wasmtime 12.0.1 → 13.0.0

data/ext/cargo-vendor/wasmparser-0.112.0/src/readers/core/types.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,1303 @@
+/* Copyright 2018 Mozilla Foundation
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+use std::fmt::{self, Debug, Write};
+use std::slice;
+
+use crate::limits::{
+    MAX_WASM_FUNCTION_PARAMS, MAX_WASM_FUNCTION_RETURNS, MAX_WASM_STRUCT_FIELDS,
+    MAX_WASM_SUPERTYPES, MAX_WASM_TYPES,
+};
+use crate::{BinaryReader, BinaryReaderError, FromReader, Result, SectionLimited};
+
+/// Represents the types of values in a WebAssembly module.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub enum ValType {
+    /// The value type is i32.
+    I32,
+    /// The value type is i64.
+    I64,
+    /// The value type is f32.
+    F32,
+    /// The value type is f64.
+    F64,
+    /// The value type is v128.
+    V128,
+    /// The value type is a reference.
+    Ref(RefType),
+}
+
+/// Represents storage types introduced in the GC spec for array and struct fields.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub enum StorageType {
+    /// The storage type is i8.
+    I8,
+    /// The storage type is i16.
+    I16,
+    /// The storage type is a value type.
+    Val(ValType),
+}
+
+// The size of `ValType` is performance sensitive.
+const _: () = {
+    assert!(std::mem::size_of::<ValType>() == 4);
+};
+
+pub(crate) trait Inherits {
+    fn inherits<'a, F>(
+        &self,
+        other: &Self,
+        self_base_idx: Option<u32>,
+        other_base_idx: Option<u32>,
+        type_at: &F,
+    ) -> bool
+    where
+        F: Fn(u32) -> &'a SubType;
+}
+
+impl From<RefType> for ValType {
+    fn from(ty: RefType) -> ValType {
+        ValType::Ref(ty)
+    }
+}
+
+impl ValType {
+    /// Alias for the wasm `funcref` type.
+    pub const FUNCREF: ValType = ValType::Ref(RefType::FUNCREF);
+
+    /// Alias for the wasm `externref` type.
+    pub const EXTERNREF: ValType = ValType::Ref(RefType::EXTERNREF);
+
+    /// Returns whether this value type is a "reference type".
+    ///
+    /// Only reference types are allowed in tables, for example, and with some
+    /// instructions. Current reference types include `funcref` and `externref`.
+    pub fn is_reference_type(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, ValType::Ref(_))
+    }
+
+    /// Whether the type is defaultable, i.e. it is not a non-nullable reference
+    /// type.
+    pub fn is_defaultable(&self) -> bool {
+        match *self {
+            Self::I32 | Self::I64 | Self::F32 | Self::F64 | Self::V128 => true,
+            Self::Ref(rt) => rt.is_nullable(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn is_valtype_byte(byte: u8) -> bool {
+        match byte {
+            0x7F | 0x7E | 0x7D | 0x7C | 0x7B | 0x70 | 0x6F | 0x6B | 0x6C | 0x6E | 0x65 | 0x69
+            | 0x68 | 0x6D | 0x67 | 0x66 | 0x6A => true,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Inherits for ValType {
+    fn inherits<'a, F>(
+        &self,
+        other: &Self,
+        self_base_idx: Option<u32>,
+        other_base_idx: Option<u32>,
+        type_at: &F,
+    ) -> bool
+    where
+        F: Fn(u32) -> &'a SubType,
+    {
+        match (self, other) {
+            (Self::Ref(r1), Self::Ref(r2)) => {
+                r1.inherits(r2, self_base_idx, other_base_idx, type_at)
+            }
+            (
+                s @ (Self::I32 | Self::I64 | Self::F32 | Self::F64 | Self::V128 | Self::Ref(_)),
+                o,
+            ) => s == o,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> FromReader<'a> for StorageType {
+    fn from_reader(reader: &mut BinaryReader<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
+        match reader.peek()? {
+            0x7A => {
+                reader.position += 1;
+                Ok(StorageType::I8)
+            }
+            0x79 => {
+                reader.position += 1;
+                Ok(StorageType::I16)
+            }
+            _ => Ok(StorageType::Val(reader.read()?)),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> FromReader<'a> for ValType {
+    fn from_reader(reader: &mut BinaryReader<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
+        match reader.peek()? {
+            0x7F => {
+                reader.position += 1;
+                Ok(ValType::I32)
+            }
+            0x7E => {
+                reader.position += 1;
+                Ok(ValType::I64)
+            }
+            0x7D => {
+                reader.position += 1;
+                Ok(ValType::F32)
+            }
+            0x7C => {
+                reader.position += 1;
+                Ok(ValType::F64)
+            }
+            0x7B => {
+                reader.position += 1;
+                Ok(ValType::V128)
+            }
+            0x70 | 0x6F | 0x6B | 0x6C | 0x6E | 0x65 | 0x69 | 0x68 | 0x6D | 0x67 | 0x66 | 0x6A => {
+                Ok(ValType::Ref(reader.read()?))
+            }
+            _ => bail!(reader.original_position(), "invalid value type"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for ValType {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let s = match self {
+            ValType::I32 => "i32",
+            ValType::I64 => "i64",
+            ValType::F32 => "f32",
+            ValType::F64 => "f64",
+            ValType::V128 => "v128",
+            ValType::Ref(r) => return fmt::Display::fmt(r, f),
+        };
+        f.write_str(s)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A reference type.
+///
+/// The reference types proposal first introduced `externref` and `funcref`.
+///
+/// The function references proposal introduced typed function references.
