::CoreTypeSectionReader<'_>) -> Result<()> {
+        self.process_component_section(
+            section,
+            "core type",
+            |components, types, count, offset| {
+                let current = components.last_mut().unwrap();
+                check_max(current.type_count(), count, MAX_WASM_TYPES, "types", offset)?;
+                types.reserve(count as usize);
+                current.core_types.reserve(count as usize);
+                Ok(())
+            },
+            |components, types, features, ty, offset| {
+                ComponentState::add_core_type(
+                    components, ty, features, types, offset, false, /* checked above */
+                )
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Validates [`Payload::ComponentSection`](crate::Payload).
+    ///
+    /// This method should only be called when parsing a component.
+    pub fn component_section(&mut self, range: &Range<usize>) -> Result<()> {
+        self.state.ensure_component("component", range.start)?;
+
+        let current = self.components.last_mut().unwrap();
+        check_max(
+            current.components.len(),
+            1,
+            MAX_WASM_COMPONENTS,
+            "components",
+            range.start,
+        )?;
+
+        match mem::replace(&mut self.state, State::Unparsed(Some(Encoding::Component))) {
+            State::Component => {}
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Validates [`Payload::ComponentInstanceSection`](crate::Payload).
+    ///
+    /// This method should only be called when parsing a component.
+    pub fn component_instance_section(
+        &mut self,
+        section: &crate::ComponentInstanceSectionReader,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        self.process_component_section(
+            section,
+            "instance",
+            |components, _, count, offset| {
+                let current = components.last_mut().unwrap();
+                check_max(
+                    current.instance_count(),
+                    count,
+                    MAX_WASM_INSTANCES,
+                    "instances",
+                    offset,
+                )?;
+                current.instances.reserve(count as usize);
+                Ok(())
+            },
+            |components, types, features, instance, offset| {
+                components
+                    .last_mut()
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .add_instance(instance, features, types, offset)
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Validates [`Payload::ComponentAliasSection`](crate::Payload).
+    ///
+    /// This method should only be called when parsing a component.
+    pub fn component_alias_section(
+        &mut self,
+        section: &crate::ComponentAliasSectionReader<'_>,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        self.process_component_section(
+            section,
+            "alias",
+            |_, _, _, _| Ok(()), // maximums checked via `add_alias`
+            |components, types, features, alias, offset| -> Result<(), BinaryReaderError> {
+                ComponentState::add_alias(components, alias, features, types, offset)
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Validates [`Payload::ComponentTypeSection`](crate::Payload).
+    ///
+    /// This method should only be called when parsing a component.
+    pub fn component_type_section(
+        &mut self,
+        section: &crate::ComponentTypeSectionReader,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        self.process_component_section(
+            section,
+            "type",
+            |components, types, count, offset| {
+                let current = components.last_mut().unwrap();
+                check_max(current.type_count(), count, MAX_WASM_TYPES, "types", offset)?;
+                types.reserve(count as usize);
+                current.types.reserve(count as usize);
+                Ok(())
+            },
+            |components, types, features, ty, offset| {
+                ComponentState::add_type(
+                    components, ty, features, types, offset, false, /* checked above */
+                )
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Validates [`Payload::ComponentCanonicalSection`](crate::Payload).
+    ///
+    /// This method should only be called when parsing a component.
+    pub fn component_canonical_section(
+        &mut self,
+        section: &crate::ComponentCanonicalSectionReader,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        self.process_component_section(
+            section,
+            "function",
+            |components, _, count, offset| {
+                let current = components.last_mut().unwrap();
+                check_max(
+                    current.function_count(),
+                    count,
+                    MAX_WASM_FUNCTIONS,
+                    "functions",
+                    offset,
+                )?;
+                current.funcs.reserve(count as usize);
+                Ok(())
+            },
+            |components, types, _, func, offset| {
+                let current = components.last_mut().unwrap();
+                match func {
+                    crate::CanonicalFunction::Lift {
+                        core_func_index,
+                        type_index,
+                        options,
+                    } => current.lift_function(
+                        core_func_index,
+                        type_index,
+                        options.into_vec(),
+                        types,
+                        offset,
+                    ),
+                    crate::CanonicalFunction::Lower {
+                        func_index,
+                        options,
+                    } => current.lower_function(func_index, options.into_vec(), types, offset),
+                    crate::CanonicalFunction::ResourceNew { resource } => {
+                        current.resource_new(resource, types, offset)
+                    }
+                    crate::CanonicalFunction::ResourceDrop { resource } => {
+                        current.resource_drop(resource, types, offset)
+                    }
+                    crate::CanonicalFunction::ResourceRep { resource } => {
+                        current.resource_rep(resource, types, offset)
+                    }
+                }
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Validates [`Payload::ComponentStartSection`](crate::Payload).
+    ///
+    /// This method should only be called when parsing a component.
+    pub fn component_start_section(
+        &mut self,
+        f: &crate::ComponentStartFunction,
+        range: &Range<usize>,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        self.state.ensure_component("start", range.start)?;
+
+        self.components.last_mut().unwrap().add_start(
+            f.func_index,
+            &f.arguments,
+            f.results,
+            &self.features,
+            &self.types,
+            range.start,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Validates [`Payload::ComponentImportSection`](crate::Payload).
