numpy 2.4.1__pp311-pypy311_pp73-macosx_14_0_arm64.whl

numpy/_core/tests/test_strings.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1523 @@
+import operator
+import sys
+
+import pytest
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy._core._exceptions import _UFuncNoLoopError
+from numpy.testing import IS_PYPY, assert_array_equal, assert_raises
+from numpy.testing._private.utils import requires_memory
+
+COMPARISONS = [
+    (operator.eq, np.equal, "=="),
+    (operator.ne, np.not_equal, "!="),
+    (operator.lt, np.less, "<"),
+    (operator.le, np.less_equal, "<="),
+    (operator.gt, np.greater, ">"),
+    (operator.ge, np.greater_equal, ">="),
+]
+
+MAX = np.iinfo(np.int64).max
+
+IS_PYPY_LT_7_3_16 = IS_PYPY and sys.implementation.version < (7, 3, 16)
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(["op", "ufunc", "sym"], COMPARISONS)
+def test_mixed_string_comparison_ufuncs_fail(op, ufunc, sym):
+    arr_string = np.array(["a", "b"], dtype="S")
+    arr_unicode = np.array(["a", "c"], dtype="U")
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="did not contain a loop"):
+        ufunc(arr_string, arr_unicode)
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="did not contain a loop"):
+        ufunc(arr_unicode, arr_string)
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(["op", "ufunc", "sym"], COMPARISONS)
+def test_mixed_string_comparisons_ufuncs_with_cast(op, ufunc, sym):
+    arr_string = np.array(["a", "b"], dtype="S")
+    arr_unicode = np.array(["a", "c"], dtype="U")
+
+    # While there is no loop, manual casting is acceptable:
+    res1 = ufunc(arr_string, arr_unicode, signature="UU->?", casting="unsafe")
+    res2 = ufunc(arr_string, arr_unicode, signature="SS->?", casting="unsafe")
+
+    expected = op(arr_string.astype("U"), arr_unicode)
+    assert_array_equal(res1, expected)
+    assert_array_equal(res2, expected)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(["op", "ufunc", "sym"], COMPARISONS)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtypes", [
+        ("S2", "S2"), ("S2", "S10"),
+        ("<U1", "<U1"), ("<U1", ">U1"), (">U1", ">U1"),
+        ("<U1", "<U10"), ("<U1", ">U10")])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("aligned", [True, False])
+def test_string_comparisons(op, ufunc, sym, dtypes, aligned):
+    # ensure native byte-order for the first view to stay within unicode range
+    native_dt = np.dtype(dtypes[0]).newbyteorder("=")
+    arr = np.arange(2**15).view(native_dt).astype(dtypes[0])
+    if not aligned:
+        # Make `arr` unaligned:
+        new = np.zeros(arr.nbytes + 1, dtype=np.uint8)[1:].view(dtypes[0])
+        new[...] = arr
+        arr = new
+
+    arr2 = arr.astype(dtypes[1], copy=True)
+    np.random.shuffle(arr2)
+    arr[0] = arr2[0]  # make sure one matches
+
+    expected = [op(d1, d2) for d1, d2 in zip(arr.tolist(), arr2.tolist())]
+    assert_array_equal(op(arr, arr2), expected)
+    assert_array_equal(ufunc(arr, arr2), expected)
+    assert_array_equal(
+        np.char.compare_chararrays(arr, arr2, sym, False), expected
+    )
+
+    expected = [op(d2, d1) for d1, d2 in zip(arr.tolist(), arr2.tolist())]
+    assert_array_equal(op(arr2, arr), expected)
+    assert_array_equal(ufunc(arr2, arr), expected)
+    assert_array_equal(
+        np.char.compare_chararrays(arr2, arr, sym, False), expected
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(["op", "ufunc", "sym"], COMPARISONS)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtypes", [
+        ("S2", "S2"), ("S2", "S10"), ("<U1", "<U1"), ("<U1", ">U10")])
+def test_string_comparisons_empty(op, ufunc, sym, dtypes):
+    arr = np.empty((1, 0, 1, 5), dtype=dtypes[0])
+    arr2 = np.empty((100, 1, 0, 1), dtype=dtypes[1])
+
+    expected = np.empty(np.broadcast_shapes(arr.shape, arr2.shape), dtype=bool)
+    assert_array_equal(op(arr, arr2), expected)
+    assert_array_equal(ufunc(arr, arr2), expected)
+    assert_array_equal(
+        np.char.compare_chararrays(arr, arr2, sym, False), expected
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("str_dt", ["S", "U"])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("float_dt", np.typecodes["AllFloat"])
+def test_float_to_string_cast(str_dt, float_dt):
+    float_dt = np.dtype(float_dt)
+    fi = np.finfo(float_dt)
+    arr = np.array([np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf, fi.max, fi.min], dtype=float_dt)
+    expected = ["nan", "inf", "-inf", str(fi.max), str(fi.min)]
+    if float_dt.kind == "c":
+        expected = [f"({r}+0j)" for r in expected]
+
+    res = arr.astype(str_dt)
+    assert_array_equal(res, np.array(expected, dtype=str_dt))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("str_dt", "US")
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("size", [-1, np.iinfo(np.intc).max])
+def test_string_size_dtype_errors(str_dt, size):
+    if size > 0:
+        size = size // np.dtype(f"{str_dt}1").itemsize + 1
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        np.dtype((str_dt, size))
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        np.dtype(f"{str_dt}{size}")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("str_dt", "US")
+def test_string_size_dtype_large_repr(str_dt):
+    size = np.iinfo(np.intc).max // np.dtype(f"{str_dt}1").itemsize
+    size_str = str(size)
+
+    dtype = np.dtype((str_dt, size))
+    assert size_str in dtype.str
+    assert size_str in str(dtype)
+    assert size_str in repr(dtype)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.slow
+@requires_memory(2 * np.iinfo(np.intc).max)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("str_dt", "US")
+@pytest.mark.thread_unsafe(reason="crashes with low memory")
+def test_large_string_coercion_error(str_dt):
+    very_large = np.iinfo(np.intc).max // np.dtype(f"{str_dt}1").itemsize
+    try:
+        large_string = "A" * (very_large + 1)
+    except Exception:
+        # We may not be able to create this Python string on 32bit.
+        pytest.skip("python failed to create huge string")
+
+    class MyStr:
+        def __str__(self):
+            return large_string
+
+    try:
+        # TypeError from NumPy, or OverflowError from 32bit Python.
+        with pytest.raises((TypeError, OverflowError)):
+            np.array([large_string], dtype=str_dt)
+
+        # Same as above, but input has to be converted to a string.
+        with pytest.raises((TypeError, OverflowError)):
+            np.array([MyStr()], dtype=str_dt)
+    except MemoryError:
+        # Catch memory errors, because `requires_memory` would do so.
+        raise AssertionError("Ops should raise before any large allocation.")
+
+@pytest.mark.slow
+@requires_memory(2 * np.iinfo(np.intc).max)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("str_dt", "US")
+@pytest.mark.thread_unsafe(reason="crashes with low memory")
+def test_large_string_addition_error(str_dt):
+    very_large = np.iinfo(np.intc).max // np.dtype(f"{str_dt}1").itemsize
+
+    a = np.array(["A" * very_large], dtype=str_dt)
+    b = np.array("B", dtype=str_dt)
+    try:
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.add(a, b)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.add(a, a)
+    except MemoryError:
+        # Catch memory errors, because `requires_memory` would do so.
+        raise AssertionError("Ops should raise before any large allocation.")
+
+
+def test_large_string_cast():
+    very_large = np.iinfo(np.intc).max // 4
+    # Could be nice to test very large path, but it makes too many huge
+    # allocations right now (need non-legacy cast loops for this).
+    # a = np.array([], dtype=np.dtype(("S", very_large)))
+    # assert a.astype("U").dtype.itemsize == very_large * 4
+
+    a = np.array([], dtype=np.dtype(("S", very_large + 1)))
+    # It is not perfect but OK if this raises a MemoryError during setup
+    # (this happens due clunky code and/or buffer setup.)