+///
+/// The GC proposal introduces heap types: any, eq, i31, struct, array, nofunc, noextern, none.
+//
+// RefType is a bit-packed enum that fits in a `u24` aka `[u8; 3]`.
+// Note that its content is opaque (and subject to change), but its API is stable.
+// It has the following internal structure:
+// ```
+// [nullable:u1] [indexed==1:u1] [kind:u2] [index:u20]
+// [nullable:u1] [indexed==0:u1] [type:u4] [(unused):u18]
+// ```
+// , where
+// - `nullable` determines nullability of the ref
+// - `indexed` determines if the ref is of a dynamically defined type with an index (encoded in a following bit-packing section) or of a known fixed type
+// - `kind` determines what kind of indexed type the index is pointing to:
+//   ```
+//   10 = struct
+//   11 = array
+//   01 = function
+//   ```
+// - `index` is the type index
+// - `type` is an enumeration of known types:
+//   ```
+//   1111 = any
+//
+//   1101 = eq
+//   1000 = i31
+//   1001 = struct
+//   1100 = array
+//
+//   0101 = func
+//   0100 = nofunc
+//
+//   0011 = extern
+//   0010 = noextern
+//
+//   0000 = none
+//   ```
+// - `(unused)` is unused sequence of bits
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct RefType([u8; 3]);
+
+impl Debug for RefType {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match (self.is_nullable(), self.heap_type()) {
+            (true, HeapType::Any) => write!(f, "anyref"),
+            (false, HeapType::Any) => write!(f, "(ref any)"),
+            (true, HeapType::None) => write!(f, "nullref"),
+            (false, HeapType::None) => write!(f, "(ref none)"),
+            (true, HeapType::NoExtern) => write!(f, "nullexternref"),
+            (false, HeapType::NoExtern) => write!(f, "(ref noextern)"),
+            (true, HeapType::NoFunc) => write!(f, "nullfuncref"),
+            (false, HeapType::NoFunc) => write!(f, "(ref nofunc)"),
+            (true, HeapType::Eq) => write!(f, "eqref"),
+            (false, HeapType::Eq) => write!(f, "(ref eq)"),
+            (true, HeapType::Struct) => write!(f, "structref"),
+            (false, HeapType::Struct) => write!(f, "(ref struct)"),
+            (true, HeapType::Array) => write!(f, "arrayref"),
+            (false, HeapType::Array) => write!(f, "(ref array)"),
+            (true, HeapType::I31) => write!(f, "i31ref"),
+            (false, HeapType::I31) => write!(f, "(ref i31)"),
+            (true, HeapType::Extern) => write!(f, "externref"),
+            (false, HeapType::Extern) => write!(f, "(ref extern)"),
+            (true, HeapType::Func) => write!(f, "funcref"),
+            (false, HeapType::Func) => write!(f, "(ref func)"),
+            (true, HeapType::Indexed(idx)) => write!(f, "(ref null {idx})"),
+            (false, HeapType::Indexed(idx)) => write!(f, "(ref {idx})"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Static assert that we can fit indices up to `MAX_WASM_TYPES` inside `RefType`.
+const _: () = {
+    const fn can_roundtrip_index(index: u32) -> bool {
+        assert!(RefType::can_represent_type_index(index));
+        let rt = match RefType::indexed_func(true, index) {
+            Some(rt) => rt,
+            None => panic!(),
+        };
+        assert!(rt.is_nullable());
+        let actual_index = match rt.type_index() {
+            Some(i) => i,
+            None => panic!(),
+        };
+        actual_index == index
+    }
+
+    assert!(can_roundtrip_index(crate::limits::MAX_WASM_TYPES as u32));
+    assert!(can_roundtrip_index(0b00000000_00001111_00000000_00000000));
+    assert!(can_roundtrip_index(0b00000000_00000000_11111111_00000000));
+    assert!(can_roundtrip_index(0b00000000_00000000_00000000_11111111));
+    assert!(can_roundtrip_index(0));
+};
+
+impl RefType {
+    const NULLABLE_BIT: u32 = 1 << 23; // bit #23
+    const INDEXED_BIT: u32 = 1 << 22; // bit #22
+
+    const TYPE_MASK: u32 = 0b1111 << 18; // 4 bits #21-#18 (if `indexed == 0`)
+    const ANY_TYPE: u32 = 0b1111 << 18;
+    const EQ_TYPE: u32 = 0b1101 << 18;
+    const I31_TYPE: u32 = 0b1000 << 18;
+    const STRUCT_TYPE: u32 = 0b1001 << 18;
+    const ARRAY_TYPE: u32 = 0b1100 << 18;
+    const FUNC_TYPE: u32 = 0b0101 << 18;
+    const NOFUNC_TYPE: u32 = 0b0100 << 18;
+    const EXTERN_TYPE: u32 = 0b0011 << 18;
+    const NOEXTERN_TYPE: u32 = 0b0010 << 18;
+    const NONE_TYPE: u32 = 0b0000 << 18;
+
+    const KIND_MASK: u32 = 0b11 << 20; // 2 bits #21-#20 (if `indexed == 1`)
+    const STRUCT_KIND: u32 = 0b10 << 20;
+    const ARRAY_KIND: u32 = 0b11 << 20;
+    const FUNC_KIND: u32 = 0b01 << 20;
+
+    const INDEX_MASK: u32 = (1 << 20) - 1; // 20 bits #19-#0 (if `indexed == 1`)
+
+    /// A nullable untyped function reference aka `(ref null func)` aka
+    /// `funcref` aka `anyfunc`.
