numpy 1.9.3__zip → 1.10.0__zip

numpy-1.9.3/numpy/core/src/multiarray/descriptor.c

@@ -1,3658 +0,0 @@
-/* Array Descr Object */
-
-#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
-#include <Python.h>
-#include "structmember.h"
-
-#define NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_API_VERSION
-#define _MULTIARRAYMODULE
-#include "numpy/arrayobject.h"
-#include "numpy/arrayscalars.h"
-
-#include "npy_config.h"
-
-#include "npy_pycompat.h"
-
-#include "_datetime.h"
-#include "common.h"
-#include "descriptor.h"
-
-/*
- * offset:    A starting offset.
- * alignment: A power-of-two alignment.
- *
- * This macro returns the smallest value >= 'offset'
- * that is divisible by 'alignment'. Because 'alignment'
- * is a power of two and integers are twos-complement,
- * it is possible to use some simple bit-fiddling to do this.
- */
-#define NPY_NEXT_ALIGNED_OFFSET(offset, alignment) \
-                (((offset) + (alignment) - 1) & (-(alignment)))
-
-static PyObject *typeDict = NULL;   /* Must be explicitly loaded */
-
-static PyArray_Descr *
-_use_inherit(PyArray_Descr *type, PyObject *newobj, int *errflag);
-
-/*
- * Creates a dtype object from ctypes inputs.
- *
- * Returns a new reference to a dtype object, or NULL
- * if this is not possible. When it returns NULL, it does
- * not set a Python exception.
- */
-static PyArray_Descr *
-_arraydescr_fromctypes(PyObject *obj)
-{
-    PyObject *dtypedescr;
-    PyArray_Descr *newdescr;
-    int ret;
-
-    /* Understand basic ctypes */
-    dtypedescr = PyObject_GetAttrString(obj, "_type_");
-    PyErr_Clear();
-    if (dtypedescr) {
-        ret = PyArray_DescrConverter(dtypedescr, &newdescr);
-        Py_DECREF(dtypedescr);
-        if (ret == NPY_SUCCEED) {
-            PyObject *length;
-            /* Check for ctypes arrays */
-            length = PyObject_GetAttrString(obj, "_length_");
-            PyErr_Clear();
-            if (length) {
-                /* derived type */
-                PyObject *newtup;
-                PyArray_Descr *derived;
-                newtup = Py_BuildValue("NN", newdescr, length);
-                ret = PyArray_DescrConverter(newtup, &derived);
-                Py_DECREF(newtup);
-                if (ret == NPY_SUCCEED) {
-                    return derived;
-                }
-                PyErr_Clear();
-                return NULL;
-            }
-            return newdescr;
-        }
-        PyErr_Clear();
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    /* Understand ctypes structures --
-       bit-fields are not supported
-       automatically aligns */
-    dtypedescr = PyObject_GetAttrString(obj, "_fields_");
-    PyErr_Clear();
-    if (dtypedescr) {
-        ret = PyArray_DescrAlignConverter(dtypedescr, &newdescr);
-        Py_DECREF(dtypedescr);
-        if (ret == NPY_SUCCEED) {
-            return newdescr;
-        }
-        PyErr_Clear();
-    }
-
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-/*
- * This function creates a dtype object when:
- *  - The object has a "dtype" attribute, and it can be converted
- *    to a dtype object.
- *  - The object is a ctypes type object, including array
- *    and structure types.
- *
- * Returns a new reference to a dtype object, or NULL
- * if this is not possible. When it returns NULL, it does
- * not set a Python exception.
- */
-NPY_NO_EXPORT PyArray_Descr *
-_arraydescr_fromobj(PyObject *obj)
-{
-    PyObject *dtypedescr;
-    PyArray_Descr *newdescr = NULL;
-    int ret;
-
-    /* For arbitrary objects that have a "dtype" attribute */
-    dtypedescr = PyObject_GetAttrString(obj, "dtype");
-    PyErr_Clear();
-    if (dtypedescr != NULL) {
-        ret = PyArray_DescrConverter(dtypedescr, &newdescr);
-        Py_DECREF(dtypedescr);
-        if (ret == NPY_SUCCEED) {
-            return newdescr;
-        }
-        PyErr_Clear();
-    }
-    return _arraydescr_fromctypes(obj);
-}
-
-/*
- * Sets the global typeDict object, which is a dictionary mapping
- * dtype names to numpy scalar types.
- */
-NPY_NO_EXPORT PyObject *
-array_set_typeDict(PyObject *NPY_UNUSED(ignored), PyObject *args)
-{
-    PyObject *dict;
-
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O", &dict)) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    /* Decrement old reference (if any)*/
-    Py_XDECREF(typeDict);
-    typeDict = dict;
-    /* Create an internal reference to it */
-    Py_INCREF(dict);
-    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
-    return Py_None;
-}
-
-#define _chk_byteorder(arg) (arg == '>' || arg == '<' ||        \
-                             arg == '|' || arg == '=')
-
-static int
-_check_for_commastring(char *type, Py_ssize_t len)
-{
-    Py_ssize_t i;
-    int sqbracket;
-
-    /* Check for ints at start of string */
-    if ((type[0] >= '0'
-                && type[0] <= '9')
-            || ((len > 1)
-                && _chk_byteorder(type[0])
-                && (type[1] >= '0'
-                && type[1] <= '9'))) {
-        return 1;
-    }
-    /* Check for empty tuple */
-    if (((len > 1)
-                && (type[0] == '('
-                && type[1] == ')'))
-            || ((len > 3)
-                && _chk_byteorder(type[0])
-                && (type[1] == '('
-                && type[2] == ')'))) {
-        return 1;
-    }
-    /*
-     * Check for presence of commas outside square [] brackets. This
-     * allows commas inside of [], for parameterized dtypes to use.
-     */
-    sqbracket = 0;
-    for (i = 1; i < len; i++) {
-        switch (type[i]) {
-            case ',':
-                if (sqbracket == 0) {
-                    return 1;
-                }
-                break;
-            case '[':
-                ++sqbracket;
-                break;
-            case ']':
-                --sqbracket;
-                break;
-        }
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-#undef _chk_byteorder
-
-static int
-is_datetime_typestr(char *type, Py_ssize_t len)
-{
-    if (len < 2) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-    if (type[1] == '8' && (type[0] == 'M' || type[0] == 'm')) {
-        return 1;
-    }
-    if (len < 10) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-    if (strncmp(type, "datetime64", 10) == 0) {
-        return 1;
-    }
-    if (len < 11) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-    if (strncmp(type, "timedelta64", 11) == 0) {
-        return 1;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static PyArray_Descr *
-_convert_from_tuple(PyObject *obj)
-{
-    PyArray_Descr *type, *res;
-    PyObject *val;
-    int errflag;
-
-    if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(obj) != 2) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    if (!PyArray_DescrConverter(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(obj,0), &type)) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    val = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(obj,1);
-    /* try to interpret next item as a type */
-    res = _use_inherit(type, val, &errflag);
-    if (res || errflag) {
-        Py_DECREF(type);
-        if (res) {
-            return res;
-        }
-        else {
-            return NULL;
-        }
-    }
-    PyErr_Clear();
-    /*
-     * We get here if res was NULL but errflag wasn't set
-     * --- i.e. the conversion to a data-descr failed in _use_inherit
-     */
-    if (type->elsize == 0) {
-        /* interpret next item as a typesize */
-        int itemsize = PyArray_PyIntAsInt(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(obj,1));
-
-        if (error_converting(itemsize)) {
-            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-                    "invalid itemsize in generic type tuple");
-            goto fail;
-        }
-        PyArray_DESCR_REPLACE(type);
-        if (type->type_num == NPY_UNICODE) {
-            type->elsize = itemsize << 2;
-        }
-        else {
-            type->elsize = itemsize;
-        }
-    }
-    else if (PyDict_Check(val)) {
-        /* Assume it's a metadata dictionary */
-        if (PyDict_Merge(type->metadata, val, 0) == -1) {
-            Py_DECREF(type);
-            return NULL;
-        }
-    }
-    else {
-        /*
-         * interpret next item as shape (if it's a tuple)
-         * and reset the type to NPY_VOID with
-         * a new fields attribute.
-         */
-        PyArray_Dims shape = {NULL, -1};
-        PyArray_Descr *newdescr;
-        npy_intp items;
-        int i;
-
-        if (!(PyArray_IntpConverter(val, &shape)) || (shape.len > NPY_MAXDIMS)) {
-            PyDimMem_FREE(shape.ptr);
-            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-                    "invalid shape in fixed-type tuple.");
-            goto fail;
-        }
-        /*
-         * If (type, 1) was given, it is equivalent to type...
-         * or (type, ()) was given it is equivalent to type...