+    ///
+    /// This method should only be called when parsing a component.
+    pub fn component_import_section(
+        &mut self,
+        section: &crate::ComponentImportSectionReader,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        self.process_component_section(
+            section,
+            "import",
+            |_, _, _, _| Ok(()), // add_import will check limits
+            |components, types, features, import, offset| {
+                components
+                    .last_mut()
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .add_import(import, features, types, offset)
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Validates [`Payload::ComponentExportSection`](crate::Payload).
+    ///
+    /// This method should only be called when parsing a component.
+    pub fn component_export_section(
+        &mut self,
+        section: &crate::ComponentExportSectionReader,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        self.process_component_section(
+            section,
+            "export",
+            |components, _, count, offset| {
+                let current = components.last_mut().unwrap();
+                check_max(
+                    current.exports.len(),
+                    count,
+                    MAX_WASM_EXPORTS,
+                    "exports",
+                    offset,
+                )?;
+                current.exports.reserve(count as usize);
+                Ok(())
+            },
+            |components, types, features, export, offset| {
+                let current = components.last_mut().unwrap();
+                let ty = current.export_to_entity_type(&export, features, types, offset)?;
+                current.add_export(
+                    export.name,
+                    ty,
+                    features,
+                    types,
+                    offset,
+                    false, /* checked above */
+                )
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Validates [`Payload::UnknownSection`](crate::Payload).
+    ///
+    /// Currently always returns an error.
+    pub fn unknown_section(&mut self, id: u8, range: &Range<usize>) -> Result<()> {
+        Err(format_err!(range.start, "malformed section id: {id}"))
+    }
+
+    /// Validates [`Payload::End`](crate::Payload).
+    ///
+    /// Returns the types known to the validator for the module or component.
+    pub fn end(&mut self, offset: usize) -> Result<Types> {
+        match std::mem::replace(&mut self.state, State::End) {
+            State::Unparsed(_) => Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                "cannot call `end` before a header has been parsed",
+                offset,
+            )),
+            State::End => Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                "cannot call `end` after parsing has completed",
+                offset,
+            )),
+            State::Module => {
+                let mut state = self.module.take().unwrap();
+                state.validate_end(offset)?;
+
+                // If there's a parent component, we'll add a module to the parent state
+                // and continue to validate the component
+                if let Some(parent) = self.components.last_mut() {
+                    parent.add_core_module(&state.module, &mut self.types, offset)?;
+                    self.state = State::Component;
+                }
+
+                Ok(Types::from_module(
+                    self.types.commit(),
+                    state.module.arc().clone(),
+                ))
+            }
+            State::Component => {
+                let mut component = self.components.pop().unwrap();
+
+                // Validate that all values were used for the component
+                if let Some(index) = component.values.iter().position(|(_, used)| !*used) {
+                    bail!(
+                        offset,
+                        "value index {index} was not used as part of an \
+                         instantiation, start function, or export"
+                    );
+                }
+
+                // If there's a parent component, pop the stack, add it to the parent,
+                // and continue to validate the component
+                let ty = component.finish(&mut self.types, offset)?;
+                if let Some(parent) = self.components.last_mut() {
+                    parent.add_component(ty, &mut self.types)?;
+                    self.state = State::Component;
+                }
+
+                Ok(Types::from_component(self.types.commit(), component))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn process_module_section<'a, T>(
+        &mut self,
+        order: Order,
+        section: &SectionLimited<'a, T>,
+        name: &str,
+        validate_section: impl FnOnce(
+            &mut ModuleState,
+            &WasmFeatures,
+            &mut TypeAlloc,
+            u32,
+            usize,
+        ) -> Result<()>,
+        mut validate_item: impl FnMut(
+            &mut ModuleState,
+            &WasmFeatures,
+            &mut TypeAlloc,
+            T,
+            usize,
+        ) -> Result<()>,
+    ) -> Result<()>
+    where
+        T: FromReader<'a>,
+    {
+        let offset = section.range().start;
+        self.state.ensure_module(name, offset)?;
+
+        let state = self.module.as_mut().unwrap();
+        state.update_order(order, offset)?;
+
+        validate_section(
+            state,
+            &self.features,
+            &mut self.types,
+            section.count(),
+            offset,
+        )?;
+
+        for item in section.clone().into_iter_with_offsets() {
+            let (offset, item) = item?;
+            validate_item(state, &self.features, &mut self.types, item, offset)?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn process_component_section<'a, T>(
+        &mut self,
+        section: &SectionLimited<'a, T>,
+        name: &str,
+        validate_section: impl FnOnce(
+            &mut Vec<ComponentState>,
+            &mut TypeAlloc,
+            u32,
+            usize,
+        ) -> Result<()>,
+        mut validate_item: impl FnMut(