+    pub const FUNCREF: Self = RefType::FUNC.nullable();
+
+    /// A nullable reference to an extern object aka `(ref null extern)` aka
+    /// `externref`.
+    pub const EXTERNREF: Self = RefType::EXTERN.nullable();
+
+    /// A non-nullable untyped function reference aka `(ref func)`.
+    pub const FUNC: Self = RefType::from_u32(Self::FUNC_TYPE);
+
+    /// A non-nullable reference to an extern object aka `(ref extern)`.
+    pub const EXTERN: Self = RefType::from_u32(Self::EXTERN_TYPE);
+
+    /// A non-nullable reference to any object aka `(ref any)`.
+    pub const ANY: Self = RefType::from_u32(Self::ANY_TYPE);
+
+    /// A non-nullable reference to no object aka `(ref none)`.
+    pub const NONE: Self = RefType::from_u32(Self::NONE_TYPE);
+
+    /// A non-nullable reference to a noextern object aka `(ref noextern)`.
+    pub const NOEXTERN: Self = RefType::from_u32(Self::NOEXTERN_TYPE);
+
+    /// A non-nullable reference to a nofunc object aka `(ref nofunc)`.
+    pub const NOFUNC: Self = RefType::from_u32(Self::NOFUNC_TYPE);
+
+    /// A non-nullable reference to an eq object aka `(ref eq)`.
+    pub const EQ: Self = RefType::from_u32(Self::EQ_TYPE);
+
+    /// A non-nullable reference to a struct aka `(ref struct)`.
+    pub const STRUCT: Self = RefType::from_u32(Self::STRUCT_TYPE);
+
+    /// A non-nullable reference to an array aka `(ref array)`.
+    pub const ARRAY: Self = RefType::from_u32(Self::ARRAY_TYPE);
+
+    /// A non-nullable reference to an i31 object aka `(ref i31)`.
+    pub const I31: Self = RefType::from_u32(Self::I31_TYPE);
+
+    const fn can_represent_type_index(index: u32) -> bool {
+        index & Self::INDEX_MASK == index
+    }
+
+    const fn u24_to_u32(bytes: [u8; 3]) -> u32 {
+        let expanded_bytes = [bytes[0], bytes[1], bytes[2], 0];
+        u32::from_le_bytes(expanded_bytes)
+    }
+
+    const fn u32_to_u24(x: u32) -> [u8; 3] {
+        let bytes = x.to_le_bytes();
+        debug_assert!(bytes[3] == 0);
+        [bytes[0], bytes[1], bytes[2]]
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    const fn as_u32(&self) -> u32 {
+        Self::u24_to_u32(self.0)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    const fn from_u32(x: u32) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(x & (0b11111111 << 24) == 0);
+
+        // if not indexed, type must be any/eq/i31/struct/array/func/extern/nofunc/noextern/none
+        debug_assert!(
+            x & Self::INDEXED_BIT != 0
+                || matches!(
+                    x & Self::TYPE_MASK,
+                    Self::ANY_TYPE
+                        | Self::EQ_TYPE
+                        | Self::I31_TYPE
+                        | Self::STRUCT_TYPE
+                        | Self::ARRAY_TYPE
+                        | Self::FUNC_TYPE
+                        | Self::NOFUNC_TYPE
+                        | Self::EXTERN_TYPE
+                        | Self::NOEXTERN_TYPE
+                        | Self::NONE_TYPE
+                )
+        );
+        RefType(Self::u32_to_u24(x))
+    }
+
+    /// Create a reference to a typed function with the type at the given index.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` when the type index is beyond this crate's implementation
+    /// limits and therefore is not representable.
+    pub const fn indexed_func(nullable: bool, index: u32) -> Option<Self> {
+        Self::indexed(nullable, Self::FUNC_KIND, index)
+    }
+
+    /// Create a reference to an array with the type at the given index.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` when the type index is beyond this crate's implementation
+    /// limits and therefore is not representable.
+    pub const fn indexed_array(nullable: bool, index: u32) -> Option<Self> {
+        Self::indexed(nullable, Self::ARRAY_KIND, index)
+    }
+
+    /// Create a reference to a struct with the type at the given index.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` when the type index is beyond this crate's implementation
+    /// limits and therefore is not representable.
+    pub const fn indexed_struct(nullable: bool, index: u32) -> Option<Self> {
+        Self::indexed(nullable, Self::STRUCT_KIND, index)
+    }
+
+    /// Create a reference to a user defined type at the given index.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` when the type index is beyond this crate's implementation
+    /// limits and therefore is not representable, or when the heap type is not
+    /// a typed array, struct or function.
+    const fn indexed(nullable: bool, kind: u32, index: u32) -> Option<Self> {
+        if Self::can_represent_type_index(index) {
+            let nullable32 = Self::NULLABLE_BIT * nullable as u32;
+            Some(RefType::from_u32(
+                nullable32 | Self::INDEXED_BIT | kind | index,
+            ))
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new `RefType`.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` when the heap type's type index (if any) is beyond this
+    /// crate's implementation limits and therfore is not representable.