-         */
-        if ((shape.len == 1
-                    && shape.ptr[0] == 1
-                    && PyNumber_Check(val))
-                || (shape.len == 0
-                    && PyTuple_Check(val))) {
-            PyDimMem_FREE(shape.ptr);
-            return type;
-        }
-        newdescr = PyArray_DescrNewFromType(NPY_VOID);
-        if (newdescr == NULL) {
-            PyDimMem_FREE(shape.ptr);
-            goto fail;
-        }
-
-        /* validate and set shape */
-        for (i=0; i < shape.len; i++) {
-            if (shape.ptr[i] < 0) {
-                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-                                "invalid shape in fixed-type tuple: "
-                                "dimension smaller then zero.");
-                PyDimMem_FREE(shape.ptr);
-                goto fail;
-            }
-            if (shape.ptr[i] > NPY_MAX_INT) {
-                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-                                "invalid shape in fixed-type tuple: "
-                                "dimension does not fit into a C int.");
-                PyDimMem_FREE(shape.ptr);
-                goto fail;
-            }
-        }
-        items = PyArray_OverflowMultiplyList(shape.ptr, shape.len);
-        if ((items < 0) || (items > (NPY_MAX_INT / type->elsize))) {
-            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-                            "invalid shape in fixed-type tuple: dtype size in "
-                            "bytes must fit into a C int.");
-            PyDimMem_FREE(shape.ptr);
-            goto fail;
-        }
-        newdescr->elsize = type->elsize * items;
-        if (newdescr->elsize == -1) {
-            PyDimMem_FREE(shape.ptr);
-            goto fail;
-        }
-
-        newdescr->subarray = PyArray_malloc(sizeof(PyArray_ArrayDescr));
-        if (newdescr->subarray == NULL) {
-            Py_DECREF(newdescr);
-            PyErr_NoMemory();
-            goto fail;
-        }
-        newdescr->flags = type->flags;
-        newdescr->alignment = type->alignment;
-        newdescr->subarray->base = type;
-        type = NULL;
-        Py_XDECREF(newdescr->fields);
-        Py_XDECREF(newdescr->names);
-        newdescr->fields = NULL;
-        newdescr->names = NULL;
-
-        /*
-         * Create a new subarray->shape tuple (it can be an arbitrary
-         * sequence of integer like objects, neither of which is safe.
-         */
-        newdescr->subarray->shape = PyTuple_New(shape.len);
-        if (newdescr->subarray->shape == NULL) {
-            PyDimMem_FREE(shape.ptr);
-            goto fail;
-        }
-        for (i=0; i < shape.len; i++) {
-            PyTuple_SET_ITEM(newdescr->subarray->shape, i,
-                             PyInt_FromLong((long)shape.ptr[i]));
-
-            if (PyTuple_GET_ITEM(newdescr->subarray->shape, i) == NULL) {
-                Py_DECREF(newdescr->subarray->shape);
-                newdescr->subarray->shape = NULL;
-                PyDimMem_FREE(shape.ptr);
-                goto fail;
-            }
-        }
-
-        PyDimMem_FREE(shape.ptr);
-        type = newdescr;
-    }
-    return type;
-
- fail:
-    Py_XDECREF(type);
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-/*
- * obj is a list.  Each item is a tuple with
- *
- * (field-name, data-type (either a list or a string), and an optional
- * shape parameter).
- *
- * field-name can be a string or a 2-tuple
- * data-type can now be a list, string, or 2-tuple
- *          (string, metadata dictionary)
- */
-static PyArray_Descr *
-_convert_from_array_descr(PyObject *obj, int align)
-{
-    int n, i, totalsize;
-    int ret;
-    PyObject *fields, *item, *newobj;
-    PyObject *name, *tup, *title;
-    PyObject *nameslist;
-    PyArray_Descr *new;
-    PyArray_Descr *conv;
-    /* Types with fields need the Python C API for field access */
-    char dtypeflags = NPY_NEEDS_PYAPI;
-    int maxalign = 0;
-
-    n = PyList_GET_SIZE(obj);
-    nameslist = PyTuple_New(n);
-    if (!nameslist) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    totalsize = 0;
-    fields = PyDict_New();
-    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-        item = PyList_GET_ITEM(obj, i);
-        if (!PyTuple_Check(item) || (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(item) < 2)) {
-            goto fail;
-        }
-        name = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(item, 0);
-        if (PyUString_Check(name)) {
-            title = NULL;
-        }
-        else if (PyTuple_Check(name)) {
-            if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(name) != 2) {
-                goto fail;
-            }
-            title = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(name, 0);
-            name = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(name, 1);
-            if (!PyUString_Check(name)) {
-                goto fail;
-            }
-        }
-        else {
-            goto fail;
-        }
-
-        /* Insert name into nameslist */
-        Py_INCREF(name);
-
-        if (PyUString_GET_SIZE(name) == 0) {
-            Py_DECREF(name);
-            if (title == NULL) {
-                name = PyUString_FromFormat("f%d", i);
-            }
-#if defined(NPY_PY3K)
-            /* On Py3, allow only non-empty Unicode strings as field names */
-            else if (PyUString_Check(title) && PyUString_GET_SIZE(title) > 0) {
-                name = title;
-                Py_INCREF(name);
-            }
-            else {
-                goto fail;
-            }
-#else
-            else {
-                name = title;
-                Py_INCREF(name);
-            }
-#endif
-        }
-        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(nameslist, i, name);
-
-        /* Process rest */
-
-        if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(item) == 2) {
-            if (align) {
-                ret = PyArray_DescrAlignConverter(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(item, 1),
-                                                        &conv);
-            }
-            else {
-                ret = PyArray_DescrConverter(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(item, 1), &conv);
-            }
-            if (ret == NPY_FAIL) {
-                PyObject_Print(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(item, 1), stderr, 0);
-            }
-        }
-        else if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(item) == 3) {
-            newobj = PyTuple_GetSlice(item, 1, 3);
-            if (align) {
-                ret = PyArray_DescrAlignConverter(newobj, &conv);
-            }
-            else {
-                ret = PyArray_DescrConverter(newobj, &conv);
-            }
-            Py_DECREF(newobj);
-        }
-        else {
-            goto fail;
-        }
-        if (ret == NPY_FAIL) {
-            goto fail;
-        }
-        if ((PyDict_GetItem(fields, name) != NULL)
-             || (title
-#if defined(NPY_PY3K)
-                 && PyUString_Check(title)
-#else
-                 && (PyUString_Check(title) || PyUnicode_Check(title))
-#endif
-                 && (PyDict_GetItem(fields, title) != NULL))) {
-            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-                    "two fields with the same name");
-            goto fail;
-        }
-        dtypeflags |= (conv->flags & NPY_FROM_FIELDS);
-        tup = PyTuple_New((title == NULL ? 2 : 3));
-        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(tup, 0, (PyObject *)conv);
-        if (align) {
-            int _align;
-
-            _align = conv->alignment;
-            if (_align > 1) {
-                totalsize = NPY_NEXT_ALIGNED_OFFSET(totalsize, _align);
-            }
-            maxalign = PyArray_MAX(maxalign, _align);
-        }
-        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(tup, 1, PyInt_FromLong((long) totalsize));
-
-        PyDict_SetItem(fields, name, tup);
-
-        /*
-         * Title can be "meta-data".  Only insert it
-         * into the fields dictionary if it is a string
-         * and if it is not the same as the name.
-         */
-        if (title != NULL) {
-            Py_INCREF(title);
-            PyTuple_SET_ITEM(tup, 2, title);
-#if defined(NPY_PY3K)
-            if (PyUString_Check(title)) {
-#else
-            if (PyUString_Check(title) || PyUnicode_Check(title)) {
-#endif
-                if (PyDict_GetItem(fields, title) != NULL) {
-                    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-                            "title already used as a name or title.");
-                    Py_DECREF(tup);
-                    goto fail;
-                }
-                PyDict_SetItem(fields, title, tup);
-            }
-        }
-        totalsize += conv->elsize;
-        Py_DECREF(tup);
-    }
-
-    if (maxalign > 1) {
-        totalsize = NPY_NEXT_ALIGNED_OFFSET(totalsize, maxalign);
-    }
-
-    new = PyArray_DescrNewFromType(NPY_VOID);
-    if (new == NULL) {
-        Py_XDECREF(fields);
-        Py_XDECREF(nameslist);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    new->fields = fields;
-    new->names = nameslist;
-    new->elsize = totalsize;
-    new->flags = dtypeflags;
-
-    /* Structured arrays get a sticky aligned bit */
-    if (align) {
-        new->flags |= NPY_ALIGNED_STRUCT;
-        new->alignment = maxalign;
-    }
-    return new;
-
- fail:
-    Py_DECREF(fields);
-    Py_DECREF(nameslist);
-    return NULL;
-
-}
-
-/*
- * a list specifying a data-type can just be
- * a list of formats.  The names for the fields
- * will default to f0, f1, f2, and so forth.