+    with pytest.raises((TypeError, MemoryError)):
+        a.astype("U")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dt", ["S1", "U1"])
+def test_in_place_mutiply_no_overflow(dt):
+    # see gh-30495
+    a = np.array("a", dtype=dt)
+    a *= 20
+    assert_array_equal(a, np.array("a", dtype=dt))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dt", ["S", "U", "T"])
+class TestMethods:
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("in1,in2,out", [
+        ("", "", ""),
+        ("abc", "abc", "abcabc"),
+        ("12345", "12345", "1234512345"),
+        ("MixedCase", "MixedCase", "MixedCaseMixedCase"),
+        ("12345 \0 ", "12345 \0 ", "12345 \0 12345 \0 "),
+        ("UPPER", "UPPER", "UPPERUPPER"),
+        (["abc", "def"], ["hello", "world"], ["abchello", "defworld"]),
+    ])
+    def test_add(self, in1, in2, out, dt):
+        in1 = np.array(in1, dtype=dt)
+        in2 = np.array(in2, dtype=dt)
+        out = np.array(out, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.add(in1, in2), out)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("in1,in2,out", [
+        ("abc", 3, "abcabcabc"),
+        ("abc", 0, ""),
+        ("abc", -1, ""),
+        (["abc", "def"], [1, 4], ["abc", "defdefdefdef"]),
+    ])
+    def test_multiply(self, in1, in2, out, dt):
+        in1 = np.array(in1, dtype=dt)
+        out = np.array(out, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.multiply(in1, in2), out)
+
+    def test_multiply_raises(self, dt):
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="unsupported type"):
+            np.strings.multiply(np.array("abc", dtype=dt), 3.14)
+
+        with pytest.raises(OverflowError):
+            np.strings.multiply(np.array("abc", dtype=dt), sys.maxsize)
+
+    def test_inplace_multiply(self, dt):
+        arr = np.array(['foo ', 'bar'], dtype=dt)
+        arr *= 2
+        if dt != "T":
+            assert_array_equal(arr, np.array(['foo ', 'barb'], dtype=dt))
+        else:
+            assert_array_equal(arr, ['foo foo ', 'barbar'])
+
+        with pytest.raises(OverflowError):
+            arr *= sys.maxsize
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("i_dt", [np.int8, np.int16, np.int32,
+                                      np.int64, np.int_])
+    def test_multiply_integer_dtypes(self, i_dt, dt):
+        a = np.array("abc", dtype=dt)
+        i = np.array(3, dtype=i_dt)
+        res = np.array("abcabcabc", dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.multiply(a, i), res)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("in_,out", [
+        ("", False),
+        ("a", True),
+        ("A", True),
+        ("\n", False),
+        ("abc", True),
+        ("aBc123", False),
+        ("abc\n", False),
+        (["abc", "aBc123"], [True, False]),
+    ])
+    def test_isalpha(self, in_, out, dt):
+        in_ = np.array(in_, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.isalpha(in_), out)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("in_,out", [
+        ('', False),
+        ('a', True),
+        ('A', True),
+        ('\n', False),
+        ('123abc456', True),
+        ('a1b3c', True),
+        ('aBc000 ', False),
+        ('abc\n', False),
+    ])
+    def test_isalnum(self, in_, out, dt):
+        in_ = np.array(in_, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.isalnum(in_), out)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("in_,out", [
+        ("", False),
+        ("a", False),
+        ("0", True),
+        ("012345", True),
+        ("012345a", False),
+        (["a", "012345"], [False, True]),
+    ])
+    def test_isdigit(self, in_, out, dt):
+        in_ = np.array(in_, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.isdigit(in_), out)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("in_,out", [
+        ("", False),
+        ("a", False),
+        ("1", False),
+        (" ", True),
+        ("\t", True),
+        ("\r", True),
+        ("\n", True),
+        (" \t\r \n", True),
+        (" \t\r\na", False),
+        (["\t1", " \t\r \n"], [False, True])
+    ])
+    def test_isspace(self, in_, out, dt):
+        in_ = np.array(in_, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.isspace(in_), out)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("in_,out", [
+        ('', False),
+        ('a', True),
+        ('A', False),
+        ('\n', False),
+        ('abc', True),
+        ('aBc', False),
+        ('abc\n', True),
+    ])
+    def test_islower(self, in_, out, dt):
+        in_ = np.array(in_, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.islower(in_), out)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("in_,out", [
+        ('', False),
+        ('a', False),
+        ('A', True),
+        ('\n', False),
+        ('ABC', True),
+        ('AbC', False),
+        ('ABC\n', True),
+    ])
+    def test_isupper(self, in_, out, dt):
+        in_ = np.array(in_, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.isupper(in_), out)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("in_,out", [
+        ('', False),
+        ('a', False),
+        ('A', True),
+        ('\n', False),
+        ('A Titlecased Line', True),
+        ('A\nTitlecased Line', True),
+        ('A Titlecased, Line', True),
+        ('Not a capitalized String', False),
+        ('Not\ta Titlecase String', False),
+        ('Not--a Titlecase String', False),
+        ('NOT', False),
+    ])
+    def test_istitle(self, in_, out, dt):
+        in_ = np.array(in_, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.istitle(in_), out)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("in_,out", [
+        ("", 0),
+        ("abc", 3),
+        ("12345", 5),
+        ("MixedCase", 9),
+        ("12345 \x00 ", 8),
+        ("UPPER", 5),
+        (["abc", "12345 \x00 "], [3, 8]),
+    ])
+    def test_str_len(self, in_, out, dt):
+        in_ = np.array(in_, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.str_len(in_), out)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("a,sub,start,end,out", [
+        ("abcdefghiabc", "abc", 0, None, 0),
+        ("abcdefghiabc", "abc", 1, None, 9),
+        ("abcdefghiabc", "def", 4, None, -1),
+        ("abc", "", 0, None, 0),
+        ("abc", "", 3, None, 3),
+        ("abc", "", 4, None, -1),
+        ("rrarrrrrrrrra", "a", 0, None, 2),
+        ("rrarrrrrrrrra", "a", 4, None, 12),
+        ("rrarrrrrrrrra", "a", 4, 6, -1),
+        ("", "", 0, None, 0),
+        ("", "", 1, 1, -1),
+        ("", "", MAX, 0, -1),
+        ("", "xx", 0, None, -1),
+        ("", "xx", 1, 1, -1),
+        ("", "xx", MAX, 0, -1),
+        pytest.param(99 * "a" + "b", "b", 0, None, 99,
+                     id="99*a+b-b-0-None-99"),
+        pytest.param(98 * "a" + "ba", "ba", 0, None, 98,
+                     id="98*a+ba-ba-0-None-98"),
+        pytest.param(100 * "a", "b", 0, None, -1,
+                     id="100*a-b-0-None--1"),
+        pytest.param(30000 * "a" + 100 * "b", 100 * "b", 0, None, 30000,
+                     id="30000*a+100*b-100*b-0-None-30000"),
+        pytest.param(30000 * "a", 100 * "b", 0, None, -1,
+                     id="30000*a-100*b-0-None--1"),
+        pytest.param(15000 * "a" + 15000 * "b", 15000 * "b", 0, None, 15000,
+                     id="15000*a+15000*b-15000*b-0-None-15000"),
+        pytest.param(15000 * "a" + 15000 * "b", 15000 * "c", 0, None, -1,
+                     id="15000*a+15000*b-15000*c-0-None--1"),
+        (["abcdefghiabc", "rrarrrrrrrrra"], ["def", "arr"], [0, 3],
+         None, [3, -1]),
+        ("Ae¢☃€ 😊" * 2, "😊", 0, None, 6),
+        ("Ae¢☃€ 😊" * 2, "😊", 7, None, 13),
+        pytest.param("A" * (2 ** 17), r"[\w]+\Z", 0, None, -1,
+                     id=r"A*2**17-[\w]+\Z-0-None--1"),
+    ])
+    def test_find(self, a, sub, start, end, out, dt):
+        if "😊" in a and dt == "S":