+    pub const fn new(nullable: bool, heap_type: HeapType) -> Option<Self> {
+        let nullable32 = Self::NULLABLE_BIT * nullable as u32;
+        match heap_type {
+            HeapType::Indexed(index) => RefType::indexed(nullable, 0, index), // 0 bc we don't know the kind
+            HeapType::Func => Some(Self::from_u32(nullable32 | Self::FUNC_TYPE)),
+            HeapType::Extern => Some(Self::from_u32(nullable32 | Self::EXTERN_TYPE)),
+            HeapType::Any => Some(Self::from_u32(nullable32 | Self::ANY_TYPE)),
+            HeapType::None => Some(Self::from_u32(nullable32 | Self::NONE_TYPE)),
+            HeapType::NoExtern => Some(Self::from_u32(nullable32 | Self::NOEXTERN_TYPE)),
+            HeapType::NoFunc => Some(Self::from_u32(nullable32 | Self::NOFUNC_TYPE)),
+            HeapType::Eq => Some(Self::from_u32(nullable32 | Self::EQ_TYPE)),
+            HeapType::Struct => Some(Self::from_u32(nullable32 | Self::STRUCT_TYPE)),
+            HeapType::Array => Some(Self::from_u32(nullable32 | Self::ARRAY_TYPE)),
+            HeapType::I31 => Some(Self::from_u32(nullable32 | Self::I31_TYPE)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Is this a reference to a typed function?
+    pub const fn is_typed_func_ref(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_indexed_type_ref() && self.as_u32() & Self::KIND_MASK == Self::FUNC_KIND
+    }
+
+    /// Is this a reference to an indexed type?
+    pub const fn is_indexed_type_ref(&self) -> bool {
+        self.as_u32() & Self::INDEXED_BIT != 0
+    }
+
+    /// If this is a reference to a typed function, get its type index.
+    pub const fn type_index(&self) -> Option<u32> {
+        if self.is_indexed_type_ref() {
+            Some(self.as_u32() & Self::INDEX_MASK)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Is this an untyped function reference aka `(ref null func)` aka `funcref` aka `anyfunc`?
+    pub const fn is_func_ref(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.is_indexed_type_ref() && self.as_u32() & Self::TYPE_MASK == Self::FUNC_TYPE
+    }
+
+    /// Is this a `(ref null extern)` aka `externref`?
+    pub const fn is_extern_ref(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.is_indexed_type_ref() && self.as_u32() & Self::TYPE_MASK == Self::EXTERN_TYPE
+    }
+
+    /// Is this ref type nullable?
+    pub const fn is_nullable(&self) -> bool {
+        self.as_u32() & Self::NULLABLE_BIT != 0
+    }
+
+    /// Get the non-nullable version of this ref type.
+    pub const fn as_non_null(&self) -> Self {
+        Self::from_u32(self.as_u32() & !Self::NULLABLE_BIT)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the non-nullable version of this ref type.
+    pub const fn nullable(&self) -> Self {
+        Self::from_u32(self.as_u32() | Self::NULLABLE_BIT)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the heap type that this is a reference to.
+    pub fn heap_type(&self) -> HeapType {
+        let s = self.as_u32();
+        if self.is_indexed_type_ref() {
+            HeapType::Indexed(self.type_index().unwrap())
+        } else {
+            match s & Self::TYPE_MASK {
+                Self::FUNC_TYPE => HeapType::Func,
+                Self::EXTERN_TYPE => HeapType::Extern,
+                Self::ANY_TYPE => HeapType::Any,
+                Self::NONE_TYPE => HeapType::None,
+                Self::NOEXTERN_TYPE => HeapType::NoExtern,
+                Self::NOFUNC_TYPE => HeapType::NoFunc,
+                Self::EQ_TYPE => HeapType::Eq,
+                Self::STRUCT_TYPE => HeapType::Struct,
+                Self::ARRAY_TYPE => HeapType::Array,
+                Self::I31_TYPE => HeapType::I31,
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Note that this is similar to `Display for RefType` except that it has
+    // the indexes stubbed out.
+    pub(crate) fn wat(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match (self.is_nullable(), self.heap_type()) {
+            (true, HeapType::Func) => "funcref",
+            (true, HeapType::Extern) => "externref",
+            (true, HeapType::Indexed(_)) => "(ref null $type)",
+            (true, HeapType::Any) => "anyref",
+            (true, HeapType::None) => "nullref",
+            (true, HeapType::NoExtern) => "nullexternref",
+            (true, HeapType::NoFunc) => "nullfuncref",
+            (true, HeapType::Eq) => "eqref",
+            (true, HeapType::Struct) => "structref",
+            (true, HeapType::Array) => "arrayref",
+            (true, HeapType::I31) => "i31ref",
+            (false, HeapType::Func) => "(ref func)",
+            (false, HeapType::Extern) => "(ref extern)",
+            (false, HeapType::Indexed(_)) => "(ref $type)",
+            (false, HeapType::Any) => "(ref any)",
+            (false, HeapType::None) => "(ref none)",
+            (false, HeapType::NoExtern) => "(ref noextern)",
+            (false, HeapType::NoFunc) => "(ref nofunc)",
+            (false, HeapType::Eq) => "(ref eq)",
+            (false, HeapType::Struct) => "(ref struct)",
+            (false, HeapType::Array) => "(ref array)",
+            (false, HeapType::I31) => "(ref i31)",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Inherits for RefType {
+    fn inherits<'a, F>(
+        &self,
+        other: &Self,
+        self_base_idx: Option<u32>,
+        other_base_idx: Option<u32>,
+        type_at: &F,
+    ) -> bool
+    where
+        F: Fn(u32) -> &'a SubType,
+    {
+        self == other
+            || ((other.is_nullable() || !self.is_nullable())
+                && self.heap_type().inherits(
+                    &other.heap_type(),
+                    self_base_idx,
+                    other_base_idx,
+                    type_at,
+                ))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> FromReader<'a> for RefType {
+    fn from_reader(reader: &mut BinaryReader<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
+        match reader.read()? {
+            0x70 => Ok(RefType::FUNC.nullable()),
+            0x6F => Ok(RefType::EXTERN.nullable()),
+            0x6E => Ok(RefType::ANY.nullable()),
+            0x65 => Ok(RefType::NONE.nullable()),
+            0x69 => Ok(RefType::NOEXTERN.nullable()),
+            0x68 => Ok(RefType::NOFUNC.nullable()),
+            0x6D => Ok(RefType::EQ.nullable()),
+            0x67 => Ok(RefType::STRUCT.nullable()),
+            0x66 => Ok(RefType::ARRAY.nullable()),
+            0x6A => Ok(RefType::I31.nullable()),
+            byte @ (0x6B | 0x6C) => {
+                let nullable = byte == 0x6C;
+                let pos = reader.original_position();
+                RefType::new(nullable, reader.read()?)