- */
-static PyArray_Descr *
-_convert_from_list(PyObject *obj, int align)
-{
-    int n, i;
-    int totalsize;
-    PyObject *fields;
-    PyArray_Descr *conv = NULL;
-    PyArray_Descr *new;
-    PyObject *key, *tup;
-    PyObject *nameslist = NULL;
-    int ret;
-    int maxalign = 0;
-    /* Types with fields need the Python C API for field access */
-    char dtypeflags = NPY_NEEDS_PYAPI;
-
-    n = PyList_GET_SIZE(obj);
-    /*
-     * Ignore any empty string at end which _internal._commastring
-     * can produce
-     */
-    key = PyList_GET_ITEM(obj, n-1);
-    if (PyBytes_Check(key) && PyBytes_GET_SIZE(key) == 0) {
-        n = n - 1;
-    }
-    /* End ignore code.*/
-    totalsize = 0;
-    if (n == 0) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    nameslist = PyTuple_New(n);
-    if (!nameslist) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    fields = PyDict_New();
-    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-        tup = PyTuple_New(2);
-        key = PyUString_FromFormat("f%d", i);
-        if (align) {
-            ret = PyArray_DescrAlignConverter(PyList_GET_ITEM(obj, i), &conv);
-        }
-        else {
-            ret = PyArray_DescrConverter(PyList_GET_ITEM(obj, i), &conv);
-        }
-        if (ret == NPY_FAIL) {
-            Py_DECREF(tup);
-            Py_DECREF(key);
-            goto fail;
-        }
-        dtypeflags |= (conv->flags & NPY_FROM_FIELDS);
-        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(tup, 0, (PyObject *)conv);
-        if (align) {
-            int _align;
-
-            _align = conv->alignment;
-            if (_align > 1) {
-                totalsize = NPY_NEXT_ALIGNED_OFFSET(totalsize, _align);
-            }
-            maxalign = PyArray_MAX(maxalign, _align);
-        }
-        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(tup, 1, PyInt_FromLong((long) totalsize));
-        PyDict_SetItem(fields, key, tup);
-        Py_DECREF(tup);
-        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(nameslist, i, key);
-        totalsize += conv->elsize;
-    }
-    new = PyArray_DescrNewFromType(NPY_VOID);
-    new->fields = fields;
-    new->names = nameslist;
-    new->flags = dtypeflags;
-    if (maxalign > 1) {
-        totalsize = NPY_NEXT_ALIGNED_OFFSET(totalsize, maxalign);
-    }
-    /* Structured arrays get a sticky aligned bit */
-    if (align) {
-        new->flags |= NPY_ALIGNED_STRUCT;
-        new->alignment = maxalign;
-    }
-    new->elsize = totalsize;
-    return new;
-
- fail:
-    Py_DECREF(nameslist);
-    Py_DECREF(fields);
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-
-/*
- * comma-separated string
- * this is the format developed by the numarray records module and implemented
- * by the format parser in that module this is an alternative implementation
- * found in the _internal.py file patterned after that one -- the approach is
- * to try to convert to a list (with tuples if any repeat information is
- * present) and then call the _convert_from_list)
- *
- * TODO: Calling Python from C like this in critical-path code is not
- *       a good idea. This should all be converted to C code.
- */
-static PyArray_Descr *
-_convert_from_commastring(PyObject *obj, int align)
-{
-    PyObject *listobj;
-    PyArray_Descr *res;
-    PyObject *_numpy_internal;
-
-    if (!PyBytes_Check(obj)) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    _numpy_internal = PyImport_ImportModule("numpy.core._internal");
-    if (_numpy_internal == NULL) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    listobj = PyObject_CallMethod(_numpy_internal, "_commastring", "O", obj);
-    Py_DECREF(_numpy_internal);
-    if (listobj == NULL) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    if (!PyList_Check(listobj) || PyList_GET_SIZE(listobj) < 1) {
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
-                "_commastring is not returning a list with len >= 1");
-        Py_DECREF(listobj);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    if (PyList_GET_SIZE(listobj) == 1) {
-        int retcode;
-        retcode = PyArray_DescrConverter(PyList_GET_ITEM(listobj, 0),
-                                                &res);
-        if (retcode == NPY_FAIL) {
-            res = NULL;
-        }
-    }
-    else {
-        res = _convert_from_list(listobj, align);
-    }
-    Py_DECREF(listobj);
-    if (!res && !PyErr_Occurred()) {
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-                "invalid data-type");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    return res;
-}
-
-static int
-_is_tuple_of_integers(PyObject *obj)
-{
-    int i;
-
-    if (!PyTuple_Check(obj)) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-    for (i = 0; i < PyTuple_GET_SIZE(obj); i++) {
-        if (!PyArray_IsIntegerScalar(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(obj, i))) {
-            return 0;
-        }
-    }
-    return 1;
-}
-
-/*
- * A tuple type would be either (generic typeobject, typesize)
- * or (fixed-length data-type, shape)
- *
- * or (inheriting data-type, new-data-type)
- * The new data-type must have the same itemsize as the inheriting data-type
- * unless the latter is 0
- *
- * Thus (int32, {'real':(int16,0),'imag',(int16,2)})
- *
- * is one way to specify a descriptor that will give
- * a['real'] and a['imag'] to an int32 array.
- *
- * leave type reference alone
- */
-static PyArray_Descr *
-_use_inherit(PyArray_Descr *type, PyObject *newobj, int *errflag)
-{
-    PyArray_Descr *new;
-    PyArray_Descr *conv;
-
-    *errflag = 0;
-    if (PyArray_IsScalar(newobj, Integer)
-            || _is_tuple_of_integers(newobj)
-            || !PyArray_DescrConverter(newobj, &conv)) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    *errflag = 1;
-    new = PyArray_DescrNew(type);
-    if (new == NULL) {
-        goto fail;
-    }
-    if (new->elsize && new->elsize != conv->elsize) {
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-                "mismatch in size of old and new data-descriptor");
-        goto fail;
-    }
-    new->elsize = conv->elsize;
-    if (PyDataType_HASFIELDS(conv)) {
-        new->fields = conv->fields;
-        Py_XINCREF(new->fields);
-        new->names = conv->names;
-        Py_XINCREF(new->names);
-    }
-    new->flags = conv->flags;
-    Py_DECREF(conv);
-    *errflag = 0;
-    return new;
-
- fail:
-    Py_DECREF(conv);
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-/*
- * Validates that any field of the structured array 'dtype' which has
- * the NPY_ITEM_HASOBJECT flag set does not overlap with another field.
- *
- * This algorithm is worst case O(n^2). It could be done with a sort
- * and sweep algorithm, but the structured dtype representation is
- * rather ugly right now, so writing something better can wait until
- * that representation is made sane.
- *
- * Returns 0 on success, -1 if an exception is raised.
- */
-static int
-validate_object_field_overlap(PyArray_Descr *dtype)
-{
-    PyObject *names, *fields, *key, *tup, *title;
-    Py_ssize_t i, j, names_size;
-    PyArray_Descr *fld_dtype, *fld2_dtype;
-    int fld_offset, fld2_offset;
-
-    /* Get some properties from the dtype */
-    names = dtype->names;
-    names_size = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(names);
-    fields = dtype->fields;
-
-    for (i = 0; i < names_size; ++i) {
-        key = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(names, i);
-        if (key == NULL) {
-            return -1;
-        }
-        tup = PyDict_GetItem(fields, key);
-        if (tup == NULL) {
-            return -1;
-        }
-        if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(tup, "Oi|O", &fld_dtype, &fld_offset, &title)) {
-            return -1;
-        }
-
-        /* If this field has objects, check for overlaps */
-        if (PyDataType_REFCHK(fld_dtype)) {
-            for (j = 0; j < names_size; ++j) {
-                if (i != j) {
-                    key = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(names, j);
-                    if (key == NULL) {
-                        return -1;
-                    }
-                    tup = PyDict_GetItem(fields, key);
-                    if (tup == NULL) {
-                        return -1;
-                    }
-                    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(tup, "Oi|O", &fld2_dtype,
-                                                &fld2_offset, &title)) {
-                        return -1;
-                    }
-                    /* Raise an exception if it overlaps */
-                    if (fld_offset < fld2_offset + fld2_dtype->elsize &&
-                                fld2_offset < fld_offset + fld_dtype->elsize) {
-                        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
-                                "Cannot create a NumPy dtype with overlapping "
-                                "object fields");
-                        return -1;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* It passed all the overlap tests */
-    return 0;
-}
-
-/*
- * a dictionary specifying a data-type
- * must have at least two and up to four
- * keys These must all be sequences of the same length.
- *
- * can also have an additional key called "metadata" which can be any dictionary
- *
- * "names" --- field names
- * "formats" --- the data-type descriptors for the field.
- *
- * Optional:
- *
- * "offsets" --- integers indicating the offset into the
- * record of the start of the field.
- * if not given, then "consecutive offsets"
- * will be assumed and placed in the dictionary.
- *
- * "titles" --- Allows the use of an additional key
- * for the fields dictionary.(if these are strings
- * or unicode objects) or
- * this can also be meta-data to
- * be passed around with the field description.
- *
- * Attribute-lookup-based field names merely has to query the fields
- * dictionary of the data-descriptor.  Any result present can be used
- * to return the correct field.
- *
- * So, the notion of what is a name and what is a title is really quite
- * arbitrary.
- *
- * What does distinguish a title, however, is that if it is not None,
- * it will be placed at the end of the tuple inserted into the
- * fields dictionary.and can therefore be used to carry meta-data around.
- *
- * If the dictionary does not have "names" and "formats" entries,
- * then it will be checked for conformity and used directly.
- */
-static PyArray_Descr *
-_use_fields_dict(PyObject *obj, int align)
-{
-    PyObject *_numpy_internal;
-    PyArray_Descr *res;
-
-    _numpy_internal = PyImport_ImportModule("numpy.core._internal");
-    if (_numpy_internal == NULL) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    res = (PyArray_Descr *)PyObject_CallMethod(_numpy_internal,
-            "_usefields", "Oi", obj, align);
-    Py_DECREF(_numpy_internal);
-    return res;
-}
-
-/*
- * Creates a struct dtype object from a Python dictionary.