+            pytest.skip("Bytes dtype does not support non-ascii input")
+        a = np.array(a, dtype=dt)
+        sub = np.array(sub, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.find(a, sub, start, end), out)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("a,sub,start,end,out", [
+        ("abcdefghiabc", "abc", 0, None, 9),
+        ("abcdefghiabc", "", 0, None, 12),
+        ("abcdefghiabc", "abcd", 0, None, 0),
+        ("abcdefghiabc", "abcz", 0, None, -1),
+        ("abc", "", 0, None, 3),
+        ("abc", "", 3, None, 3),
+        ("abc", "", 4, None, -1),
+        ("rrarrrrrrrrra", "a", 0, None, 12),
+        ("rrarrrrrrrrra", "a", 4, None, 12),
+        ("rrarrrrrrrrra", "a", 4, 6, -1),
+        (["abcdefghiabc", "rrarrrrrrrrra"], ["abc", "a"], [0, 0],
+         None, [9, 12]),
+        ("Ae¢☃€ 😊" * 2, "😊", 0, None, 13),
+        ("Ae¢☃€ 😊" * 2, "😊", 0, 7, 6),
+    ])
+    def test_rfind(self, a, sub, start, end, out, dt):
+        if "😊" in a and dt == "S":
+            pytest.skip("Bytes dtype does not support non-ascii input")
+        a = np.array(a, dtype=dt)
+        sub = np.array(sub, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.rfind(a, sub, start, end), out)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("a,sub,start,end,out", [
+        ("aaa", "a", 0, None, 3),
+        ("aaa", "b", 0, None, 0),
+        ("aaa", "a", 1, None, 2),
+        ("aaa", "a", 10, None, 0),
+        ("aaa", "a", -1, None, 1),
+        ("aaa", "a", -10, None, 3),
+        ("aaa", "a", 0, 1, 1),
+        ("aaa", "a", 0, 10, 3),
+        ("aaa", "a", 0, -1, 2),
+        ("aaa", "a", 0, -10, 0),
+        ("aaa", "", 1, None, 3),
+        ("aaa", "", 3, None, 1),
+        ("aaa", "", 10, None, 0),
+        ("aaa", "", -1, None, 2),
+        ("aaa", "", -10, None, 4),
+        ("aaa", "aaaa", 0, None, 0),
+        pytest.param(98 * "a" + "ba", "ba", 0, None, 1,
+                     id="98*a+ba-ba-0-None-1"),
+        pytest.param(30000 * "a" + 100 * "b", 100 * "b", 0, None, 1,
+                     id="30000*a+100*b-100*b-0-None-1"),
+        pytest.param(30000 * "a", 100 * "b", 0, None, 0,
+                     id="30000*a-100*b-0-None-0"),
+        pytest.param(30000 * "a" + 100 * "ab", "ab", 0, None, 100,
+                     id="30000*a+100*ab-ab-0-None-100"),
+        pytest.param(15000 * "a" + 15000 * "b", 15000 * "b", 0, None, 1,
+                     id="15000*a+15000*b-15000*b-0-None-1"),
+        pytest.param(15000 * "a" + 15000 * "b", 15000 * "c", 0, None, 0,
+                     id="15000*a+15000*b-15000*c-0-None-0"),
+        ("", "", 0, None, 1),
+        ("", "", 1, 1, 0),
+        ("", "", MAX, 0, 0),
+        ("", "xx", 0, None, 0),
+        ("", "xx", 1, 1, 0),
+        ("", "xx", MAX, 0, 0),
+        (["aaa", ""], ["a", ""], [0, 0], None, [3, 1]),
+        ("Ae¢☃€ 😊" * 100, "😊", 0, None, 100),
+    ])
+    def test_count(self, a, sub, start, end, out, dt):
+        if "😊" in a and dt == "S":
+            pytest.skip("Bytes dtype does not support non-ascii input")
+        a = np.array(a, dtype=dt)
+        sub = np.array(sub, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.count(a, sub, start, end), out)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("a,prefix,start,end,out", [
+        ("hello", "he", 0, None, True),
+        ("hello", "hello", 0, None, True),
+        ("hello", "hello world", 0, None, False),
+        ("hello", "", 0, None, True),
+        ("hello", "ello", 0, None, False),
+        ("hello", "ello", 1, None, True),
+        ("hello", "o", 4, None, True),
+        ("hello", "o", 5, None, False),
+        ("hello", "", 5, None, True),
+        ("hello", "lo", 6, None, False),
+        ("helloworld", "lowo", 3, None, True),
+        ("helloworld", "lowo", 3, 7, True),
+        ("helloworld", "lowo", 3, 6, False),
+        ("", "", 0, 1, True),
+        ("", "", 0, 0, True),
+        ("", "", 1, 0, False),
+        ("hello", "he", 0, -1, True),
+        ("hello", "he", -53, -1, True),
+        ("hello", "hello", 0, -1, False),
+        ("hello", "hello world", -1, -10, False),
+        ("hello", "ello", -5, None, False),
+        ("hello", "ello", -4, None, True),
+        ("hello", "o", -2, None, False),
+        ("hello", "o", -1, None, True),
+        ("hello", "", -3, -3, True),
+        ("hello", "lo", -9, None, False),
+        (["hello", ""], ["he", ""], [0, 0], None, [True, True]),
+    ])
+    def test_startswith(self, a, prefix, start, end, out, dt):
+        a = np.array(a, dtype=dt)
+        prefix = np.array(prefix, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.startswith(a, prefix, start, end), out)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("a,suffix,start,end,out", [
+        ("hello", "lo", 0, None, True),
+        ("hello", "he", 0, None, False),
+        ("hello", "", 0, None, True),
+        ("hello", "hello world", 0, None, False),
+        ("helloworld", "worl", 0, None, False),
+        ("helloworld", "worl", 3, 9, True),
+        ("helloworld", "world", 3, 12, True),
+        ("helloworld", "lowo", 1, 7, True),
+        ("helloworld", "lowo", 2, 7, True),
+        ("helloworld", "lowo", 3, 7, True),
+        ("helloworld", "lowo", 4, 7, False),
+        ("helloworld", "lowo", 3, 8, False),
+        ("ab", "ab", 0, 1, False),
+        ("ab", "ab", 0, 0, False),
+        ("", "", 0, 1, True),
+        ("", "", 0, 0, True),
+        ("", "", 1, 0, False),
+        ("hello", "lo", -2, None, True),
+        ("hello", "he", -2, None, False),
+        ("hello", "", -3, -3, True),
+        ("hello", "hello world", -10, -2, False),
+        ("helloworld", "worl", -6, None, False),
+        ("helloworld", "worl", -5, -1, True),
+        ("helloworld", "worl", -5, 9, True),
+        ("helloworld", "world", -7, 12, True),
+        ("helloworld", "lowo", -99, -3, True),
+        ("helloworld", "lowo", -8, -3, True),
+        ("helloworld", "lowo", -7, -3, True),
+        ("helloworld", "lowo", 3, -4, False),
+        ("helloworld", "lowo", -8, -2, False),
+        (["hello", "helloworld"], ["lo", "worl"], [0, -6], None,
+         [True, False]),
+    ])
+    def test_endswith(self, a, suffix, start, end, out, dt):
+        a = np.array(a, dtype=dt)
+        suffix = np.array(suffix, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.endswith(a, suffix, start, end), out)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("a,chars,out", [
+        ("", None, ""),
+        ("   hello   ", None, "hello   "),
+        ("hello", None, "hello"),
+        (" \t\n\r\f\vabc \t\n\r\f\v", None, "abc \t\n\r\f\v"),
+        (["   hello   ", "hello"], None, ["hello   ", "hello"]),
+        ("", "", ""),
+        ("", "xyz", ""),
+        ("hello", "", "hello"),
+        ("xyzzyhelloxyzzy", "xyz", "helloxyzzy"),
+        ("hello", "xyz", "hello"),
+        ("xyxz", "xyxz", ""),
+        ("xyxzx", "x", "yxzx"),
+        (["xyzzyhelloxyzzy", "hello"], ["xyz", "xyz"],
+         ["helloxyzzy", "hello"]),
+        (["ba", "ac", "baa", "bba"], "b", ["a", "ac", "aa", "a"]),
+    ])
+    def test_lstrip(self, a, chars, out, dt):
+        a = np.array(a, dtype=dt)
+        out = np.array(out, dtype=dt)
+        if chars is not None:
+            chars = np.array(chars, dtype=dt)
+            assert_array_equal(np.strings.lstrip(a, chars), out)
+        else:
+            assert_array_equal(np.strings.lstrip(a), out)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("a,chars,out", [
+        ("", None, ""),
+        ("   hello   ", None, "   hello"),
+        ("hello", None, "hello"),
+        (" \t\n\r\f\vabc \t\n\r\f\v", None, " \t\n\r\f\vabc"),
+        (["   hello   ", "hello"], None, ["   hello", "hello"]),
+        ("", "", ""),
+        ("", "xyz", ""),
+        ("hello", "", "hello"),
+        (["hello    ", "abcdefghijklmnop"], None,
