passagemath-modules 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-musllinux_1_2_aarch64.whl

sage/combinat/root_system/root_lattice_realizations.py

@@ -0,0 +1,4628 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-modules
+"""
+Root lattice realizations
+"""
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2007-2013 Nicolas M. Thiery <nthiery at users.sf.net>
+#                          2012 Nicolas Borie  <nicolas.borie at univ-mlv.fr>
+#
+#       (with contributions of many others)
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.misc.abstract_method import abstract_method, AbstractMethod
+from sage.misc.call import attrcall
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method, cached_in_parent_method
+from sage.misc.lazy_attribute import lazy_attribute
+from sage.misc.lazy_import import LazyImport
+from sage.categories.coxeter_groups import CoxeterGroups
+from sage.categories.category_types import Category_over_base_ring
+from sage.categories.enumerated_sets import EnumeratedSets
+from sage.categories.modules_with_basis import ModulesWithBasis
+from sage.structure.element import Element
+from sage.sets.family import Family
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix
+from sage.modules.free_module_element import vector
+from sage.sets.recursively_enumerated_set import RecursivelyEnumeratedSet
+from sage.combinat.root_system.plot import PlotOptions, barycentric_projection_matrix
+from itertools import combinations_with_replacement
+
+
+class RootLatticeRealizations(Category_over_base_ring):
+    r"""
+    The category of root lattice realizations over a given base ring.
+
+    A *root lattice realization* `L` over a base ring `R` is a free
+    module (or vector space if `R` is a field) endowed with an embedding
+    of the root lattice of some root system.
+
+    Typical root lattice realizations over `\ZZ` include the root
+    lattice, weight lattice, and ambient lattice. Typical root lattice
+    realizations over `\QQ` include the root space, weight space, and
+    ambient space.
+
+    To describe the embedding, a root lattice realization must
+    implement a method
+    :meth:`~RootLatticeRealizations.ParentMethods.simple_root`
+    returning for each `i` in the index set the image of the simple root
+    `\alpha_i` under the embedding.
+
+    A root lattice realization must further implement a method on elements
+    :meth:`~RootLatticeRealizations.ElementMethods.scalar`, computing
+    the scalar product with elements of the coroot lattice or coroot space.
+
+    Using those, this category provides tools for reflections, roots,
+    the Weyl group and its action, ...
+
+    .. SEEALSO::
+
+        - :class:`~sage.combinat.root_system.root_system.RootSystem`
+        - :class:`~sage.combinat.root_system.weight_lattice_realizations.WeightLatticeRealizations`
+        - :class:`~sage.combinat.root_system.root_space.RootSpace`
+        - :class:`~sage.combinat.root_system.weight_space.WeightSpace`
+        - :class:`~sage.combinat.root_system.ambient_space.AmbientSpace`
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Here, we consider the root system of type `A_7`, and embed the root
+    lattice element `x = \alpha_2 + 2 \alpha_6` in several root lattice
+    realizations::
+
+        sage: R = RootSystem(["A",7])
+        sage: alpha = R.root_lattice().simple_roots()
+        sage: x = alpha[2] + 2 * alpha[5]
+
+        sage: L = R.root_space()
+        sage: L(x)
+        alpha[2] + 2*alpha[5]
+
+        sage: L = R.weight_lattice()
+        sage: L(x)                                                                      # needs sage.graphs
+        -Lambda[1] + 2*Lambda[2] - Lambda[3] - 2*Lambda[4] + 4*Lambda[5] - 2*Lambda[6]
+
+        sage: L = R.ambient_space()
+        sage: L(x)
+        (0, 1, -1, 0, 2, -2, 0, 0)
+
+    We embed the root space element `x = \alpha_2 + 1/2 \alpha_6` in
+    several root lattice realizations::
+
+        sage: alpha = R.root_space().simple_roots()
+        sage: x = alpha[2] + 1/2 * alpha[5]
+
+        sage: L = R.weight_space()
+        sage: L(x)                                                                      # needs sage.graphs
+        -Lambda[1] + 2*Lambda[2] - Lambda[3] - 1/2*Lambda[4] + Lambda[5] - 1/2*Lambda[6]
+
+        sage: L = R.ambient_space()
+        sage: L(x)
+        (0, 1, -1, 0, 1/2, -1/2, 0, 0)
+
+    Of course, one can't embed the root space in the weight lattice::
+
+        sage: L = R.weight_lattice()
+        sage: L(x)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        TypeError: do not know how to make x (= alpha[2] + 1/2*alpha[5])
+        an element of self (=Weight lattice of the Root system of type ['A', 7])
+
+    If `K_1` is a subring of `K_2`, then one could in theory have
+    an embedding from the root space over `K_1` to any root
+    lattice realization over `K_2`; this is not implemented::
+
+        sage: K1 = QQ
+        sage: K2 = QQ['q']
+        sage: L = R.weight_space(K2)
+
+        sage: alpha = R.root_space(K2).simple_roots()
+        sage: L(alpha[1])                                                               # needs sage.graphs
+        2*Lambda[1] - Lambda[2]
+
+        sage: alpha = R.root_space(K1).simple_roots()
+        sage: L(alpha[1])
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        TypeError: do not know how to make x (= alpha[1]) an element of self
+        (=Weight space over the Univariate Polynomial Ring in q
+        over Rational Field of the Root system of type ['A', 7])
+
+    By a slight abuse, the embedding of the root lattice is not actually
+    required to be faithful. Typically for an affine root system, the
+    null root of the root lattice is killed in the non extended weight
+    lattice::
+
+        sage: R = RootSystem(["A", 3, 1])
+        sage: delta = R.root_lattice().null_root()                                      # needs sage.graphs
+        sage: L = R.weight_lattice()
+        sage: L(delta)                                                                  # needs sage.graphs
+        0
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: TestSuite(L).run()                                                        # needs sage.graphs
+    """
+
+    @cached_method
+    def super_categories(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.root_lattice_realizations import RootLatticeRealizations
+            sage: RootLatticeRealizations(QQ).super_categories()
+            [Category of vector spaces with basis over Rational Field]
+        """
+        return [ModulesWithBasis(self.base_ring())]
+
+    Algebras = LazyImport('sage.combinat.root_system.root_lattice_realization_algebras', 'Algebras')
+
+    class ParentMethods:
+
+        def __init_extra__(self):
+            r"""
+            Register the embedding of the root lattice into ``self``.
+
+            Also registers the embedding of the root space over the same
+            base field `K` into ``self`` if `K` is not `\ZZ`.
+
+            EXAMPLES:
+
+            We embed the simple root `\alpha_2` of the root lattice in
+            the weight lattice::
+
+                sage: R = RootSystem(["A",3])
+                sage: alpha = R.root_lattice().simple_roots()
+                sage: L = R.weight_lattice()
+                sage: L(alpha[2])                                                       # needs sage.graphs
+                -Lambda[1] + 2*Lambda[2] - Lambda[3]
+
+            .. NOTE::
+
+                More examples are given in :class:`RootLatticeRealizations`;
+                The embeddings are systematically tested in
+                :meth:`_test_root_lattice_realization`.
+            """
+            from .root_space import RootSpace
+            K = self.base_ring()
+            # If self is the root lattice or the root space, we don't want
+            # to register its trivial embedding into itself. This builds
+            # the domains from which we want to register an embedding.
+            domains = []
+            if not isinstance(self, RootSpace) or K is not ZZ:
+                domains.append(self.root_system.root_lattice())
+            if not isinstance(self, RootSpace):
+                domains.append(self.root_system.root_space(K))
+            # Build and register the embeddings
+            for domain in domains:
+                domain.module_morphism(self.simple_root,
+                                       codomain=self
+                                       ).register_as_coercion()
+            if self.cartan_type().is_affine():
+                self._to_classical.register_as_conversion()
+
+        def cartan_type(self):
+            """
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: r = RootSystem(['A',4]).root_space()
+                sage: r.cartan_type()
+                ['A', 4]
+            """
+            return self.root_system.cartan_type()
+
+        def index_set(self):
+            """
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: r = RootSystem(['A',4]).root_space()
+                sage: r.index_set()
+                (1, 2, 3, 4)
+            """
+            return self.root_system.index_set()
+
+        def dynkin_diagram(self):
+            """
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: r = RootSystem(['A',4]).root_space()
+                sage: r.dynkin_diagram()                                                # needs sage.graphs
+                O---O---O---O
+                1   2   3   4
+                A4
+            """
+            return self.root_system.dynkin_diagram()
+
+        def _name_string_helper(self, name, capitalize=True, base_ring=True, type=True, prefix=""):
+            """
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: r = RootSystem(['A',4]).root_space()
+                sage: r._name_string_helper("root")
+                "Root space over the Rational Field of the Root system of type ['A', 4]"
+                sage: r._name_string_helper("root", base_ring=False)
+                "Root space of the Root system of type ['A', 4]"
+                sage: r._name_string_helper("root", base_ring=False, type=False)
+                'Root space'
+                sage: r._name_string_helper("root", capitalize=False, base_ring=False, type=False)
+                'root space'
+
+                sage: r = RootSystem(['A',4]).coroot_space()
+                sage: r._name_string_helper("weight", prefix="extended ")
+                "Extended coweight space over the Rational Field of the Root system of type ['A', 4]"
+            """
+            s = prefix
+            if self.root_system.dual_side:
+                s += "co"
+
+            s += name + " "
+
+            if self.base_ring() == ZZ:
+                s += "lattice "
+            else:
+                s += "space "
+                if base_ring:
+                    s += "over the %s " % self.base_ring()
+
+            if type:
+                s += "of the "
+                if self.root_system.dual_side:
+                    s += repr(self.root_system.dual)
+                else:
+                    s += repr(self.root_system)
+
+            if capitalize:
+                s = s[:1].upper() + s[1:]
+
+            return s.strip()
+
+        def some_elements(self):
+            """
+            Return some elements of this root lattice realization.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(["A",2]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: L.some_elements()                                                 # needs sage.graphs
+                [2*Lambda[1] + 2*Lambda[2], 2*Lambda[1] - Lambda[2],
+                 -Lambda[1] + 2*Lambda[2], Lambda[1], Lambda[2]]
+                sage: L = RootSystem(["A",2]).root_lattice()
+                sage: L.some_elements()
+                [2*alpha[1] + 2*alpha[2], alpha[1], alpha[2]]
+            """
+            result = [self.an_element()]
+            try:
+                result.extend(self.simple_roots())
+            except ImportError:
+                pass
+            try:
+                result.extend(self.fundamental_weights())
+            except (AttributeError, ImportError):
+                pass
+            return result
+
+        ##########################################################################
+        # checks
+        ##########################################################################
+
+        def _test_root_lattice_realization(self, **options):
+            """
+            Run sanity checks on this root lattice realization.
+
+            - embedding of the root lattice
+            - embedding of the root space over the same base ring
+            - scalar products between simple roots and simple coroots
+            - ...
+
+            .. SEEALSO:: :class:`TestSuite`
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: RootSystem(['A',3]).root_lattice()._test_root_lattice_realization()
+            """
+            tester = self._tester(**options)
+            try:
+                alpha = self.simple_roots()
+                alphacheck = self.simple_coroots()
+            except ImportError:
+                return
+            R = self.base_ring()
+            tester.assertEqual(alpha     .keys(), self.index_set())
+            tester.assertEqual(alphacheck.keys(), self.index_set())
+
+            # Check the consistency between simple_root and simple_roots
+            for i in self.index_set():
+                tester.assertEqual(self.simple_root(i), alpha[i])
+
+            # Check the embeddings from the root lattice and the root space over the same base ring
+            root_lattice = self.root_system.root_lattice()
+            root_space = self.root_system.root_space(R)
+            tester.assertIsNot(self.coerce_map_from(root_lattice), None)
+            tester.assertIsNot(self.coerce_map_from(root_space), None)
+            for i in self.index_set():
+                # This embedding maps simple roots to simple roots
+                tester.assertEqual(self(root_lattice.simple_root(i)), alpha[i])
+                tester.assertEqual(self(root_space   .simple_root(i)), alpha[i])
+
+            # Check that the scalar products match with the Dynkin diagram
+            try:
+                dynkin_diagram = self.dynkin_diagram()
+            except ImportError:
+                return
+            for i in self.index_set():
+                for j in self.index_set():
+                    tester.assertEqual(alpha[j].scalar(alphacheck[i]), R(dynkin_diagram[i,j]))
+
+            # Check associated_coroot, if it is implemented
+            if not isinstance(self.element_class.associated_coroot, AbstractMethod):
+                for i in self.index_set():
+                    tester.assertEqual(alpha[i].associated_coroot(), alphacheck[i])
+
+            if self.cartan_type().is_affine():
+                # Check that the null root is orthogonal to all coroots
+                # and similarly for the null coroot
+                nullroot = self.null_root()
+                nullcoroot = self.null_coroot()
+                special_node = self.cartan_type().special_node()
+                for i in alpha.keys():
+                    tester.assertTrue(nullroot.scalar(alphacheck[i]).is_zero())
+                    tester.assertTrue(alpha[i].scalar(nullcoroot).is_zero())
+                # Check the projection on the classical space
+                classical = self.classical()
+                alpha_classical = classical.alpha()
+                for i in alpha.keys():
+                    if i != special_node or self.cartan_type().is_untwisted_affine():
+                        tester.assertEqual(classical(alpha[i]), alpha_classical[i])
+
+            # Todo: add tests of highest root, roots, has_descent, ...
+
+        ##########################################################################
+        # highest root
+        ##########################################################################
+
+        @cached_method
+        def highest_root(self):
+            """
+            Return the highest root (for an irreducible finite root system).
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: RootSystem(['A',4]).ambient_space().highest_root()
+                (1, 0, 0, 0, -1)
+
+                sage: RootSystem(['E',6]).weight_space().highest_root()                 # needs sage.graphs
+                Lambda[2]
+            """
+            if not self.root_system.is_finite():
+                raise ValueError("The root system of %s is not of finite Cartan type" % self)
+            if not self.root_system.is_irreducible():
+                raise ValueError("The root system of %s is reducible" % self)
+            return self.a_long_simple_root().to_dominant_chamber()
+
+        @cached_method
+        def a_long_simple_root(self):
+            """
+            Return a long simple root, corresponding to the highest outgoing edge
+            in the Dynkin diagram.
+
+            .. warning::
+
+                This may be broken in affine type `A_{2n}^{(2)}`
+
+                Is it meaningful/broken for non irreducible?
+
+            .. TODO::
+
+                implement CartanType.nodes_by_length as in
+                MuPAD-Combinat (using CartanType.symmetrizer), and use it
+                here.
+
+            TESTS::
+
+                sage: X = RootSystem(['A',1]).weight_space()
+                sage: X.a_long_simple_root()                                            # needs sage.graphs
+                2*Lambda[1]
+                sage: X = RootSystem(['A',5]).weight_space()
+                sage: X.a_long_simple_root()                                            # needs sage.graphs
+                2*Lambda[1] - Lambda[2]
+            """
+            if self.dynkin_diagram().rank() == 1:
+                return self.simple_roots()[self.index_set()[0]]
+            longest = next(self.dynkin_diagram().edge_iterator())
+            for j in self.dynkin_diagram().edge_iterator():
+                if j[2] > longest[2]:
+                    longest = j
+            return self.simple_roots()[longest[0]]
+
+        ##########################################################################
+        # simple roots
+        ##########################################################################
+
+        @abstract_method
+        def simple_root(self, i):
+            """
+            Return the `i`-th simple root.
+
+            This should be overridden by any subclass, and typically
+            implemented as a cached method for efficiency.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: r = RootSystem(["A",3]).root_lattice()
+                sage: r.simple_root(1)
+                alpha[1]
+
+            TESTS::
+
+                sage: super(sage.combinat.root_system.root_space.RootSpace, r).simple_root(1)
+                Traceback (most recent call last):
+                ...
+                NotImplementedError: <abstract method simple_root at ...>
+            """
+
+        @cached_method
+        def simple_roots(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the family `(\alpha_i)_{i\in I}` of the simple roots.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: alpha = RootSystem(["A",3]).root_lattice().simple_roots()
+                sage: [alpha[i] for i in [1,2,3]]
+                [alpha[1], alpha[2], alpha[3]]
+            """
+            if not hasattr(self,"_simple_roots"):
+                self._simple_roots = Family(self.index_set(), self.simple_root)
+                # Should we use rename to set a nice name for this family?
+                # self._simple_roots.rename('alpha')
+                # This break some doctests
+            return self._simple_roots
+
+        @cached_method
+        def alpha(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the family `(\alpha_i)_{i\in I}` of the simple roots,
+            with the extra feature that, for simple irreducible root
+            systems, `\alpha_0` yields the opposite of the highest root.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: alpha = RootSystem(["A",2]).root_lattice().alpha()
+                sage: alpha[1]
+                alpha[1]
+                sage: alpha[0]                                                          # needs sage.graphs
+                -alpha[1] - alpha[2]
+            """
+            if self.root_system.is_finite() and self.root_system.is_irreducible():
+                return Family(self.index_set(), self.simple_root,
+                              hidden_keys=[0],
+                              hidden_function=lambda i: - self.highest_root())
+            return self.simple_roots()
+
+        @cached_method
+        def basic_imaginary_roots(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the basic imaginary roots of ``self``.
+
+            The basic imaginary roots `\delta` are the set of imaginary roots
+            in `-C^{\vee}` where `C` is the dominant chamber (i.e.,
+            `\langle \beta, \alpha_i^{\vee} \rangle \leq 0` for all `i \in I`).
+            All imaginary roots are `W`-conjugate to a simple imaginary root.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: RootSystem(['A', 2]).root_lattice().basic_imaginary_roots()
+                ()
+                sage: Q = RootSystem(['A', 2, 1]).root_lattice()
+                sage: Q.basic_imaginary_roots()                                         # needs sage.graphs
+                (alpha[0] + alpha[1] + alpha[2],)
+                sage: delta = Q.basic_imaginary_roots()[0]                              # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: all(delta.scalar(Q.simple_coroot(i)) <= 0                         # needs sage.graphs
+                ....:     for i in Q.index_set())
+                True
+            """
+            if self.cartan_type().is_finite():
+                return ()
+            if self.cartan_type().is_affine():
+                return (self.null_root(),)
+            raise ValueError("only implemented for finite and affine types")
+
+        @cached_method
+        def simple_roots_tilde(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the family `(\tilde\alpha_i)_{i\in I}` of the simple roots.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``self`` -- an affine root lattice realization
+
+            The `\tilde \alpha_i` give the embedding of the root
+            lattice of the other affinization of the same classical
+            root lattice into this root lattice (space?).
+
+            This uses the fact that `\alpha_i = \tilde \alpha_i` for
+            `i` not a special node, and that
+
+            .. MATH::
+
+                \delta = \sum a_i \alpha_i = \sum b_i \tilde \alpha_i
+
+            EXAMPLES:
+
+            In simply laced cases, this is boring::
+
+                sage: RootSystem(["A",3, 1]).root_lattice().simple_roots_tilde()        # needs sage.graphs
+                Finite family {0: alpha[0], 1: alpha[1], 2: alpha[2], 3: alpha[3]}
+
+            This was checked by hand::
+
+                sage: RootSystem(["C",2,1]).coroot_lattice().simple_roots_tilde()       # needs sage.graphs
+                Finite family {0: alphacheck[0] - alphacheck[2],
+                               1: alphacheck[1],
+                               2: alphacheck[2]}
+                sage: RootSystem(["B",2,1]).coroot_lattice().simple_roots_tilde()       # needs sage.graphs
+                Finite family {0: alphacheck[0] - alphacheck[1],
+                               1: alphacheck[1],
+                               2: alphacheck[2]}
+
+            What about type BC?
+            """
+            i0 = self.cartan_type().special_node()
+            I0 = self.cartan_type().classical().index_set()
+            other_affinization = self.cartan_type().other_affinization()
+            b = other_affinization.col_annihilator()
+            alpha = self.simple_roots()
+            result = { i: alpha[i] for i in I0 }
+            result[i0] = (self.null_root() - self.linear_combination( (alpha[i], b[i]) for i in I0)) / b[i0]
+            return Family(result)
+
+        ##########################################################################
+        # roots
+        ##########################################################################
+
+        def roots(self):
+            """
+            Return the roots of ``self``.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: RootSystem(['A',2]).ambient_lattice().roots()
+                [(1, -1, 0), (1, 0, -1), (0, 1, -1), (-1, 1, 0), (-1, 0, 1), (0, -1, 1)]
+
+            This matches with :wikipedia:`Root_systems`::
+
+                sage: for T in CartanType.samples(finite=True, crystallographic=True):  # needs sage.graphs
+                ....:     print("%s %3s %3s"%(T, len(RootSystem(T).root_lattice().roots()),
+                ....:                            len(RootSystem(T).weight_lattice().roots())))
+                ['A', 1]   2   2
+                ['A', 5]  30  30
+                ['B', 1]   2   2
+                ['B', 5]  50  50
+                ['C', 1]   2   2
+                ['C', 5]  50  50
+                ['D', 2]   4   4
+                ['D', 3]  12  12
+                ['D', 5]  40  40
+                ['E', 6]  72  72
+                ['E', 7] 126 126
+                ['E', 8] 240 240
+                ['F', 4]  48  48
+                ['G', 2]  12  12
+
+            .. TODO::
+
+                The result should be an enumerated set, and handle
+                infinite root systems.