- */
-static PyArray_Descr *
-_convert_from_dict(PyObject *obj, int align)
-{
-    PyArray_Descr *new;
-    PyObject *fields = NULL;
-    PyObject *names, *offsets, *descrs, *titles, *tmp;
-    PyObject *metadata;
-    int n, i;
-    int totalsize, itemsize;
-    int maxalign = 0;
-    /* Types with fields need the Python C API for field access */
-    char dtypeflags = NPY_NEEDS_PYAPI;
-    int has_out_of_order_fields = 0;
-
-    fields = PyDict_New();
-    if (fields == NULL) {
-        return (PyArray_Descr *)PyErr_NoMemory();
-    }
-    names = PyDict_GetItemString(obj, "names");
-    descrs = PyDict_GetItemString(obj, "formats");
-    if (!names || !descrs) {
-        Py_DECREF(fields);
-        return _use_fields_dict(obj, align);
-    }
-    n = PyObject_Length(names);
-    offsets = PyDict_GetItemString(obj, "offsets");
-    titles = PyDict_GetItemString(obj, "titles");
-    if ((n > PyObject_Length(descrs))
-        || (offsets && (n > PyObject_Length(offsets)))
-        || (titles && (n > PyObject_Length(titles)))) {
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-                "'names', 'formats', 'offsets', and 'titles' dicct "
-                "entries must have the same length");
-        goto fail;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * If a property 'aligned' is in the dict, it overrides the align flag
-     * to be True if it not already true.
-     */
-    tmp = PyDict_GetItemString(obj, "aligned");
-    if (tmp != NULL) {
-        if (tmp == Py_True) {
-            align = 1;
-        }
-        else if (tmp != Py_False) {
-            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-                    "NumPy dtype descriptor includes 'aligned' entry, "
-                    "but its value is neither True nor False");
-            return NULL;
-        }
-    }
-
-    totalsize = 0;
-    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-        PyObject *tup, *descr, *ind, *title, *name, *off;
-        int len, ret, _align = 1;
-        PyArray_Descr *newdescr;
-
-        /* Build item to insert (descr, offset, [title])*/
-        len = 2;
-        title = NULL;
-        ind = PyInt_FromLong(i);
-        if (titles) {
-            title=PyObject_GetItem(titles, ind);
-            if (title && title != Py_None) {
-                len = 3;
-            }
-            else {
-                Py_XDECREF(title);
-            }
-            PyErr_Clear();
-        }
-        tup = PyTuple_New(len);
-        descr = PyObject_GetItem(descrs, ind);
-        if (!descr) {
-            goto fail;
-        }
-        if (align) {
-            ret = PyArray_DescrAlignConverter(descr, &newdescr);
-        }
-        else {
-            ret = PyArray_DescrConverter(descr, &newdescr);
-        }
-        Py_DECREF(descr);
-        if (ret == NPY_FAIL) {
-            Py_DECREF(tup);
-            Py_DECREF(ind);
-            goto fail;
-        }
-        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(tup, 0, (PyObject *)newdescr);
-        if (align) {
-            _align = newdescr->alignment;
-            maxalign = PyArray_MAX(maxalign,_align);
-        }
-        if (offsets) {
-            long offset;
-            off = PyObject_GetItem(offsets, ind);
-            if (!off) {
-                goto fail;
-            }
-            offset = PyInt_AsLong(off);
-            PyTuple_SET_ITEM(tup, 1, off);
-            /* Flag whether the fields are specified out of order */
-            if (offset < totalsize) {
-                has_out_of_order_fields = 1;
-            }
-            /* If align=True, enforce field alignment */
-            if (align && offset % newdescr->alignment != 0) {
-                PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
-                        "offset %d for NumPy dtype with fields is "
-                        "not divisible by the field alignment %d "
-                        "with align=True",
-                        (int)offset, (int)newdescr->alignment);
-                ret = NPY_FAIL;
-            }
-            else if (offset + newdescr->elsize > totalsize) {
-                totalsize = offset + newdescr->elsize;
-            }
-        }
-        else {
-            if (align && _align > 1) {
-                totalsize = NPY_NEXT_ALIGNED_OFFSET(totalsize, _align);
-            }
-            PyTuple_SET_ITEM(tup, 1, PyInt_FromLong(totalsize));
-            totalsize += newdescr->elsize;
-        }
-        if (len == 3) {
-            PyTuple_SET_ITEM(tup, 2, title);
-        }
-        name = PyObject_GetItem(names, ind);
-        if (!name) {
-            goto fail;
-        }
-        Py_DECREF(ind);
-#if defined(NPY_PY3K)
-        if (!PyUString_Check(name)) {
-#else
-        if (!(PyUString_Check(name) || PyUnicode_Check(name))) {
-#endif
-            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-                    "field names must be strings");
-            ret = NPY_FAIL;
-        }
-
-        /* Insert into dictionary */
-        if (PyDict_GetItem(fields, name) != NULL) {
-            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-                    "name already used as a name or title");
-            ret = NPY_FAIL;
-        }
-        PyDict_SetItem(fields, name, tup);
-        Py_DECREF(name);
-        if (len == 3) {
-#if defined(NPY_PY3K)
-            if (PyUString_Check(title)) {
-#else
-            if (PyUString_Check(title) || PyUnicode_Check(title)) {
-#endif
-                if (PyDict_GetItem(fields, title) != NULL) {
-                    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-                            "title already used as a name or title.");
-                    ret=NPY_FAIL;
-                }
-                PyDict_SetItem(fields, title, tup);
-            }
-        }
-        Py_DECREF(tup);
-        if ((ret == NPY_FAIL) || (newdescr->elsize == 0)) {
-            goto fail;
-        }
-        dtypeflags |= (newdescr->flags & NPY_FROM_FIELDS);
-    }
-
-    new = PyArray_DescrNewFromType(NPY_VOID);
-    if (new == NULL) {
-        goto fail;
-    }
-    if (maxalign > 1) {
-        totalsize = NPY_NEXT_ALIGNED_OFFSET(totalsize, maxalign);
-    }
-    if (align) {
-        new->alignment = maxalign;
-    }
-    new->elsize = totalsize;
-    if (!PyTuple_Check(names)) {
-        names = PySequence_Tuple(names);
-    }
-    else {
-        Py_INCREF(names);
-    }
-    new->names = names;
-    new->fields = fields;
-    new->flags = dtypeflags;
-
-    /*
-     * If the fields weren't in order, and there was an OBJECT type,
-     * need to verify that no OBJECT types overlap with something else.
-     */
-    if (has_out_of_order_fields && PyDataType_REFCHK(new)) {
-        if (validate_object_field_overlap(new) < 0) {
-            Py_DECREF(new);
-            return NULL;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* Structured arrays get a sticky aligned bit */
-    if (align) {
-        new->flags |= NPY_ALIGNED_STRUCT;
-    }
-
-    /* Override the itemsize if provided */
-    tmp = PyDict_GetItemString(obj, "itemsize");
-    if (tmp != NULL) {
-        itemsize = (int)PyInt_AsLong(tmp);
-        if (itemsize == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
-            Py_DECREF(new);
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        /* Make sure the itemsize isn't made too small */
-        if (itemsize < new->elsize) {
-            PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
-                    "NumPy dtype descriptor requires %d bytes, "
-                    "cannot override to smaller itemsize of %d",
-                    (int)new->elsize, (int)itemsize);
-            Py_DECREF(new);
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        /* If align is set, make sure the alignment divides into the size */
-        if (align && itemsize % new->alignment != 0) {
-            PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
-                    "NumPy dtype descriptor requires alignment of %d bytes, "
-                    "which is not divisible into the specified itemsize %d",
-                    (int)new->alignment, (int)itemsize);
-            Py_DECREF(new);
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        /* Set the itemsize */
-        new->elsize = itemsize;
-    }
-
-    /* Add the metadata if provided */
-    metadata = PyDict_GetItemString(obj, "metadata");
-
-    if (new->metadata == NULL) {
-        new->metadata = metadata;
-        Py_XINCREF(new->metadata);
-    }
-    else if (metadata != NULL) {
-        if (PyDict_Merge(new->metadata, metadata, 0) == -1) {
-            Py_DECREF(new);
-            return NULL;
-        }
-    }
-    return new;
-
- fail:
-    Py_XDECREF(fields);
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-
-/*NUMPY_API*/
-NPY_NO_EXPORT PyArray_Descr *
-PyArray_DescrNewFromType(int type_num)
-{
-    PyArray_Descr *old;
-    PyArray_Descr *new;
-
-    old = PyArray_DescrFromType(type_num);
-    new = PyArray_DescrNew(old);
-    Py_DECREF(old);
-    return new;
-}
-
-/*NUMPY_API
- * Get typenum from an object -- None goes to NULL
- */
-NPY_NO_EXPORT int
-PyArray_DescrConverter2(PyObject *obj, PyArray_Descr **at)
-{
-    if (obj == Py_None) {
-        *at = NULL;
-        return NPY_SUCCEED;
-    }
-    else {
-        return PyArray_DescrConverter(obj, at);
-    }
-}
-
-/*NUMPY_API
- * Get typenum from an object -- None goes to NPY_DEFAULT_TYPE
- * This function takes a Python object representing a type and converts it
- * to a the correct PyArray_Descr * structure to describe the type.