+         ["hello", "abcdefghijklmnop"]),
+        ("xyzzyhelloxyzzy", "xyz", "xyzzyhello"),
+        ("hello", "xyz", "hello"),
+        ("xyxz", "xyxz", ""),
+        ("    ", None, ""),
+        ("xyxzx", "x", "xyxz"),
+        (["xyzzyhelloxyzzy", "hello"], ["xyz", "xyz"],
+         ["xyzzyhello", "hello"]),
+        (["ab", "ac", "aab", "abb"], "b", ["a", "ac", "aa", "a"]),
+    ])
+    def test_rstrip(self, a, chars, out, dt):
+        a = np.array(a, dtype=dt)
+        out = np.array(out, dtype=dt)
+        if chars is not None:
+            chars = np.array(chars, dtype=dt)
+            assert_array_equal(np.strings.rstrip(a, chars), out)
+        else:
+            assert_array_equal(np.strings.rstrip(a), out)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("a,chars,out", [
+        ("", None, ""),
+        ("   hello   ", None, "hello"),
+        ("hello", None, "hello"),
+        (" \t\n\r\f\vabc \t\n\r\f\v", None, "abc"),
+        (["   hello   ", "hello"], None, ["hello", "hello"]),
+        ("", "", ""),
+        ("", "xyz", ""),
+        ("hello", "", "hello"),
+        ("xyzzyhelloxyzzy", "xyz", "hello"),
+        ("hello", "xyz", "hello"),
+        ("xyxz", "xyxz", ""),
+        ("xyxzx", "x", "yxz"),
+        (["xyzzyhelloxyzzy", "hello"], ["xyz", "xyz"],
+         ["hello", "hello"]),
+        (["bab", "ac", "baab", "bbabb"], "b", ["a", "ac", "aa", "a"]),
+    ])
+    def test_strip(self, a, chars, out, dt):
+        a = np.array(a, dtype=dt)
+        if chars is not None:
+            chars = np.array(chars, dtype=dt)
+        out = np.array(out, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.strip(a, chars), out)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("buf,old,new,count,res", [
+        ("", "", "", -1, ""),
+        ("", "", "A", -1, "A"),
+        ("", "A", "", -1, ""),
+        ("", "A", "A", -1, ""),
+        ("", "", "", 100, ""),
+        ("", "", "A", 100, "A"),
+        ("A", "", "", -1, "A"),
+        ("A", "", "*", -1, "*A*"),
+        ("A", "", "*1", -1, "*1A*1"),
+        ("A", "", "*-#", -1, "*-#A*-#"),
+        ("AA", "", "*-", -1, "*-A*-A*-"),
+        ("AA", "", "*-", -1, "*-A*-A*-"),
+        ("AA", "", "*-", 4, "*-A*-A*-"),
+        ("AA", "", "*-", 3, "*-A*-A*-"),
+        ("AA", "", "*-", 2, "*-A*-A"),
+        ("AA", "", "*-", 1, "*-AA"),
+        ("AA", "", "*-", 0, "AA"),
+        ("A", "A", "", -1, ""),
+        ("AAA", "A", "", -1, ""),
+        ("AAA", "A", "", -1, ""),
+        ("AAA", "A", "", 4, ""),
+        ("AAA", "A", "", 3, ""),
+        ("AAA", "A", "", 2, "A"),
+        ("AAA", "A", "", 1, "AA"),
+        ("AAA", "A", "", 0, "AAA"),
+        ("AAAAAAAAAA", "A", "", -1, ""),
+        ("ABACADA", "A", "", -1, "BCD"),
+        ("ABACADA", "A", "", -1, "BCD"),
+        ("ABACADA", "A", "", 5, "BCD"),
+        ("ABACADA", "A", "", 4, "BCD"),
+        ("ABACADA", "A", "", 3, "BCDA"),
+        ("ABACADA", "A", "", 2, "BCADA"),
+        ("ABACADA", "A", "", 1, "BACADA"),
+        ("ABACADA", "A", "", 0, "ABACADA"),
+        ("ABCAD", "A", "", -1, "BCD"),
+        ("ABCADAA", "A", "", -1, "BCD"),
+        ("BCD", "A", "", -1, "BCD"),
+        ("*************", "A", "", -1, "*************"),
+        ("^" + "A" * 1000 + "^", "A", "", 999, "^A^"),
+        ("the", "the", "", -1, ""),
+        ("theater", "the", "", -1, "ater"),
+        ("thethe", "the", "", -1, ""),
+        ("thethethethe", "the", "", -1, ""),
+        ("theatheatheathea", "the", "", -1, "aaaa"),
+        ("that", "the", "", -1, "that"),
+        ("thaet", "the", "", -1, "thaet"),
+        ("here and there", "the", "", -1, "here and re"),
+        ("here and there and there", "the", "", -1, "here and re and re"),
+        ("here and there and there", "the", "", 3, "here and re and re"),
+        ("here and there and there", "the", "", 2, "here and re and re"),
+        ("here and there and there", "the", "", 1, "here and re and there"),
+        ("here and there and there", "the", "", 0, "here and there and there"),
+        ("here and there and there", "the", "", -1, "here and re and re"),
+        ("abc", "the", "", -1, "abc"),
+        ("abcdefg", "the", "", -1, "abcdefg"),
+        ("bbobob", "bob", "", -1, "bob"),
+        ("bbobobXbbobob", "bob", "", -1, "bobXbob"),
+        ("aaaaaaabob", "bob", "", -1, "aaaaaaa"),
+        ("aaaaaaa", "bob", "", -1, "aaaaaaa"),
+        ("Who goes there?", "o", "o", -1, "Who goes there?"),
+        ("Who goes there?", "o", "O", -1, "WhO gOes there?"),
+        ("Who goes there?", "o", "O", -1, "WhO gOes there?"),
+        ("Who goes there?", "o", "O", 3, "WhO gOes there?"),
+        ("Who goes there?", "o", "O", 2, "WhO gOes there?"),
+        ("Who goes there?", "o", "O", 1, "WhO goes there?"),
+        ("Who goes there?", "o", "O", 0, "Who goes there?"),
+        ("Who goes there?", "a", "q", -1, "Who goes there?"),
+        ("Who goes there?", "W", "w", -1, "who goes there?"),
+        ("WWho goes there?WW", "W", "w", -1, "wwho goes there?ww"),
+        ("Who goes there?", "?", "!", -1, "Who goes there!"),
+        ("Who goes there??", "?", "!", -1, "Who goes there!!"),
+        ("Who goes there?", ".", "!", -1, "Who goes there?"),
+        ("This is a tissue", "is", "**", -1, "Th** ** a t**sue"),
+        ("This is a tissue", "is", "**", -1, "Th** ** a t**sue"),
+        ("This is a tissue", "is", "**", 4, "Th** ** a t**sue"),
+        ("This is a tissue", "is", "**", 3, "Th** ** a t**sue"),
+        ("This is a tissue", "is", "**", 2, "Th** ** a tissue"),
+        ("This is a tissue", "is", "**", 1, "Th** is a tissue"),
+        ("This is a tissue", "is", "**", 0, "This is a tissue"),
+        ("bobob", "bob", "cob", -1, "cobob"),
+        ("bobobXbobobob", "bob", "cob", -1, "cobobXcobocob"),
+        ("bobob", "bot", "bot", -1, "bobob"),
+        ("Reykjavik", "k", "KK", -1, "ReyKKjaviKK"),
+        ("Reykjavik", "k", "KK", -1, "ReyKKjaviKK"),
+        ("Reykjavik", "k", "KK", 2, "ReyKKjaviKK"),
+        ("Reykjavik", "k", "KK", 1, "ReyKKjavik"),
+        ("Reykjavik", "k", "KK", 0, "Reykjavik"),
+        ("A.B.C.", ".", "----", -1, "A----B----C----"),
+        ("Reykjavik", "q", "KK", -1, "Reykjavik"),
+        ("spam, spam, eggs and spam", "spam", "ham", -1,
+            "ham, ham, eggs and ham"),
+        ("spam, spam, eggs and spam", "spam", "ham", -1,
+            "ham, ham, eggs and ham"),
+        ("spam, spam, eggs and spam", "spam", "ham", 4,
+            "ham, ham, eggs and ham"),
+        ("spam, spam, eggs and spam", "spam", "ham", 3,
+            "ham, ham, eggs and ham"),
+        ("spam, spam, eggs and spam", "spam", "ham", 2,
+            "ham, ham, eggs and spam"),
+        ("spam, spam, eggs and spam", "spam", "ham", 1,
+            "ham, spam, eggs and spam"),
+        ("spam, spam, eggs and spam", "spam", "ham", 0,
+            "spam, spam, eggs and spam"),
+        ("bobobob", "bobob", "bob", -1, "bobob"),
+        ("bobobobXbobobob", "bobob", "bob", -1, "bobobXbobob"),
+        ("BOBOBOB", "bob", "bobby", -1, "BOBOBOB"),
+        ("one!two!three!", "!", "@", 1, "one@two!three!"),
+        ("one!two!three!", "!", "", -1, "onetwothree"),
+        ("one!two!three!", "!", "@", 2, "one@two@three!"),
+        ("one!two!three!", "!", "@", 3, "one@two@three@"),
+        ("one!two!three!", "!", "@", 4, "one@two@three@"),
+        ("one!two!three!", "!", "@", 0, "one!two!three!"),
+        ("one!two!three!", "!", "@", -1, "one@two@three@"),
+        ("one!two!three!", "x", "@", -1, "one!two!three!"),
+        ("one!two!three!", "x", "@", 2, "one!two!three!"),
+        ("abc", "", "-", -1, "-a-b-c-"),
+        ("abc", "", "-", 3, "-a-b-c"),
+        ("abc", "", "-", 0, "abc"),
+        ("abc", "ab", "--", 0, "abc"),
+        ("abc", "xy", "--", -1, "abc"),
+        (["abbc", "abbd"], "b", "z", [1, 2], ["azbc", "azzd"]),
+    ])