+            """
+            if not self.cartan_type().is_finite():
+                from sage.sets.disjoint_union_enumerated_sets \
+                                import DisjointUnionEnumeratedSets
+                D = DisjointUnionEnumeratedSets([self.positive_roots(),
+                                                  self.negative_roots()])
+                D.rename("All roots of type {}".format(self.cartan_type()))
+                return D
+
+            return list(self.positive_roots()) + list(self.negative_roots())
+
+        def short_roots(self):
+            """
+            Return a list of the short roots of ``self``.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['B',3]).root_lattice()
+                sage: sorted(L.short_roots())                                           # needs sage.graphs
+                [-alpha[1] - alpha[2] - alpha[3],
+                 alpha[1] + alpha[2] + alpha[3],
+                 -alpha[2] - alpha[3],
+                 alpha[2] + alpha[3],
+                 -alpha[3],
+                 alpha[3]]
+            """
+            if not self.cartan_type().is_finite():
+                raise NotImplementedError("only implemented for finite Cartan types")
+            return [x for x in self.roots() if x.is_short_root()]
+
+        def long_roots(self):
+            """
+            Return a list of the long roots of ``self``.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['B',3]).root_lattice()
+                sage: sorted(L.long_roots())                                            # needs sage.graphs
+                [-alpha[1], -alpha[1] - 2*alpha[2] - 2*alpha[3],
+                 -alpha[1] - alpha[2], -alpha[1] - alpha[2] - 2*alpha[3],
+                 alpha[1], alpha[1] + alpha[2],
+                 alpha[1] + alpha[2] + 2*alpha[3],
+                 alpha[1] + 2*alpha[2] + 2*alpha[3], -alpha[2],
+                 -alpha[2] - 2*alpha[3], alpha[2], alpha[2] + 2*alpha[3]]
+            """
+            if not self.cartan_type().is_finite():
+                raise NotImplementedError("only implemented for finite Cartan types")
+            return [x for x in self.roots() if x.is_long_root()]
+
+        @cached_method
+        def positive_roots(self, index_set=None):
+            r"""
+            Return the positive roots of ``self``.
+
+            If ``index_set`` is not ``None``, returns the positive roots of
+            the parabolic subsystem with simple roots in ``index_set``.
+
+            Algorithm for finite type: generate them from the simple roots by
+            applying successive reflections toward the positive chamber.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['A',3]).root_lattice()
+                sage: sorted(L.positive_roots())                                        # needs sage.graphs
+                [alpha[1], alpha[1] + alpha[2],
+                 alpha[1] + alpha[2] + alpha[3], alpha[2],
+                 alpha[2] + alpha[3], alpha[3]]
+                sage: sorted(L.positive_roots((1,2)))                                   # needs sage.graphs
+                [alpha[1], alpha[1] + alpha[2], alpha[2]]
+                sage: sorted(L.positive_roots(()))                                      # needs sage.graphs
+                []
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['A',3,1]).root_lattice()
+                sage: PR = L.positive_roots(); PR                                       # needs sage.graphs
+                Disjoint union of Family (Positive real roots of type ['A', 3, 1],
+                    Positive imaginary roots of type ['A', 3, 1])
+                sage: [PR.unrank(i) for i in range(10)]                                 # needs sage.graphs
+                [alpha[1],
+                 alpha[2],
+                 alpha[3],
+                 alpha[1] + alpha[2],
+                 alpha[2] + alpha[3],
+                 alpha[1] + alpha[2] + alpha[3],
+                 alpha[0] + 2*alpha[1] + alpha[2] + alpha[3],
+                 alpha[0] + alpha[1] + 2*alpha[2] + alpha[3],
+                 alpha[0] + alpha[1] + alpha[2] + 2*alpha[3],
+                 alpha[0] + 2*alpha[1] + 2*alpha[2] + alpha[3]]
+            """
+            if self.cartan_type().is_affine():
+                from sage.sets.disjoint_union_enumerated_sets \
+                                import DisjointUnionEnumeratedSets
+                return DisjointUnionEnumeratedSets([self.positive_real_roots(),
+                                                    self.positive_imaginary_roots()])
+            if not self.cartan_type().is_finite():
+                raise NotImplementedError("Only implemented for finite and"
+                                          " affine Cartan types")
+            if index_set is None:
+                index_set = tuple(self.cartan_type().index_set())
+            return RecursivelyEnumeratedSet([self.simple_root(i) for i in index_set],
+                       attrcall('pred', index_set=index_set),
+                       structure='graded', enumeration='breadth',
+                       category=EnumeratedSets().Finite())
+
+        @cached_method
+        def nonparabolic_positive_roots(self, index_set=None):
+            r"""
+            Return the positive roots of ``self`` that are not in the
+            parabolic subsystem indicated by ``index_set``.
+
+            If ``index_set`` is ``None``, as in :meth:`positive_roots`
+            it is assumed to be the entire Dynkin node set. Then the
+            parabolic subsystem consists of all positive roots and the
+            empty list is returned.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['A',3]).root_lattice()
+                sage: L.nonparabolic_positive_roots()                                   # needs sage.graphs
+                []
+                sage: sorted(L.nonparabolic_positive_roots((1,2)))                      # needs sage.graphs
+                [alpha[1] + alpha[2] + alpha[3], alpha[2] + alpha[3], alpha[3]]
+                sage: sorted(L.nonparabolic_positive_roots(()))                         # needs sage.graphs
+                [alpha[1], alpha[1] + alpha[2], alpha[1] + alpha[2] + alpha[3],
+                 alpha[2], alpha[2] + alpha[3], alpha[3]]
+            """
+            if not self.cartan_type().is_finite():
+                raise NotImplementedError("Only implemented for "
+                                          "finite Cartan type")
+            if index_set is None:
+                return []
+            return [x for x in self.positive_roots()
+                    if x not in self.positive_roots(index_set)]
+
+        @cached_method
+        def nonparabolic_positive_root_sum(self, index_set=None):
+            r"""
+            Return the sum of positive roots not in a parabolic subsystem.
+
+            The conventions for ``index_set`` are as in :meth:`nonparabolic_positive_roots`.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: Q = RootSystem(['A',3]).root_lattice()
+                sage: Q.nonparabolic_positive_root_sum((1,2))                           # needs sage.graphs
+                alpha[1] + 2*alpha[2] + 3*alpha[3]
+                sage: Q.nonparabolic_positive_root_sum()                                # needs sage.graphs
+                0
+                sage: Q.nonparabolic_positive_root_sum(())                              # needs sage.graphs
+                3*alpha[1] + 4*alpha[2] + 3*alpha[3]
+            """
+            return self.sum(self.nonparabolic_positive_roots(index_set))
+
+        def positive_real_roots(self):
+            """
+            Return the positive real roots of ``self``.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['A',3]).root_lattice()
+                sage: sorted(L.positive_real_roots())                                   # needs sage.graphs
+                [alpha[1], alpha[1] + alpha[2], alpha[1] + alpha[2] + alpha[3],
+                 alpha[2], alpha[2] + alpha[3], alpha[3]]
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['A',3,1]).root_lattice()
+                sage: PRR = L.positive_real_roots(); PRR                                # needs sage.graphs
+                Positive real roots of type ['A', 3, 1]
+                sage: [PRR.unrank(i) for i in range(10)]                                # needs sage.graphs
+                [alpha[1],
+                 alpha[2],
+                 alpha[3],
+                 alpha[1] + alpha[2],
+                 alpha[2] + alpha[3],
+                 alpha[1] + alpha[2] + alpha[3],
+                 alpha[0] + 2*alpha[1] + alpha[2] + alpha[3],
+                 alpha[0] + alpha[1] + 2*alpha[2] + alpha[3],
+                 alpha[0] + alpha[1] + alpha[2] + 2*alpha[3],
+                 alpha[0] + 2*alpha[1] + 2*alpha[2] + alpha[3]]
+
+                sage: Q = RootSystem(['A',4,2]).root_lattice()
+                sage: PR = Q.positive_roots()                                           # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: [PR.unrank(i) for i in range(5)]                                  # needs sage.graphs
+                [alpha[1],
+                 alpha[2],
+                 alpha[1] + alpha[2],
+                 2*alpha[1] + alpha[2],
+                 alpha[0] + alpha[1] + alpha[2]]
+
+                sage: Q = RootSystem(['D',3,2]).root_lattice()
+                sage: PR = Q.positive_roots()                                           # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: [PR.unrank(i) for i in range(5)]                                  # needs sage.graphs
+                [alpha[1],
+                 alpha[2],
+                 alpha[1] + 2*alpha[2],
+                 alpha[1] + alpha[2],
+                 alpha[0] + alpha[1] + 2*alpha[2]]
+            """
+            if self.cartan_type().is_finite():
+                return tuple(RecursivelyEnumeratedSet(self.simple_roots(),
+                    attrcall('pred'), structure='graded',
+                    enumeration='breadth'))
+            if not self.cartan_type().is_affine():
+                raise NotImplementedError("only implemented for finite and affine Cartan types")
+
+            from sage.categories.cartesian_product import cartesian_product
+            from sage.combinat.root_system.root_system import RootSystem
+            from sage.sets.positive_integers import PositiveIntegers
+            from sage.sets.disjoint_union_enumerated_sets import DisjointUnionEnumeratedSets
+
+            Q = RootSystem(self.cartan_type().classical()).root_space(self.base_ring())
+
+            # Start with the classical positive roots
+            alpha = self.simple_roots()
+
+            def lift(x):
+                """
+                Lift up the classical element into ``self``.
+                """
+                return self.sum(c*alpha[i] for i,c in x)
+            P = Family(Q.positive_real_roots(), lift)
+
+            # Add all of the delta shifts
+            delta = self.null_root()
+            if self.cartan_type().is_untwisted_affine():
+                C = cartesian_product([PositiveIntegers(), Q.roots()])
+                F = Family(C, lambda x: lift(x[1]) + x[0]*delta)
+                D = DisjointUnionEnumeratedSets([P, F])
+            elif self.cartan_type().type() == 'BC' or self.cartan_type().dual().type() == 'BC':
+                Cs = cartesian_product([PositiveIntegers(), Q.short_roots()])
+                Cl = cartesian_product([PositiveIntegers(), Q.long_roots()])
+                Fs = Family(Cl, lambda x: (lift(x[1]) + (2*x[0]-1)*delta) / 2)
+                Fm = Family(Cs, lambda x: lift(x[1]) + x[0]*delta)
+                Fl = Family(Cl, lambda x: lift(x[1]) + 2*x[0]*delta)
+                D = DisjointUnionEnumeratedSets([P, Fs, Fm, Fl])
+            else: # Other twisted types
+                Cs = cartesian_product([PositiveIntegers(), Q.short_roots()])
+                Cl = cartesian_product([PositiveIntegers(), Q.long_roots()])
+                Fs = Family(Cs, lambda x: lift(x[1]) + x[0]*delta)
+                if self.cartan_type().dual() == 'G': # D_4^3
+                    k = 3
+                else:
+                    k = 2
+                Fl = Family(Cl, lambda x: lift(x[1]) + x[0]*k*delta)
+                D = DisjointUnionEnumeratedSets([P, Fs, Fl])
+
+            # Return the final union
+            D.rename("Positive real roots of type {}".format(self.cartan_type()))
+            return D
+
+        def positive_imaginary_roots(self):
+            """
+            Return the positive imaginary roots of ``self``.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['A',3]).root_lattice()
+                sage: L.positive_imaginary_roots()
+                ()
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['A',3,1]).root_lattice()
+                sage: PIR = L.positive_imaginary_roots(); PIR                           # needs sage.graphs
+                Positive imaginary roots of type ['A', 3, 1]
+                sage: [PIR.unrank(i) for i in range(5)]                                 # needs sage.graphs
+                [alpha[0] + alpha[1] + alpha[2] + alpha[3],
+                 2*alpha[0] + 2*alpha[1] + 2*alpha[2] + 2*alpha[3],
+                 3*alpha[0] + 3*alpha[1] + 3*alpha[2] + 3*alpha[3],
+                 4*alpha[0] + 4*alpha[1] + 4*alpha[2] + 4*alpha[3],
+                 5*alpha[0] + 5*alpha[1] + 5*alpha[2] + 5*alpha[3]]
+            """
+            if self.cartan_type().is_finite():
+                return ()
+            if not self.cartan_type().is_affine():
+                raise NotImplementedError("only implemented for finite and affine Cartan types")
+            from sage.sets.positive_integers import PositiveIntegers
+            delta = self.null_root()
+            F = Family(PositiveIntegers(), lambda x: x*delta)
+            F.rename("Positive imaginary roots of type {}".format(self.cartan_type()))
+            return F
+
+        @cached_method
+        def positive_roots_by_height(self, increasing=True):
+            r"""
+            Return a list of positive roots in increasing order by height.
+
+            If ``increasing`` is False, returns them in decreasing order.
+
+            .. warning::
+
+                Raise an error if the Cartan type is not finite.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['C',2]).root_lattice()
+                sage: L.positive_roots_by_height()                                      # needs sage.graphs
+                [alpha[2], alpha[1], alpha[1] + alpha[2], 2*alpha[1] + alpha[2]]
+                sage: L.positive_roots_by_height(increasing=False)                      # needs sage.graphs
+                [2*alpha[1] + alpha[2], alpha[1] + alpha[2], alpha[2], alpha[1]]
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['A',2,1]).root_lattice()
+                sage: L.positive_roots_by_height()                                      # needs sage.graphs
+                Traceback (most recent call last):
+                ...
+                NotImplementedError: Only implemented for finite Cartan type
+            """
+
+            if not self.cartan_type().is_finite():
+                raise NotImplementedError("Only implemented for finite Cartan type")
+            ranks = self.root_poset().level_sets()
+            if not increasing:
+                ranks.reverse()
+            roots = []
+            for x in ranks:
+                roots += x
+            return [x.element for x in roots]
+
+        @cached_method
+        def positive_roots_parabolic(self, index_set=None):
+            r"""
+            Return the set of positive roots for the parabolic subsystem with Dynkin node set ``index_set``.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``index_set`` -- (default: ``None``) the Dynkin node set of the
+              parabolic subsystem. It should be a tuple. The default value
+              implies the entire Dynkin node set
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: lattice =  RootSystem(['A',3]).root_lattice()
+                sage: sorted(lattice.positive_roots_parabolic((1,3)), key=str)          # needs sage.graphs
+                [alpha[1], alpha[3]]
+                sage: sorted(lattice.positive_roots_parabolic((2,3)), key=str)          # needs sage.graphs
+                [alpha[2], alpha[2] + alpha[3], alpha[3]]
+                sage: sorted(lattice.positive_roots_parabolic(), key=str)               # needs sage.graphs
+                [alpha[1], alpha[1] + alpha[2], alpha[1] + alpha[2] + alpha[3],
+                 alpha[2], alpha[2] + alpha[3], alpha[3]]
+
+            .. WARNING::
+
+                This returns an error if the Cartan type is not finite.
+            """
+            if not self.cartan_type().is_finite():
+                raise NotImplementedError("Only implemented for finite Cartan type")
+            if index_set is None:
+                index_set = tuple(self.cartan_type().index_set())
+
+            def parabolic_covers(alpha):
+                return [x for x in alpha.pred() if x.is_parabolic_root(index_set)]
+
+            generators = [x for x in self.simple_roots() if x.is_parabolic_root(index_set)]
+            return RecursivelyEnumeratedSet(generators, parabolic_covers,
+                    structure='graded', enumeration='breadth')
+
+        @cached_method
+        def positive_roots_nonparabolic(self, index_set=None):
+            r"""
+            Return the set of positive roots outside the parabolic subsystem with Dynkin node set ``index_set``.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``index_set`` -- (default: ``None``) the Dynkin node set of the
+              parabolic subsystem. It should be a tuple. The default value
+              implies the entire Dynkin node set
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: lattice = RootSystem(['A',3]).root_lattice()
+                sage: sorted(lattice.positive_roots_nonparabolic((1,3)), key=str)
+                [alpha[1] + alpha[2], alpha[1] + alpha[2] + alpha[3],
+                 alpha[2], alpha[2] + alpha[3]]
+                sage: sorted(lattice.positive_roots_nonparabolic((2,3)), key=str)
+                [alpha[1], alpha[1] + alpha[2], alpha[1] + alpha[2] + alpha[3]]
+                sage: lattice.positive_roots_nonparabolic()
+                []
+                sage: lattice.positive_roots_nonparabolic((1,2,3))
+                []
+
+            .. WARNING::
+
+                This returns an error if the Cartan type is not finite.
+            """
+            if not self.cartan_type().is_finite():
+                raise NotImplementedError("Only implemented for finite Cartan type")
+            if index_set is None:
+                index_set = tuple(self.cartan_type().index_set())
+            return [x for x in self.positive_roots() if not x.is_parabolic_root(index_set)]
+
+        @cached_method
+        def positive_roots_nonparabolic_sum(self, index_set=None):
+            r"""
+            Return the sum of positive roots outside the parabolic subsystem with Dynkin node set ``index_set``.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``index_set`` -- (default: ``None``) the Dynkin node set of the
+              parabolic subsystem. It should be a tuple. The default value
+              implies the entire Dynkin node set
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: lattice = RootSystem(['A',3]).root_lattice()
+                sage: lattice.positive_roots_nonparabolic_sum((1,3))
+                2*alpha[1] + 4*alpha[2] + 2*alpha[3]
+                sage: lattice.positive_roots_nonparabolic_sum((2,3))
+                3*alpha[1] + 2*alpha[2] + alpha[3]
+                sage: lattice.positive_roots_nonparabolic_sum(())
+                3*alpha[1] + 4*alpha[2] + 3*alpha[3]
+                sage: lattice.positive_roots_nonparabolic_sum()
+                0
+                sage: lattice.positive_roots_nonparabolic_sum((1,2,3))
+                0
+
+            .. WARNING::
+
+                This returns an error if the Cartan type is not finite.
+            """
+
+            if not self.cartan_type().is_finite():
+                raise ValueError("Cartan type %s is not finite" % (self.cartan_type()))
+            if index_set is None or index_set == tuple(self.cartan_type().index_set()):
+                return self.zero()
+            return sum(self.positive_roots_nonparabolic(index_set))
+
+        def root_poset(self, restricted=False, facade=False):
+            r"""
+            Return the (restricted) root poset associated to ``self``.
+
+            The elements are given by the positive roots (resp. non-simple,
+            positive roots), and `\alpha \leq \beta` iff `\beta - \alpha` is a
+            nonnegative linear combination of simple roots.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``restricted`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True``, only
+              non-simple roots are considered.
+            - ``facade`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); passes facade option
+              to the poset generator
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: Phi = RootSystem(['A',1]).root_poset(); Phi
+                Finite poset containing 1 elements
+                sage: Phi.cover_relations()
+                []
+                sage: Phi = RootSystem(['A',2]).root_poset(); Phi
+                Finite poset containing 3 elements
+                sage: sorted(Phi.cover_relations(), key=str)
+                [[alpha[1], alpha[1] + alpha[2]], [alpha[2], alpha[1] + alpha[2]]]
+                sage: Phi = RootSystem(['A',3]).root_poset(restricted=True); Phi
+                Finite poset containing 3 elements
+                sage: sorted(Phi.cover_relations(), key=str)
+                [[alpha[1] + alpha[2], alpha[1] + alpha[2] + alpha[3]],
+                 [alpha[2] + alpha[3], alpha[1] + alpha[2] + alpha[3]]]
+                sage: Phi = RootSystem(['B',2]).root_poset(); Phi
+                Finite poset containing 4 elements
+                sage: sorted(Phi.cover_relations(), key=str)
+                [[alpha[1] + alpha[2], alpha[1] + 2*alpha[2]],
+                 [alpha[1], alpha[1] + alpha[2]],
+                 [alpha[2], alpha[1] + alpha[2]]]
+
+            TESTS:
+
+            Check that :issue:`17982` is fixed::
+
+                sage: RootSystem(['A', 2]).ambient_space().root_poset()                 # needs sage.graphs
+                Finite poset containing 3 elements
+            """
+            from sage.combinat.posets.posets import Poset
+            rels = []
+            pos_roots = set(self.positive_roots())
+            simple_roots = self.simple_roots()
+            if restricted:
+                pos_roots = [beta for beta in pos_roots if beta not in simple_roots]
+            for root in pos_roots:
+                for simple_root in simple_roots:
+                    root_cover = root + simple_root
+                    if root_cover in pos_roots:
+                        rels.append((root, root_cover))
+            return Poset((pos_roots, rels), cover_relations=True, facade=facade)
+
+        def nonnesting_partition_lattice(self, facade=False):
+            r"""
+            Return the lattice of nonnesting partitions.
+
+            This is the lattice of order ideals of the root poset.
+
+            This has been defined by Postnikov, see Remark 2 in [Reiner97]_.
+
+            .. SEEALSO::
+
+                :meth:`generalized_nonnesting_partition_lattice`, :meth:`root_poset`
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: R = RootSystem(['A', 3])
+                sage: RS = R.root_lattice()
+                sage: P = RS.nonnesting_partition_lattice(); P                          # needs sage.graphs
+                Finite lattice containing 14 elements
+                sage: P.coxeter_transformation()**10 == 1                               # needs sage.graphs sage.libs.flint
+                True
+
+                sage: # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: R = RootSystem(['B', 3])
+                sage: RS = R.root_lattice()
+                sage: P = RS.nonnesting_partition_lattice(); P
+                Finite lattice containing 20 elements
+                sage: P.coxeter_transformation()**7 == 1                                # needs sage.libs.flint
+                True
+
+            REFERENCES:
+
+            .. [Reiner97] Victor Reiner. *Non-crossing partitions for
+               classical reflection groups*. Discrete Mathematics 177 (1997)
+            .. [Arm06] Drew Armstrong. *Generalized Noncrossing Partitions and
+               Combinatorics of Coxeter Groups*. :arxiv:`math/0611106`
+            """
+            return self.root_poset(facade=facade).order_ideals_lattice(facade=facade)
+
+        def generalized_nonnesting_partition_lattice(self, m, facade=False):
+            r"""
+            Return the lattice of `m`-nonnesting partitions.