- *
- * Many objects can be used to represent a data-type which in NumPy is
- * quite a flexible concept.
- *
- * This is the central code that converts Python objects to
- * Type-descriptor objects that are used throughout numpy.
- *
- * Returns a new reference in *at, but the returned should not be
- * modified as it may be one of the canonical immutable objects or
- * a reference to the input obj.
- */
-NPY_NO_EXPORT int
-PyArray_DescrConverter(PyObject *obj, PyArray_Descr **at)
-{
-    int check_num = NPY_NOTYPE + 10;
-    PyObject *item;
-    int elsize = 0;
-    char endian = '=';
-
-    *at = NULL;
-
-    /* default */
-    if (obj == Py_None) {
-        *at = PyArray_DescrFromType(NPY_DEFAULT_TYPE);
-        return NPY_SUCCEED;
-    }
-
-    if (PyArray_DescrCheck(obj)) {
-        *at = (PyArray_Descr *)obj;
-        Py_INCREF(*at);
-        return NPY_SUCCEED;
-    }
-
-    if (PyType_Check(obj)) {
-        if (PyType_IsSubtype((PyTypeObject *)obj, &PyGenericArrType_Type)) {
-            *at = PyArray_DescrFromTypeObject(obj);
-            return (*at) ? NPY_SUCCEED : NPY_FAIL;
-        }
-        check_num = NPY_OBJECT;
-#if !defined(NPY_PY3K)
-        if (obj == (PyObject *)(&PyInt_Type)) {
-            check_num = NPY_LONG;
-        }
-        else if (obj == (PyObject *)(&PyLong_Type)) {
-            check_num = NPY_LONGLONG;
-        }
-#else
-        if (obj == (PyObject *)(&PyLong_Type)) {
-            check_num = NPY_LONG;
-        }
-#endif
-        else if (obj == (PyObject *)(&PyFloat_Type)) {
-            check_num = NPY_DOUBLE;
-        }
-        else if (obj == (PyObject *)(&PyComplex_Type)) {
-            check_num = NPY_CDOUBLE;
-        }
-        else if (obj == (PyObject *)(&PyBool_Type)) {
-            check_num = NPY_BOOL;
-        }
-        else if (obj == (PyObject *)(&PyBytes_Type)) {
-            check_num = NPY_STRING;
-        }
-        else if (obj == (PyObject *)(&PyUnicode_Type)) {
-            check_num = NPY_UNICODE;
-        }
-#if defined(NPY_PY3K)
-        else if (obj == (PyObject *)(&PyMemoryView_Type)) {
-#else
-        else if (obj == (PyObject *)(&PyBuffer_Type)) {
-#endif
-            check_num = NPY_VOID;
-        }
-        else {
-            *at = _arraydescr_fromobj(obj);
-            if (*at) {
-                return NPY_SUCCEED;
-            }
-        }
-        goto finish;
-    }
-
-    /* or a typecode string */
-
-    if (PyUnicode_Check(obj)) {
-        /* Allow unicode format strings: convert to bytes */
-        int retval;
-        PyObject *obj2;
-        obj2 = PyUnicode_AsASCIIString(obj);
-        if (obj2 == NULL) {
-            return NPY_FAIL;
-        }
-        retval = PyArray_DescrConverter(obj2, at);
-        Py_DECREF(obj2);
-        return retval;
-    }
-
-    if (PyBytes_Check(obj)) {
-        char *type = NULL;
-        Py_ssize_t len = 0;
-
-        /* Check for a string typecode. */
-        if (PyBytes_AsStringAndSize(obj, &type, &len) == -1) {
-            goto error;
-        }
-
-        /* Empty string is invalid */
-        if (len == 0) {
-            goto fail;
-        }
-
-        /* check for commas present or first (or second) element a digit */
-        if (_check_for_commastring(type, len)) {
-            *at = _convert_from_commastring(obj, 0);
-            return (*at) ? NPY_SUCCEED : NPY_FAIL;
-        }
-
-        /* Process the endian character. '|' is replaced by '='*/
-        switch (type[0]) {
-            case '>':
-            case '<':
-            case '=':
-                endian = type[0];
-                ++type;
-                --len;
-                break;
-
-            case '|':
-                endian = '=';
-                ++type;
-                --len;
-                break;
-        }
-
-        /* Just an endian character is invalid */
-        if (len == 0) {
-            goto fail;
-        }
-
-        /* Check for datetime format */
-        if (is_datetime_typestr(type, len)) {
-            *at = parse_dtype_from_datetime_typestr(type, len);
-            if (*at == NULL) {
-                return NPY_FAIL;
-            }
-            /* *at has byte order '=' at this point */
-            if (!PyArray_ISNBO(endian)) {
-                (*at)->byteorder = endian;
-            }
-            return NPY_SUCCEED;
-        }
-
-        /* A typecode like 'd' */
-        if (len == 1) {
-            check_num = type[0];
-        }
-        /* A kind + size like 'f8' */
-        else {
-            char *typeend = NULL;
-            int kind;
-
-            /* Parse the integer, make sure it's the rest of the string */
-            elsize = (int)strtol(type + 1, &typeend, 10);
-            if (typeend - type == len) {
-
-                kind = type[0];
-                switch (kind) {
-                    case NPY_STRINGLTR:
-                    case NPY_STRINGLTR2:
-                        check_num = NPY_STRING;
-                        break;
-
-                    /*
-                     * When specifying length of UNICODE
-                     * the number of characters is given to match
-                     * the STRING interface.  Each character can be
-                     * more than one byte and itemsize must be
-                     * the number of bytes.
-                     */
-                    case NPY_UNICODELTR:
-                        check_num = NPY_UNICODE;
-                        elsize <<= 2;
-                        break;
-
-                    case NPY_VOIDLTR:
-                        check_num = NPY_VOID;
-                        break;
-
-                    default:
-                        if (elsize == 0) {
-                            check_num = NPY_NOTYPE+10;
-                        }
-                        /* Support for generic processing c8, i4, f8, etc...*/
-                        else {
-                            check_num = PyArray_TypestrConvert(elsize, kind);
-                            if (check_num == NPY_NOTYPE) {
-                                check_num += 10;
-                            }
-                            elsize = 0;
-                        }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    else if (PyTuple_Check(obj)) {
-        /* or a tuple */
-        *at = _convert_from_tuple(obj);
-        if (*at == NULL){
-            if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
-                return NPY_FAIL;
-            }
-            goto fail;
-        }
-        return NPY_SUCCEED;
-    }
-    else if (PyList_Check(obj)) {
-        /* or a list */
-        *at = _convert_from_array_descr(obj,0);
-        if (*at == NULL) {
-            if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
-                return NPY_FAIL;
-            }
-            goto fail;
-        }
-        return NPY_SUCCEED;
-    }
-    else if (PyDict_Check(obj)) {
-        /* or a dictionary */
-        *at = _convert_from_dict(obj,0);
-        if (*at == NULL) {
-            if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
-                return NPY_FAIL;
-            }
-            goto fail;
-        }
-        return NPY_SUCCEED;
-    }
-    else if (PyArray_Check(obj)) {
-        goto fail;
-    }
-    else {
-        *at = _arraydescr_fromobj(obj);
-        if (*at) {
-            return NPY_SUCCEED;
-        }
-        if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
-            return NPY_FAIL;
-        }
-        goto fail;
-    }
-    if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
-        goto fail;
-    }
-
-finish:
-    if ((check_num == NPY_NOTYPE + 10) ||
-            (*at = PyArray_DescrFromType(check_num)) == NULL) {
-        PyErr_Clear();
-        /* Now check to see if the object is registered in typeDict */
-        if (typeDict != NULL) {
-            item = PyDict_GetItem(typeDict, obj);
-#if defined(NPY_PY3K)
-            if (!item && PyBytes_Check(obj)) {
-                PyObject *tmp;
-                tmp = PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject(obj, "ascii", "strict");
-                if (tmp != NULL) {
-                    item = PyDict_GetItem(typeDict, tmp);
-                    Py_DECREF(tmp);
-                }
-            }
-#endif
-            if (item) {
-                return PyArray_DescrConverter(item, at);
-            }
-        }
-        goto fail;
-    }
-
-    if (((*at)->elsize == 0) && (elsize != 0)) {
-        PyArray_DESCR_REPLACE(*at);
-        (*at)->elsize = elsize;
-    }
-    if (endian != '=' && PyArray_ISNBO(endian)) {
-        endian = '=';
-    }
-    if (endian != '=' && (*at)->byteorder != '|'
-        && (*at)->byteorder != endian) {
-        PyArray_DESCR_REPLACE(*at);
-        (*at)->byteorder = endian;
-    }
-    return NPY_SUCCEED;
-
-fail:
-    if (PyBytes_Check(obj)) {
-        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
-                "data type \"%s\" not understood", PyBytes_AS_STRING(obj));
-    }
-    else {
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
-                "data type not understood");
-    }
-
-error:
-    *at = NULL;
-    return NPY_FAIL;
-}
-
-/** Array Descr Objects for dynamic types **/
-
-/*
- * There are some statically-defined PyArray_Descr objects corresponding
- * to the basic built-in types.