+    def test_replace(self, buf, old, new, count, res, dt):
+        if "😊" in buf and dt == "S":
+            pytest.skip("Bytes dtype does not support non-ascii input")
+        buf = np.array(buf, dtype=dt)
+        old = np.array(old, dtype=dt)
+        new = np.array(new, dtype=dt)
+        res = np.array(res, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.replace(buf, old, new, count), res)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("buf,sub,start,end,res", [
+        ("abcdefghiabc", "", 0, None, 0),
+        ("abcdefghiabc", "def", 0, None, 3),
+        ("abcdefghiabc", "abc", 0, None, 0),
+        ("abcdefghiabc", "abc", 1, None, 9),
+    ])
+    def test_index(self, buf, sub, start, end, res, dt):
+        buf = np.array(buf, dtype=dt)
+        sub = np.array(sub, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.index(buf, sub, start, end), res)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("buf,sub,start,end", [
+        ("abcdefghiabc", "hib", 0, None),
+        ("abcdefghiab", "abc", 1, None),
+        ("abcdefghi", "ghi", 8, None),
+        ("abcdefghi", "ghi", -1, None),
+        ("rrarrrrrrrrra", "a", 4, 6),
+    ])
+    def test_index_raises(self, buf, sub, start, end, dt):
+        buf = np.array(buf, dtype=dt)
+        sub = np.array(sub, dtype=dt)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="substring not found"):
+            np.strings.index(buf, sub, start, end)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("buf,sub,start,end,res", [
+        ("abcdefghiabc", "", 0, None, 12),
+        ("abcdefghiabc", "def", 0, None, 3),
+        ("abcdefghiabc", "abc", 0, None, 9),
+        ("abcdefghiabc", "abc", 0, -1, 0),
+    ])
+    def test_rindex(self, buf, sub, start, end, res, dt):
+        buf = np.array(buf, dtype=dt)
+        sub = np.array(sub, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.rindex(buf, sub, start, end), res)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("buf,sub,start,end", [
+        ("abcdefghiabc", "hib", 0, None),
+        ("defghiabc", "def", 1, None),
+        ("defghiabc", "abc", 0, -1),
+        ("abcdefghi", "ghi", 0, 8),
+        ("abcdefghi", "ghi", 0, -1),
+        ("rrarrrrrrrrra", "a", 4, 6),
+    ])
+    def test_rindex_raises(self, buf, sub, start, end, dt):
+        buf = np.array(buf, dtype=dt)
+        sub = np.array(sub, dtype=dt)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="substring not found"):
+            np.strings.rindex(buf, sub, start, end)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("buf,tabsize,res", [
+        ("abc\rab\tdef\ng\thi", 8, "abc\rab      def\ng       hi"),
+        ("abc\rab\tdef\ng\thi", 4, "abc\rab  def\ng   hi"),
+        ("abc\r\nab\tdef\ng\thi", 8, "abc\r\nab      def\ng       hi"),
+        ("abc\r\nab\tdef\ng\thi", 4, "abc\r\nab  def\ng   hi"),
+        ("abc\r\nab\r\ndef\ng\r\nhi", 4, "abc\r\nab\r\ndef\ng\r\nhi"),
+        (" \ta\n\tb", 1, "  a\n b"),
+    ])
+    def test_expandtabs(self, buf, tabsize, res, dt):
+        buf = np.array(buf, dtype=dt)
+        res = np.array(res, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.expandtabs(buf, tabsize), res)
+
+    def test_expandtabs_raises_overflow(self, dt):
+        with pytest.raises(OverflowError, match="new string is too long"):
+            np.strings.expandtabs(np.array("\ta\n\tb", dtype=dt), sys.maxsize)
+            np.strings.expandtabs(np.array("\ta\n\tb", dtype=dt), 2**61)
+
+    def test_expandtabs_length_not_cause_segfault(self, dt):
+        # see gh-28829
+        with pytest.raises(
+            _UFuncNoLoopError,
+            match="did not contain a loop with signature matching types",
+        ):
+            np._core.strings._expandtabs_length.reduce(np.zeros(200))
+
+        with pytest.raises(
+            _UFuncNoLoopError,
+            match="did not contain a loop with signature matching types",
+        ):
+            np.strings.expandtabs(np.zeros(200))
+
+    FILL_ERROR = "The fill character must be exactly one character long"
+
+    def test_center_raises_multiple_character_fill(self, dt):
+        buf = np.array("abc", dtype=dt)
+        fill = np.array("**", dtype=dt)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=self.FILL_ERROR):
+            np.strings.center(buf, 10, fill)
+
+    def test_ljust_raises_multiple_character_fill(self, dt):
+        buf = np.array("abc", dtype=dt)
+        fill = np.array("**", dtype=dt)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=self.FILL_ERROR):
+            np.strings.ljust(buf, 10, fill)
+
+    def test_rjust_raises_multiple_character_fill(self, dt):
+        buf = np.array("abc", dtype=dt)
+        fill = np.array("**", dtype=dt)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=self.FILL_ERROR):
+            np.strings.rjust(buf, 10, fill)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("buf,width,fillchar,res", [
+        ('abc', 10, ' ', '   abc    '),
+        ('abc', 6, ' ', ' abc  '),
+        ('abc', 3, ' ', 'abc'),
+        ('abc', 2, ' ', 'abc'),
+        ('abc', -2, ' ', 'abc'),
+        ('abc', 10, '*', '***abc****'),
+    ])
+    def test_center(self, buf, width, fillchar, res, dt):
+        buf = np.array(buf, dtype=dt)
+        fillchar = np.array(fillchar, dtype=dt)
+        res = np.array(res, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.center(buf, width, fillchar), res)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("buf,width,fillchar,res", [
+        ('abc', 10, ' ', 'abc       '),
+        ('abc', 6, ' ', 'abc   '),
+        ('abc', 3, ' ', 'abc'),
+        ('abc', 2, ' ', 'abc'),
+        ('abc', -2, ' ', 'abc'),
+        ('abc', 10, '*', 'abc*******'),
+    ])
+    def test_ljust(self, buf, width, fillchar, res, dt):
+        buf = np.array(buf, dtype=dt)
+        fillchar = np.array(fillchar, dtype=dt)
+        res = np.array(res, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.ljust(buf, width, fillchar), res)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("buf,width,fillchar,res", [
+        ('abc', 10, ' ', '       abc'),
+        ('abc', 6, ' ', '   abc'),
+        ('abc', 3, ' ', 'abc'),
+        ('abc', 2, ' ', 'abc'),
+        ('abc', -2, ' ', 'abc'),
+        ('abc', 10, '*', '*******abc'),
+    ])
+    def test_rjust(self, buf, width, fillchar, res, dt):
+        buf = np.array(buf, dtype=dt)
+        fillchar = np.array(fillchar, dtype=dt)
+        res = np.array(res, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.rjust(buf, width, fillchar), res)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("buf,width,res", [
+        ('123', 2, '123'),
+        ('123', 3, '123'),
+        ('0123', 4, '0123'),
+        ('+123', 3, '+123'),
+        ('+123', 4, '+123'),
+        ('+123', 5, '+0123'),
+        ('+0123', 5, '+0123'),
+        ('-123', 3, '-123'),
+        ('-123', 4, '-123'),
+        ('-0123', 5, '-0123'),
+        ('000', 3, '000'),
+        ('34', 1, '34'),
+        ('34', -1, '34'),
+        ('0034', 4, '0034'),
+    ])
+    def test_zfill(self, buf, width, res, dt):
+        buf = np.array(buf, dtype=dt)
+        res = np.array(res, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.zfill(buf, width), res)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("buf,sep,res1,res2,res3", [
+        ("this is the partition method", "ti", "this is the par",
+            "ti", "tion method"),
+        ("http://www.python.org", "://", "http", "://", "www.python.org"),
+        ("http://www.python.org", "?", "http://www.python.org", "", ""),
+        ("http://www.python.org", "http://", "", "http://", "www.python.org"),
+        ("http://www.python.org", "org", "http://www.python.", "org", ""),
+        ("http://www.python.org", ["://", "?", "http://", "org"],
+            ["http", "http://www.python.org", "", "http://www.python."],
+            ["://", "", "http://", "org"],