+
+            This has been defined by Athanasiadis, see chapter 5 of [Arm06]_.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``m`` -- integer
+
+            .. SEEALSO::
+
+                :meth:`nonnesting_partition_lattice`
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: R = RootSystem(['A', 2])
+                sage: RS = R.root_lattice()
+                sage: P = RS.generalized_nonnesting_partition_lattice(2); P             # needs sage.graphs
+                Finite lattice containing 12 elements
+                sage: P.coxeter_transformation()**20 == 1                               # needs sage.graphs sage.libs.flint
+                True
+            """
+            Phi_plus = self.positive_roots()
+            L = self.nonnesting_partition_lattice(facade=True)
+            chains = [chain for chain in L.chains().list() if len(chain) <= m]
+            multichains = []
+            for chain in chains:
+                for multilist in combinations_with_replacement(list(range(len(chain))), m):
+                    if len(set(multilist)) == len(chain):
+                        multichains.append(tuple([chain[i] for i in multilist]))
+
+            def is_saturated_chain(chain):
+                for i in range(1, m + 1):
+                    for j in range(1, m - i + 1):
+                        for alpha in chain[i - 1]:
+                            for beta in chain[j - 1]:
+                                gamma = alpha + beta
+                                if gamma in Phi_plus and gamma not in chain[i+j-1]:
+                                    return False
+                cochain = [[beta for beta in Phi_plus if beta not in ideal]
+                           for ideal in chain]
+                for i in range(1, m + 1):
+                    for j in range(1, m + 1):
+                        for alpha in cochain[i - 1]:
+                            for beta in cochain[j - 1]:
+                                gamma = alpha + beta
+                                if gamma in Phi_plus and gamma not in cochain[min(m - 1, i + j - 1)]:
+                                    return False
+                return True
+
+            def is_componentwise_subset(chain1, chain2):
+                return all(chain1[i].issubset(chain2[i])
+                           for i in range(len(chain1)))
+            from sage.combinat.posets.lattices import LatticePoset
+            saturated_chains = [multichain for multichain in multichains
+                                if is_saturated_chain(multichain)]
+            return LatticePoset((saturated_chains, is_componentwise_subset),
+                                facade=facade)
+
+        def almost_positive_roots(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the almost positive roots of ``self``.
+
+            These are the positive roots together with the simple negative roots.
+
+            .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`almost_positive_root_decomposition`, :meth:`tau_plus_minus`
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['A',2]).root_lattice()
+                sage: L.almost_positive_roots()                                         # needs sage.graphs
+                [-alpha[1], alpha[1], alpha[1] + alpha[2], -alpha[2], alpha[2]]
+            """
+            if not self.cartan_type().is_finite():
+                raise ValueError("%s is not a finite Cartan type" % (self.cartan_type()))
+            return sorted([ -beta for beta in self.simple_roots() ] + list(self.positive_roots()))
+
+        def negative_roots(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the negative roots of ``self``.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['A', 2]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: sorted(L.negative_roots())                                        # needs sage.graphs
+                [-2*Lambda[1] + Lambda[2], -Lambda[1] - Lambda[2], Lambda[1] - 2*Lambda[2]]
+
+            Algorithm: negate the positive roots
+            """
+            if not self.cartan_type().is_finite():
+                raise ValueError("%s is not a finite Cartan type" % self.cartan_type())
+            return self.positive_roots().map(attrcall('__neg__'), is_injective=True)
+
+        ##########################################################################
+        # coroots
+        ##########################################################################
+
+        def coroot_lattice(self):
+            """
+            Return the coroot lattice.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: RootSystem(['A',2]).root_lattice().coroot_lattice()
+                Coroot lattice of the Root system of type ['A', 2]
+            """
+            return self.root_system.coroot_lattice()
+
+        def coroot_space(self, base_ring=QQ):
+            r"""
+            Return the coroot space over ``base_ring``.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``base_ring`` -- a ring (default: `\QQ`)
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: RootSystem(['A',2]).root_lattice().coroot_space()
+                Coroot space over the Rational Field of the Root system of type ['A', 2]
+
+                sage: RootSystem(['A',2]).root_lattice().coroot_space(QQ['q'])
+                Coroot space over the Univariate Polynomial Ring in q over Rational Field
+                 of the Root system of type ['A', 2]
+            """
+            return self.root_system.coroot_space(base_ring=base_ring)
+
+        def simple_coroot(self, i):
+            """
+            Return the `i`-th simple coroot.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: RootSystem(['A',2]).root_lattice().simple_coroot(1)
+                alphacheck[1]
+            """
+            return self.coroot_lattice().simple_root(i)
+
+        @cached_method
+        def simple_coroots(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the family `(\alpha^\vee_i)_{i\in I}` of the simple coroots.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: alphacheck = RootSystem(['A',3]).root_lattice().simple_coroots()
+                sage: [alphacheck[i] for i in [1, 2, 3]]
+                [alphacheck[1], alphacheck[2], alphacheck[3]]
+            """
+            if not hasattr(self,"cache_simple_coroots"):
+                self.cache_simple_coroots = Family(self.index_set(), self.simple_coroot)
+                # Should we use rename to set a nice name for this family?
+                # self.cache_simple_coroots.rename('alphacheck')
+                # break some doctests
+            return self.cache_simple_coroots
+
+        @cached_method
+        def alphacheck(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the family `(\alpha^\vee_i)_{i \in I}` of the simple
+            coroots, with the extra feature that, for simple irreducible
+            root systems, `\alpha^\vee_0` yields the coroot associated to
+            the opposite of the highest root (caveat: for non-simply-laced
+            root systems, this is not the opposite of the highest coroot!).
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: alphacheck = RootSystem(["A",2]).ambient_space().alphacheck()
+                sage: alphacheck
+                Finite family {1: (1, -1, 0), 2: (0, 1, -1)}
+
+            Here is now `\alpha^\vee_0`:
+
+                (-1, 0, 1)
+
+            .. TODO:: add a non simply laced example
+
+            Finally, here is an affine example::
+
+                sage: RootSystem(["A",2,1]).weight_space().alphacheck()
+                Finite family {0: alphacheck[0], 1: alphacheck[1], 2: alphacheck[2]}
+
+                sage: RootSystem(["A",3]).ambient_space().alphacheck()
+                Finite family {1: (1, -1, 0, 0), 2: (0, 1, -1, 0), 3: (0, 0, 1, -1)}
+            """
+            if self.root_system.is_finite() and self.root_system.is_irreducible():
+                return Family(self.index_set(), self.simple_coroot,
+                              hidden_keys=[0], hidden_function=lambda i: - self.cohighest_root())
+            else:
+                return self.simple_coroots()
+
+        @cached_method
+        def cohighest_root(self):
+            """
+            Return the associated coroot of the highest root.
+
+            .. NOTE:: this is usually not the highest coroot.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: RootSystem(['A', 3]).ambient_space().cohighest_root()
+                (1, 0, 0, -1)
+            """
+            return self.highest_root().associated_coroot()
+
+        ##########################################################################
+        # null_root
+        ##########################################################################
+
+        @cached_method
+        def null_root(self):
+            """
+            Return the null root of ``self``.
+
+            The null root is the smallest non trivial positive root which is
+            orthogonal to all simple coroots. It exists for any affine root
+            system.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: RootSystem(['C',2,1]).root_lattice().null_root()                  # needs sage.graphs
+                alpha[0] + 2*alpha[1] + alpha[2]
+                sage: RootSystem(['D',4,1]).root_lattice().null_root()                  # needs sage.graphs
+                alpha[0] + alpha[1] + 2*alpha[2] + alpha[3] + alpha[4]
+                sage: RootSystem(['F',4,1]).root_lattice().null_root()                  # needs sage.graphs
+                alpha[0] + 2*alpha[1] + 3*alpha[2] + 4*alpha[3] + 2*alpha[4]
+            """
+            if self.cartan_type().is_affine():
+                coef = self.cartan_type().a()
+                return sum(coef[k]*self.simple_roots()[k] for k in coef.keys())
+
+        ##########################################################################
+        # null_coroot (Also called CanonicalCentralElement)
+        ##########################################################################
+
+        @cached_method
+        def null_coroot(self):
+            """
+            Return the null coroot of ``self``.
+
+            The null coroot is the smallest non trivial positive coroot which is
+            orthogonal to all simple roots. It exists for any affine root
+            system.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: RootSystem(['C',2,1]).root_lattice().null_coroot()                # needs sage.graphs
+                alphacheck[0] + alphacheck[1] + alphacheck[2]
+                sage: RootSystem(['D',4,1]).root_lattice().null_coroot()                # needs sage.graphs
+                alphacheck[0] + alphacheck[1] + 2*alphacheck[2]
+                 + alphacheck[3] + alphacheck[4]
+                sage: RootSystem(['F',4,1]).root_lattice().null_coroot()                # needs sage.graphs
+                alphacheck[0] + 2*alphacheck[1] + 3*alphacheck[2]
+                 + 2*alphacheck[3] + alphacheck[4]
+            """
+            if not self.cartan_type().is_affine():
+                raise ValueError("%s is not an affine Cartan type" % (self.cartan_type()))
+            coef = self.cartan_type().acheck()
+            return sum(coef[k]*self.simple_coroots()[k] for k in coef.keys())
+
+        ##########################################################################
+        # fundamental weights
+        ##########################################################################
+
+        def fundamental_weights_from_simple_roots(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the fundamental weights.
+
+            This is computed from the simple roots by using the
+            inverse of the Cartan matrix. This method is therefore
+            only valid for finite types and if this realization of the
+            root lattice is large enough to contain them.
+
+            EXAMPLES:
+
+            In the root space, we retrieve the inverse of the Cartan matrix::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(["B",3]).root_space()
+                sage: L.fundamental_weights_from_simple_roots()                         # needs sage.graphs
+                Finite family {1:     alpha[1] +   alpha[2] +     alpha[3],
+                               2:     alpha[1] + 2*alpha[2] +   2*alpha[3],
+                               3: 1/2*alpha[1] +   alpha[2] + 3/2*alpha[3]}
+                sage: ~L.cartan_type().cartan_matrix()                                  # needs sage.graphs
+                [  1   1 1/2]
+                [  1   2   1]
+                [  1   2 3/2]
+
+            In the weight lattice and the ambient space, we retrieve
+            the fundamental weights::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(["B",3]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: L.fundamental_weights_from_simple_roots()                         # needs sage.graphs
+                Finite family {1: Lambda[1], 2: Lambda[2], 3: Lambda[3]}
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(["B",3]).ambient_space()
+                sage: L.fundamental_weights()
+                Finite family {1: (1, 0, 0), 2: (1, 1, 0), 3: (1/2, 1/2, 1/2)}
+                sage: L.fundamental_weights_from_simple_roots()                         # needs sage.graphs
+                Finite family {1: (1, 0, 0), 2: (1, 1, 0), 3: (1/2, 1/2, 1/2)}
+
+            However the fundamental weights do not belong to the root
+            lattice::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(["B",3]).root_lattice()
+                sage: L.fundamental_weights_from_simple_roots()                         # needs sage.graphs
+                Traceback (most recent call last):
+                ...
+                ValueError: The fundamental weights do not live in this realization
+                of the root lattice
+
+            Beware of the usual `GL_n` vs `SL_n` catch in type `A`::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(["A",3]).ambient_space()
+                sage: L.fundamental_weights()
+                Finite family {1: (1, 0, 0, 0), 2: (1, 1, 0, 0), 3: (1, 1, 1, 0)}
+                sage: L.fundamental_weights_from_simple_roots()                         # needs sage.graphs
+                Finite family {1: (3/4, -1/4, -1/4, -1/4),
+                               2: (1/2, 1/2, -1/2, -1/2),
+                               3: (1/4, 1/4, 1/4, -3/4)}
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(["A",3]).ambient_lattice()
+                sage: L.fundamental_weights_from_simple_roots()                         # needs sage.graphs
+                Traceback (most recent call last):
+                ...
+                ValueError: The fundamental weights do not live in this realization
+                of the root lattice
+            """
+            # We first scale the inverse of the Cartan matrix to be
+            # with integer coefficients; then the linear combination
+            # of the simple roots is guaranteed to live in this space,
+            # and then we rely on division by d to fail gracefully.
+            M = self.cartan_type().cartan_matrix()
+            d = M.det()
+            if not d:
+                raise TypeError("The Cartan matrix is not invertible")
+            M = d*~M
+            fundamental_weights = [self.linear_combination(zip(self.simple_roots(), column))
+                                   for column in M.columns()]
+            try:
+                fundamental_weights = [x/d for x in fundamental_weights]
+            except ValueError:
+                raise ValueError("The fundamental weights do not live in this realization of the root lattice")
+            return Family(dict(zip(self.index_set(),fundamental_weights)))
+
+        ##########################################################################
+        # reflections
+        ##########################################################################
+
+        def reflection(self, root, coroot=None):
+            """
+            Return the reflection along the ``root``, and across the hyperplane
+            defined by ``coroot``, as a function from ``self`` to ``self``.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: space = RootSystem(['A',2]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: x = space.simple_roots()[1]
+                sage: y = space.simple_coroots()[1]
+                sage: s = space.reflection(x,y)
+                sage: x
+                2*Lambda[1] - Lambda[2]
+                sage: s(x)
+                -2*Lambda[1] + Lambda[2]
+                sage: s(-x)
+                2*Lambda[1] - Lambda[2]
+            """
+            if coroot is None:
+                coroot = root.associated_coroot()
+            return lambda v: v - v.scalar(coroot) * root
+
+        @cached_method
+        def simple_reflection(self, i):
+            """
+            Return the `i`-th simple reflection, as a function from
+            ``self`` to ``self``.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``i`` -- an element of the index set of ``self``
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: space = RootSystem(['A',2]).ambient_lattice()
+                sage: s = space.simple_reflection(1)
+                sage: x = space.simple_roots()[1]; x
+                (1, -1, 0)
+                sage: s(x)
+                (-1, 1, 0)
+            """
+            return self.reflection(self.simple_root(i), self.simple_coroot(i))
+
+        @cached_method
+        def simple_reflections(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the family `(s_i)_{i\in I}` of the simple reflections
+            of this root system.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: r = RootSystem(["A", 2]).root_lattice()
+                sage: s = r.simple_reflections()
+                sage: s[1]( r.simple_root(1) )                                          # needs sage.graphs
+                -alpha[1]
+
+            TESTS::
+
+                sage: s
+                simple reflections
+            """
+            res = self.alpha().zip(self.reflection, self.alphacheck())
+            # Should we use rename to set a nice name for this family?
+            res.rename('simple reflections')
+            return res
+
+        s = simple_reflections
+
+        ##########################################################################
+        # projections
+        ##########################################################################
+
+        def projection(self, root, coroot=None, to_negative=True):
+            r"""
+            Return the projection along the ``root``, and across the
+            hyperplane defined by ``coroot``, as a function `\pi` from ``self`` to
+            ``self``.
+
+            `\pi` is a half-linear map which stabilizes the negative
+            half space and acts by reflection on the positive half space.
+
+            If ``to_negative`` is ``False``, then project onto the positive
+            half space instead.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: space = RootSystem(['A',2]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: x = space.simple_roots()[1]
+                sage: y = space.simple_coroots()[1]
+                sage: pi = space.projection(x,y)
+                sage: x
+                2*Lambda[1] - Lambda[2]
+                sage: pi(x)
+                -2*Lambda[1] + Lambda[2]
+                sage: pi(-x)
+                -2*Lambda[1] + Lambda[2]
+                sage: pi = space.projection(x,y,False)
+                sage: pi(-x)
+                2*Lambda[1] - Lambda[2]
+            """
+            if coroot is None:
+                coroot = root.associated_coroot()
+
+            return lambda v: v - v.scalar(coroot) * root if ((v.scalar(coroot) > 0) == to_negative) else v
+
+        @cached_method
+        def simple_projection(self, i, to_negative=True):
+            """
+            Return the projection along the `i`-th simple root, and across the
+            hyperplane define by the `i`-th simple coroot, as a function from
+            ``self`` to ``self``.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``i`` -- an element of the index set of ``self``
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: space = RootSystem(['A',2]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: x = space.simple_roots()[1]
+                sage: pi = space.simple_projection(1)
+                sage: x
+                2*Lambda[1] - Lambda[2]
+                sage: pi(x)
+                -2*Lambda[1] + Lambda[2]
+                sage: pi(-x)
+                -2*Lambda[1] + Lambda[2]
+                sage: pi = space.simple_projection(1,False)
+                sage: pi(-x)
+                2*Lambda[1] - Lambda[2]
+            """
+            return self.projection(self.simple_root(i), self.simple_coroot(i), to_negative)
+
+        @cached_method
+        def simple_projections(self, to_negative=True):
+            r"""
+            Return the family `(s_i)_{i\in I}` of the simple projections
+            of this root system.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: space = RootSystem(['A',2]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: pi = space.simple_projections()                                   # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: x = space.simple_roots()                                          # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: pi[1](x[2])                                                       # needs sage.graphs
+                -Lambda[1] + 2*Lambda[2]
+
+            TESTS::
+
+                sage: pi                                                                # needs sage.graphs
+                pi
+            """
+            if to_negative is not True:
+                raise NotImplementedError("only implemented when 'to_negative' is True")
+            res = self.alpha().zip(self.projection, self.alphacheck())
+            # Should this use rename to set a nice name for this family?
+            res.rename('pi')
+            return res
+
+        ##########################################################################
+        # Weyl group
+        ##########################################################################
+
+        def weyl_group(self, prefix=None):
+            """
+            Return the Weyl group associated to ``self``.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: RootSystem(['F',4]).ambient_space().weyl_group()                  # needs sage.libs.gap
+                Weyl Group of type ['F', 4] (as a matrix group acting on the ambient space)
+                sage: RootSystem(['F',4]).root_space().weyl_group()                     # needs sage.graphs sage.libs.gap
+                Weyl Group of type ['F', 4] (as a matrix group acting on the root space)
+            """
+            from sage.combinat.root_system.weyl_group import WeylGroup
+            return WeylGroup(self, prefix=prefix)
+
+        ##########################################################################
+        # The piecewise linear involutive operators tau_plus and tau_minus on self,
+        # and the orbit decomposition of the almost positive roots
+        # by the associated dihedral group
+        ##########################################################################
+
+        # TODO: find a better name; at least, this temporary one won't
+        # create conflicts
+        def tau_epsilon_operator_on_almost_positive_roots(self, J):
+            r"""
+            The `\tau_\epsilon` operator on almost positive roots.
+
+            Given a subset `J` of non adjacent vertices of the Dynkin
+            diagram, this constructs the operator on the almost positive
+            roots which fixes the negative simple roots `\alpha_i` for `i`
+            not in `J`, and acts otherwise by:
+
+            .. MATH::
+
+                \tau_+( \beta ) = (\prod_{i \in J} s_i) (\beta)
+
+            See Equation (1.2) of [CFZ2002]_.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['A',4]).root_lattice()
+                sage: tau = L.tau_epsilon_operator_on_almost_positive_roots([1,3])      # needs sage.graphs sage.libs.gap
+                sage: alpha = L.simple_roots()                                          # needs sage.graphs
+
+            The action on a negative simple root not in `J`::
+
+                sage: tau(-alpha[2])                                                    # needs sage.graphs sage.libs.gap
+                -alpha[2]
+
+            The action on a negative simple root in `J`::
+
+                sage: tau(-alpha[1])                                                    # needs sage.graphs sage.libs.gap
+                alpha[1]
+
+            The action on all almost positive roots::
+
+                sage: for root in L.almost_positive_roots():                            # needs sage.graphs sage.libs.gap
+                ....:     print('tau({:<41}) = {}'.format(str(root), tau(root)))
+                tau(-alpha[1]                                ) = alpha[1]
+                tau(alpha[1]                                 ) = -alpha[1]
+                tau(alpha[1] + alpha[2]                      ) = alpha[2] + alpha[3]
+                tau(alpha[1] + alpha[2] + alpha[3]           ) = alpha[2]
+                tau(alpha[1] + alpha[2] + alpha[3] + alpha[4]) = alpha[2] + alpha[3] + alpha[4]
+                tau(-alpha[2]                                ) = -alpha[2]
+                tau(alpha[2]                                 ) = alpha[1] + alpha[2] + alpha[3]
+                tau(alpha[2] + alpha[3]                      ) = alpha[1] + alpha[2]
+                tau(alpha[2] + alpha[3] + alpha[4]           ) = alpha[1] + alpha[2] + alpha[3] + alpha[4]
+                tau(-alpha[3]                                ) = alpha[3]
+                tau(alpha[3]                                 ) = -alpha[3]
+                tau(alpha[3] + alpha[4]                      ) = alpha[4]
+                tau(-alpha[4]                                ) = -alpha[4]
+                tau(alpha[4]                                 ) = alpha[3] + alpha[4]
+
+            This method works on any root lattice realization::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['B',3]).ambient_space()
+                sage: tau = L.tau_epsilon_operator_on_almost_positive_roots([1,3])      # needs sage.libs.gap
+                sage: for root in L.almost_positive_roots():                            # needs sage.graphs sage.libs.gap
+                ....:     print('tau({:<41}) = {}'.format(str(root), tau(root)))
+                tau((-1, 1, 0)                               ) = (1, -1, 0)
+                tau((1, 0, 0)                                ) = (0, 1, 0)
+                tau((1, -1, 0)                               ) = (-1, 1, 0)
+                tau((1, 1, 0)                                ) = (1, 1, 0)
+                tau((1, 0, -1)                               ) = (0, 1, 1)
+                tau((1, 0, 1)                                ) = (0, 1, -1)
+                tau((0, -1, 1)                               ) = (0, -1, 1)
+                tau((0, 1, 0)                                ) = (1, 0, 0)
+                tau((0, 1, -1)                               ) = (1, 0, 1)
+                tau((0, 1, 1)                                ) = (1, 0, -1)
+                tau((0, 0, -1)                               ) = (0, 0, 1)
+                tau((0, 0, 1)                                ) = (0, 0, -1)
+
+            .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`tau_plus_minus`
+            """
+            W = self.weyl_group()
+            t = W.from_reduced_word(J)
+            simple_roots = self.simple_roots()
+            other_negative_simple_roots = set(-simple_roots[i] for i in self.index_set() if i not in J)
+
+            def tau_epsilon(alpha):
+                if alpha in other_negative_simple_roots:
+                    return alpha
+                else:
+                    return t.action(alpha)
+            return tau_epsilon
+
+        def tau_plus_minus(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the `\tau^+` and `\tau^-` piecewise linear operators on ``self``.