+                    .ok_or_else(|| crate::BinaryReaderError::new("type index too large", pos))
+            }
+            _ => bail!(reader.original_position(), "malformed reference type"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for RefType {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        // Note that this is similar to `RefType::wat` except that it has the
+        // indexes filled out.
+        let s = match (self.is_nullable(), self.heap_type()) {
+            (true, HeapType::Func) => "funcref",
+            (true, HeapType::Extern) => "externref",
+            (true, HeapType::Indexed(i)) => return write!(f, "(ref null {i})"),
+            (true, HeapType::Any) => "anyref",
+            (true, HeapType::None) => "nullref",
+            (true, HeapType::NoExtern) => "nullexternref",
+            (true, HeapType::NoFunc) => "nullfuncref",
+            (true, HeapType::Eq) => "eqref",
+            (true, HeapType::Struct) => "structref",
+            (true, HeapType::Array) => "arrayref",
+            (true, HeapType::I31) => "i31ref",
+            (false, HeapType::Func) => "(ref func)",
+            (false, HeapType::Extern) => "(ref extern)",
+            (false, HeapType::Indexed(i)) => return write!(f, "(ref {i})"),
+            (false, HeapType::Any) => "(ref any)",
+            (false, HeapType::None) => "(ref none)",
+            (false, HeapType::NoExtern) => "(ref noextern)",
+            (false, HeapType::NoFunc) => "(ref nofunc)",
+            (false, HeapType::Eq) => "(ref eq)",
+            (false, HeapType::Struct) => "(ref struct)",
+            (false, HeapType::Array) => "(ref array)",
+            (false, HeapType::I31) => "(ref i31)",
+        };
+        f.write_str(s)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A heap type from function references. When the proposal is disabled, Index
+/// is an invalid type.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub enum HeapType {
+    /// User defined type at the given index.
+    Indexed(u32),
+    /// Untyped (any) function.
+    Func,
+    /// External heap type.
+    Extern,
+    /// The `any` heap type. The common supertype (a.k.a. top) of all internal types.
+    Any,
+    /// The `none` heap type. The common subtype (a.k.a. bottom) of all internal types.
+    None,
+    /// The `noextern` heap type. The common subtype (a.k.a. bottom) of all external types.
+    NoExtern,
+    /// The `nofunc` heap type. The common subtype (a.k.a. bottom) of all function types.
+    NoFunc,
+    /// The `eq` heap type. The common supertype of all referenceable types on which comparison
+    /// (ref.eq) is allowed.
+    Eq,
+    /// The `struct` heap type. The common supertype of all struct types.
+    Struct,
+    /// The `array` heap type. The common supertype of all array types.
+    Array,
+    /// The i31 heap type.
+    I31,
+}
+
+fn choose_base(base_idx: Option<u32>, idx: u32) -> Option<u32> {
+    if base_idx == None || idx == base_idx.unwrap() || idx < base_idx.unwrap() {
+        Some(idx)
+    } else {
+        base_idx
+    }
+}
+
+impl Inherits for HeapType {
+    fn inherits<'a, F>(
+        &self,
+        other: &Self,
+        self_base_idx: Option<u32>,
+        other_base_idx: Option<u32>,
+        type_at: &F,
+    ) -> bool
+    where
+        F: Fn(u32) -> &'a SubType,
+    {
+        match (self, other) {
+            (HeapType::Indexed(a), HeapType::Indexed(b)) => {
+                a == b || {
+                    let a_base = choose_base(self_base_idx, *a);
+                    let b_base = choose_base(other_base_idx, *b);
+                    (a_base == self_base_idx && b_base == other_base_idx)
+                        || type_at(*a).inherits(type_at(*b), a_base, b_base, type_at)
+                }
+            }
+            (HeapType::Indexed(a), HeapType::Func) => match type_at(*a).structural_type {
+                StructuralType::Func(_) => true,
+                _ => false,
+            },
+            (HeapType::Indexed(a), HeapType::Array) => match type_at(*a).structural_type {
+                StructuralType::Array(_) => true,
+                _ => false,
+            },
+            (HeapType::Indexed(a), HeapType::Struct) => match type_at(*a).structural_type {
+                StructuralType::Struct(_) => true,
+                _ => false,
+            },
+            (HeapType::Indexed(a), HeapType::Eq | HeapType::Any) => {
+                match type_at(*a).structural_type {
+                    StructuralType::Array(_) | StructuralType::Struct(_) => true,
+                    _ => false,
+                }
+            }
+            (HeapType::Eq, HeapType::Any) => true,
+            (HeapType::I31 | HeapType::Array | HeapType::Struct, HeapType::Eq | HeapType::Any) => {
+                true
+            }
+            (HeapType::None, HeapType::Indexed(a)) => match type_at(*a).structural_type {
+                StructuralType::Array(_) | StructuralType::Struct(_) => true,
+                _ => false,
+            },
+            (
+                HeapType::None,
+                HeapType::I31 | HeapType::Eq | HeapType::Any | HeapType::Array | HeapType::Struct,
+            ) => true,
+            (HeapType::NoExtern, HeapType::Extern) => true,
+            (HeapType::NoFunc, HeapType::Func) => true,
+            (HeapType::NoFunc, HeapType::Indexed(a)) => match type_at(*a).structural_type {
+                StructuralType::Func(_) => true,
+                _ => false,
+            },
+            (
+                a @ (HeapType::Func
+                | HeapType::Extern
+                | HeapType::Any
+                | HeapType::Indexed(_)
+                | HeapType::None
+                | HeapType::NoExtern
+                | HeapType::NoFunc
+                | HeapType::Eq
+                | HeapType::Struct