+            &mut Vec<ComponentState>,
+            &mut TypeAlloc,
+            &WasmFeatures,
+            T,
+            usize,
+        ) -> Result<()>,
+    ) -> Result<()>
+    where
+        T: FromReader<'a>,
+    {
+        let offset = section.range().start;
+
+        if !self.features.component_model {
+            return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                "component model feature is not enabled",
+                offset,
+            ));
+        }
+
+        self.state.ensure_component(name, offset)?;
+        validate_section(
+            &mut self.components,
+            &mut self.types,
+            section.count(),
+            offset,
+        )?;
+
+        for item in section.clone().into_iter_with_offsets() {
+            let (offset, item) = item?;
+            validate_item(
+                &mut self.components,
+                &mut self.types,
+                &self.features,
+                item,
+                offset,
+            )?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use crate::{GlobalType, MemoryType, RefType, TableType, ValType, Validator, WasmFeatures};
+    use anyhow::Result;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_module_type_information() -> Result<()> {
+        let bytes = wat::parse_str(
+            r#"
+            (module
+                (type (func (param i32 i64) (result i32)))
+                (memory 1 5)
+                (table 10 funcref)
+                (global (mut i32) (i32.const 0))
+                (func (type 0) (i32.const 0))
+                (tag (param i64 i32))
+                (elem funcref (ref.func 0))
+            )
+        "#,
+        )?;
+
+        let mut validator = Validator::new_with_features(WasmFeatures {
+            exceptions: true,
+            ..Default::default()
+        });
+
+        let types = validator.validate_all(&bytes)?;
+
+        assert_eq!(types.type_count(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(types.memory_count(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(types.table_count(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(types.global_count(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(types.function_count(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(types.tag_count(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(types.element_count(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(types.module_count(), 0);
+        assert_eq!(types.component_count(), 0);
+        assert_eq!(types.instance_count(), 0);
+        assert_eq!(types.value_count(), 0);
+
+        let ty = types[types.core_type_at(0)].unwrap_func();
+        assert_eq!(ty.params(), [ValType::I32, ValType::I64]);
+        assert_eq!(ty.results(), [ValType::I32]);
+
+        let ty = types[types.core_type_at(1)].unwrap_func();
+        assert_eq!(ty.params(), [ValType::I64, ValType::I32]);
+        assert_eq!(ty.results(), []);
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            types.memory_at(0),
+            MemoryType {
+                memory64: false,
+                shared: false,
+                initial: 1,
+                maximum: Some(5)
+            }
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            types.table_at(0),
+            TableType {
+                initial: 10,
+                maximum: None,
+                element_type: RefType::FUNCREF,
+            }
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            types.global_at(0),
+            GlobalType {
+                content_type: ValType::I32,
+                mutable: true
+            }
+        );
+
+        let id = types.function_at(0);
+        let ty = types[id].unwrap_func();
+        assert_eq!(ty.params(), [ValType::I32, ValType::I64]);
+        assert_eq!(ty.results(), [ValType::I32]);
+
+        let ty = types.tag_at(0);
+        let ty = types[ty].unwrap_func();
+        assert_eq!(ty.params(), [ValType::I64, ValType::I32]);
+        assert_eq!(ty.results(), []);
+
+        assert_eq!(types.element_at(0), RefType::FUNCREF);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_type_id_aliasing() -> Result<()> {
+        let bytes = wat::parse_str(
+            r#"
+            (component
+              (type $T (list string))
+              (alias outer 0 $T (type $A1))
+              (alias outer 0 $T (type $A2))
+            )
+        "#,
+        )?;
+
+        let mut validator = Validator::new_with_features(WasmFeatures {
+            component_model: true,
+            ..Default::default()
+        });
+
+        let types = validator.validate_all(&bytes)?;
+
+        let t_id = types.component_type_at(0);
+        let a1_id = types.component_type_at(1);
+        let a2_id = types.component_type_at(2);
+
+        // The ids should all be the same
+        assert!(t_id == a1_id);
+        assert!(t_id == a2_id);
+        assert!(a1_id == a2_id);
+
+        // However, they should all point to the same type
+        assert!(std::ptr::eq(&types[t_id], &types[a1_id],));
+        assert!(std::ptr::eq(&types[t_id], &types[a2_id],));
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_type_id_exports() -> Result<()> {
+        let bytes = wat::parse_str(
+            r#"
+            (component
+              (type $T (list string))
+              (export $A1 "A1" (type $T))
+              (export $A2 "A2" (type $T))
+            )
+        "#,
+        )?;
+
+        let mut validator = Validator::new_with_features(WasmFeatures {
+            component_model: true,
+            ..Default::default()
+        });
+
+        let types = validator.validate_all(&bytes)?;
+
+        let t_id = types.component_type_at(0);
+        let a1_id = types.component_type_at(1);
+        let a2_id = types.component_type_at(2);
+
+        // The ids should all be the same
+        assert!(t_id != a1_id);
+        assert!(t_id != a2_id);
+        assert!(a1_id != a2_id);
+
+        // However, they should all point to the same type
+        assert!(std::ptr::eq(&types[t_id], &types[a1_id],));
+        assert!(std::ptr::eq(&types[t_id], &types[a2_id],));
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}