+
+            Those operators are induced by the bipartition `\{L,R\}` of
+            the simple roots of ``self``, and stabilize the almost
+            positive roots. Namely, `\tau_+` fixes the negative simple
+            roots `\alpha_i` for `i` in `R`, and acts otherwise by:
+
+            .. MATH::
+
+                \tau_+( \beta ) = (\prod_{i \in L} s_i) (\beta)
+
+            `\tau_-` acts analogously, with `L` and `R` interchanged.
+
+            Those operators are used to construct the associahedron, a
+            polytopal realization of the cluster complex (see
+            :class:`Associahedron`).
+
+            .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`tau_epsilon_operator_on_almost_positive_roots`
+
+            EXAMPLES:
+
+            We explore the example of [CFZ2002]_ Eq.(1.3)::
+
+                sage: S = RootSystem(['A',2]).root_lattice()
+                sage: taup, taum = S.tau_plus_minus()                                   # needs sage.graphs sage.libs.gap
+                sage: for beta in S.almost_positive_roots():                            # needs sage.graphs sage.libs.gap
+                ....:     print("{} , {} , {}".format(beta, taup(beta), taum(beta)))
+                -alpha[1] , alpha[1] , -alpha[1]
+                alpha[1] , -alpha[1] , alpha[1] + alpha[2]
+                alpha[1] + alpha[2] , alpha[2] , alpha[1]
+                -alpha[2] , -alpha[2] , alpha[2]
+                alpha[2] , alpha[1] + alpha[2] , -alpha[2]
+            """
+            ct = self.cartan_type()
+            L,R = ct.index_set_bipartition()
+            return self.tau_epsilon_operator_on_almost_positive_roots(L), self.tau_epsilon_operator_on_almost_positive_roots(R)
+
+        def almost_positive_roots_decomposition(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the decomposition of the almost positive roots of ``self``.
+
+            This is the list of the orbits of the almost positive roots
+            under the action of the dihedral group generated by the
+            operators `\tau_+` and `\tau_-`.
+
+            .. SEEALSO::
+
+                - :meth:`almost_positive_roots`
+                - :meth:`tau_plus_minus`
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: RootSystem(['A',2]).root_lattice().almost_positive_roots_decomposition()      # needs sage.graphs sage.libs.gap
+                [[-alpha[1], alpha[1], alpha[1] + alpha[2], alpha[2], -alpha[2]]]
+
+                sage: RootSystem(['B',2]).root_lattice().almost_positive_roots_decomposition()      # needs sage.graphs sage.libs.gap
+                [[-alpha[1], alpha[1], alpha[1] + 2*alpha[2]],
+                 [-alpha[2], alpha[2], alpha[1] + alpha[2]]]
+
+                sage: RootSystem(['D',4]).root_lattice().almost_positive_roots_decomposition()      # needs sage.graphs sage.libs.gap
+                [[-alpha[1], alpha[1], alpha[1] + alpha[2], alpha[2] + alpha[3] + alpha[4]],
+                 [-alpha[2], alpha[2], alpha[1] + alpha[2] + alpha[3] + alpha[4],
+                     alpha[1] + 2*alpha[2] + alpha[3] + alpha[4]],
+                 [-alpha[3], alpha[3], alpha[2] + alpha[3], alpha[1] + alpha[2] + alpha[4]],
+                 [-alpha[4], alpha[4], alpha[2] + alpha[4], alpha[1] + alpha[2] + alpha[3]]]
+            """
+            # TODO: this should use a generic function for computing
+            # orbits under the action of a group:
+            # def orbits(seeds, operators)
+            #     INPUT:
+
+            #     - seeds: a list of elements
+            #     - operators: a list of functions
+            #
+            #     Returns the orbits generated by seeds under the action of the operators
+            tau_plus, tau_minus = self.tau_plus_minus()
+
+            I = set(self.index_set())
+            Delta = self.simple_roots()
+            L, R = self.cartan_type().index_set_bipartition()
+
+            orbits = []
+            while I:
+                i = I.pop()
+                alpha = -self.simple_root(i)
+                orbit = [alpha]
+                if i in L:
+                    plus = False
+                    beta = tau_plus(alpha)
+                else:
+                    plus = True
+                    beta = tau_minus(alpha)
+                while -beta not in Delta and beta not in orbit:
+                    orbit.append(beta)
+                    if beta in Delta:
+                        j = beta.leading_support()
+                        I.discard(j)
+                    if plus:
+                        beta = tau_plus(beta)
+                    else:
+                        beta = tau_minus(beta)
+                    plus = not plus
+                if -beta in Delta:
+                    orbit.append(beta)
+                orbits.append(orbit)
+            return orbits
+
+        ##########################################################################
+        # Methods for affine root lattice realizations
+        # Should eventually go in an Affine nested class
+        ##########################################################################
+
+        @cached_method
+        def classical(self):
+            """
+            Return the corresponding root/weight/ambient lattice/space.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: RootSystem(["A",4,1]).root_lattice().classical()
+                Root lattice of the Root system of type ['A', 4]
+                sage: RootSystem(["A",4,1]).weight_lattice().classical()
+                Weight lattice of the Root system of type ['A', 4]
+                sage: RootSystem(["A",4,1]).ambient_space().classical()
+                Ambient space of the Root system of type ['A', 4]
+            """
+            from .root_space import RootSpace
+            from .weight_space import WeightSpace
+            R = self.cartan_type().classical().root_system()
+            if isinstance(self, RootSpace):
+                return R.root_space(self.base_ring())
+            elif isinstance(self, WeightSpace):
+                return R.weight_space(self.base_ring())
+            else:
+                return R.ambient_space(self.base_ring())
+
+        @lazy_attribute
+        def _to_classical(self):
+            r"""
+            The projection onto the classical ambient space.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(["A",2,1]).ambient_space()
+                sage: e = L.basis()
+                sage: L._to_classical(e["delta"])
+                (0, 0, 0)
+                sage: L._to_classical(e["deltacheck"])
+                (0, 0, 0)
+                sage: L._to_classical(e[0])
+                (1, 0, 0)
+                sage: L._to_classical(e[1])
+                (0, 1, 0)
+                sage: L._to_classical(e[2])
+                (0, 0, 1)
+            """
+            return self.module_morphism(self._to_classical_on_basis, codomain=self.classical())
+
+        def _classical_alpha_0(self):
+            """
+            Return the projection of `\alpha_0` in the classical space.
+
+            This is used e.g. to construct the projections onto the
+            classical space.
+
+            EXAMPLES:
+
+            This is the opposite of the highest root in the untwisted case::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(["B",3,1]).root_space()
+                sage: L._classical_alpha_0()                                            # needs sage.graphs
+                -alpha[1] - 2*alpha[2] - 2*alpha[3]
+                sage: L._to_classical_on_basis(0)                                       # needs sage.graphs
+                -alpha[1] - 2*alpha[2] - 2*alpha[3]
+                sage: L.classical().highest_root()                                      # needs sage.graphs
+                alpha[1] + 2*alpha[2] + 2*alpha[3]
+
+            But not in the other cases::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(CartanType(["B",3,1]).dual()).root_space()
+                sage: L._to_classical_on_basis(0)                                       # needs sage.graphs
+                -alpha[1] - 2*alpha[2] - alpha[3]
+                sage: L.classical().highest_root()                                      # needs sage.graphs
+                2*alpha[1] + 2*alpha[2] + alpha[3]
+            """
+            cartan_type = self.cartan_type()
+            special_node = cartan_type.special_node()
+            a = self.cartan_type().col_annihilator()
+            classical = self.classical()
+            return -classical.sum(a[i] * self.simple_root(i)
+                                  for i in self.index_set() if i != special_node) \
+                                  / a[special_node]
+
+        ######################################################################
+        # Root system plots
+
+        def plot(self,
+                 roots='simple',
+                 coroots=False,
+                 reflection_hyperplanes='simple',
+                 fundamental_weights=None,
+                 fundamental_chamber=None,
+                 alcoves=None,
+                 alcove_labels=False,
+                 alcove_walk=None,
+                 **options):
+            r"""
+            Return a picture of this root lattice realization.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``roots`` -- which roots to display, if any
+              Can be one of the following:
+
+              * ``'simple'`` -- the simple roots (the default)
+              * ``'classical'`` -- not yet implemented
+              * ``'all'`` -- only works in the finite case
+              * A list or tuple of roots
+              * ``False``
+
+            - ``coroots`` -- which coroots to display, if any
+              Can be one of the following:
+
+              * ``'simple'`` -- the simple coroots (the default)
+              * ``'classical'`` -- not yet implemented
+              * ``'all'`` -- only works in the finite case
+              * A list or tuple of coroots
+              * ``False``
+
+            - ``fundamental_weights`` -- boolean or ``None`` (default: ``None``)
+              whether to display the fundamental weights.
+              If ``None``, the fundamental weights are drawn if available.
+
+            - ``reflection_hyperplanes`` -- which reflection
+              hyperplanes to display, if any. Can be one of the
+              following:
+
+              * ``'simple'`` -- the simple roots
+              * ``'classical'`` -- not yet implemented
+              * ``'all'`` -- only works in the finite case
+              * A list or tuple of roots
+              * ``False`` (the default)
+
+            - ``fundamental_chamber`` -- whether and how to draw the
+              fundamental chamber. Can be one of the following:
+
+              * A boolean -- Set to ``True`` to draw the fundamental
+                chamber
+              * ``'classical'`` -- draw the classical fundamental chamber
+              * ``None`` -- (the default) The fundamental chamber is
+                drawn except in the root lattice where this is not yet
+                implemented. For affine types the classical
+                fundamental chamber is drawn instead.
+
+            - ``alcoves`` -- one of the following (default: ``True``):
+
+              * A boolean -- whether to display the alcoves
+              * A list of alcoves -- The alcoves to be drawn. Each alcove is
+                specified by the coordinates of its center in the root lattice
+                (affine type only). Otherwise the alcoves that intersect the
+                bounding box are drawn.
+
+            - ``alcove_labels`` -- one of the following (default: ``False``):
+
+              * A boolean -- whether to display the elements of the Weyl group
+                indexing the alcoves. This currently requires to also
+                set the ``alcoves`` option.
+              * A number `l` -- the label is drawn at level `l` (affine type
+                only), which only makes sense if ``affine`` is ``False``.
+
+            - ``bounding_box`` -- a rational number or a list of pairs
+              thereof (default: 3)
+
+              Specifies a bounding box, in the coordinate system for
+              this plot, in which to plot alcoves and other infinite
+              objects. If the bounding box is a number `a`, then the
+              bounding box is of the form `[-a,a]` in all directions.
+              Beware that there can be some border effects and the
+              returned graphic is not necessarily strictly contained
+              in the bounding box.
+
+            - ``alcove_walk`` -- an alcove walk or ``None`` (default: ``None``)
+
+              The alcove walk is described by a list (or iterable) of
+              vertices of the Dynkin diagram which specifies which
+              wall is crossed at each step, starting from the
+              fundamental alcove.
+
+            - ``projection`` -- one of the following (default: ``True``):
+
+              * ``True`` -- the default projection for the root
+                lattice realization is used.
+              * ``False`` -- no projection is used.
+              * ``barycentric`` -- a barycentric projection is used.
+              * A function -- If a function is specified, it should implement a
+                linear (or affine) map taking as input an element of
+                this root lattice realization and returning its
+                desired coordinates in the plot, as a vector with
+                rational coordinates.
+
+            - ``color`` -- a function mapping vertices of the Dynkin
+              diagram to colors (default: ``'black'`` for 0,
+              ``'blue'`` for 1, ``'red'`` for 2, ``'green'`` for 3)
+
+              This is used to set the color for the simple roots,
+              fundamental weights, reflection hyperplanes, alcove
+              facets, etc. If the color is ``None``, the object is not
+              drawn.
+
+            - ``labels`` -- boolean (default: ``True``)
+              whether to display labels on the simple roots,
+              fundamental weights, etc.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(["A",2,1]).ambient_space().plot()  # long time, needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+
+            .. SEEALSO::
+
+                - :meth:`plot_parse_options`
+                - :meth:`plot_roots`, :meth:`plot_coroots`
+                - :meth:`plot_fundamental_weights`
+                - :meth:`plot_fundamental_chamber`
+                - :meth:`plot_reflection_hyperplanes`
+                - :meth:`plot_alcoves`
+                - :meth:`plot_alcove_walk`
+                - :meth:`plot_ls_paths`
+                - :meth:`plot_mv_polytope`
+                - :meth:`plot_crystal`
+            """
+            plot_options = self.plot_parse_options(**options)
+            G = plot_options.empty()
+
+            if roots:
+                G += self.plot_roots(roots, plot_options=plot_options)
+
+            # if coroots is None:
+            #    coroot_lattice = self.root_system.coroot_lattice()
+            #    if self.has_coerce_map_from(coroot_lattice):
+            #        coroots="simple"
+            #    else:
+            #        coroots=False
+            if coroots:
+                G += self.plot_coroots(coroots, plot_options=plot_options)
+
+            if fundamental_weights is None:
+                fundamental_weights = hasattr(self, "fundamental_weights")
+            if fundamental_weights:
+                G += self.plot_fundamental_weights(plot_options=plot_options)
+
+            if reflection_hyperplanes:
+                G += self.plot_reflection_hyperplanes(reflection_hyperplanes, plot_options=plot_options)
+
+            if alcoves is None:
+                alcoves = self.cartan_type().is_affine() and hasattr(self, "fundamental_weights")
+            if alcoves:
+                G += self.plot_alcoves(alcoves, alcove_labels=alcove_labels, plot_options=plot_options)
+
+            if fundamental_chamber is None:
+                if not hasattr(self, "fundamental_weights"):
+                    fundamental_chamber = False
+                elif self.cartan_type().is_affine():
+                    fundamental_chamber = "classical"
+                else:
+                    fundamental_chamber = True
+            if fundamental_chamber:
+                G += self.plot_fundamental_chamber(fundamental_chamber, plot_options=plot_options)
+
+            if alcove_walk is not None:
+                G += self.plot_alcove_walk(alcove_walk, plot_options=plot_options)
+
+            return plot_options.finalize(G)
+
+        def plot_parse_options(self, **args):
+            r"""
+            Return an option object to be used for root system plotting.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(["A",2,1]).ambient_space()
+                sage: options = L.plot_parse_options(); options                         # needs sage.geometry.polyhedron sage.symbolic
+                <sage.combinat.root_system.plot.PlotOptions object at ...>
+
+            .. SEEALSO::
+
+                - :meth:`plot` for a description of the plotting options
+                - :ref:`sage.combinat.root_system.plot` for a tutorial
+                  on root system plotting
+            """
+            if len(args) == 1 and "plot_options" in args:
+                return args["plot_options"]
+            else:
+                return PlotOptions(self, **args)
+
+        def _plot_projection(self, x):
+            r"""
+            Implement the default projection to be used for plots.
+
+            EXAMPLES:
+
+            By default, this is just the identity::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(["B",3]).root_lattice()
+                sage: l = L.an_element(); l
+                2*alpha[1] + 2*alpha[2] + 3*alpha[3]
+                sage: L._plot_projection(l)                                             # needs sage.symbolic
+                2*alpha[1] + 2*alpha[2] + 3*alpha[3]
+
+            In the ambient space of type `A_2`, this is the
+            barycentric projection. In the ambient space of affine
+            type this goes through the classical ambient space.
+
+            .. SEEALSO::
+
+                - :meth:`sage.combinat.root_system.type_A.AmbientSpace._plot_projection`
+                - :meth:`sage.combinat.root_system.type_affine.AmbientSpace._plot_projection`
+                - :meth:`plot` for a description of the plotting options
+                - :ref:`sage.combinat.root_system.plot` for a tutorial
+                  on root system plotting
+            """
+            return x
+
+        @cached_method
+        def _plot_projection_barycentric_matrix(self):
+            """
+            A rational approximation of the matrix for the barycentric
+            projection.
+
+            OUTPUT: a matrix with rational coefficients whose column sum is zero
+
+            .. SEEALSO::
+
+                - :func:`sage.combinat.root_system.plot.barycentric_projection_matrix`
+                - :meth:`_plot_projection_barycentric`
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.symbolic
+                sage: RootSystem(["A",0]).ambient_space()._plot_projection_barycentric_matrix()
+                []
+                sage: m = RootSystem(["A",1]).ambient_space()._plot_projection_barycentric_matrix(); m
+                [ 1 -1]
+                sage: sum(m.columns())
+                (0)
+                sage: m = RootSystem(["A",2]).ambient_space()._plot_projection_barycentric_matrix(); m
+                [      1/2        -1       1/2]
+                [ 989/1142         0 -989/1142]
+                sage: sum(m.columns())
+                (0, 0)
+                sage: m = RootSystem(["A",3]).ambient_space()._plot_projection_barycentric_matrix(); m
+                [      1277/1564      -1277/1564               0               0]
+                [1009460/2141389        849/1801      -1121/1189               0]
+                [            1/3             1/3             1/3              -1]
+                sage: sum(m.columns())
+                (0, 0, 0)
+            """
+            from sage.symbolic.constants import pi
+            m = matrix(QQ, barycentric_projection_matrix(self.dimension()-1, angle=2*pi/3).n(20))
+            # We want to guarantee that the sum of the columns of the
+            # result is zero. This is close to be the case for the
+            # original matrix and for the current rational
+            # approximation. We tidy up the work by replacing the
+            # first column by the opposite of the sum of the others.
+            if self.dimension() > 1: # not needed in the trivial cases
+                m.set_column(0, -sum(m[:,1:].columns()))
+            m.set_immutable()
+            return m
+
+        def _plot_projection_barycentric(self, x):
+            r"""
+            Implement the barycentric projection to be used for plots.
+
+            It is in fact a rational approximation thereof, but the
+            sum of the basis vectors is guaranteed to be mapped to
+            zero.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(["A",2]).ambient_space()
+                sage: e = L.basis()
+                sage: L._plot_projection_barycentric(e[0])                              # needs sage.symbolic
+                (1/2, 989/1142)
+                sage: L._plot_projection_barycentric(e[1])                              # needs sage.symbolic
+                (-1, 0)
+                sage: L._plot_projection_barycentric(e[2])                              # needs sage.symbolic
+                (1/2, -989/1142)
+
+            .. SEEALSO::
+
+                - :meth:`_plot_projection`, :meth:`plot`
+                - :ref:`sage.combinat.root_system.plot` for a tutorial
+                  on root system plotting
+            """
+            return self._plot_projection_barycentric_matrix()*vector(x)
+
+        def plot_roots(self, collection='simple', **options):
+            r"""
+            Plot the (simple/classical) roots of this root lattice.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``collection`` -- which roots to display
+              can be one of the following:
+
+              * ``'simple'`` (the default)
+              * ``'classical'``
+              * ``'all'``
+
+            - ``**options`` -- plotting options
+
+            .. SEEALSO::
+
+                - :meth:`plot` for a description of the plotting options
+                - :ref:`sage.combinat.root_system.plot` for a tutorial
+                  on root system plotting
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: RootSystem(["B",3]).ambient_space().plot_roots()                  # needs sage.geometry.polyhedron sage.plot
+                Graphics3d Object
+                sage: RootSystem(["B",3]).ambient_space().plot_roots("all")             # needs sage.geometry.polyhedron sage.plot
+                Graphics3d Object
+
+            TESTS::
+
+                sage: list(RootSystem(["A",2]).root_lattice().plot_roots())             # needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                [Arrow from (0.0,0.0) to (1.0,0.0),
+                 Text '$\alpha_{1}$' at the point (1.05,0.0),
+                 Arrow from (0.0,0.0) to (0.0,1.0),
+                 Text '$\alpha_{2}$' at the point (0.0,1.05)]
+
+                sage: list(RootSystem(["A",2]).weight_lattice().plot_roots(labels=False))           # needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                [Arrow from (0.0,0.0) to (2.0,-1.0),
+                 Arrow from (0.0,0.0) to (-1.0,2.0)]
+
+                 sage: list(RootSystem(["A",2]).ambient_lattice().plot_roots())         # needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                 [Arrow from (0.0,0.0) to (1.5,0.86...),
+                  Text '$\alpha_{1}$' at the point (1.575...,0.90...),
+                  Arrow from (0.0,0.0) to (-1.5,0.86...),
+                  Text '$\alpha_{2}$' at the point (-1.575...,0.90...)]
+
+                 sage: list(RootSystem(["B",2]).ambient_space().plot_roots())           # needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                 [Arrow from (0.0,0.0) to (1.0,-1.0),
+                  Text '$\alpha_{1}$' at the point (1.05,-1.05),
+                  Arrow from (0.0,0.0) to (0.0,1.0),
+                  Text '$\alpha_{2}$' at the point (0.0,1.05)]
+
+                sage: list(RootSystem(["A",2]).root_lattice().plot_roots("all"))        # needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                [Arrow from (0.0,0.0) to (1.0,0.0),
+                 Text '$\alpha_{1}$' at the point (1.05,0.0),
+                 Arrow from (0.0,0.0) to (0.0,1.0),
+                 Text '$\alpha_{2}$' at the point (0.0,1.05),
+                 Arrow from (0.0,0.0) to (1.0,1.0),
+                 Text '$\alpha_{1} + \alpha_{2}$' at the point (1.05,1.05),
+                 Arrow from (0.0,0.0) to (-1.0,0.0),
+                 Text '$-\alpha_{1}$' at the point (-1.05,0.0),
+                 Arrow from (0.0,0.0) to (0.0,-1.0),
+                 Text '$-\alpha_{2}$' at the point (0.0,-1.05),
+                 Arrow from (0.0,0.0) to (-1.0,-1.0),
+                 Text '$-\alpha_{1} - \alpha_{2}$' at the point (-1.05,-1.05)]
+            """
+            plot_options = self.plot_parse_options(**options)
+            root_lattice = self.root_system.root_lattice()
+            if collection == "simple":
+                roots = root_lattice.simple_roots()
+            elif collection == "classical":
+                if not self.cartan_type().is_affine():
+                    raise ValueError("plotting classical roots only available in affine type")
+                raise NotImplementedError("classical roots")
+            elif collection == "all":
+                if not self.cartan_type().is_finite():
+                    raise ValueError("plotting all roots only available in finite type")
+                roots = root_lattice.roots()
+            elif isinstance(collection, (list, tuple)):
+                roots = collection
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("Unknown value: %s" % collection)
+            roots = Family(roots, self)
+            return plot_options.family_of_vectors(roots)
+
+        def plot_coroots(self, collection='simple', **options):
+            r"""
+            Plot the (simple/classical) coroots of this root lattice.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``collection`` -- which coroots to display
+              Can be one of the following:
+
+              * ``'simple'`` (the default)
+              * ``'classical'``
+              * ``'all'``
+
+            - ``**options`` -- plotting options
+
+            .. SEEALSO::
+
+                - :meth:`plot` for a description of the plotting options
+                - :ref:`sage.combinat.root_system.plot` for a tutorial
+                  on root system plotting
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: RootSystem(["B",3]).ambient_space().plot_coroots()                # needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                Graphics3d Object
+
+            TESTS::
+
+                 sage: list(RootSystem(["B",2]).ambient_space().plot_coroots())         # needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                 [Arrow from (0.0,0.0) to (1.0,-1.0),
+                  Text '$\alpha^\vee_{1}$' at the point (1.05,-1.05),
+                  Arrow from (0.0,0.0) to (0.0,2.0),
+                  Text '$\alpha^\vee_{2}$' at the point (0.0,2.1)]
+            """
+            # Functionally speaking, this is duplicated from plot_roots ...