+                | HeapType::Array
+                | HeapType::I31),
+                b,
+            ) => a == b,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> FromReader<'a> for HeapType {
+    fn from_reader(reader: &mut BinaryReader<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
+        match reader.peek()? {
+            0x70 => {
+                reader.position += 1;
+                Ok(HeapType::Func)
+            }
+            0x6F => {
+                reader.position += 1;
+                Ok(HeapType::Extern)
+            }
+            0x6E => {
+                reader.position += 1;
+                Ok(HeapType::Any)
+            }
+            0x65 => {
+                reader.position += 1;
+                Ok(HeapType::None)
+            }
+            0x69 => {
+                reader.position += 1;
+                Ok(HeapType::NoExtern)
+            }
+            0x68 => {
+                reader.position += 1;
+                Ok(HeapType::NoFunc)
+            }
+            0x6D => {
+                reader.position += 1;
+                Ok(HeapType::Eq)
+            }
+            0x67 => {
+                reader.position += 1;
+                Ok(HeapType::Struct)
+            }
+            0x66 => {
+                reader.position += 1;
+                Ok(HeapType::Array)
+            }
+            0x6A => {
+                reader.position += 1;
+                Ok(HeapType::I31)
+            }
+            _ => {
+                let idx = match u32::try_from(reader.read_var_s33()?) {
+                    Ok(idx) => idx,
+                    Err(_) => {
+                        bail!(reader.original_position(), "invalid indexed ref heap type");
+                    }
+                };
+                Ok(HeapType::Indexed(idx))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents a structural type in a WebAssembly module.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum StructuralType {
+    /// The type is for a function.
+    Func(FuncType),
+    /// The type is for an array.
+    Array(ArrayType),
+    /// The type is for a struct.
+    Struct(StructType),
+}
+
+/// Represents a subtype of possible other types in a WebAssembly module.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct SubType {
+    /// Is the subtype final.
+    pub is_final: bool,
+    /// The list of supertype indexes. As of GC MVP, there can be at most one supertype.
+    pub supertype_idx: Option<u32>,
+    /// The structural type of the subtype.
+    pub structural_type: StructuralType,
+}
+
+/// Represents a recursive type group in a WebAssembly module.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum RecGroup {
+    /// The list of subtypes in the recursive type group.
+    Many(Vec<SubType>),
+    /// A single subtype in the recursive type group.
+    Single(SubType),
+}
+
+impl RecGroup {
+    /// Returns the list of subtypes in the recursive type group.
+    pub fn types(&self) -> &[SubType] {
+        match self {
+            RecGroup::Many(types) => types,
+            RecGroup::Single(ty) => slice::from_ref(ty),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Inherits for SubType {
+    fn inherits<'a, F>(
+        &self,
+        other: &Self,
+        self_base_idx: Option<u32>,
+        other_base_idx: Option<u32>,
+        type_at: &F,
+    ) -> bool
+    where
+        F: Fn(u32) -> &'a SubType,
+    {
+        !other.is_final
+            && self.structural_type.inherits(
+                &other.structural_type,
+                self_base_idx,
+                other_base_idx,
+                type_at,
+            )
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents a type of a function in a WebAssembly module.
+#[derive(Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub struct FuncType {
+    /// The combined parameters and result types.
+    params_results: Box<[ValType]>,
+    /// The number of parameter types.
+    len_params: usize,
+}
+
+/// Represents a type of an array in a WebAssembly module.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub struct ArrayType(pub FieldType);
+
+/// Represents a field type of an array or a struct.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub struct FieldType {
+    /// Array element type.
+    pub element_type: StorageType,
+    /// Are elements mutable.
+    pub mutable: bool,
+}
+
+/// Represents a type of a struct in a WebAssembly module.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub struct StructType {
+    /// Struct fields.
+    pub fields: Box<[FieldType]>,
+}
+
+impl Inherits for StructuralType {
+    fn inherits<'a, F>(
+        &self,
+        other: &Self,
+        self_base_idx: Option<u32>,
+        other_base_idx: Option<u32>,
+        type_at: &F,
+    ) -> bool
+    where
+        F: Fn(u32) -> &'a SubType,
+    {
+        match (self, other) {
+            (StructuralType::Func(a), StructuralType::Func(b)) => {
+                a.inherits(b, self_base_idx, other_base_idx, type_at)
+            }
+            (StructuralType::Array(a), StructuralType::Array(b)) => {
+                a.inherits(b, self_base_idx, other_base_idx, type_at)
+            }
+            (StructuralType::Struct(a), StructuralType::Struct(b)) => {
+                a.inherits(b, self_base_idx, other_base_idx, type_at)
+            }
+            (StructuralType::Func(_), _) => false,
+            (StructuralType::Array(_), _) => false,
+            (StructuralType::Struct(_), _) => false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Debug for FuncType {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("FuncType")
+            .field("params", &self.params())
+            .field("returns", &self.results())
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl FuncType {
+    /// Creates a new [`FuncType`] from the given `params` and `results`.