+            ["www.python.org", "", "www.python.org", ""]),
+        ("mississippi", "ss", "mi", "ss", "issippi"),
+        ("mississippi", "i", "m", "i", "ssissippi"),
+        ("mississippi", "w", "mississippi", "", ""),
+    ])
+    def test_partition(self, buf, sep, res1, res2, res3, dt):
+        buf = np.array(buf, dtype=dt)
+        sep = np.array(sep, dtype=dt)
+        res1 = np.array(res1, dtype=dt)
+        res2 = np.array(res2, dtype=dt)
+        res3 = np.array(res3, dtype=dt)
+        act1, act2, act3 = np.strings.partition(buf, sep)
+        assert_array_equal(act1, res1)
+        assert_array_equal(act2, res2)
+        assert_array_equal(act3, res3)
+        assert_array_equal(act1 + act2 + act3, buf)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("buf,sep,res1,res2,res3", [
+        ("this is the partition method", "ti", "this is the parti",
+            "ti", "on method"),
+        ("http://www.python.org", "://", "http", "://", "www.python.org"),
+        ("http://www.python.org", "?", "", "", "http://www.python.org"),
+        ("http://www.python.org", "http://", "", "http://", "www.python.org"),
+        ("http://www.python.org", "org", "http://www.python.", "org", ""),
+        ("http://www.python.org", ["://", "?", "http://", "org"],
+            ["http", "", "", "http://www.python."],
+            ["://", "", "http://", "org"],
+            ["www.python.org", "http://www.python.org", "www.python.org", ""]),
+        ("mississippi", "ss", "missi", "ss", "ippi"),
+        ("mississippi", "i", "mississipp", "i", ""),
+        ("mississippi", "w", "", "", "mississippi"),
+    ])
+    def test_rpartition(self, buf, sep, res1, res2, res3, dt):
+        buf = np.array(buf, dtype=dt)
+        sep = np.array(sep, dtype=dt)
+        res1 = np.array(res1, dtype=dt)
+        res2 = np.array(res2, dtype=dt)
+        res3 = np.array(res3, dtype=dt)
+        act1, act2, act3 = np.strings.rpartition(buf, sep)
+        assert_array_equal(act1, res1)
+        assert_array_equal(act2, res2)
+        assert_array_equal(act3, res3)
+        assert_array_equal(act1 + act2 + act3, buf)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("args", [
+        (None,),
+        (None, None),
+        (None, None, -1),
+        (0,),
+        (0, None),
+        (0, None, -1),
+        (1,),
+        (1, None),
+        (1, None, -1),
+        (3,),
+        (3, None),
+        (5,),
+        (5, None),
+        (5, 5),
+        (5, 5, -1),
+        (6,),  # test index past the end
+        (6, None),
+        (6, None, -1),
+        (6, 7),  # test start and stop index past the end
+        (4, 3),  # test start > stop index
+        (-1,),
+        (-1, None),
+        (-1, None, -1),
+        (-3,),
+        (-3, None),
+        ([3, 4],),
+        ([3, 4], None),
+        ([2, 4],),
+        ([-3, 5],),
+        ([-3, 5], None),
+        ([-3, 5], None, -1),
+        ([0, -5],),
+        ([0, -5], None),
+        ([0, -5], None, -1),
+        (1, 4),
+        (-3, 5),
+        (None, -1),
+        (0, [4, 2]),
+        ([1, 2], [-1, -2]),
+        (1, 5, 2),
+        (None, None, -1),
+        ([0, 6], [-1, 0], [2, -1]),
+    ])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("buf", [
+        ["hello", "world"],
+        ['hello world', 'γεια σου κόσμε', '你好世界', '👋 🌍'],
+    ])
+    def test_slice(self, args, buf, dt):
+        if dt == "S" and "你好世界" in buf:
+            pytest.skip("Bytes dtype does not support non-ascii input")
+        if len(buf) == 4:
+            args = tuple(s * 2 if isinstance(s, list) else s for s in args)
+        buf = np.array(buf, dtype=dt)
+        act = np.strings.slice(buf, *args)
+        bcast_args = tuple(np.broadcast_to(arg, buf.shape) for arg in args)
+        res = np.array([s[slice(*arg)]
+                        for s, arg in zip(buf, zip(*bcast_args))],
+                       dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(act, res)
+
+    def test_slice_unsupported(self, dt):
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="did not contain a loop"):
+            np.strings.slice(np.array([1, 2, 3]), 4)
+
+        regexp = (r"Cannot cast ufunc '_slice' input .* "
+                  r"from .* to dtype\('int(64|32)'\)")
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=regexp):
+            np.strings.slice(np.array(['foo', 'bar'], dtype=dt),
+                             np.array(['foo', 'bar'], dtype=dt))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("int_dt", [np.int8, np.int16, np.int32,
+                                        np.int64, np.uint8, np.uint16,
+                                        np.uint32, np.uint64])
+    def test_slice_int_type_promotion(self, int_dt, dt):
+        buf = np.array(["hello", "world"], dtype=dt)
+        np_slice = np.strings.slice
+        assert_array_equal(np_slice(buf, int_dt(4)),
+                           np.array(["hell", "worl"], dtype=dt))
+        assert_array_equal(np_slice(buf, np.array([4, 4], dtype=int_dt)),
+                           np.array(["hell", "worl"], dtype=dt))
+
+        assert_array_equal(np_slice(buf, int_dt(2), int_dt(4)),
+                           np.array(["ll", "rl"], dtype=dt))
+        assert_array_equal(np_slice(buf, np.array([2, 2], dtype=int_dt),
+                                    np.array([4, 4], dtype=int_dt)),
+                           np.array(["ll", "rl"], dtype=dt))
+
+        assert_array_equal(np_slice(buf, int_dt(0), int_dt(4), int_dt(2)),
+                           np.array(["hl", "wr"], dtype=dt))
+        assert_array_equal(np_slice(buf,
+                                    np.array([0, 0], dtype=int_dt),
+                                    np.array([4, 4], dtype=int_dt),
+                                    np.array([2, 2], dtype=int_dt)),
+                           np.array(["hl", "wr"], dtype=dt))
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dt", ["U", "T"])
+class TestMethodsWithUnicode:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("in_,out", [
+        ("", False),
+        ("a", False),
+        ("0", True),
+        ("\u2460", False),  # CIRCLED DIGIT 1
+        ("\xbc", False),  # VULGAR FRACTION ONE QUARTER
+        ("\u0660", True),  # ARABIC_INDIC DIGIT ZERO
+        ("012345", True),
+        ("012345a", False),
+        (["0", "a"], [True, False]),
+    ])
+    def test_isdecimal_unicode(self, in_, out, dt):
+        buf = np.array(in_, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.isdecimal(buf), out)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("in_,out", [
+        ("", False),
+        ("a", False),
+        ("0", True),
+        ("\u2460", True),  # CIRCLED DIGIT 1
+        ("\xbc", True),  # VULGAR FRACTION ONE QUARTER
+        ("\u0660", True),  # ARABIC_INDIC DIGIT ZERO
+        ("012345", True),
+        ("012345a", False),
+        (["0", "a"], [True, False]),
+    ])
+    def test_isnumeric_unicode(self, in_, out, dt):
+        buf = np.array(in_, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.isnumeric(buf), out)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("buf,old,new,count,res", [
+        ("...\u043c......<", "<", "&lt;", -1, "...\u043c......&lt;"),
+        ("Ae¢☃€ 😊" * 2, "A", "B", -1, "Be¢☃€ 😊Be¢☃€ 😊"),
+        ("Ae¢☃€ 😊" * 2, "😊", "B", -1, "Ae¢☃€ BAe¢☃€ B"),
+    ])
+    def test_replace_unicode(self, buf, old, new, count, res, dt):
+        buf = np.array(buf, dtype=dt)
+        old = np.array(old, dtype=dt)
+        new = np.array(new, dtype=dt)
+        res = np.array(res, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.replace(buf, old, new, count), res)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("in_", [
+        '\U00010401',
+        '\U00010427',
+        '\U00010429',
+        '\U0001044E',
+        '\U0001D7F6',
+        '\U00011066',
+        '\U000104A0',