+            # Can we avoid that, say by going to the dual space?
+            plot_options = self.plot_parse_options(**options)
+            coroot_lattice = self.root_system.coroot_lattice()
+            if not self.has_coerce_map_from(coroot_lattice):
+                raise ValueError("Can't plot the coroots: there is no embedding of the coroot lattice to this space")
+            if collection == "simple":
+                coroots = coroot_lattice.simple_roots()
+            elif collection == "classical":
+                if not self.cartan_type().is_affine():
+                    raise ValueError("plotting classical coroots only available in affine type")
+                raise NotImplementedError("classical coroots")
+            elif collection == "all":
+                if not self.cartan_type().is_finite():
+                    raise ValueError("plotting all coroots only available in finite type")
+                coroots = coroot_lattice.roots()
+            elif isinstance(collection, (list, tuple)):
+                coroots = collection
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("Unknown value: %s" % collection)
+            coroots = Family(coroots, self)
+            return plot_options.family_of_vectors(coroots)
+
+        def plot_fundamental_weights(self, **options):
+            r"""
+            Plot the fundamental weights of this root lattice.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``**options`` -- plotting options
+
+            .. SEEALSO::
+
+                - :meth:`plot` for a description of the plotting options
+                - :ref:`sage.combinat.root_system.plot` for a tutorial
+                  on root system plotting
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: RootSystem(["B",3]).ambient_space().plot_fundamental_weights()    # needs sage.geometry.polyhedron sage.plot
+                Graphics3d Object
+
+            TESTS::
+
+                sage: sorted(RootSystem(["A",2]).weight_lattice().plot_fundamental_weights(), key=str)                  # needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                [Arrow from (0.0,0.0) to (0.0,1.0),
+                 Arrow from (0.0,0.0) to (1.0,0.0),
+                 Text '$\Lambda_{1}$' at the point (1.05,0.0),
+                 Text '$\Lambda_{2}$' at the point (0.0,1.05)]
+
+                 sage: sorted(RootSystem(["A",2]).ambient_lattice().plot_fundamental_weights(), key=str)                # needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                 [Arrow from (0.0,0.0) to (-0.5,0.86602451838...),
+                  Arrow from (0.0,0.0) to (0.5,0.86602451838...),
+                  Text '$\Lambda_{1}$' at the point (0.525,0.909325744308...),
+                  Text '$\Lambda_{2}$' at the point (-0.525,0.909325744308...)]
+            """
+            plot_options = self.plot_parse_options(**options)
+            # We build the family of fundamental weights in this space,
+            # indexed by the fundamental weights in the weight lattice.
+            #
+            # To this end, we don't use the embedding of the weight
+            # lattice into self as for the roots or coroots because
+            # the ambient space can define the fundamental weights
+            # slightly differently (the usual GL_n vs SL_n catch).
+            weight_lattice = self.root_system.weight_lattice()
+            fundamental_weights = Family(dict(zip(weight_lattice.fundamental_weights(),
+                                                  self.fundamental_weights())))
+            return plot_options.family_of_vectors(fundamental_weights)
+
+        def plot_reflection_hyperplanes(self, collection='simple', **options):
+            r"""
+            Plot the simple reflection hyperplanes.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``collection`` -- which reflection hyperplanes to display
+              Can be one of the following:
+
+              * ``'simple'`` (the default)
+              * ``'classical'``
+              * ``'all'``
+
+            - ``**options`` -- plotting options
+
+            .. SEEALSO::
+
+                - :meth:`plot` for a description of the plotting options
+                - :ref:`sage.combinat.root_system.plot` for a tutorial
+                  on root system plotting
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                sage: RootSystem(["A",2,1]).ambient_space().plot_reflection_hyperplanes()
+                Graphics object consisting of 6 graphics primitives
+                sage: RootSystem(["G",2,1]).ambient_space().plot_reflection_hyperplanes()
+                Graphics object consisting of 6 graphics primitives
+                sage: RootSystem(["A",3]).weight_space().plot_reflection_hyperplanes()
+                Graphics3d Object
+                sage: RootSystem(["B",3]).ambient_space().plot_reflection_hyperplanes()
+                Graphics3d Object
+                sage: RootSystem(["A",3,1]).weight_space().plot_reflection_hyperplanes()
+                Graphics3d Object
+                sage: RootSystem(["B",3,1]).ambient_space().plot_reflection_hyperplanes()
+                Graphics3d Object
+                sage: RootSystem(["A",2,1]).weight_space().plot_reflection_hyperplanes(affine=False, level=1)
+                Graphics3d Object
+                sage: RootSystem(["A",2]).root_lattice().plot_reflection_hyperplanes()
+                Graphics object consisting of 4 graphics primitives
+
+            TESTS::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(["A",2]).ambient_space()
+                sage: print(L.plot_reflection_hyperplanes().description())                          # needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                Text '$H_{\alpha^\vee_{1}}$' at the point (-1.81...,3.15...)
+                Text '$H_{\alpha^\vee_{2}}$' at the point (1.81...,3.15...)
+                Line defined by 2 points: [(-1.73..., 3.0), (1.73..., -3.0)]
+                Line defined by 2 points: [(1.73..., 3.0), (-1.73..., -3.0)]
+
+                sage: print(L.plot_reflection_hyperplanes("all").description())                     # needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                Text '$H_{\alpha^\vee_{1} + \alpha^\vee_{2}}$' at the point (3.15...,0.0)
+                Text '$H_{\alpha^\vee_{1}}$' at the point (-1.81...,3.15...)
+                Text '$H_{\alpha^\vee_{2}}$' at the point (1.81...,3.15...)
+                Line defined by 2 points: [(-1.73..., 3.0), (1.73..., -3.0)]
+                Line defined by 2 points: [(1.73..., 3.0), (-1.73..., -3.0)]
+                Line defined by 2 points: [(3.0, 0.0), (-3.0, 0.0)]
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(["A",2,1]).ambient_space()
+                sage: print(L.plot_reflection_hyperplanes().description())                          # needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                Text '$H_{\alpha^\vee_{0}}$' at the point (3.15...,0.90...)
+                Text '$H_{\alpha^\vee_{1}}$' at the point (-1.81...,3.15...)
+                Text '$H_{\alpha^\vee_{2}}$' at the point (1.81...,3.15...)
+                Line defined by 2 points: [(-1.73..., 3.0), (1.73..., -3.0)]
+                Line defined by 2 points: [(1.73..., 3.0), (-1.73..., -3.0)]
+                Line defined by 2 points: [(3.0, 0.86...), (-3.0, 0.86...)]
+
+            .. TODO:: Provide an option for transparency?
+            """
+            plot_options = self.plot_parse_options(**options)
+
+            coroot_lattice = self.root_system.coroot_lattice()
+            # Recall that the coroots are given by the roots of the coroot lattice
+            if collection == "simple":
+                coroots = coroot_lattice.simple_roots()
+            elif collection == "classical":
+                if not self.cartan_type().is_affine():
+                    raise ValueError("plotting classical reflection hyperplanes only available in affine type")
+                raise NotImplementedError("classical roots")
+            elif collection == "all":
+                if not self.cartan_type().is_finite():
+                    raise ValueError("plotting all reflection hyperplanes only available in finite type")
+                coroots = coroot_lattice.positive_roots()
+            elif isinstance(collection, (list, tuple)):
+                coroots = collection
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("Unknown value: %s" % collection)
+
+            G = plot_options.empty()
+            for coroot in coroots:
+                G += plot_options.reflection_hyperplane(coroot)
+            return plot_options.finalize(G)
+
+        def plot_hedron(self, **options):
+            r"""
+            Plot the polyhedron whose vertices are given by the orbit
+            of `\rho`.
+
+            In type `A`, this is the usual permutohedron.
+
+            .. SEEALSO::
+
+                - :meth:`plot` for a description of the plotting options
+                - :ref:`sage.combinat.root_system.plot` for a tutorial
+                  on root system plotting
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                sage: RootSystem(["A",2]).ambient_space().plot_hedron()
+                Graphics object consisting of 8 graphics primitives
+                sage: RootSystem(["A",3]).ambient_space().plot_hedron()
+                Graphics3d Object
+                sage: RootSystem(["B",3]).ambient_space().plot_hedron()
+                Graphics3d Object
+                sage: RootSystem(["C",3]).ambient_space().plot_hedron()
+                Graphics3d Object
+                sage: RootSystem(["D",3]).ambient_space().plot_hedron()
+                Graphics3d Object
+
+            Surprise: polyhedra of large dimension know how to
+            project themselves nicely::
+
+                sage: RootSystem(["F",4]).ambient_space().plot_hedron()         # long time, needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                Graphics3d Object
+
+            TESTS::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(["B",2]).ambient_space()
+                sage: print(L.plot_hedron().description())                              # needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                Polygon defined by 8 points: [(1.5, 0.5), (0.5, 1.5), (-0.5, 1.5), (-1.5, 0.5), (-1.5, -0.5), (-0.5, -1.5), (0.5, -1.5), (1.5, -0.5)]
+                Line defined by 2 points: [(-0.5, -1.5), (0.5, -1.5)]
+                Line defined by 2 points: [(-0.5, 1.5), (0.5, 1.5)]
+                Line defined by 2 points: [(-1.5, -0.5), (-0.5, -1.5)]
+                Line defined by 2 points: [(-1.5, -0.5), (-1.5, 0.5)]
+                Line defined by 2 points: [(-1.5, 0.5), (-0.5, 1.5)]
+                Line defined by 2 points: [(0.5, -1.5), (1.5, -0.5)]
+                Line defined by 2 points: [(0.5, 1.5), (1.5, 0.5)]
+                Line defined by 2 points: [(1.5, -0.5), (1.5, 0.5)]
+                Point set defined by 8 point(s): [(-1.5, -0.5), (-1.5, 0.5), (-0.5, -1.5), (-0.5, 1.5), (0.5, -1.5), (0.5, 1.5), (1.5, -0.5), (1.5, 0.5)]
+            """
+            from sage.geometry.polyhedron.constructor import Polyhedron
+            plot_options = self.plot_parse_options(**options)
+            if not self.cartan_type().is_finite():
+                raise ValueError("the Cartan type must be finite")
+            vertices = [plot_options.projection(vertex)
+                        for vertex in self.rho().orbit()]
+            return Polyhedron(vertices=vertices).plot()
+
+        def plot_fundamental_chamber(self, style='normal', **options):
+            r"""
+            Plot the (classical) fundamental chamber.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``style`` -- ``'normal'`` or ``'classical'`` (default: ``'normal'``)
+
+            - ``**options`` -- plotting options
+
+            .. SEEALSO::
+
+                - :meth:`plot` for a description of the plotting options
+                - :ref:`sage.combinat.root_system.plot` for a tutorial
+                  on root system plotting
+
+            EXAMPLES:
+
+            2D plots::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.geometry.polyhedron sage.plot
+                sage: RootSystem(["B",2]).ambient_space().plot_fundamental_chamber()
+                Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive
+                sage: RootSystem(["B",2,1]).ambient_space().plot_fundamental_chamber()
+                Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive
+                sage: RootSystem(["B",2,1]).ambient_space().plot_fundamental_chamber("classical")
+                Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive
+
+            3D plots::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.geometry.polyhedron sage.plot
+                sage: RootSystem(["A",3,1]).weight_space() .plot_fundamental_chamber()
+                Graphics3d Object
+                sage: RootSystem(["B",3,1]).ambient_space().plot_fundamental_chamber()
+                Graphics3d Object
+
+            This feature is currently not available in the root lattice/space::
+
+                sage: list(RootSystem(["A",2]).root_lattice().plot_fundamental_chamber())           # needs sage.geometry.polyhedron sage.plot
+                Traceback (most recent call last):
+                ...
+                TypeError: classical fundamental chamber not yet available in the root lattice
+
+            TESTS::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(["B",2,1]).ambient_space()
+                sage: print(L.plot_fundamental_chamber().description())                             # needs sage.geometry.polyhedron sage.plot
+                Polygon defined by 3 points:     [(0.5, 0.5), (1.0, 0.0), (0.0, 0.0)]
+
+                sage: print(L.plot_fundamental_chamber(style='classical').description())            # needs sage.geometry.polyhedron sage.plot
+                Polygon defined by 3 points:     [(0.0, 0.0), (3.0, 3.0), (3.0, 0.0)]
+            """
+            plot_options = self.plot_parse_options(**options)
+            if not hasattr(self, "fundamental_weights"):
+                raise TypeError("classical fundamental chamber not yet available in the root lattice")
+            Lambda = self.fundamental_weights()
+            cartan_type = self.cartan_type()
+            if style == "classical":
+                if not cartan_type.is_affine():
+                    raise TypeError("classical fundamental chamber only available in affine type")
+                I = cartan_type.classical().index_set()
+                lines = [Lambda[cartan_type.special_node()]]
+            else:
+                I = cartan_type.index_set()
+                lines = []
+            return plot_options.cone(rays=[Lambda[i] for i in I],
+                                     lines=lines,
+                                     color='lightgrey',
+                                     alpha=.3)
+
+        def plot_alcoves(self, alcoves=True, alcove_labels=False, wireframe=False, **options):
+            r"""
+            Plot the alcoves and optionally their labels.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``alcoves`` -- list of alcoves or ``True`` (default: ``True``)
+
+            - ``alcove_labels`` -- boolean or a number specifying at
+              which level to put the label (default: ``False``)
+
+            - ``**options`` -- plotting options
+
+            .. SEEALSO::
+
+                - :meth:`plot` for a description of the plotting options
+                - :ref:`sage.combinat.root_system.plot` for a
+                  tutorial on root system plotting, and in particular
+                  how the alcoves can be specified.
+
+            EXAMPLES:
+
+            2D plots::
+
+                sage: RootSystem(["B",2,1]).ambient_space().plot_alcoves()      # long time (3s), needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                Graphics object consisting of 228 graphics primitives
+
+            3D plots::
+
+                sage: RootSystem(["A",2,1]).weight_space() .plot_alcoves(affine=False)  # long time (3s), needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                Graphics3d Object
+                sage: RootSystem(["G",2,1]).ambient_space().plot_alcoves(affine=False, level=1)  # long time (3s), needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                Graphics3d Object
+
+            Here we plot a single alcove::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(["A",3,1]).ambient_space()
+                sage: W = L.weyl_group()                                                # needs sage.graphs sage.libs.gap
+                sage: L.plot(alcoves=[W.one()], reflection_hyperplanes=False, bounding_box=2)       # needs sage.graphs sage.libs.gap sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                Graphics3d Object
+
+            TESTS::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(["A",2,1]).weight_space()
+                sage: p = L.plot_alcoves(alcoves=[[0,0]])                               # needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                sage: print(p.description())                                            # needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                Line defined by 2 points: [(-1.0, 0.0), (0.0, -1.0)]
+                Line defined by 2 points: [(-1.0, 1.0), (-1.0, 0.0)]
+                Line defined by 2 points: [(-1.0, 1.0), (0.0, 0.0)]
+                Line defined by 2 points: [(0.0, 0.0), (-1.0, 0.0)]
+                Line defined by 2 points: [(0.0, 0.0), (0.0, -1.0)]
+                Line defined by 2 points: [(0.0, 0.0), (1.0, -1.0)]
+                Line defined by 2 points: [(0.0, 1.0), (-1.0, 1.0)]
+                Line defined by 2 points: [(0.0, 1.0), (0.0, 0.0)]
+                Line defined by 2 points: [(0.0, 1.0), (1.0, 0.0)]
+                Line defined by 2 points: [(1.0, -1.0), (0.0, -1.0)]
+                Line defined by 2 points: [(1.0, 0.0), (0.0, 0.0)]
+                Line defined by 2 points: [(1.0, 0.0), (1.0, -1.0)]
+                sage: sorted((line.options()['rgbcolor'], line.options()['thickness']) for line in p)                   # needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                [('black', 2), ('black', 2), ('black', 2),
+                 ('black', 2), ('black', 2), ('black', 2),
+                 ('blue', 1), ('blue', 1), ('blue', 1),
+                 ('red', 1), ('red', 1), ('red', 1)]
+            """
+            plot_options = self.plot_parse_options(**options)
+            if not hasattr(self, "fundamental_weights"):
+                raise TypeError("alcoves not yet available in the root lattice")
+            Lambda = self.fundamental_weights()
+            cartan_type = self.cartan_type()
+            I = cartan_type.index_set()
+            W = self.weyl_group()
+            if alcove_labels is not False:
+                rho = self.rho()
+                if alcove_labels is not True:
+                    # The input is the desired level
+                    rho = rho * alcove_labels / rho.level()
+                else:
+                    rho = plot_options.intersection_at_level_1(rho)
+            # The rays of the fundamental alcove
+            fundamental_alcove_rays = Lambda.map(plot_options.intersection_at_level_1)
+
+            def alcove_in_bounding_box(w):
+                return any(plot_options.in_bounding_box(w.action(fundamental_alcove_rays[i]))
+                           for i in I)
+
+            def alcove_facet(w, i):
+                # Alcove facets with degenerate intersection with the
+                # bounding box bring no information; we might as well
+                # not draw them. Besides this avoids ugly fat points
+                # in dimension 2.
+                return plot_options.cone(rays=[w.action(fundamental_alcove_rays[j]) for j in I if j != i],
+                                         color=plot_options.color(i),
+                                         thickness=plot_options.thickness(i),
+                                         wireframe=wireframe,
+                                         draw_degenerate=False)
+
+            def alcove_label(w):
+                label = "$1$" if w.is_one() else "$s_{"+"".join(str(j) for j in w.reduced_word())+"}$"
+                position = plot_options.projection(w.action(rho))
+                if position in plot_options.bounding_box:
+                    return plot_options.text(label, position)
+                else:
+                    return plot_options.empty()
+
+            G = plot_options.empty()
+            if alcoves is not True:
+                alcoves = list(alcoves)
+            if alcoves is True or (alcoves and W.is_parent_of(alcoves[0])):
+                if alcoves is True:
+                    alcoves = W.weak_order_ideal(alcove_in_bounding_box, side='right')
+                # We assume that the fundamental alcove lies within
+                # the bounding box, and explore the alcoves
+                # intersecting the bounding box by going up right
+                # order (i.e. going away from the fundamental alcove)
+                for w in alcoves:
+                    for i in w.descents(side='right', positive=True):
+                        G += alcove_facet(w, i)
+                    if alcove_labels is not False:
+                        G += alcove_label(w)
+            else:
+                if not cartan_type.is_affine():
+                    raise TypeError("alcoves=list only available in affine type")
+                translation_factors = cartan_type.translation_factors()
+                simple_roots = self.simple_roots()
+                translation_vectors = Family({i: translation_factors[i]*simple_roots[i]
+                                          for i in cartan_type.classical().index_set()})
+                # The elements of the classical Weyl group, as elements of W
+                W0 = [W.from_reduced_word(w.reduced_word()) for w in self.weyl_group().classical()]
+                for alcove in alcoves:
+                    # The translation mapping the center of the
+                    # fundamental polygon to polygon indexed by alcove
+                    shift = sum(x*v for x,v in zip(alcove, translation_vectors))
+                    shift = W.from_morphism(shift.translation)
+                    for w in W0:
+                        for i in w.descents(side='right', positive=True):
+                            G += alcove_facet(shift * w, i)
+                        if alcove_labels:
+                            G += alcove_label(w)
+            return plot_options.finalize(G)
+
+            # In this alternative commented-out implementation, the
+            # alcove picture is constructed directly in the
+            # projection. It only works for rank 2+1 with, but it is
+            # faster; we keep for reference for now. With #12553
+            # (Cythoned PPL polytopes), the difference is likely to
+            # disappear. If this is confirmed, the code below should be discarded.
+            #
+            # from sage.plot.line import line
+            # translation_vectors = Family({i: translation_factors[i]*plot_options.projection(simple_roots[i])
+            #                               for i in cartan_type.classical().index_set()})
+            #
+            # # For each polygon P to be drawn, alcoves_shift contains the translation
+            # # from fundamental polygon to P in the plot coordinate system
+            # def immutable_vector(x):
+            #     # Takes care of possible numerical instabilities
+            #     x = x.numerical_approx(8)
+            #     x.set_immutable()
+            #     return x
+            #
+            # # Construct the fundamental polygon
+            # # The classical group acting on ``self``
+            # W0 = self.weyl_group().classical().list()
+            # # The coordinates of the vertices of the fundamental alcove
+            # fundamental_alcove_rays = Lambda.map(plot_options.intersection_at_level_1)
+            # # The coordinates of the vertices of the fundamental polygon
+            # fundamental_polygon_rays = {
+            #     (i, w): plot_options.projection(w.action(fundamental_alcove_rays[i]))
+            #     for w in W0
+            #     for i in I
+            #     }
+            #
+            # # Get the center of the polygons
+            # if alcoves is True:
+            #     def neighbors(x):
+            #         return filter(lambda y: plot_options.bounding_box.contains(plot_options.origin_projected+y),
+            #                       [immutable_vector(x+epsilon*t) for t in translation_vectors for epsilon in [-1,1]])
+            #     alcoves_shift = list(RecursivelyEnumeratedSet([immutable_vector(plot_options.origin_projected)], neighbors))
+            # else:
+            #     alcoves_shift = [sum(x*v for x,v in zip(alcove, translation_vectors))
+            #                      for alcove in alcoves]
+            #
+            # G = plot_options.empty()
+            # for shift in alcoves_shift:
+            #     # for each center of polygon and each element of classical
+            #     # parabolic subgroup, we have to draw an alcove.