- * These can and should be DECREF'd and INCREF'd as appropriate, anyway.
- * If a mistake is made in reference counting, deallocation on these
- * builtins will be attempted leading to problems.
- *
- * This lets us deal with all PyArray_Descr objects using reference
- * counting (regardless of whether they are statically or dynamically
- * allocated).
- */
-
-/*NUMPY_API
- * base cannot be NULL
- */
-NPY_NO_EXPORT PyArray_Descr *
-PyArray_DescrNew(PyArray_Descr *base)
-{
-    PyArray_Descr *newdescr = PyObject_New(PyArray_Descr, &PyArrayDescr_Type);
-
-    if (newdescr == NULL) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    /* Don't copy PyObject_HEAD part */
-    memcpy((char *)newdescr + sizeof(PyObject),
-           (char *)base + sizeof(PyObject),
-           sizeof(PyArray_Descr) - sizeof(PyObject));
-
-    /*
-     * The c_metadata has a by-value ownership model, need to clone it
-     * (basically a deep copy, but the auxdata clone function has some
-     * flexibility still) so the new PyArray_Descr object owns
-     * a copy of the data. Having both 'base' and 'newdescr' point to
-     * the same auxdata pointer would cause a double-free of memory.
-     */
-    if (base->c_metadata != NULL) {
-        newdescr->c_metadata = NPY_AUXDATA_CLONE(base->c_metadata);
-        if (newdescr->c_metadata == NULL) {
-            PyErr_NoMemory();
-            Py_DECREF(newdescr);
-            return NULL;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (newdescr->fields == Py_None) {
-        newdescr->fields = NULL;
-    }
-    Py_XINCREF(newdescr->fields);
-    Py_XINCREF(newdescr->names);
-    if (newdescr->subarray) {
-        newdescr->subarray = PyArray_malloc(sizeof(PyArray_ArrayDescr));
-        if (newdescr->subarray == NULL) {
-            Py_DECREF(newdescr);
-            return (PyArray_Descr *)PyErr_NoMemory();
-        }
-        memcpy(newdescr->subarray, base->subarray, sizeof(PyArray_ArrayDescr));
-        Py_INCREF(newdescr->subarray->shape);
-        Py_INCREF(newdescr->subarray->base);
-    }
-    Py_XINCREF(newdescr->typeobj);
-    Py_XINCREF(newdescr->metadata);
-
-    return newdescr;
-}
-
-/*
- * should never be called for builtin-types unless
- * there is a reference-count problem
- */
-static void
-arraydescr_dealloc(PyArray_Descr *self)
-{
-    if (self->fields == Py_None) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "*** Reference count error detected: \n" \
-                "an attempt was made to deallocate %d (%c) ***\n",
-                self->type_num, self->type);
-        Py_INCREF(self);
-        Py_INCREF(self);
-        return;
-    }
-    Py_XDECREF(self->typeobj);
-    Py_XDECREF(self->names);
-    Py_XDECREF(self->fields);
-    if (self->subarray) {
-        Py_XDECREF(self->subarray->shape);
-        Py_DECREF(self->subarray->base);
-        PyArray_free(self->subarray);
-    }
-    Py_XDECREF(self->metadata);
-    NPY_AUXDATA_FREE(self->c_metadata);
-    self->c_metadata = NULL;
-    Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free((PyObject *)self);
-}
-
-/*
- * we need to be careful about setting attributes because these
- * objects are pointed to by arrays that depend on them for interpreting
- * data.  Currently no attributes of data-type objects can be set
- * directly except names.
- */
-static PyMemberDef arraydescr_members[] = {
-    {"type",
-        T_OBJECT, offsetof(PyArray_Descr, typeobj), READONLY, NULL},
-    {"kind",
-        T_CHAR, offsetof(PyArray_Descr, kind), READONLY, NULL},
-    {"char",
-        T_CHAR, offsetof(PyArray_Descr, type), READONLY, NULL},
-    {"num",
-        T_INT, offsetof(PyArray_Descr, type_num), READONLY, NULL},
-    {"byteorder",
-        T_CHAR, offsetof(PyArray_Descr, byteorder), READONLY, NULL},
-    {"itemsize",
-        T_INT, offsetof(PyArray_Descr, elsize), READONLY, NULL},
-    {"alignment",
-        T_INT, offsetof(PyArray_Descr, alignment), READONLY, NULL},
-    {"flags",
-        T_BYTE, offsetof(PyArray_Descr, flags), READONLY, NULL},
-    {NULL, 0, 0, 0, NULL},
-};
-
-static PyObject *
-arraydescr_subdescr_get(PyArray_Descr *self)
-{
-    if (!PyDataType_HASSUBARRAY(self)) {
-        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
-        return Py_None;
-    }
-    return Py_BuildValue("OO",
-            (PyObject *)self->subarray->base, self->subarray->shape);
-}
-
-NPY_NO_EXPORT PyObject *
-arraydescr_protocol_typestr_get(PyArray_Descr *self)
-{
-    char basic_ = self->kind;
-    char endian = self->byteorder;
-    int size = self->elsize;
-    PyObject *ret;
-
-    if (endian == '=') {
-        endian = '<';
-        if (!PyArray_IsNativeByteOrder(endian)) {
-            endian = '>';
-        }
-    }
-    if (self->type_num == NPY_UNICODE) {
-        size >>= 2;
-    }
-
-    ret = PyUString_FromFormat("%c%c%d", endian, basic_, size);
-    if (PyDataType_ISDATETIME(self)) {
-        PyArray_DatetimeMetaData *meta;
-
-        meta = get_datetime_metadata_from_dtype(self);
-        if (meta == NULL) {
-            Py_DECREF(ret);
-            return NULL;
-        }
-
-        ret = append_metastr_to_string(meta, 0, ret);
-    }
-
-    return ret;
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-arraydescr_typename_get(PyArray_Descr *self)
-{
-    static const char np_prefix[] = "numpy.";
-    const int np_prefix_len = sizeof(np_prefix) - 1;
-    PyTypeObject *typeobj = self->typeobj;
-    PyObject *res;
-    char *s;
-    int len;
-    int prefix_len;
-    int suffix_len;
-
-    if (PyTypeNum_ISUSERDEF(self->type_num)) {
-        s = strrchr(typeobj->tp_name, '.');
-        if (s == NULL) {
-            res = PyUString_FromString(typeobj->tp_name);
-        }
-        else {
-            res = PyUString_FromStringAndSize(s + 1, strlen(s) - 1);
-        }
-        return res;
-    }
-    else {
-        /*
-         * NumPy type or subclass
-         *
-         * res is derived from typeobj->tp_name with the following rules:
-         * - if starts with "numpy.", that prefix is removed
-         * - if ends with "_", that suffix is removed
-         */
-        len = strlen(typeobj->tp_name);
-
-        if (! strncmp(typeobj->tp_name, np_prefix, np_prefix_len)) {
-            prefix_len = np_prefix_len;
-        }
-        else {
-            prefix_len = 0;
-        }
-
-        if (typeobj->tp_name[len - 1] == '_') {
-            suffix_len = 1;
-        }
-        else {
-            suffix_len = 0;
-        }
-
-        len -= prefix_len;
-        len -= suffix_len;
-        res = PyUString_FromStringAndSize(typeobj->tp_name+prefix_len, len);
-    }
-    if (PyTypeNum_ISFLEXIBLE(self->type_num) && self->elsize != 0) {
-        PyObject *p;
-        p = PyUString_FromFormat("%d", self->elsize * 8);
-        PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&res, p);
-    }
-    if (PyDataType_ISDATETIME(self)) {
-        PyArray_DatetimeMetaData *meta;
-
-        meta = get_datetime_metadata_from_dtype(self);
-        if (meta == NULL) {
-            Py_DECREF(res);
-            return NULL;
-        }
-
-        res = append_metastr_to_string(meta, 0, res);
-    }
-
-    return res;
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-arraydescr_base_get(PyArray_Descr *self)
-{
-    if (!PyDataType_HASSUBARRAY(self)) {
-        Py_INCREF(self);
-        return (PyObject *)self;
-    }
-    Py_INCREF(self->subarray->base);
-    return (PyObject *)(self->subarray->base);
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-arraydescr_shape_get(PyArray_Descr *self)
-{
-    if (!PyDataType_HASSUBARRAY(self)) {
-        return PyTuple_New(0);
-    }
-    /*TODO
-     * self->subarray->shape should always be a tuple,
-     * so this check should be unnecessary
-     */
-    if (PyTuple_Check(self->subarray->shape)) {
-        Py_INCREF(self->subarray->shape);
-        return (PyObject *)(self->subarray->shape);
-    }
-    return Py_BuildValue("(O)", self->subarray->shape);
-}
-
-NPY_NO_EXPORT PyObject *
-arraydescr_protocol_descr_get(PyArray_Descr *self)
-{
-    PyObject *dobj, *res;
-    PyObject *_numpy_internal;
-
-    if (!PyDataType_HASFIELDS(self)) {
-        /* get default */
-        dobj = PyTuple_New(2);
-        if (dobj == NULL) {
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(dobj, 0, PyUString_FromString(""));
-        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(dobj, 1, arraydescr_protocol_typestr_get(self));
-        res = PyList_New(1);
-        if (res == NULL) {
-            Py_DECREF(dobj);
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        PyList_SET_ITEM(res, 0, dobj);
-        return res;
-    }
-
-    _numpy_internal = PyImport_ImportModule("numpy.core._internal");
-    if (_numpy_internal == NULL) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    res = PyObject_CallMethod(_numpy_internal, "_array_descr", "O", self);
-    Py_DECREF(_numpy_internal);
-    return res;
-}
-
-/*
- * returns 1 for a builtin type
- * and 2 for a user-defined data-type descriptor
- * return 0 if neither (i.e. it's a copy of one)
- */
-static PyObject *
-arraydescr_isbuiltin_get(PyArray_Descr *self)
-{
-    long val;
-    val = 0;
-    if (self->fields == Py_None) {
-        val = 1;
-    }
-    if (PyTypeNum_ISUSERDEF(self->type_num)) {
-        val = 2;
-    }
-    return PyInt_FromLong(val);
-}
-
-static int
-_arraydescr_isnative(PyArray_Descr *self)
-{
-    if (!PyDataType_HASFIELDS(self)) {
-        return PyArray_ISNBO(self->byteorder);
-    }
-    else {
-        PyObject *key, *value, *title = NULL;
-        PyArray_Descr *new;
-        int offset;
-        Py_ssize_t pos = 0;
-        while (PyDict_Next(self->fields, &pos, &key, &value)) {
-            if NPY_TITLE_KEY(key, value) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(value, "Oi|O", &new, &offset, &title)) {
-                return -1;
-            }
-            if (!_arraydescr_isnative(new)) {
-                return 0;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return 1;
-}
-
-/*