+        pytest.param('\U0001F107', marks=pytest.mark.xfail(
+            sys.platform == 'win32' and IS_PYPY_LT_7_3_16,
+            reason="PYPY bug in Py_UNICODE_ISALNUM",
+            strict=True)),
+    ])
+    def test_isalnum_unicode(self, in_, dt):
+        in_ = np.array(in_, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.isalnum(in_), True)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("in_,out", [
+        ('\u1FFc', False),
+        ('\u2167', False),
+        ('\U00010401', False),
+        ('\U00010427', False),
+        ('\U0001F40D', False),
+        ('\U0001F46F', False),
+        ('\u2177', True),
+        pytest.param('\U00010429', True, marks=pytest.mark.xfail(
+            sys.platform == 'win32' and IS_PYPY_LT_7_3_16,
+            reason="PYPY bug in Py_UNICODE_ISLOWER",
+            strict=True)),
+        ('\U0001044E', True),
+    ])
+    def test_islower_unicode(self, in_, out, dt):
+        in_ = np.array(in_, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.islower(in_), out)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("in_,out", [
+        ('\u1FFc', False),
+        ('\u2167', True),
+        ('\U00010401', True),
+        ('\U00010427', True),
+        ('\U0001F40D', False),
+        ('\U0001F46F', False),
+        ('\u2177', False),
+        pytest.param('\U00010429', False, marks=pytest.mark.xfail(
+            sys.platform == 'win32' and IS_PYPY_LT_7_3_16,
+            reason="PYPY bug in Py_UNICODE_ISUPPER",
+            strict=True)),
+        ('\U0001044E', False),
+    ])
+    def test_isupper_unicode(self, in_, out, dt):
+        in_ = np.array(in_, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.isupper(in_), out)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("in_,out", [
+        ('\u1FFc', True),
+        ('Greek \u1FFcitlecases ...', True),
+        pytest.param('\U00010401\U00010429', True, marks=pytest.mark.xfail(
+            sys.platform == 'win32' and IS_PYPY_LT_7_3_16,
+            reason="PYPY bug in Py_UNICODE_ISISTITLE",
+            strict=True)),
+        ('\U00010427\U0001044E', True),
+        pytest.param('\U00010429', False, marks=pytest.mark.xfail(
+            sys.platform == 'win32' and IS_PYPY_LT_7_3_16,
+            reason="PYPY bug in Py_UNICODE_ISISTITLE",
+            strict=True)),
+        ('\U0001044E', False),
+        ('\U0001F40D', False),
+        ('\U0001F46F', False),
+    ])
+    def test_istitle_unicode(self, in_, out, dt):
+        in_ = np.array(in_, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.istitle(in_), out)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("buf,sub,start,end,res", [
+        ("Ae¢☃€ 😊" * 2, "😊", 0, None, 6),
+        ("Ae¢☃€ 😊" * 2, "😊", 7, None, 13),
+    ])
+    def test_index_unicode(self, buf, sub, start, end, res, dt):
+        buf = np.array(buf, dtype=dt)
+        sub = np.array(sub, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.index(buf, sub, start, end), res)
+
+    def test_index_raises_unicode(self, dt):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="substring not found"):
+            np.strings.index("Ae¢☃€ 😊", "😀")
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("buf,res", [
+        ("Ae¢☃€ \t 😊", "Ae¢☃€    😊"),
+        ("\t\U0001044E", "        \U0001044E"),
+    ])
+    def test_expandtabs(self, buf, res, dt):
+        buf = np.array(buf, dtype=dt)
+        res = np.array(res, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.expandtabs(buf), res)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("buf,width,fillchar,res", [
+        ('x', 2, '\U0001044E', 'x\U0001044E'),
+        ('x', 3, '\U0001044E', '\U0001044Ex\U0001044E'),
+        ('x', 4, '\U0001044E', '\U0001044Ex\U0001044E\U0001044E'),
+    ])
+    def test_center(self, buf, width, fillchar, res, dt):
+        buf = np.array(buf, dtype=dt)
+        fillchar = np.array(fillchar, dtype=dt)
+        res = np.array(res, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.center(buf, width, fillchar), res)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("buf,width,fillchar,res", [
+        ('x', 2, '\U0001044E', 'x\U0001044E'),
+        ('x', 3, '\U0001044E', 'x\U0001044E\U0001044E'),
+        ('x', 4, '\U0001044E', 'x\U0001044E\U0001044E\U0001044E'),
+    ])
+    def test_ljust(self, buf, width, fillchar, res, dt):
+        buf = np.array(buf, dtype=dt)
+        fillchar = np.array(fillchar, dtype=dt)
+        res = np.array(res, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.ljust(buf, width, fillchar), res)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("buf,width,fillchar,res", [
+        ('x', 2, '\U0001044E', '\U0001044Ex'),
+        ('x', 3, '\U0001044E', '\U0001044E\U0001044Ex'),
+        ('x', 4, '\U0001044E', '\U0001044E\U0001044E\U0001044Ex'),
+    ])
+    def test_rjust(self, buf, width, fillchar, res, dt):
+        buf = np.array(buf, dtype=dt)
+        fillchar = np.array(fillchar, dtype=dt)
+        res = np.array(res, dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.rjust(buf, width, fillchar), res)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("buf,sep,res1,res2,res3", [
+        ("āāāāĀĀĀĀ", "Ă", "āāāāĀĀĀĀ", "", ""),
+        ("āāāāĂĀĀĀĀ", "Ă", "āāāā", "Ă", "ĀĀĀĀ"),
+        ("āāāāĂĂĀĀĀĀ", "ĂĂ", "āāāā", "ĂĂ", "ĀĀĀĀ"),
+        ("𐌁𐌁𐌁𐌁𐌀𐌀𐌀𐌀", "𐌂", "𐌁𐌁𐌁𐌁𐌀𐌀𐌀𐌀", "", ""),
+        ("𐌁𐌁𐌁𐌁𐌂𐌀𐌀𐌀𐌀", "𐌂", "𐌁𐌁𐌁𐌁", "𐌂", "𐌀𐌀𐌀𐌀"),
+        ("𐌁𐌁𐌁𐌁𐌂𐌂𐌀𐌀𐌀𐌀", "𐌂𐌂", "𐌁𐌁𐌁𐌁", "𐌂𐌂", "𐌀𐌀𐌀𐌀"),
+        ("𐌁𐌁𐌁𐌁𐌂𐌂𐌂𐌂𐌀𐌀𐌀𐌀", "𐌂𐌂𐌂𐌂", "𐌁𐌁𐌁𐌁", "𐌂𐌂𐌂𐌂", "𐌀𐌀𐌀𐌀"),
+    ])
+    def test_partition(self, buf, sep, res1, res2, res3, dt):
+        buf = np.array(buf, dtype=dt)
+        sep = np.array(sep, dtype=dt)
+        res1 = np.array(res1, dtype=dt)
+        res2 = np.array(res2, dtype=dt)
+        res3 = np.array(res3, dtype=dt)
+        act1, act2, act3 = np.strings.partition(buf, sep)
+        assert_array_equal(act1, res1)
+        assert_array_equal(act2, res2)
+        assert_array_equal(act3, res3)
+        assert_array_equal(act1 + act2 + act3, buf)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("buf,sep,res1,res2,res3", [
+        ("āāāāĀĀĀĀ", "Ă", "", "", "āāāāĀĀĀĀ"),
+        ("āāāāĂĀĀĀĀ", "Ă", "āāāā", "Ă", "ĀĀĀĀ"),
+        ("āāāāĂĂĀĀĀĀ", "ĂĂ", "āāāā", "ĂĂ", "ĀĀĀĀ"),
+        ("𐌁𐌁𐌁𐌁𐌀𐌀𐌀𐌀", "𐌂", "", "", "𐌁𐌁𐌁𐌁𐌀𐌀𐌀𐌀"),
+        ("𐌁𐌁𐌁𐌁𐌂𐌀𐌀𐌀𐌀", "𐌂", "𐌁𐌁𐌁𐌁", "𐌂", "𐌀𐌀𐌀𐌀"),
+        ("𐌁𐌁𐌁𐌁𐌂𐌂𐌀𐌀𐌀𐌀", "𐌂𐌂", "𐌁𐌁𐌁𐌁", "𐌂𐌂", "𐌀𐌀𐌀𐌀"),
+    ])
+    def test_rpartition(self, buf, sep, res1, res2, res3, dt):
+        buf = np.array(buf, dtype=dt)
+        sep = np.array(sep, dtype=dt)
+        res1 = np.array(res1, dtype=dt)
+        res2 = np.array(res2, dtype=dt)
+        res3 = np.array(res3, dtype=dt)
+        act1, act2, act3 = np.strings.rpartition(buf, sep)
+        assert_array_equal(act1, res1)
+        assert_array_equal(act2, res2)
+        assert_array_equal(act3, res3)
+        assert_array_equal(act1 + act2 + act3, buf)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("method", ["strip", "lstrip", "rstrip"])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "source,strip",
+        [
+            ("λμ", "μ"),
+            ("λμ", "λ"),
+            ("λ" * 5 + "μ" * 2, "μ"),
+            ("λ" * 5 + "μ" * 2, "λ"),
+            ("λ" * 5 + "A" + "μ" * 2, "μλ"),
+            ("λμ" * 5, "μ"),
+            ("λμ" * 5, "λ"),
+    ])
+    def test_strip_functions_unicode(self, source, strip, method, dt):
+        src_array = np.array([source], dtype=dt)
+
+        npy_func = getattr(np.strings, method)
+        py_func = getattr(str, method)
+
+        expected = np.array([py_func(source, strip)], dtype=dt)
+        actual = npy_func(src_array, strip)
+
+        assert_array_equal(actual, expected)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("args", [
+        (None,),
+        (0,),
+        (1,),
+        (5,),
+        (15,),
+        (22,),