+            #     polygon_center = plot_options.origin_projected + shift
+            #
+            #     for w in W0:
+            #         for i in I:
+            #             facet_indices = [j for j in I if j != i]
+            #             assert len(facet_indices) == 2
+            #             facet = [fundamental_polygon_rays[j, w] + shift for j in facet_indices]
+            #             # This takes a bit of time; do we really want that feature?
+            #             #if not all(bounding_box_as_polytope.contains(v) for v in facet):
+            #             #    continue
+            #             G += line(facet,
+            #                       rgbcolor = plot_options.color(i),
+            #                       thickness = 2 if i == special_node else 1)
+
+        def plot_bounding_box(self, **options):
+            r"""
+            Plot the bounding box.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``**options`` -- plotting options
+
+            This is mostly for testing purposes.
+
+            .. SEEALSO::
+
+                - :meth:`plot` for a description of the plotting options
+                - :ref:`sage.combinat.root_system.plot` for a tutorial
+                  on root system plotting
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(["A",2,1]).ambient_space()
+                sage: L.plot_bounding_box()                                             # needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive
+
+            TESTS::
+
+                sage: list(L.plot_bounding_box())                                       # needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                [Polygon defined by 4 points]
+            """
+            plot_options = self.plot_parse_options(**options)
+            return plot_options.bounding_box.plot(color='gray', alpha=0.5, wireframe=False)
+
+        def plot_alcove_walk(self, word, start=None, foldings=None, color='orange', **options):
+            r"""
+            Plot an alcove walk.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``word`` -- list of elements of the index set
+            - ``foldings`` -- list of booleans or ``None`` (default: ``None``)
+            - ``start`` -- an element of this space (default: ``None`` for `\rho`)
+            - ``**options`` -- plotting options
+
+            .. SEEALSO::
+
+                - :meth:`plot` for a description of the plotting options
+                - :ref:`sage.combinat.root_system.plot` for a tutorial
+                  on root system plotting
+
+            EXAMPLES:
+
+            An alcove walk of type `A_2^{(1)}`::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(["A",2,1]).ambient_space()
+                sage: w1 = [0,2,1,2,0,2,1,0,2,1,2,1,2,0,2,0,1,2,0]
+                sage: p = L.plot_alcoves(bounding_box=5)        # long time (5s)        # needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                sage: p += L.plot_alcove_walk(w1)       # long time                     # needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                sage: p                         # long time                             # needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                Graphics object consisting of 375 graphics primitives
+
+            The same plot with another alcove walk::
+
+                sage: w2 = [2,1,2,0,2,0,2,1,2,0,1,2,1,2,1,0,1,2,0,2,0,1,2,0,2]
+                sage: p += L.plot_alcove_walk(w2, color='orange')       # long time, needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+
+            And another with some foldings::
+
+                sage: pic = L.plot_alcoves(bounding_box=3)              # long time, needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                sage: pic += L.plot_alcove_walk([0,1,2,0,2,0,1,2,0,1],  # long time (3s), needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                ....:                      foldings=[False, False, True, False, False,
+                ....:                                False, True, False, True, False],
+                ....:                      color='green'); pic
+                Graphics object consisting of 155 graphics primitives
+
+            TESTS::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(["A",2,1]).weight_space()
+                sage: p = L.plot_alcove_walk([0,1,2,0,2,0,1,2,0,1],                     # needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                ....:                        foldings=[False, False, True, False, False,
+                ....:                                  False, True, False, True, False],
+                ....:                        color='green',
+                ....:                        start=L.rho())
+                sage: print(p.description())                                            # needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                Line defined by 2 points: [(-1.0, 8.0), (-1.5, 9.0)]
+                Line defined by 2 points: [(1.0, 4.0), (1.5, 4.5)]
+                Line defined by 2 points: [(1.0, 7.0), (1.5, 6.0)]
+                Arrow from (-1.0,5.0) to (-2.0,7.0)
+                Arrow from (-1.0,8.0) to (1.0,7.0)
+                Arrow from (-1.5,9.0) to (-1.0,8.0)
+                Arrow from (-2.0,7.0) to (-1.0,8.0)
+                Arrow from (1.0,1.0) to (2.0,2.0)
+                Arrow from (1.0,4.0) to (-1.0,5.0)
+                Arrow from (1.0,7.0) to (2.0,8.0)
+                Arrow from (1.5,4.5) to (1.0,4.0)
+                Arrow from (1.5,6.0) to (1.0,7.0)
+                Arrow from (2.0,2.0) to (1.0,4.0)
+            """
+            from sage.plot.line import line
+            from sage.plot.arrow import arrow
+            plot_options = self.plot_parse_options(**options)
+            W = self.weyl_group()
+            s = W.simple_reflections()
+            if start is None:
+                start = plot_options.intersection_at_level_1(self.rho())
+            if foldings is None:
+                foldings = [False] * len(word)
+            w = W.one()
+            source = plot_options.projection(start)
+            G = plot_options.empty()
+            for (i, folding) in zip(word, foldings):
+                w = w * s[i]
+                target = plot_options.projection(w.action(start))
+                if folding:
+                    middle = (source + target) / 2
+                    G += line([source, middle], rgbcolor=color)
+                    G += arrow(middle, source, rgbcolor=color, arrowsize=plot_options._arrowsize)
+                    # reset w
+                    w = w * s[i]
+                else:
+                    G += arrow(source, target, rgbcolor=color, arrowsize=plot_options._arrowsize)
+                    source = target
+            return G
+
+        @cached_method
+        def _maximum_root_length(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the square of the maximum of the root lengths for irreducible finite type root systems.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: Q = RootSystem(['C',2]).root_lattice()
+                sage: Q._maximum_root_length()
+                4
+                sage: Q = RootSystem(['G',2]).root_lattice()
+                sage: Q._maximum_root_length()
+                6
+                sage: Q = RootSystem(['A',3]).root_lattice()
+                sage: Q._maximum_root_length()
+                2
+            """
+            ct = self.cartan_type()
+            if not ct.is_irreducible():
+                raise NotImplementedError("Implemented only for irreducible finite root systems")
+            if not ct.is_finite():
+                raise NotImplementedError("Implemented only for irreducible finite root systems")
+            L = self.root_system.ambient_space() # uses peculiarities of ambient embedding
+            return max([root.scalar(root) for root in L.simple_roots()])
+
+        def plot_ls_paths(self, paths, plot_labels=None, colored_labels=True, **options):
+            r"""
+            Plot LS paths.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``paths`` -- a finite crystal or list of LS paths
+            - ``plot_labels`` -- (default: ``None``) the distance to plot
+              the LS labels from the endpoint of the path; set to ``None``
+              to not display the labels
+            - ``colored_labels`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``True``, then
+              color the labels the same color as the LS path
+            - ``**options`` -- plotting options
+
+            .. SEEALSO::
+
+                - :meth:`plot` for a description of the plotting options
+                - :ref:`sage.combinat.root_system.plot` for a tutorial
+                  on root system plotting
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: B = crystals.LSPaths(['A',2], [1,1])                              # needs sage.combinat
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['A',2]).ambient_space()
+                sage: L.plot_fundamental_weights() + L.plot_ls_paths(B)                 # needs sage.combinat sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                Graphics object consisting of 14 graphics primitives
+
+            This also works in 3 dimensions::
+
+                sage: B = crystals.LSPaths(['B',3], [2,0,0])                            # needs sage.combinat
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['B',3]).ambient_space()
+                sage: L.plot_ls_paths(B)                                                # needs sage.combinat sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                Graphics3d Object
+            """
+            if not isinstance(paths, (list, tuple, set)):
+                from sage.combinat.crystals.littelmann_path import CrystalOfLSPaths
+                from sage.categories.finite_crystals import FiniteCrystals
+                if not isinstance(paths, CrystalOfLSPaths):
+                    raise ValueError("the input must be LS paths")
+                if paths not in FiniteCrystals():
+                    raise ValueError("the crystal must be finite")
+
+            from sage.plot.line import line
+            from sage.plot.colors import rainbow
+            plot_options = self.plot_parse_options(**options)
+            color = rainbow(len(paths), 'rgbtuple')
+            G = plot_options.empty()
+            for i,b in enumerate(paths):
+                prev = plot_options.projection(self.zero())
+                for x in b.value:
+                    next = prev + plot_options.projection(self(x))
+                    G += line([prev, next], rgbcolor=color[i])
+                    prev = next
+                if plot_labels is not None:
+                    if colored_labels:
+                        G += plot_options.text(b, prev + prev.normalized()*plot_labels, rgbcolor=color[i])
+                    else:
+                        G += plot_options.text(b, prev + prev.normalized()*plot_labels)
+            return G
+
+        def plot_mv_polytope(self, mv_polytope, mark_endpoints=True,
+                             circle_size=0.06, circle_thickness=1.6,
+                             wireframe='blue', fill='green', alpha=1,
+                             **options):
+            r"""
+            Plot an MV polytope.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``mv_polytope`` -- an MV polytope
+            - ``mark_endpoints`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); mark the endpoints
+              of the MV polytope
+            - ``circle_size`` -- (default: 0.06) the size of the circles
+            - ``circle_thickness`` -- (default: 1.6) the thinkness of the
+              extra rings of circles
+            - ``wireframe`` -- (default: ``'blue'``) color to draw the
+              wireframe of the polytope with
+            - ``fill`` -- (default: ``'green'``) color to fill the polytope with
+            - ``alpha`` -- (default: 1) the alpha value (opacity) of the fill
+            - ``**options`` -- plotting options
+
+            .. SEEALSO::
+
+                - :meth:`plot` for a description of the plotting options
+                - :ref:`sage.combinat.root_system.plot` for a tutorial
+                  on root system plotting
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: B = crystals.infinity.MVPolytopes(['C',2])                        # needs sage.combinat
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['C',2]).ambient_space()
+                sage: p = B.highest_weight_vector().f_string([1,2,1,2])                 # needs sage.combinat
+                sage: L.plot_fundamental_weights() + L.plot_mv_polytope(p)              # needs sage.combinat sage.geometry.polyhedron sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                Graphics object consisting of 14 graphics primitives
+
+            This also works in 3 dimensions::
+
+                sage: B = crystals.infinity.MVPolytopes(['A',3])                        # needs sage.combinat
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['A',3]).ambient_space()
+                sage: p = B.highest_weight_vector().f_string([2,1,3,2])                 # needs sage.combinat
+                sage: L.plot_mv_polytope(p)                                             # needs sage.combinat sage.geometry.polyhedron sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                Graphics3d Object
+            """
+            from sage.geometry.polyhedron.constructor import Polyhedron
+            plot_options = self.plot_parse_options(**options)
+
+            # Setup the shift for plotting
+            pbw_data = mv_polytope._pbw_datum.parent
+            al = self.simple_roots()
+            red = tuple(mv_polytope._pbw_datum.long_word)
+            roots = [self.sum(c*al[a] for a,c in root)
+                     for root in pbw_data._root_list_from(red)]
+            datum = mv_polytope._pbw_datum.lusztig_datum
+            end_pt = self.sum(roots[i] * c for i,c in enumerate(datum))
+            shift = plot_options.projection(end_pt)
+
+            vertices = [plot_options.projection(vertex) - shift
+                        for vertex in mv_polytope._polytope_vertices(self)]
+            p = Polyhedron(vertices=vertices).plot(wireframe=wireframe,
+                                                   fill=fill, alpha=alpha)
+            if mark_endpoints:
+                from sage.plot.circle import circle
+
+                p += circle(plot_options.projection(self.zero()),
+                            circle_size, fill=True,
+                            thickness=circle_thickness, color=wireframe)
+
+                p += circle(-shift,
+                            circle_size, fill=True,
+                            thickness=circle_thickness, color=wireframe)
+            return p
+
+        def plot_crystal(self, crystal,
+                         plot_labels=True, label_color='black',
+                         edge_labels=False,
+                         circle_size=0.06, circle_thickness=1.6,
+                         **options):
+            r"""
+            Plot a finite crystal.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``crystal`` -- the finite crystal to plot
+            - ``plot_labels`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); can be one of the
+              following:
+
+              * ``True`` -- use the latex labels
+              * ``'circles'`` -- use circles for multiplicity up to 4; if the
+                multiplicity is larger, then it uses the multiplicity
+              * ``'multiplicities'`` -- use the multiplicities
+
+            - ``label_color`` -- (default: ``'black'``) the color of the
+              labels
+            - ``edge_labels`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True``, then draw
+              in the edge label
+            - ``circle_size`` -- (default: 0.06) the size of the circles
+            - ``circle_thickness`` -- (default: 1.6) the thinkness of the
+              extra rings of circles
+            - ``**options`` -- plotting options
+
+            .. SEEALSO::
+
+                - :meth:`plot` for a description of the plotting options
+                - :ref:`sage.combinat.root_system.plot` for a tutorial
+                  on root system plotting
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.combinat sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['A',2]).ambient_space()
+                sage: C = crystals.Tableaux(['A',2], shape=[2,1])
+                sage: L.plot_crystal(C, plot_labels='multiplicities')
+                Graphics object consisting of 15 graphics primitives
+                sage: C = crystals.Tableaux(['A',2], shape=[8,4])
+                sage: p = L.plot_crystal(C, plot_labels='circles')
+                sage: p.show(figsize=15)
+
+            A 3-dimensional example::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['B',3]).ambient_space()
+                sage: C = crystals.Tableaux(['B',3], shape=[2,1])                       # needs sage.combinat
+                sage: L.plot_crystal(C, plot_labels='circles',  # long time             # needs sage.combinat sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                ....:                edge_labels=True)
+                Graphics3d Object
+
+            TESTS:
+
+            Check that :issue:`29548` is fixed::
+
+                sage: LS = crystals.LSPaths(['A',2], [1,1])                             # needs sage.combinat
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['A',2]).ambient_space()
+                sage: L.plot_crystal(LS)                                                # needs sage.combinat sage.plot sage.symbolic
+                Graphics object consisting of 16 graphics primitives
+            """
+            from sage.plot.arrow import arrow
+            from sage.plot.circle import circle
+            from sage.plot.colors import rgbcolor
+            from sage.categories.finite_crystals import FiniteCrystals
+
+            if crystal not in FiniteCrystals():
+                raise ValueError("only implemented for finite crystals")
+            plot_options = self.plot_parse_options(**options)
+            label_color = rgbcolor(label_color)
+
+            g = crystal.digraph()
+            mults = {}
+            for x in g.vertex_iterator():
+                wt = self(x.weight())
+                mults[wt] = mults.get(wt, []) + [x]
+            positions = {x: plot_options.projection(x) for x in mults.keys()}
+
+            G = plot_options.empty()
+            if plot_labels == 'circles':
+                for wt,m in mults.items():
+                    m = len(m)
+                    if m > 4:
+                        G += plot_options.text(m, positions[wt], rgbcolor=label_color)
+                        continue
+
+                    if m >= 1:
+                        G += circle(positions[wt], circle_size, fill=True,
+                                    thickness=circle_thickness,
+                                    rgbcolor=label_color)
+                    for i in range(2,m+1):
+                        G += circle(positions[wt], i*circle_size,
+                                    thickness=circle_thickness,
+                                    rgbcolor=label_color)
+
+            elif plot_labels == 'multiplicities':
+                for wt,m in mults.items():
+                    G += plot_options.text(len(m), positions[wt], rgbcolor=label_color)
+
+            elif plot_labels:
+                for wt,m in mults.items():
+                    for elt in m:
+                        # TODO: Destack the multiple weights
+                        G += plot_options.text(elt, positions[wt], rgbcolor=label_color)
+
+            for h,t,i in g.edges(sort=True):
+                G += arrow(positions[self(h.weight())], positions[self(t.weight())],
+                           zorder=1, rgbcolor=plot_options.color(i),
+                           arrowsize=plot_options._arrowsize)
+                if edge_labels:
+                    mid = (positions[self(h.weight())] + positions[self(t.weight())]) / QQ(2)
+                    if plot_options.dimension >= 2:
+                        diff = (positions[self(h.weight())] - positions[self(t.weight())]).normalized()
+                        if plot_options.dimension >= 3:
+                            from copy import copy
+                            diff2 = copy(diff)
+                            diff[0], diff[1] = -diff[1], diff[0]
+                            if abs(diff.dot_product(diff2)) > 0.9:
+                                diff[1], diff[2] = -diff[2], diff[1]
+                        else:
+                            diff[0], diff[1] = -diff[1], diff[0]
+
+                        mid += diff / QQ(10)
+                    G += plot_options.text(i, mid, rgbcolor=plot_options.color(i))
+            return G
+
+        @cached_method
+        def dual_type_cospace(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the cospace of dual type.
+
+            For example, if invoked on the root lattice of type `['B',2]`, returns the
+            coroot lattice of type `['C',2]`.
+
+            .. WARNING::
+
+                Not implemented for ambient spaces.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: CartanType(['B',2]).root_system().root_lattice().dual_type_cospace()
+                Coroot lattice of the Root system of type ['C', 2]
+                sage: CartanType(['F',4]).root_system().coweight_lattice().dual_type_cospace()
+                Weight lattice of the Root system of type ['F', 4]
+                 relabelled by {1: 4, 2: 3, 3: 2, 4: 1}
+            """
+            from .root_space import RootSpace
+            from .weight_space import WeightSpace
+
+            if isinstance(self, RootSpace):
+                if self.root_system.dual_side:
+                    return self.cartan_type().root_system().root_space(self.base_ring())
+                else:
+                    return self.cartan_type().dual().root_system().coroot_space(self.base_ring())
+            if isinstance(self, WeightSpace):
+                if self.root_system.dual_side:
+                    return self.cartan_type().root_system().weight_space(self.base_ring())
+                else:
+                    return self.cartan_type().dual().root_system().coweight_space(self.base_ring())
+            raise TypeError("Not implemented for %s" % self)
+
+        @abstract_method(optional=True)
+        def to_ambient_space_morphism(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the morphism to the ambient space.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: B2rs = CartanType(['B',2]).root_system()
+                sage: B2rs.root_lattice().to_ambient_space_morphism()
+                Generic morphism:
+                  From: Root lattice of the Root system of type ['B', 2]
+                  To:   Ambient space of the Root system of type ['B', 2]
+                sage: B2rs.coroot_lattice().to_ambient_space_morphism()
+                Generic morphism:
+                  From: Coroot lattice of the Root system of type ['B', 2]
+                  To:   Ambient space of the Root system of type ['B', 2]
+                sage: B2rs.weight_lattice().to_ambient_space_morphism()
+                Generic morphism:
+                  From: Weight lattice of the Root system of type ['B', 2]
+                  To:   Ambient space of the Root system of type ['B', 2]
+            """
+
+    ##########################################################################
+
+    class ElementMethods:
+
+        @abstract_method
+        def scalar(self, lambdacheck):
+            """
+            Implement the natural pairing with the coroot lattice.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``self`` -- an element of a root lattice realization
+            - ``lambdacheck`` -- an element of the coroot lattice or coroot space
+
+            OUTPUT: the scalar product of ``self`` and ``lambdacheck``
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['A',4]).root_lattice()
+                sage: alpha      = L.simple_roots()
+                sage: alphacheck = L.simple_coroots()
+                sage: alpha[1].scalar(alphacheck[1])                                    # needs sage.graphs
+                2
+                sage: alpha[1].scalar(alphacheck[2])                                    # needs sage.graphs
+                -1
+                sage: matrix([ [ alpha[i].scalar(alphacheck[j])                         # needs sage.graphs
+                ....:            for i in L.index_set() ]
+                ....:          for j in L.index_set() ])
+                [ 2 -1  0  0]
+                [-1  2 -1  0]
+                [ 0 -1  2 -1]
+                [ 0  0 -1  2]
+
+            TESTS::
+
+                sage: super(sage.combinat.root_system.root_space.RootSpaceElement,alpha[1]).scalar(alphacheck[1])
+                Traceback (most recent call last):
+                ...
+                NotImplementedError: <abstract method scalar at ...>
+            """
+
+        def symmetric_form(self, alpha):
+            r"""
+            Return the symmetric form of ``self`` with ``alpha``.