- * return Py_True if this data-type descriptor
- * has native byteorder if no fields are defined
- *
- * or if all sub-fields have native-byteorder if
- * fields are defined
- */
-static PyObject *
-arraydescr_isnative_get(PyArray_Descr *self)
-{
-    PyObject *ret;
-    int retval;
-    retval = _arraydescr_isnative(self);
-    if (retval == -1) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    ret = retval ? Py_True : Py_False;
-    Py_INCREF(ret);
-    return ret;
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-arraydescr_isalignedstruct_get(PyArray_Descr *self)
-{
-    PyObject *ret;
-    ret = (self->flags&NPY_ALIGNED_STRUCT) ? Py_True : Py_False;
-    Py_INCREF(ret);
-    return ret;
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-arraydescr_fields_get(PyArray_Descr *self)
-{
-    if (!PyDataType_HASFIELDS(self)) {
-        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
-        return Py_None;
-    }
-    return PyDictProxy_New(self->fields);
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-arraydescr_metadata_get(PyArray_Descr *self)
-{
-    if (self->metadata == NULL) {
-        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
-        return Py_None;
-    }
-    return PyDictProxy_New(self->metadata);
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-arraydescr_hasobject_get(PyArray_Descr *self)
-{
-    if (PyDataType_FLAGCHK(self, NPY_ITEM_HASOBJECT)) {
-        Py_RETURN_TRUE;
-    }
-    else {
-        Py_RETURN_FALSE;
-    }
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-arraydescr_names_get(PyArray_Descr *self)
-{
-    if (!PyDataType_HASFIELDS(self)) {
-        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
-        return Py_None;
-    }
-    Py_INCREF(self->names);
-    return self->names;
-}
-
-static int
-arraydescr_names_set(PyArray_Descr *self, PyObject *val)
-{
-    int N = 0;
-    int i;
-    PyObject *new_names;
-    PyObject *new_fields;
-
-    if (val == NULL) {
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_AttributeError,
-                "Cannot delete dtype names attribute");
-        return -1;
-    }
-    if (!PyDataType_HASFIELDS(self)) {
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-                "there are no fields defined");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * This deprecation has been temporarily removed for the NumPy 1.7
-     * release. It should be re-added after the 1.7 branch is done,
-     * and a convenience API to replace the typical use-cases for
-     * mutable names should be implemented.
-     *
-     * if (DEPRECATE("Setting NumPy dtype names is deprecated, the dtype "
-     *                "will become immutable in a future version") < 0) {
-     *     return -1;
-     * }
-     */
-
-    N = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(self->names);
-    if (!PySequence_Check(val) || PyObject_Size((PyObject *)val) != N) {
-        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
-                "must replace all names at once with a sequence of length %d",
-                N);
-        return -1;
-    }
-    /* Make sure all entries are strings */
-    for (i = 0; i < N; i++) {
-        PyObject *item;
-        int valid = 1;
-        item = PySequence_GetItem(val, i);
-        valid = PyUString_Check(item);
-        Py_DECREF(item);
-        if (!valid) {
-            PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
-                    "item #%d of names is of type %s and not string",
-                    i, Py_TYPE(item)->tp_name);
-            return -1;
-        }
-    }
-    /* Update dictionary keys in fields */
-    new_names = PySequence_Tuple(val);
-    new_fields = PyDict_New();
-    for (i = 0; i < N; i++) {
-        PyObject *key;
-        PyObject *item;
-        PyObject *new_key;
-        int ret;
-        key = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(self->names, i);
-        /* Borrowed references to item and new_key */
-        item = PyDict_GetItem(self->fields, key);
-        new_key = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(new_names, i);
-        /* Check for duplicates */
-        ret = PyDict_Contains(new_fields, new_key);
-        if (ret != 0) {
-            if (ret < 0) {
-                PyErr_Clear();
-            }
-            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Duplicate field names given.");
-            Py_DECREF(new_names);
-            Py_DECREF(new_fields);
-            return -1;
-        }
-        PyDict_SetItem(new_fields, new_key, item);
-    }
-
-    /* Replace names */
-    Py_DECREF(self->names);
-    self->names = new_names;
-
-    /* Replace fields */
-    Py_DECREF(self->fields);
-    self->fields = new_fields;
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static PyGetSetDef arraydescr_getsets[] = {
-    {"subdtype",
-        (getter)arraydescr_subdescr_get,
-        NULL, NULL, NULL},
-    {"descr",
-        (getter)arraydescr_protocol_descr_get,
-        NULL, NULL, NULL},
-    {"str",
-        (getter)arraydescr_protocol_typestr_get,
-        NULL, NULL, NULL},
-    {"name",
-        (getter)arraydescr_typename_get,
-        NULL, NULL, NULL},
-    {"base",
-        (getter)arraydescr_base_get,
-        NULL, NULL, NULL},
-    {"shape",
-        (getter)arraydescr_shape_get,
-        NULL, NULL, NULL},
-    {"isbuiltin",
-        (getter)arraydescr_isbuiltin_get,
-        NULL, NULL, NULL},
-    {"isnative",
-        (getter)arraydescr_isnative_get,
-        NULL, NULL, NULL},
-    {"isalignedstruct",
-        (getter)arraydescr_isalignedstruct_get,
-        NULL, NULL, NULL},
-    {"fields",
-        (getter)arraydescr_fields_get,
-        NULL, NULL, NULL},
-    {"metadata",
-        (getter)arraydescr_metadata_get,
-        NULL, NULL, NULL},
-    {"names",
-        (getter)arraydescr_names_get,
-        (setter)arraydescr_names_set,
-        NULL, NULL},
-    {"hasobject",
-        (getter)arraydescr_hasobject_get,
-        NULL, NULL, NULL},
-    {NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL},
-};
-
-static PyObject *
-arraydescr_new(PyTypeObject *NPY_UNUSED(subtype),
-                PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
-{
-    PyObject *odescr, *metadata=NULL;
-    PyArray_Descr *descr, *conv;
-    npy_bool align = NPY_FALSE;
-    npy_bool copy = NPY_FALSE;
-    npy_bool copied = NPY_FALSE;
-
-    static char *kwlist[] = {"dtype", "align", "copy", "metadata", NULL};
-
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "O|O&O&O!", kwlist,
-                &odescr,
-                PyArray_BoolConverter, &align,
-                PyArray_BoolConverter, &copy,
-                &PyDict_Type, &metadata)) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    if (align) {
-        if (!PyArray_DescrAlignConverter(odescr, &conv)) {
-            return NULL;
-        }
-    }
-    else if (!PyArray_DescrConverter(odescr, &conv)) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    /* Get a new copy of it unless it's already a copy */
-    if (copy && conv->fields == Py_None) {
-        descr = PyArray_DescrNew(conv);
-        Py_DECREF(conv);
-        conv = descr;
-        copied = NPY_TRUE;
-    }
-
-    if ((metadata != NULL)) {
-        /*
-         * We need to be sure to make a new copy of the data-type and any
-         * underlying dictionary
-         */
-        if (!copied) {
-            copied = NPY_TRUE;
-            descr = PyArray_DescrNew(conv);
-            Py_DECREF(conv);
-            conv = descr;
-        }
-        if ((conv->metadata != NULL)) {
-            /*
-             * Make a copy of the metadata before merging with the
-             * input metadata so that this data-type descriptor has
-             * it's own copy
-             */
-            /* Save a reference */
-            odescr = conv->metadata;
-            conv->metadata = PyDict_Copy(odescr);
-            /* Decrement the old reference */
-            Py_DECREF(odescr);
-
-            /*
-             * Update conv->metadata with anything new in metadata
-             * keyword, but do not over-write anything already there
-             */
-            if (PyDict_Merge(conv->metadata, metadata, 0) != 0) {
-                Py_DECREF(conv);
-                return NULL;
-            }
-        }
-        else {
-            /* Make a copy of the input dictionary */
-            conv->metadata = PyDict_Copy(metadata);
-        }
-    }
-
-    return (PyObject *)conv;
-}
-
-/*
- * Return a tuple of
- * (cleaned metadata dictionary, tuple with (str, num))
- */
-static PyObject *
-_get_pickleabletype_from_datetime_metadata(PyArray_Descr *dtype)
-{
-    PyObject *ret, *dt_tuple;
-    PyArray_DatetimeMetaData *meta;
-
-    /* Create the 2-item tuple to return */
-    ret = PyTuple_New(2);
-    if (ret == NULL) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    /* Store the metadata dictionary */
-    if (dtype->metadata != NULL) {
-        Py_INCREF(dtype->metadata);
-        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(ret, 0, dtype->metadata);
-    } else {
-        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(ret, 0, PyDict_New());
-    }
-
-    /* Convert the datetime metadata into a tuple */
-    meta = get_datetime_metadata_from_dtype(dtype);
-    if (meta == NULL) {
-        Py_DECREF(ret);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    /* Use a 4-tuple that numpy 1.6 knows how to unpickle */
-    dt_tuple = PyTuple_New(4);
-    if (dt_tuple == NULL) {
-        Py_DECREF(ret);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    PyTuple_SET_ITEM(dt_tuple, 0,
-            PyBytes_FromString(_datetime_strings[meta->base]));
-    PyTuple_SET_ITEM(dt_tuple, 1,
-            PyInt_FromLong(meta->num));
-    PyTuple_SET_ITEM(dt_tuple, 2,
-            PyInt_FromLong(1));
-    PyTuple_SET_ITEM(dt_tuple, 3,
-            PyInt_FromLong(1));
-
-    PyTuple_SET_ITEM(ret, 1, dt_tuple);
-
-    return ret;
-}
-
-/*
- * return a tuple of (callable object, args, state).