+    pub fn new<P, R>(params: P, results: R) -> Self
+    where
+        P: IntoIterator<Item = ValType>,
+        R: IntoIterator<Item = ValType>,
+    {
+        let mut buffer = params.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let len_params = buffer.len();
+        buffer.extend(results);
+        Self {
+            params_results: buffer.into(),
+            len_params,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new [`FuncType`] fom its raw parts.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// If `len_params` is greater than the length of `params_results` combined.
+    pub(crate) fn from_raw_parts(params_results: Box<[ValType]>, len_params: usize) -> Self {
+        assert!(len_params <= params_results.len());
+        Self {
+            params_results,
+            len_params,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a shared slice to the parameter types of the [`FuncType`].
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn params(&self) -> &[ValType] {
+        &self.params_results[..self.len_params]
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a shared slice to the result types of the [`FuncType`].
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn results(&self) -> &[ValType] {
+        &self.params_results[self.len_params..]
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn desc(&self) -> String {
+        let mut s = String::new();
+        s.push_str("[");
+        for (i, param) in self.params().iter().enumerate() {
+            if i > 0 {
+                s.push_str(" ");
+            }
+            write!(s, "{param}").unwrap();
+        }
+        s.push_str("] -> [");
+        for (i, result) in self.results().iter().enumerate() {
+            if i > 0 {
+                s.push_str(" ");
+            }
+            write!(s, "{result}").unwrap();
+        }
+        s.push_str("]");
+        s
+    }
+}
+
+impl Inherits for FuncType {
+    fn inherits<'a, F>(
+        &self,
+        other: &Self,
+        self_base_idx: Option<u32>,
+        other_base_idx: Option<u32>,
+        type_at: &F,
+    ) -> bool
+    where
+        F: Fn(u32) -> &'a SubType,
+    {
+        self.params().len() == other.params().len()
+            && self.results().len() == other.results().len()
+            // Note: per GC spec, function subtypes are contravariant in their parameter types.
+            // Also see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance_and_contravariance_(computer_science)
+            && self
+                .params()
+                .iter()
+                .zip(other.params())
+                .fold(true, |r, (a, b)| r && b.inherits(a, self_base_idx, other_base_idx, type_at))
+            && self
+                .results()
+                .iter()
+                .zip(other.results())
+                .fold(true, |r, (a, b)| r && a.inherits(b, self_base_idx, other_base_idx, type_at))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Inherits for ArrayType {
+    fn inherits<'a, F>(
+        &self,
+        other: &Self,
+        self_base_idx: Option<u32>,
+        other_base_idx: Option<u32>,
+        type_at: &F,
+    ) -> bool
+    where
+        F: Fn(u32) -> &'a SubType,
+    {
+        self.0
+            .inherits(&other.0, self_base_idx, other_base_idx, type_at)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Inherits for FieldType {
+    fn inherits<'a, F>(
+        &self,
+        other: &Self,
+        self_base_idx: Option<u32>,
+        other_base_idx: Option<u32>,
+        type_at: &F,
+    ) -> bool
+    where
+        F: Fn(u32) -> &'a SubType,
+    {
+        (other.mutable || !self.mutable)
+            && self.element_type.inherits(
+                &other.element_type,
+                self_base_idx,
+                other_base_idx,
+                type_at,
+            )
+    }
+}
+
+impl Inherits for StorageType {
+    fn inherits<'a, F>(
+        &self,
+        other: &Self,
+        self_base_idx: Option<u32>,
+        other_base_idx: Option<u32>,
+        type_at: &F,
+    ) -> bool
+    where
+        F: Fn(u32) -> &'a SubType,
+    {
+        match (self, other) {
+            (Self::Val(a), Self::Val(b)) => a.inherits(b, self_base_idx, other_base_idx, type_at),
+            (a @ (Self::I8 | Self::I16 | Self::Val(_)), b) => a == b,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Inherits for StructType {
+    fn inherits<'a, F>(
+        &self,
+        other: &Self,
+        self_base_idx: Option<u32>,
+        other_base_idx: Option<u32>,
+        type_at: &F,
+    ) -> bool
+    where
+        F: Fn(u32) -> &'a SubType,
+    {
+        // Note: Structure types support width and depth subtyping.
+        self.fields.len() >= other.fields.len()
+            && self
+                .fields
+                .iter()
+                .zip(other.fields.iter())
+                .fold(true, |r, (a, b)| {
+                    r && a.inherits(b, self_base_idx, other_base_idx, type_at)
+                })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents a table's type.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct TableType {
+    /// The table's element type.
+    pub element_type: RefType,
+    /// Initial size of this table, in elements.
+    pub initial: u32,
+    /// Optional maximum size of the table, in elements.
+    pub maximum: Option<u32>,
+}
+
+/// Represents a memory's type.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct MemoryType {
+    /// Whether or not this is a 64-bit memory, using i64 as an index. If this
+    /// is false it's a 32-bit memory using i32 as an index.
+    ///
+    /// This is part of the memory64 proposal in WebAssembly.
+    pub memory64: bool,
+
+    /// Whether or not this is a "shared" memory, indicating that it should be
+    /// send-able across threads and the `maximum` field is always present for
+    /// valid types.
+    ///
+    /// This is part of the threads proposal in WebAssembly.
+    pub shared: bool,
+
+    /// Initial size of this memory, in wasm pages.
+    ///
+    /// For 32-bit memories (when `memory64` is `false`) this is guaranteed to
+    /// be at most `u32::MAX` for valid types.