+
+            Consider the simple roots `\alpha_i` and let `(b_{ij})_{ij}`
+            denote the symmetrized Cartan matrix `(a_{ij})_{ij}`, we have
+
+            .. MATH::
+
+                (\alpha_i | \alpha_j) = b_{ij}
+
+            and extended bilinearly. See Chapter 6 in Kac, Infinite
+            Dimensional Lie Algebras for more details.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: Q = RootSystem(['B',2,1]).root_lattice()
+                sage: alpha = Q.simple_roots()
+                sage: alpha[1].symmetric_form(alpha[0])
+                0
+                sage: alpha[1].symmetric_form(alpha[1])
+                4
+                sage: elt = alpha[0] - 3*alpha[1] + alpha[2]
+                sage: elt.symmetric_form(alpha[1])
+                -14
+                sage: elt.symmetric_form(alpha[0]+2*alpha[2])
+                14
+
+                sage: Q = RootSystem(CartanType(['A',4,2]).dual()).root_lattice()
+                sage: Qc = RootSystem(['A',4,2]).coroot_lattice()
+                sage: alpha = Q.simple_roots()
+                sage: alphac = Qc.simple_roots()
+                sage: elt = alpha[0] + 2*alpha[1] + 2*alpha[2]
+                sage: eltc = alphac[0] + 2*alphac[1] + 2*alphac[2]
+                sage: elt.symmetric_form(alpha[1])                                      # needs sage.graphs
+                0
+                sage: eltc.symmetric_form(alphac[1])                                    # needs sage.graphs
+                0
+            """
+            cm = self.parent().dynkin_diagram().cartan_matrix()
+            sym = cm.symmetrized_matrix()
+            iset = self.parent().index_set()
+            return sum(cl*sym[iset.index(ml),iset.index(mr)]*cr
+                       for ml,cl in self for mr,cr in alpha)
+
+        def norm_squared(self):
+            """
+            Return the norm squared of ``self`` with respect to the
+            symmetric form.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: Q = RootSystem(['B',2,1]).root_lattice()
+                sage: alpha = Q.simple_roots()
+                sage: alpha[1].norm_squared()
+                4
+                sage: alpha[2].norm_squared()
+                2
+                sage: elt = alpha[0] - 3*alpha[1] + alpha[2]
+                sage: elt.norm_squared()
+                50
+                sage: elt = alpha[0] + alpha[1] + 2*alpha[2]
+                sage: elt.norm_squared()
+                0
+
+                sage: Q = RootSystem(CartanType(['A',4,2]).dual()).root_lattice()
+                sage: Qc = RootSystem(['A',4,2]).coroot_lattice()
+                sage: alpha = Q.simple_roots()
+                sage: alphac = Qc.simple_roots()
+                sage: elt = alpha[0] + 2*alpha[1] + 2*alpha[2]
+                sage: eltc = alphac[0] + 2*alphac[1] + 2*alphac[2]
+                sage: elt.norm_squared()                                                # needs sage.graphs
+                0
+                sage: eltc.norm_squared()                                               # needs sage.graphs
+                0
+            """
+            return self.symmetric_form(self)
+
+        ##########################################################################
+        # Action and orbits w.r.t. the Weyl group
+        ##########################################################################
+
+        def simple_reflection(self, i):
+            r"""
+            Return the image of ``self`` by the `i`-th simple reflection.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: alpha = RootSystem(["A", 3]).root_lattice().alpha()
+                sage: alpha[1].simple_reflection(2)                                     # needs sage.graphs
+                alpha[1] + alpha[2]
+
+                sage: Q = RootSystem(['A', 3, 1]).weight_lattice(extended=True)
+                sage: Lambda = Q.fundamental_weights()
+                sage: L = Lambda[0] + Q.null_root()                                     # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: L.simple_reflection(0)                                            # needs sage.graphs
+                -Lambda[0] + Lambda[1] + Lambda[3]
+            """
+            # Subclasses should optimize whenever possible!
+            return self.parent().simple_reflection(i)(self)
+
+        def simple_reflections(self):
+            """
+            The images of ``self`` by all the simple reflections.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: alpha = RootSystem(["A", 3]).root_lattice().alpha()
+                sage: alpha[1].simple_reflections()                                     # needs sage.graphs
+                [-alpha[1], alpha[1] + alpha[2], alpha[1]]
+            """
+            return [s(self) for s in self.parent().simple_reflections()]
+
+        def _orbit_iter(self):
+            """
+            Iterate the orbit of ``self`` under the action of the Weyl group.
+
+            Call this method when the orbit just needs to be iterated over.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(["A", 2]).ambient_lattice()
+                sage: sorted(L.rho()._orbit_iter())    # the output order is not specified
+                [(1, 2, 0), (1, 0, 2), (2, 1, 0),
+                 (2, 0, 1), (0, 1, 2), (0, 2, 1)]
+            """
+            R = RecursivelyEnumeratedSet([self], attrcall('simple_reflections'),
+                    structure=None, enumeration='breadth')
+            return iter(R)
+
+        def orbit(self):
+            r"""
+            The orbit of ``self`` under the action of the Weyl group.
+
+            EXAMPLES:
+
+            `\rho` is a regular element whose orbit is in bijection
+            with the Weyl group. In particular, it has 6 elements for
+            the symmetric group `S_3`::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(["A", 2]).ambient_lattice()
+                sage: sorted(L.rho().orbit())               # the output order is not specified
+                [(1, 2, 0), (1, 0, 2), (2, 1, 0),
+                 (2, 0, 1), (0, 1, 2), (0, 2, 1)]
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(["A", 3]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: len(L.rho().orbit())                                              # needs sage.graphs
+                24
+                sage: len(L.fundamental_weights()[1].orbit())                           # needs sage.graphs
+                4
+                sage: len(L.fundamental_weights()[2].orbit())                           # needs sage.graphs
+                6
+
+            TESTS::
+
+                sage: la = RootSystem(['A',1,1]).weight_lattice().fundamental_weight(0)
+                sage: la.orbit()
+                Traceback (most recent call last):
+                ...
+                ValueError: cannot list an infinite set
+            """
+            if not self.parent().cartan_type().is_finite():
+                raise ValueError("cannot list an infinite set")
+            return list(self._orbit_iter())
+
+        def _dot_orbit_iter(self):
+            """
+            Iterate the orbit of ``self`` under the dot or affine action
+            of the Weyl group.
+
+            Call this method when the dot orbit just needs to be
+            iterated over.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['A', 2]).ambient_lattice()
+                sage: sorted(L.rho()._dot_orbit_iter())    # the output order is not specified
+                [(-2, 1, 4), (-2, 3, 2), (2, -1, 2),
+                 (2, 1, 0), (0, -1, 4), (0, 3, 0)]
+                sage: sorted(L.rho()._orbit_iter())        # the output order is not specified
+                [(1, 2, 0), (1, 0, 2), (2, 1, 0),
+                 (2, 0, 1), (0, 1, 2), (0, 2, 1)]
+            """
+            I = self.parent().index_set()
+
+            def apply_action(la):
+                return [la.dot_action([i]) for i in I]
+            R = RecursivelyEnumeratedSet([self], apply_action, structure=None,
+                                         enumeration='breadth')
+            return iter(R)
+
+        def dot_orbit(self):
+            r"""
+            The orbit of ``self`` under the dot or affine action of
+            the Weyl group.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['A', 2]).ambient_lattice()
+                sage: sorted(L.rho().dot_orbit())                      # the output order is not specified              # needs sage.graphs
+                [(-2, 1, 4), (-2, 3, 2), (2, -1, 2),
+                 (2, 1, 0), (0, -1, 4), (0, 3, 0)]
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['B',2]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: sorted(L.fundamental_weights()[1].dot_orbit())   # the output order is not specified              # needs sage.graphs
+                [-4*Lambda[1], -4*Lambda[1] + 4*Lambda[2],
+                 -3*Lambda[1] - 2*Lambda[2], -3*Lambda[1] + 4*Lambda[2],
+                 Lambda[1], Lambda[1] - 6*Lambda[2],
+                 2*Lambda[1] - 6*Lambda[2], 2*Lambda[1] - 2*Lambda[2]]
+
+            We compare the dot action orbit to the regular orbit::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['A', 3]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: len(L.rho().dot_orbit())
+                24
+                sage: len((-L.rho()).dot_orbit())
+                1
+                sage: La = L.fundamental_weights()
+                sage: len(La[1].dot_orbit())
+                24
+                sage: len(La[1].orbit())
+                4
+                sage: len((-L.rho() + La[1]).dot_orbit())
+                4
+                sage: len(La[2].dot_orbit())
+                24
+                sage: len(La[2].orbit())
+                6
+                sage: len((-L.rho() + La[2]).dot_orbit())
+                6
+            """
+            return list(self._dot_orbit_iter())
+
+        affine_orbit = dot_orbit
+
+        ##########################################################################
+        #
+        ##########################################################################
+
+        @abstract_method(optional=True)
+        def associated_coroot(self):
+            """
+            Return the coroot associated to this root.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: alpha = RootSystem(["A", 3]).root_space().simple_roots()
+                sage: alpha[1].associated_coroot()                                      # needs sage.graphs
+                alphacheck[1]
+            """
+
+        def reflection(self, root, use_coroot=False):
+            r"""
+            Reflect ``self`` across the hyperplane orthogonal to ``root``.
+
+            If ``use_coroot`` is ``True``, ``root`` is interpreted as a coroot.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: R = RootSystem(['C',4])
+                sage: weight_lattice = R.weight_lattice()
+                sage: mu = weight_lattice.from_vector(vector([0,0,1,2]))
+                sage: coroot_lattice = R.coroot_lattice()
+                sage: alphavee = coroot_lattice.from_vector(vector([0,0,1,1]))
+                sage: mu.reflection(alphavee, use_coroot=True)                          # needs sage.graphs
+                6*Lambda[2] - 5*Lambda[3] + 2*Lambda[4]
+                sage: root_lattice = R.root_lattice()
+                sage: beta = root_lattice.from_vector(vector([0,1,1,0]))
+                sage: mu.reflection(beta)                                               # needs sage.graphs
+                Lambda[1] - Lambda[2] + 3*Lambda[4]
+            """
+            if use_coroot:
+                return self - self.scalar(root) * root.associated_coroot()
+            else:
+                return self - self.scalar(root.associated_coroot()) * root
+
+        ##########################################################################
+        # Descents
+        ##########################################################################
+
+        def has_descent(self, i, positive=False) -> bool:
+            """
+            Test if ``self`` has a descent at position `i`, that is, if ``self`` is
+            on the strict negative side of the `i`-th simple reflection
+            hyperplane.
+
+            If positive is ``True``, tests if it is on the strict positive
+            side instead.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: space = RootSystem(['A',5]).weight_space()
+                sage: alpha = RootSystem(['A',5]).weight_space().simple_roots()
+                sage: [alpha[i].has_descent(1) for i in space.index_set()]
+                [False, True, False, False, False]
+                sage: [(-alpha[i]).has_descent(1) for i in space.index_set()]
+                [True, False, False, False, False]
+                sage: [alpha[i].has_descent(1, True) for i in space.index_set()]
+                [True, False, False, False, False]
+                sage: [(-alpha[i]).has_descent(1, True) for i in space.index_set()]
+                [False, True, False, False, False]
+                sage: (alpha[1]+alpha[2]+alpha[4]).has_descent(3)
+                True
+                sage: (alpha[1]+alpha[2]+alpha[4]).has_descent(1)
+                False
+                sage: (alpha[1]+alpha[2]+alpha[4]).has_descent(1, True)
+                True
+            """
+            s = self.scalar(self.parent().simple_coroots()[i])
+            if positive:
+                return s > 0
+            else:
+                return s < 0
+
+        def first_descent(self, index_set=None, positive=False):
+            """
+            Return the first descent of pt.
+
+            One can use the ``index_set`` option to restrict to the parabolic
+            subgroup indexed by ``index_set``.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: space = RootSystem(['A',5]).weight_space()
+                sage: alpha = space.simple_roots()
+                sage: (alpha[1]+alpha[2]+alpha[4]).first_descent()
+                3
+                sage: (alpha[1]+alpha[2]+alpha[4]).first_descent([1,2,5])
+                5
+                sage: (alpha[1]+alpha[2]+alpha[4]).first_descent([1,2,5,3,4])
+                5
+            """
+            if index_set is None:
+                index_set = self.parent().index_set()
+            for i in index_set:
+                if self.has_descent(i, positive):
+                    return i
+            return None
+
+        def descents(self, index_set=None, positive=False):
+            """
+            Return the descents of pt.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: space=RootSystem(['A',5]).weight_space()
+                sage: alpha = space.simple_roots()                                      # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: (alpha[1]+alpha[2]+alpha[4]).descents()                           # needs sage.graphs
+                [3, 5]
+            """
+            if index_set is None:
+                index_set = self.parent().index_set()
+            return [ i for i in index_set if self.has_descent(i, positive) ]
+
+        def to_dominant_chamber(self, index_set=None, positive=True, reduced_word=False):
+            r"""
+            Return the unique dominant element in the Weyl group orbit of the vector ``self``.
+
+            If ``positive`` is ``False``, returns the antidominant orbit element.
+
+            With the ``index_set`` optional parameter, this is done with
+            respect to the corresponding parabolic subgroup.
+
+            If ``reduced_word`` is ``True``, returns the 2-tuple (``weight``, ``direction``)
+            where ``weight`` is the (anti)dominant orbit element and ``direction`` is a reduced word
+            for the Weyl group element sending ``weight`` to ``self``.
+
+            .. warning::
+
+                In infinite type, an orbit may not contain a dominant element.
+                In this case the function may go into an infinite loop.
+
+                For affine root systems, errors are generated if
+                the orbit does not contain the requested kind of representative.
+                If the input vector is of positive (resp. negative)
+                level, then there is a dominant (resp. antidominant) element in its orbit
+                but not an antidominant (resp. dominant) one. If the vector is of level zero,
+                then there are neither dominant nor antidominant orbit representatives, except
+                for multiples of the null root, which are themselves both dominant and antidominant
+                orbit representatives.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: space = RootSystem(['A',5]).weight_space()
+                sage: alpha = RootSystem(['A',5]).weight_space().simple_roots()
+                sage: alpha[1].to_dominant_chamber()
+                Lambda[1] + Lambda[5]
+                sage: alpha[1].to_dominant_chamber([1,2])
+                Lambda[1] + Lambda[2] - Lambda[3]
+                sage: wl = RootSystem(['A',2,1]).weight_lattice(extended=True)
+                sage: mu = wl.from_vector(vector([1,-3,0]))
+                sage: mu.to_dominant_chamber(positive=False, reduced_word=True)
+                (-Lambda[1] - Lambda[2] - delta, [0, 2])
+
+                sage: # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: R = RootSystem(['A',1,1])
+                sage: rl = R.root_lattice()
+                sage: nu = rl.zero()
+                sage: nu.to_dominant_chamber()
+                0
+                sage: nu.to_dominant_chamber(positive=False)
+                0
+                sage: mu = rl.from_vector(vector([0,1]))
+                sage: mu.to_dominant_chamber()
+                Traceback (most recent call last):
+                ...
+                ValueError: alpha[1] is not in the orbit of the fundamental chamber
+                sage: mu.to_dominant_chamber(positive=False)
+                Traceback (most recent call last):
+                ...
+                ValueError: alpha[1] is not in the orbit of the negative of the fundamental chamber
+            """
+
+            if index_set is None:
+                # default index set is the entire Dynkin node set
+                index_set = self.parent().index_set()
+            cartan_type = self.parent().cartan_type()
+            # generate errors for infinite loop cases in affine type
+            if cartan_type.is_affine():
+                if index_set == self.parent().index_set():
+                    # If the full affine Weyl group is being used
+                    level = self.level()
+                    if level > 0:
+                        if not positive:
+                            raise ValueError("%s is not in the orbit of the fundamental chamber" % (self))
+                    elif level < 0:
+                        if positive:
+                            raise ValueError("%s is not in the orbit of the negative of the fundamental chamber" % (self))
+                    elif not (self == self.parent().zero()):
+                        # nonzero level zero weight
+                        if positive:
+                            raise ValueError("%s is not in the orbit of the fundamental chamber" % (self))
+                        else:
+                            raise ValueError("%s is not in the orbit of the negative of the fundamental chamber" % (self))
+            if reduced_word:
+                direction = []
+            while True:
+                # The first index where it is *not* yet on the positive side
+                i = self.first_descent(index_set, positive=(not positive))
+                if i is None:
+                    if reduced_word:
+                        return self, direction
+                    else:
+                        return self
+                else:
+                    if reduced_word:
+                        direction.append(i)
+                    self = self.simple_reflection(i)
+
+        def reduced_word(self, index_set=None, positive=True):
+            r"""
+            Return a reduced word for the inverse of the shortest Weyl group element that sends the vector ``self`` into the dominant chamber.
+
+            With the ``index_set`` optional parameter, this is done with
+            respect to the corresponding parabolic subgroup.
+
+            If ``positive`` is False, use the antidominant chamber instead.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: space = RootSystem(['A',5]).weight_space()
+                sage: alpha = RootSystem(['A',5]).weight_space().simple_roots()         # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: alpha[1].reduced_word()                                           # needs sage.graphs
+                [2, 3, 4, 5]
+                sage: alpha[1].reduced_word([1,2])                                      # needs sage.graphs
+                [2]
+            """
+            return self.to_dominant_chamber(index_set=index_set,positive=positive,reduced_word=True)[1]
+
+        def is_dominant(self, index_set=None, positive=True):
+            r"""
+            Return whether ``self`` is dominant.
+
+            This is done with respect to the sub--root system indicated by the subset of Dynkin nodes
+            ``index_set``. If ``index_set`` is ``None``, then the entire Dynkin node set is used.
+            If positive is ``False``, then the dominance condition is replaced by antidominance.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['A',2]).ambient_lattice()
+                sage: Lambda = L.fundamental_weights()
+                sage: [x.is_dominant() for x in Lambda]
+                [True, True]
+                sage: [x.is_dominant(positive=False) for x in Lambda]
+                [False, False]
+                sage: (Lambda[1]-Lambda[2]).is_dominant()
+                False
+                sage: (-Lambda[1]+Lambda[2]).is_dominant()
+                False
+                sage: (Lambda[1]-Lambda[2]).is_dominant([1])
+                True
+                sage: (Lambda[1]-Lambda[2]).is_dominant([2])
+                False
+                sage: [x.is_dominant() for x in L.roots()]
+                [False, True, False, False, False, False]
+                sage: [x.is_dominant(positive=False) for x in L.roots()]
+                [False, False, False, False, True, False]
+            """
+            return self.first_descent(index_set, not positive) is None
+
+        def is_dominant_weight(self): # Or is_dominant_integral_weight?
+            """
+            Test whether ``self`` is a dominant element of the weight lattice.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['A',2]).ambient_lattice()
+                sage: Lambda = L.fundamental_weights()
+                sage: [x.is_dominant() for x in Lambda]
+                [True, True]
+                sage: (3*Lambda[1]+Lambda[2]).is_dominant()
+                True
+                sage: (Lambda[1]-Lambda[2]).is_dominant()
+                False
+                sage: (-Lambda[1]+Lambda[2]).is_dominant()
+                False
+
+            Tests that the scalar products with the coroots are all
+            nonnegative integers. For example, if `x` is the sum of a
+            dominant element of the weight lattice plus some other element
+            orthogonal to all coroots, then the implementation correctly
+            reports `x` to be a dominant weight::
+
+               sage: x = Lambda[1] + L([-1,-1,-1])
+               sage: x.is_dominant_weight()
+               True
+            """
+            alphacheck = self.parent().simple_coroots()
+            from sage.rings.semirings.non_negative_integer_semiring import NN
+            return all(self.inner_product(alphacheck[i]) in NN
+                       for i in self.parent().index_set())
+
+        def is_verma_dominant(self, positive=True):
+            r"""
+            Return if ``self`` is Verma dominant.
+
+            A weight `\lambda` is *Verma dominant* if
+
+            .. MATH::
+
+                \langle \lambda + \rho, \alpha^{\vee} \rangle \notin \ZZ_{<0}
+
+            for all positive roots `\alpha`. Note that begin Verma dominant does
+            *not* imply that `\langle \lambda+\rho, \alpha^{\vee} \rangle \geq 0`
+            for any positive root `\alpha`. This is used to determine if
+            a Verma module is simple or projective.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``positive`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``False``, then
+              this checks if the weight is Verma anti-dominant, where
+              `\ZZ_{<0}` is replaced with `\ZZ_{>0}` in the definition.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: P = RootSystem(['A', 3]).weight_space()
+                sage: La = P.fundamental_weights()
+                sage: alphacheck = P.coroot_lattice().positive_roots()
+                sage: rho = P.rho()
+                sage: (La[1] + 2*La[2]).is_verma_dominant()
+                True
+                sage: la = La[1] - 3/2*La[3] - rho
+                sage: la.is_verma_dominant()
+                True
+                sage: la.is_verma_dominant(positive=False)
+                False
+                sage: [(la+rho).scalar(coroot) for coroot in alphacheck]
+                [1, 0, -3/2, 1, -3/2, -1/2]
+                sage: mu = 1/2*La[1] - 3/2*La[3] - rho
+                sage: mu.is_verma_dominant()
+                False
+                sage: mu.is_verma_dominant(positive=False)
+                True
+                sage: [(mu+rho).scalar(coroot) for coroot in alphacheck]
+                [1/2, 0, -3/2, 1/2, -3/2, -1]
+            """
+            P = self.parent()
+            alphacheck = P.coroot_lattice().positive_roots()
+            wt = self + P.rho()
+            if positive:
+                return not any((c := wt.scalar(ac)) in ZZ and c < 0 for ac in alphacheck)
+            return not any((c := wt.scalar(ac)) in ZZ and c > 0 for ac in alphacheck)
+
+        ##########################################################################
+        # weak order
+        ##########################################################################
+
+        def succ(self, index_set=None):
+            r"""
+            Return the immediate successors of ``self`` for the weak order.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``index_set`` -- a subset (as a list or iterable) of the
+              nodes of the Dynkin diagram; (default: ``None`` for all of them)
+
+            If ``index_set`` is specified, the successors for the
+            corresponding parabolic subsystem are returned.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['A',3]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: Lambda = L.fundamental_weights()
+                sage: Lambda[1].succ()
+                [-Lambda[1] + Lambda[2]]
+                sage: L.rho().succ()
+                [-Lambda[1] + 2*Lambda[2] + Lambda[3],
+                 2*Lambda[1] - Lambda[2] + 2*Lambda[3],
+                 Lambda[1] + 2*Lambda[2] - Lambda[3]]
+                sage: (-L.rho()).succ()
+                []
+                sage: L.rho().succ(index_set=[1])
+                [-Lambda[1] + 2*Lambda[2] + Lambda[3]]
+                sage: L.rho().succ(index_set=[2])
+                [2*Lambda[1] - Lambda[2] + 2*Lambda[3]]
+            """
+            return [ self.simple_reflection(i) for i in self.descents(index_set=index_set, positive=True) ]
+
+        def pred(self, index_set=None):
+            r"""
+            Return the immediate predecessors of ``self`` for the weak order.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``index_set`` -- a subset (as a list or iterable) of the
+              nodes of the Dynkin diagram; (default: ``None`` for all of them)
+
+            If ``index_set`` is specified, the successors for the
+            corresponding parabolic subsystem are returned.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['A',3]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: Lambda = L.fundamental_weights()
+                sage: Lambda[1].pred()
+                []
+                sage: L.rho().pred()
+                []
+                sage: (-L.rho()).pred()                                                 # needs sage.graphs
+                [Lambda[1] - 2*Lambda[2] - Lambda[3],
+                 -2*Lambda[1] + Lambda[2] - 2*Lambda[3],
+                 -Lambda[1] - 2*Lambda[2] + Lambda[3]]
+                sage: (-L.rho()).pred(index_set=[1])                                    # needs sage.graphs
+                [Lambda[1] - 2*Lambda[2] - Lambda[3]]
+            """
+            return [ self.simple_reflection(i) for i in self.descents(index_set) ]
+
+        def greater(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the elements in the orbit of ``self`` which are
+            greater than ``self`` in the weak order.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['A',3]).ambient_lattice()
+                sage: e = L.basis()
+                sage: e[2].greater()
+                [(0, 0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 0, 1)]
+                sage: len(L.rho().greater())
+                24
+                sage: len((-L.rho()).greater())
+                1
+                sage: sorted([len(x.greater()) for x in L.rho().orbit()])
+                [1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 8, 8, 8, 8, 12, 12, 12, 24]
+            """
+            R = RecursivelyEnumeratedSet([self], attrcall('succ'), structure=None)
+            return list(R.naive_search_iterator())
+
+        def smaller(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the elements in the orbit of ``self`` which are
+            smaller than ``self`` in the weak order.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['A',3]).ambient_lattice()
+                sage: e = L.basis()
+                sage: e[2].smaller()
+                [(0, 0, 1, 0), (0, 1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0, 0)]
+                sage: len(L.rho().smaller())
+                1
+                sage: len((-L.rho()).smaller())
+                24
+                sage: sorted([len(x.smaller()) for x in L.rho().orbit()])
+                [1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 8, 8, 8, 8, 12, 12, 12, 24]
+            """
+            R = RecursivelyEnumeratedSet([self], attrcall('pred'), structure=None)
+            return list(R.naive_search_iterator())
+
+        def extraspecial_pair(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the extraspecial pair of ``self`` under the ordering
+            defined by
+            :meth:`~sage.combinat.root_system.root_lattice_realizations.RootLatticeRealizations.ParentMethods.positive_roots_by_height`.