+        (-1,),
+        (-3,),
+        ([3, 4],),
+        ([-5, 5],),
+        ([0, -8],),
+        (1, 12),
+        (-12, 15),
+        (None, -1),
+        (0, [17, 6]),
+        ([1, 2], [-1, -2]),
+        (1, 11, 2),
+        (None, None, -1),
+        ([0, 10], [-1, 0], [2, -1]),
+    ])
+    def test_slice(self, args, dt):
+        buf = np.array(["Приве́т नमस्ते שָׁלוֹם", "😀😃😄😁😆😅🤣😂🙂🙃"],
+                       dtype=dt)
+        act = np.strings.slice(buf, *args)
+        bcast_args = tuple(np.broadcast_to(arg, buf.shape) for arg in args)
+        res = np.array([s[slice(*arg)]
+                        for s, arg in zip(buf, zip(*bcast_args))],
+                       dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(act, res)
+
+
+class TestMixedTypeMethods:
+    def test_center(self):
+        buf = np.array("😊", dtype="U")
+        fill = np.array("*", dtype="S")
+        res = np.array("*😊*", dtype="U")
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.center(buf, 3, fill), res)
+
+        buf = np.array("s", dtype="S")
+        fill = np.array("*", dtype="U")
+        res = np.array("*s*", dtype="S")
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.center(buf, 3, fill), res)
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="'ascii' codec can't encode"):
+            buf = np.array("s", dtype="S")
+            fill = np.array("😊", dtype="U")
+            np.strings.center(buf, 3, fill)
+
+    def test_ljust(self):
+        buf = np.array("😊", dtype="U")
+        fill = np.array("*", dtype="S")
+        res = np.array("😊**", dtype="U")
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.ljust(buf, 3, fill), res)
+
+        buf = np.array("s", dtype="S")
+        fill = np.array("*", dtype="U")
+        res = np.array("s**", dtype="S")
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.ljust(buf, 3, fill), res)
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="'ascii' codec can't encode"):
+            buf = np.array("s", dtype="S")
+            fill = np.array("😊", dtype="U")
+            np.strings.ljust(buf, 3, fill)
+
+    def test_rjust(self):
+        buf = np.array("😊", dtype="U")
+        fill = np.array("*", dtype="S")
+        res = np.array("**😊", dtype="U")
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.rjust(buf, 3, fill), res)
+
+        buf = np.array("s", dtype="S")
+        fill = np.array("*", dtype="U")
+        res = np.array("**s", dtype="S")
+        assert_array_equal(np.strings.rjust(buf, 3, fill), res)
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="'ascii' codec can't encode"):
+            buf = np.array("s", dtype="S")
+            fill = np.array("😊", dtype="U")
+            np.strings.rjust(buf, 3, fill)
+
+
+class TestUnicodeOnlyMethodsRaiseWithBytes:
+    def test_isdecimal_raises(self):
+        in_ = np.array(b"1")
+        with assert_raises(TypeError):
+            np.strings.isdecimal(in_)
+
+    def test_isnumeric_bytes(self):
+        in_ = np.array(b"1")
+        with assert_raises(TypeError):
+            np.strings.isnumeric(in_)
+
+
+def check_itemsize(n_elem, dt):
+    if dt == "T":
+        return np.dtype(dt).itemsize
+    if dt == "S":
+        return n_elem
+    if dt == "U":
+        return n_elem * 4
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dt", ["S", "U", "T"])
+class TestReplaceOnArrays:
+
+    def test_replace_count_and_size(self, dt):
+        a = np.array(["0123456789" * i for i in range(4)], dtype=dt)
+        r1 = np.strings.replace(a, "5", "ABCDE")
+        assert r1.dtype.itemsize == check_itemsize(3 * 10 + 3 * 4, dt)
+        r1_res = np.array(["01234ABCDE6789" * i for i in range(4)], dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_equal(r1, r1_res)
+        r2 = np.strings.replace(a, "5", "ABCDE", 1)
+        assert r2.dtype.itemsize == check_itemsize(3 * 10 + 4, dt)
+        r3 = np.strings.replace(a, "5", "ABCDE", 0)
+        assert r3.dtype.itemsize == a.dtype.itemsize
+        assert_array_equal(r3, a)
+        # Negative values mean to replace all.
+        r4 = np.strings.replace(a, "5", "ABCDE", -1)
+        assert r4.dtype.itemsize == check_itemsize(3 * 10 + 3 * 4, dt)
+        assert_array_equal(r4, r1)
+        # We can do count on an element-by-element basis.
+        r5 = np.strings.replace(a, "5", "ABCDE", [-1, -1, -1, 1])
+        assert r5.dtype.itemsize == check_itemsize(3 * 10 + 4, dt)
+        assert_array_equal(r5, np.array(
+            ["01234ABCDE6789" * i for i in range(3)]
+            + ["01234ABCDE6789" + "0123456789" * 2], dtype=dt))
+
+    def test_replace_broadcasting(self, dt):
+        a = np.array("0,0,0", dtype=dt)
+        r1 = np.strings.replace(a, "0", "1", np.arange(3))
+        assert r1.dtype == a.dtype
+        assert_array_equal(r1, np.array(["0,0,0", "1,0,0", "1,1,0"], dtype=dt))
+        r2 = np.strings.replace(a, "0", [["1"], ["2"]], np.arange(1, 4))
+        assert_array_equal(r2, np.array([["1,0,0", "1,1,0", "1,1,1"],
+                                         ["2,0,0", "2,2,0", "2,2,2"]],
+                                        dtype=dt))
+        r3 = np.strings.replace(a, ["0", "0,0", "0,0,0"], "X")
+        assert_array_equal(r3, np.array(["X,X,X", "X,0", "X"], dtype=dt))
+
+
+class TestOverride:
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_class(cls):
+        class Override:
+
+            def __array_function__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+                return "function"
+
+            def __array_ufunc__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+                return "ufunc"
+
+        cls.override = Override()
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("func, kwargs", [
+        (np.strings.center, dict(width=10)),
+        (np.strings.capitalize, {}),
+        (np.strings.decode, {}),
+        (np.strings.encode, {}),
+        (np.strings.expandtabs, {}),
+        (np.strings.ljust, dict(width=10)),
+        (np.strings.lower, {}),
+        (np.strings.mod, dict(values=2)),
+        (np.strings.multiply, dict(i=2)),
+        (np.strings.partition, dict(sep="foo")),
+        (np.strings.rjust, dict(width=10)),
+        (np.strings.rpartition, dict(sep="foo")),
+        (np.strings.swapcase, {}),
+        (np.strings.title, {}),
+        (np.strings.translate, dict(table=None)),
+        (np.strings.upper, {}),
+        (np.strings.zfill, dict(width=10)),
+    ])
+    def test_override_function(self, func, kwargs):
+        assert func(self.override, **kwargs) == "function"
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("func, args, kwargs", [
+        (np.strings.add, (None, ), {}),
+        (np.strings.lstrip, (), {}),
+        (np.strings.rstrip, (), {}),
+        (np.strings.strip, (), {}),
+        (np.strings.equal, (None, ), {}),
+        (np.strings.not_equal, (None, ), {}),
+        (np.strings.greater_equal, (None, ), {}),
+        (np.strings.less_equal, (None, ), {}),
+        (np.strings.greater, (None, ), {}),
+        (np.strings.less, (None, ), {}),
+        (np.strings.count, ("foo", ), {}),
+        (np.strings.endswith, ("foo", ), {}),
+        (np.strings.find, ("foo", ), {}),
+        (np.strings.index, ("foo", ), {}),
+        (np.strings.isalnum, (), {}),
+        (np.strings.isalpha, (), {}),
+        (np.strings.isdecimal, (), {}),
+        (np.strings.isdigit, (), {}),
+        (np.strings.islower, (), {}),
+        (np.strings.isnumeric, (), {}),
+        (np.strings.isspace, (), {}),
+        (np.strings.istitle, (), {}),
+        (np.strings.isupper, (), {}),
+        (np.strings.rfind, ("foo", ), {}),
+        (np.strings.rindex, ("foo", ), {}),
+        (np.strings.startswith, ("foo", ), {}),
+        (np.strings.str_len, (), {}),
+    ])
+    def test_override_ufunc(self, func, args, kwargs):
+        assert func(self.override, *args, **kwargs) == "ufunc"