+    pub initial: u64,
+
+    /// Optional maximum size of this memory, in wasm pages.
+    ///
+    /// For 32-bit memories (when `memory64` is `false`) this is guaranteed to
+    /// be at most `u32::MAX` for valid types. This field is always present for
+    /// valid wasm memories when `shared` is `true`.
+    pub maximum: Option<u64>,
+}
+
+impl MemoryType {
+    /// Gets the index type for the memory.
+    pub fn index_type(&self) -> ValType {
+        if self.memory64 {
+            ValType::I64
+        } else {
+            ValType::I32
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents a global's type.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct GlobalType {
+    /// The global's type.
+    pub content_type: ValType,
+    /// Whether or not the global is mutable.
+    pub mutable: bool,
+}
+
+/// Represents a tag kind.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub enum TagKind {
+    /// The tag is an exception type.
+    Exception,
+}
+
+/// A tag's type.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub struct TagType {
+    /// The kind of tag
+    pub kind: TagKind,
+    /// The function type this tag uses.
+    pub func_type_idx: u32,
+}
+
+/// A reader for the type section of a WebAssembly module.
+pub type TypeSectionReader<'a> = SectionLimited<'a, RecGroup>;
+
+impl<'a> TypeSectionReader<'a> {
+    /// Returns an iterator over this type section which will only yield
+    /// function types and any usage of GC types from the GC proposal will
+    /// be translated into an error.
+    pub fn into_iter_err_on_gc_types(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Result<FuncType>> + 'a {
+        self.into_iter_with_offsets().map(|item| {
+            let (offset, group) = item?;
+            let ty = match group {
+                RecGroup::Single(ty) => ty,
+                RecGroup::Many(_) => bail!(offset, "gc proposal not supported"),
+            };
+            if ty.is_final || ty.supertype_idx.is_some() {
+                bail!(offset, "gc proposal not supported");
+            }
+            match ty.structural_type {
+                StructuralType::Func(f) => Ok(f),
+                StructuralType::Array(_) | StructuralType::Struct(_) => {
+                    bail!(offset, "gc proposal not supported");
+                }
+            }
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> FromReader<'a> for StructuralType {
+    fn from_reader(reader: &mut BinaryReader<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
+        read_structural_type(reader.read_u8()?, reader)
+    }
+}
+
+fn read_structural_type(
+    opcode: u8,
+    reader: &mut BinaryReader,
+) -> Result<StructuralType, BinaryReaderError> {
+    Ok(match opcode {
+        0x60 => StructuralType::Func(reader.read()?),
+        0x5e => StructuralType::Array(reader.read()?),
+        0x5f => StructuralType::Struct(reader.read()?),
+        x => return reader.invalid_leading_byte(x, "type"),
+    })
+}
+
+impl<'a> FromReader<'a> for RecGroup {
+    fn from_reader(reader: &mut BinaryReader<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(match reader.peek()? {
+            0x4f => {
+                reader.read_u8()?;
+                let types = reader.read_iter(MAX_WASM_TYPES, "rec group types")?;
+                RecGroup::Many(types.collect::<Result<_>>()?)
+            }
+            _ => RecGroup::Single(reader.read()?),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> FromReader<'a> for SubType {
+    fn from_reader(reader: &mut BinaryReader<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
+        let pos = reader.original_position();
+        Ok(match reader.read_u8()? {
+            opcode @ (0x4e | 0x50) => {
+                let idx_iter = reader.read_iter(MAX_WASM_SUPERTYPES, "supertype idxs")?;
+                let idxs = idx_iter.collect::<Result<Vec<u32>>>()?;
+                if idxs.len() > 1 {
+                    return Err(BinaryReaderError::new(
+                        "multiple supertypes not supported",
+                        pos,
+                    ));
+                }
+                SubType {
+                    is_final: opcode == 0x4e,
+                    supertype_idx: idxs.first().copied(),
+                    structural_type: read_structural_type(reader.read_u8()?, reader)?,
+                }
+            }
+            opcode => SubType {
+                is_final: false,
+                supertype_idx: None,
+                structural_type: read_structural_type(opcode, reader)?,
+            },
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> FromReader<'a> for FuncType {
+    fn from_reader(reader: &mut BinaryReader<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
+        let mut params_results = reader
+            .read_iter(MAX_WASM_FUNCTION_PARAMS, "function params")?
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+        let len_params = params_results.len();
+        let results = reader.read_iter(MAX_WASM_FUNCTION_RETURNS, "function returns")?;
+        params_results.reserve(results.size_hint().0);
+        for result in results {
+            params_results.push(result?);
+        }
+        Ok(FuncType::from_raw_parts(params_results.into(), len_params))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> FromReader<'a> for FieldType {
+    fn from_reader(reader: &mut BinaryReader<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
+        let element_type = reader.read()?;
+        let mutable = reader.read_u8()?;
+        Ok(FieldType {
+            element_type,
+            mutable: match mutable {
+                0 => false,
+                1 => true,
+                _ => bail!(
+                    reader.original_position(),
+                    "invalid mutability byte for array type"
+                ),
+            },
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> FromReader<'a> for ArrayType {
+    fn from_reader(reader: &mut BinaryReader<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(ArrayType(FieldType::from_reader(reader)?))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> FromReader<'a> for StructType {
+    fn from_reader(reader: &mut BinaryReader<'a>) -> Result<Self> {
+        let fields = reader.read_iter(MAX_WASM_STRUCT_FIELDS, "struct fields")?;
+        Ok(StructType {
+            fields: fields.collect::<Result<_>>()?,
+        })
+    }
+}