+
+            The *extraspecial pair* of a positive root `\gamma` with some total
+            ordering `<` of the root lattice that respects height is the pair
+            of positive roots `(\alpha, \beta)` such that `\gamma = \alpha +
+            \beta` and `\alpha` is as small as possible.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: Q = RootSystem(['G', 2]).root_lattice()
+                sage: Q.highest_root().extraspecial_pair()                              # needs sage.graphs
+                (alpha[2], 3*alpha[1] + alpha[2])
+            """
+            if self.is_positive_root():
+                r = self
+            else:
+                r = -self
+            p_roots = self.parent().positive_roots_by_height()
+            # We won't need any roots higher than us
+            p_roots = p_roots[:p_roots.index(r)]
+            for i, a in enumerate(p_roots):
+                for b in p_roots[i + 1:]:
+                    if a + b == r:
+                        return (a, b)
+            raise ValueError("Unable to find an extraspecial pair")
+
+        def height(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the height of ``self``.
+
+            The height of a root `\alpha = \sum_i a_i \alpha_i` is defined
+            to be `h(\alpha) := \sum_i a_i`.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: Q = RootSystem(['G', 2]).root_lattice()
+                sage: Q.highest_root().height()                                         # needs sage.graphs
+                5
+            """
+            return sum(self.coefficients())
+
+        ##########################################################################
+        # Level
+        ##########################################################################
+
+        def level(self):
+            """
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['A',2,1]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: L.rho().level()                                                   # needs sage.graphs
+                3
+            """
+            if not self.parent().cartan_type().is_affine():
+                raise ValueError("%s does not belong to a lattice of affine Cartan type" % self)
+            return self.scalar(self.parent().null_coroot())
+
+        @cached_in_parent_method
+        def to_simple_root(self, reduced_word=False):
+            r"""
+            Return (the index of) a simple root in the orbit of the positive root ``self``.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``self`` -- a positive root
+            - ``reduced_word`` -- boolean (default: ``False``)
+
+            OUTPUT:
+
+            - The index `i` of a simple root `\alpha_i`.
+              If ``reduced_word`` is ``True``, this returns instead a pair
+              ``(i, word)``, where word is a sequence of reflections
+              mapping `\alpha_i` up the root poset to ``self``.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(["A",3]).root_lattice()
+                sage: positive_roots = L.positive_roots()
+                sage: for alpha in sorted(positive_roots):                              # needs sage.graphs
+                ....:     print("{} {}".format(alpha, alpha.to_simple_root()))
+                alpha[1] 1
+                alpha[1] + alpha[2] 2
+                alpha[1] + alpha[2] + alpha[3] 3
+                alpha[2] 2
+                alpha[2] + alpha[3] 3
+                alpha[3] 3
+                sage: for alpha in sorted(positive_roots):                              # needs sage.graphs
+                ....:     print("{} {}".format(alpha, alpha.to_simple_root(reduced_word=True)))
+                alpha[1] (1, ())
+                alpha[1] + alpha[2] (2, (1,))
+                alpha[1] + alpha[2] + alpha[3] (3, (1, 2))
+                alpha[2] (2, ())
+                alpha[2] + alpha[3] (3, (2,))
+                alpha[3] (3, ())
+
+            ALGORITHM:
+
+            This method walks from ``self`` down to the antidominant
+            chamber by applying successively the simple reflection
+            given by the first descent. Since ``self`` is a positive
+            root, each step goes down the root poset, and one must
+            eventually cross a simple root `\alpha_i`.
+
+            .. SEEALSO::
+
+                - :meth:`first_descent`
+                - :meth:`to_dominant_chamber`
+
+            .. WARNING::
+
+                The behavior is not specified if the input is not a
+                positive root. For a finite root system, this is
+                currently caught (albeit with a not perfect message)::
+
+                    sage: alpha = L.simple_roots()                                      # needs sage.graphs
+                    sage: (2*alpha[1]).to_simple_root()                                 # needs sage.graphs
+                    Traceback (most recent call last):
+                    ...
+                    ValueError: -2*alpha[1] - 2*alpha[2] - 2*alpha[3] is not a positive root
+
+                For an infinite root system, this method may run into
+                an infinite recursion if the input is not a positive
+                root.
+            """
+            F = self.parent().simple_roots().inverse_family()
+            try:
+                j = F[self]
+                if reduced_word:
+                    return (j, ())
+                else:
+                    return j
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+            j = self.first_descent(positive=True)
+            if j is None:
+                raise ValueError("%s is not a positive root" % self)
+            result = self.simple_reflection(j).to_simple_root(reduced_word=reduced_word)
+            if reduced_word:
+                return (result[0], (j,) + result[1])
+            else:
+                return result
+
+        @cached_in_parent_method
+        def associated_reflection(self):
+            r"""
+            Given a positive root ``self``, return a reduced word for the reflection orthogonal to ``self``.
+
+            Since the answer is cached, it is a tuple instead of a list.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: C3_rl = RootSystem(['C',3]).root_lattice()                        # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: C3_rl.simple_root(3).weyl_action([1,2]).associated_reflection()   # needs sage.graphs
+                (1, 2, 3, 2, 1)
+                sage: C3_rl.simple_root(2).associated_reflection()                      # needs sage.graphs
+                (2,)
+            """
+            i, reduced_word = self.to_simple_root(reduced_word=True)
+            return reduced_word + (i,) + tuple(reversed(reduced_word))
+
+        def translation(self, x):
+            """
+            Return `x` translated by `t`, that is, `x+level(x) t`.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``self`` -- an element `t` at level `0`
+            - ``x`` -- an element of the same space
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = RootSystem(['A',2,1]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: alpha = L.simple_roots()                                          # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: Lambda = L.fundamental_weights()                                  # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: t = alpha[2]                                                      # needs sage.graphs
+
+            Let us look at the translation of an element of level `1`::
+
+                sage: Lambda[1].level()                                                 # needs sage.graphs
+                1
+                sage: t.translation(Lambda[1])                                          # needs sage.graphs
+                -Lambda[0] + 2*Lambda[2]
+                sage: Lambda[1] + t                                                     # needs sage.graphs
+                -Lambda[0] + 2*Lambda[2]
+
+            and of an element of level `0`::
+
+                sage: alpha[1].level()                                                  # needs sage.graphs
+                0
+                sage: t.translation(alpha [1])                                          # needs sage.graphs
+                -Lambda[0] + 2*Lambda[1] - Lambda[2]
+                sage: alpha[1] + 0*t                                                    # needs sage.graphs
+                -Lambda[0] + 2*Lambda[1] - Lambda[2]
+
+            The arguments are given in this seemingly unnatural order to
+            make it easy to construct the translation function::
+
+                sage: f = t.translation                                                 # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: f(Lambda[1])                                                      # needs sage.graphs
+                -Lambda[0] + 2*Lambda[2]
+            """
+            if not self.level().is_zero():
+                raise ValueError(f"{self} is not of level zero")
+            return x + x.level() * self
+
+        def weyl_action(self, element, inverse=False):
+            r"""
+            Act on ``self`` by an element of the Coxeter or Weyl group.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``element`` -- an element of a Coxeter or Weyl group
+              of the same Cartan type, or a tuple or a list (such as a
+              reduced word) of elements from the index set
+
+            - ``inverse`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether to
+              act by the inverse element
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: wl = RootSystem(['A',3]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: mu = wl.from_vector(vector([1,0,-2]))
+                sage: mu
+                Lambda[1] - 2*Lambda[3]
+                sage: mudom, rw = mu.to_dominant_chamber(positive=False,                # needs sage.graphs
+                ....:                                    reduced_word=True)
+                sage: mudom, rw                                                         # needs sage.graphs
+                (-Lambda[2] - Lambda[3], [1, 2])
+
+            Acting by a (reduced) word::
+
+                sage: mudom.weyl_action(rw)                                             # needs sage.graphs
+                Lambda[1] - 2*Lambda[3]
+                sage: mu.weyl_action(rw, inverse=True)                                  # needs sage.graphs
+                -Lambda[2] - Lambda[3]
+
+            Acting by an element of the Coxeter or Weyl group on a vector in its own
+            lattice of definition (implemented by matrix multiplication on a vector)::
+
+                sage: w = wl.weyl_group().from_reduced_word([1, 2])                     # needs sage.graphs sage.libs.gap
+                sage: mudom.weyl_action(w)                                              # needs sage.graphs sage.libs.gap
+                Lambda[1] - 2*Lambda[3]
+
+            Acting by an element of an isomorphic Coxeter or Weyl group (implemented by the
+            action of a corresponding reduced word)::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.libs.gap
+                sage: W = WeylGroup(['A',3], prefix='s')
+                sage: w = W.from_reduced_word([1, 2])
+                sage: wl.weyl_group() == W                                              # needs sage.graphs
+                False
+                sage: mudom.weyl_action(w)                                              # needs sage.graphs
+                Lambda[1] - 2*Lambda[3]
+            """
+            # TODO, some day: accept an iterator
+            if isinstance(element, (tuple, list, range)):
+                # Action by a (reduced) word
+                the_word = list(element)
+                I = self.parent().index_set()
+                if not all(i in I for i in the_word):
+                    raise ValueError("Not all members of %s are in the index set of the %s" % (element, self.parent()))
+            else:
+                if not isinstance(element, Element):
+                    raise TypeError("%s should be an element of a Coxeter group" % (element))
+                W = element.parent()
+                if W is self.parent().weyl_group():
+                    # Action by an element of the Coxeter or Weyl group of ``self``
+                    if inverse is True:
+                        element = element.inverse()
+                    return element.action(self)
+                else:
+                    # Action by an element of an isomorphic Coxeter or Weyl group
+                    if not (W in CoxeterGroups() and W.cartan_type() == self.parent().cartan_type()):
+                        raise TypeError("%s should be an element of a Coxeter group of type %s" % (element, self.parent().cartan_type()))
+                    the_word = element.reduced_word()
+            if inverse is False:
+                the_word.reverse()
+            for i in the_word:
+                self = self.simple_reflection(i)
+            return self
+
+        def weyl_stabilizer(self, index_set=None):
+            r"""
+            Return the subset of Dynkin nodes whose reflections fix ``self``.
+
+            If ``index_set`` is not ``None``, only consider nodes in this set.
+            Note that if ``self`` is dominant or antidominant, then its stabilizer is the
+            parabolic subgroup defined by the returned node set.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: wl = RootSystem(['A',2,1]).weight_lattice(extended=True)
+                sage: al = wl.null_root()                                               # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: al.weyl_stabilizer()                                              # needs sage.graphs
+                [0, 1, 2]
+                sage: wl = RootSystem(['A',4]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: mu = wl.from_vector(vector([1,1,0,0]))
+                sage: mu.weyl_stabilizer()
+                [3, 4]
+                sage: mu.weyl_stabilizer(index_set = [1,2,3])
+                [3]
+            """
+            if index_set is None:
+                index_set = self.parent().cartan_type().index_set()
+            alphavee = self.parent().coroot_lattice().basis()
+            return [i for i in index_set if self.scalar(alphavee[i]) == 0]
+
+        def dot_action(self, w, inverse=False):
+            r"""
+            Act on ``self`` by ``w`` using the dot or affine action.
+
+            Let `w` be an element of the Weyl group. The *dot action*
+            or *affine action* is given by:
+
+            .. MATH::
+
+                w \bullet \lambda = w (\lambda + \rho) - \rho,
+
+            where `\rho` is the sum of the fundamental weights.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``w`` -- an element of a Coxeter or Weyl group of
+              the same Cartan type, or a tuple or a list (such
+              as a reduced word) of elements from the index set
+
+            - ``inverse`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether
+              to act by the inverse element
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: P = RootSystem(['B',3]).weight_lattice()
+                sage: La = P.fundamental_weights()
+                sage: mu = La[1] + 2*La[2] - 3*La[3]
+                sage: mu.dot_action([1])                                                # needs sage.graphs
+                -3*Lambda[1] + 4*Lambda[2] - 3*Lambda[3]
+                sage: mu.dot_action([3])                                                # needs sage.graphs
+                Lambda[1] + Lambda[3]
+                sage: mu.dot_action([1,2,3])                                            # needs sage.graphs
+                -4*Lambda[1] + Lambda[2] + 3*Lambda[3]
+
+            We check that the origin of this action is at `-\rho`::
+
+                sage: all((-P.rho()).dot_action([i]) == -P.rho()                        # needs sage.graphs
+                ....:     for i in P.index_set())
+                True
+
+            REFERENCES:
+
+            - :wikipedia:`Affine_action`
+            """
+            rho = self.parent().rho()
+            return (self + rho).weyl_action(w, inverse=inverse) - rho
+
+        def is_parabolic_root(self, index_set):
+            r"""
+            Return whether ``root`` is in the parabolic subsystem with Dynkin nodes ``index_set``.
+
+            This assumes that ``self`` is a root.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``index_set`` -- the Dynkin node set of the parabolic subsystem
+
+            .. TODO:: This implementation is only valid in the root or weight lattice
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: alpha = RootSystem(['A',3]).root_lattice().from_vector(vector([1,1,0]))
+                sage: alpha.is_parabolic_root([1,3])
+                False
+                sage: alpha.is_parabolic_root([1,2])
+                True
+                sage: alpha.is_parabolic_root([2])
+                False
+            """
+            for i in self.support():
+                if i not in index_set:
+                    return False
+            return True
+
+        def is_short_root(self):
+            r"""
+            Return ``True`` if ``self`` is a short (real) root.
+
+            Returns ``False`` unless the parent is an irreducible root system of finite type
+            having two root lengths and ``self`` is of the shorter length.
+            There is no check of whether ``self`` is actually a root.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: Q = RootSystem(['C',2]).root_lattice()
+                sage: al = Q.simple_root(1).weyl_action([1,2]); al
+                alpha[1] + alpha[2]
+                sage: al.is_short_root()
+                True
+                sage: bt = Q.simple_root(2).weyl_action([2,1,2]); bt
+                -2*alpha[1] - alpha[2]
+                sage: bt.is_short_root()
+                False
+                sage: RootSystem(['A',2]).root_lattice().simple_root(1).is_short_root()
+                False
+
+            An example in affine type::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: Q = RootSystem(['B',2,1]).root_lattice()
+                sage: alpha = Q.simple_roots()
+                sage: alpha[0].is_short_root()
+                False
+                sage: alpha[1].is_short_root()
+                False
+                sage: alpha[2].is_short_root()
+                True
+            """
+            ct = self.parent().cartan_type()
+            if not ct.is_irreducible():
+                raise ValueError("Cartan type needs to be irreducible!")
+            if not ct.is_finite():
+                return self.norm_squared() == min(alpha.norm_squared()
+                                                  for alpha in self.parent().simple_roots())
+            L = self.parent().root_system.ambient_space() # uses peculiarities of ambient embedding
+            ls = L(self)
+            return ls.scalar(ls) < L._maximum_root_length()
+            #Alternative implementation
+            #if ct.is_simply_laced():
+            #    return False
+            #L = self.parent().root_system.ambient_space() # uses peculiarities of ambient embedding
+            #ls = L(self)
+            #lensq = ls.scalar(ls)
+            #if lensq > 2:
+            #    return False
+            #if lensq == 1:
+            #    return True
+            ## now only types BCFG remain and the square length is 2
+            #if ct.type() == 'C' or ct.type() == 'G':
+            #    return True
+            #return False
+
+        def to_dual_type_cospace(self):
+            r"""
+            Map ``self`` to the dual type cospace.
+
+            For example, if ``self`` is in the root lattice of type `['B',2]`, send it to
+            the coroot lattice of type `['C',2]`.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: v = CartanType(['C',3]).root_system().weight_lattice().an_element(); v
+                2*Lambda[1] + 2*Lambda[2] + 3*Lambda[3]
+                sage: w = v.to_dual_type_cospace(); w
+                2*Lambdacheck[1] + 2*Lambdacheck[2] + 3*Lambdacheck[3]
+                sage: w.parent()
+                Coweight lattice of the Root system of type ['B', 3]
+            """
+            return self.parent().dual_type_cospace().from_vector(self.to_vector())
+
+        def to_classical(self):
+            r"""
+            Map ``self`` to the classical lattice/space.
+
+            Only makes sense for affine type.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: R = CartanType(['A',3,1]).root_system()
+                sage: alpha = R.root_lattice().an_element(); alpha
+                2*alpha[0] + 2*alpha[1] + 3*alpha[2]
+                sage: alb = alpha.to_classical(); alb                                   # needs sage.graphs
+                alpha[2] - 2*alpha[3]
+                sage: alb.parent()                                                      # needs sage.graphs
+                Root lattice of the Root system of type ['A', 3]
+                sage: v = R.ambient_space().an_element(); v
+                2*e[0] + 2*e[1] + 3*e[2]
+                sage: v.to_classical()                                                  # needs sage.graphs
+                (2, 2, 3, 0)
+            """
+            return self.parent().classical()(self)
+
+        @abstract_method(optional=True)
+        def to_ambient(self):
+            r"""
+            Map ``self`` to the ambient space.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: B4_rs = CartanType(['B',4]).root_system()
+                sage: alpha = B4_rs.root_lattice().an_element(); alpha
+                2*alpha[1] + 2*alpha[2] + 3*alpha[3]
+                sage: alpha.to_ambient()
+                (2, 0, 1, -3)
+                sage: mu = B4_rs.weight_lattice().an_element(); mu
+                2*Lambda[1] + 2*Lambda[2] + 3*Lambda[3]
+                sage: mu.to_ambient()
+                (7, 5, 3, 0)
+                sage: v = B4_rs.ambient_space().an_element(); v
+                (2, 2, 3, 0)
+                sage: v.to_ambient()
+                (2, 2, 3, 0)
+                sage: alphavee = B4_rs.coroot_lattice().an_element(); alphavee
+                2*alphacheck[1] + 2*alphacheck[2] + 3*alphacheck[3]
+                sage: alphavee.to_ambient()
+                (2, 0, 1, -3)
+            """
+
+        def is_long_root(self):
+            """
+            Return ``True`` if ``self`` is a long (real) root.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: Q = RootSystem(['B',2,1]).root_lattice()
+                sage: alpha = Q.simple_roots()
+                sage: alpha[0].is_long_root()                                           # needs sage.graphs
+                True
+                sage: alpha[1].is_long_root()                                           # needs sage.graphs
+                True
+                sage: alpha[2].is_long_root()                                           # needs sage.graphs
+                False
+            """
+            alpha = self.parent().simple_roots()
+            norm_sq = self.norm_squared()
+            return max(sroot.norm_squared() for sroot in alpha) == norm_sq \
+                   and all(c * alpha[i].norm_squared() / norm_sq in ZZ for i,c in self)
+
+        def is_imaginary_root(self):
+            r"""
+            Return ``True`` if ``self`` is an imaginary root.
+
+            A root `\alpha` is imaginary if it is not `W`-conjugate
+            to a simple root where `W` is the corresponding Weyl group.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: Q = RootSystem(['B',2,1]).root_lattice()
+                sage: alpha = Q.simple_roots()
+                sage: alpha[0].is_imaginary_root()                                      # needs sage.graphs
+                False
+                sage: elt = alpha[0] + alpha[1] + 2*alpha[2]
+                sage: elt.is_imaginary_root()                                           # needs sage.graphs
+                True
+            """
+            return self.norm_squared() <= 0
+
+        def is_real_root(self):
+            r"""
+            Return ``True`` if ``self`` is a real root.
+
+            A root `\alpha` is real if it is `W`-conjugate to a simple
+            root where `W` is the corresponding Weyl group.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: Q = RootSystem(['B',2,1]).root_lattice()
+                sage: alpha = Q.simple_roots()
+                sage: alpha[0].is_real_root()                                           # needs sage.graphs
+                True
+                sage: elt = alpha[0] + alpha[1] + 2*alpha[2]
+                sage: elt.is_real_root()                                                # needs sage.graphs
+                False
+            """
+            return self.norm_squared() > 0