- *
- * TODO: This method needs to change so that unpickling doesn't
- *       use __setstate__. This is required for the dtype
- *       to be an immutable object.
- */
-static PyObject *
-arraydescr_reduce(PyArray_Descr *self, PyObject *NPY_UNUSED(args))
-{
-    /*
-     * version number of this pickle type. Increment if we need to
-     * change the format. Be sure to handle the old versions in
-     * arraydescr_setstate.
-    */
-    const int version = 4;
-    PyObject *ret, *mod, *obj;
-    PyObject *state;
-    char endian;
-    int elsize, alignment;
-
-    ret = PyTuple_New(3);
-    if (ret == NULL) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    mod = PyImport_ImportModule("numpy.core.multiarray");
-    if (mod == NULL) {
-        Py_DECREF(ret);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    obj = PyObject_GetAttrString(mod, "dtype");
-    Py_DECREF(mod);
-    if (obj == NULL) {
-        Py_DECREF(ret);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    PyTuple_SET_ITEM(ret, 0, obj);
-    if (PyTypeNum_ISUSERDEF(self->type_num)
-            || ((self->type_num == NPY_VOID
-                    && self->typeobj != &PyVoidArrType_Type))) {
-        obj = (PyObject *)self->typeobj;
-        Py_INCREF(obj);
-    }
-    else {
-        elsize = self->elsize;
-        if (self->type_num == NPY_UNICODE) {
-            elsize >>= 2;
-        }
-        obj = PyUString_FromFormat("%c%d",self->kind, elsize);
-    }
-    PyTuple_SET_ITEM(ret, 1, Py_BuildValue("(Nii)", obj, 0, 1));
-
-    /*
-     * Now return the state which is at least byteorder,
-     * subarray, and fields
-     */
-    endian = self->byteorder;
-    if (endian == '=') {
-        endian = '<';
-        if (!PyArray_IsNativeByteOrder(endian)) {
-            endian = '>';
-        }
-    }
-    if (PyDataType_ISDATETIME(self)) {
-        PyObject *newobj;
-        state = PyTuple_New(9);
-        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(state, 0, PyInt_FromLong(version));
-        /*
-         * newobj is a tuple of the Python metadata dictionary
-         * and tuple of date_time info (str, num)
-         */
-        newobj = _get_pickleabletype_from_datetime_metadata(self);
-        if (newobj == NULL) {
-            Py_DECREF(state);
-            Py_DECREF(ret);
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(state, 8, newobj);
-    }
-    else if (self->metadata) {
-        state = PyTuple_New(9);
-        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(state, 0, PyInt_FromLong(version));
-        Py_INCREF(self->metadata);
-        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(state, 8, self->metadata);
-    }
-    else { /* Use version 3 pickle format */
-        state = PyTuple_New(8);
-        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(state, 0, PyInt_FromLong(3));
-    }
-
-    PyTuple_SET_ITEM(state, 1, PyUString_FromFormat("%c", endian));
-    PyTuple_SET_ITEM(state, 2, arraydescr_subdescr_get(self));
-    if (PyDataType_HASFIELDS(self)) {
-        Py_INCREF(self->names);
-        Py_INCREF(self->fields);
-        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(state, 3, self->names);
-        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(state, 4, self->fields);
-    }
-    else {
-        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(state, 3, Py_None);
-        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(state, 4, Py_None);
-        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
-        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
-    }
-
-    /* for extended types it also includes elsize and alignment */
-    if (PyTypeNum_ISEXTENDED(self->type_num)) {
-        elsize = self->elsize;
-        alignment = self->alignment;
-    }
-    else {
-        elsize = -1;
-        alignment = -1;
-    }
-    PyTuple_SET_ITEM(state, 5, PyInt_FromLong(elsize));
-    PyTuple_SET_ITEM(state, 6, PyInt_FromLong(alignment));
-    PyTuple_SET_ITEM(state, 7, PyInt_FromLong(self->flags));
-
-    PyTuple_SET_ITEM(ret, 2, state);
-    return ret;
-}
-
-/*
- * returns NPY_OBJECT_DTYPE_FLAGS if this data-type has an object portion used
- * when setting the state because hasobject is not stored.
- */
-static char
-_descr_find_object(PyArray_Descr *self)
-{
-    if (self->flags
-            || self->type_num == NPY_OBJECT
-            || self->kind == 'O') {
-        return NPY_OBJECT_DTYPE_FLAGS;
-    }
-    if (PyDataType_HASFIELDS(self)) {
-        PyObject *key, *value, *title = NULL;
-        PyArray_Descr *new;
-        int offset;
-        Py_ssize_t pos = 0;
-
-        while (PyDict_Next(self->fields, &pos, &key, &value)) {
-            if NPY_TITLE_KEY(key, value) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(value, "Oi|O", &new, &offset, &title)) {
-                PyErr_Clear();
-                return 0;
-            }
-            if (_descr_find_object(new)) {
-                new->flags = NPY_OBJECT_DTYPE_FLAGS;
-                return NPY_OBJECT_DTYPE_FLAGS;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-/*
- * state is at least byteorder, subarray, and fields but could include elsize
- * and alignment for EXTENDED arrays
- */
-static PyObject *
-arraydescr_setstate(PyArray_Descr *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-    int elsize = -1, alignment = -1;
-    int version = 4;
-    char endian;
-    PyObject *endian_obj;
-    PyObject *subarray, *fields, *names = NULL, *metadata=NULL;
-    int incref_names = 1;
-    int int_dtypeflags = 0;
-    char dtypeflags;
-
-    if (self->fields == Py_None) {
-        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
-        return Py_None;
-    }
-    if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args) != 1
-            || !(PyTuple_Check(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, 0)))) {
-        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    switch (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args,0))) {
-    case 9:
-        if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "(iOOOOiiiO)", &version, &endian_obj,
-                    &subarray, &names, &fields, &elsize,
-                    &alignment, &int_dtypeflags, &metadata)) {
-            PyErr_Clear();
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        break;
-    case 8:
-        if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "(iOOOOiii)", &version, &endian_obj,
-                    &subarray, &names, &fields, &elsize,
-                    &alignment, &int_dtypeflags)) {
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        break;
-    case 7:
-        if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "(iOOOOii)", &version, &endian_obj,
-                    &subarray, &names, &fields, &elsize,
-                    &alignment)) {
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        break;
-    case 6:
-        if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "(iOOOii)", &version,
-                    &endian_obj, &subarray, &fields,
-                    &elsize, &alignment)) {
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        break;
-    case 5:
-        version = 0;
-        if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "(OOOii)",
-                    &endian_obj, &subarray, &fields, &elsize,
-                    &alignment)) {
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        break;
-    default:
-        /* raise an error */
-        if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args,0)) > 5) {
-            version = PyInt_AsLong(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, 0));
-        }
-        else {
-            version = -1;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * If we ever need another pickle format, increment the version
-     * number. But we should still be able to handle the old versions.
-     */
-    if (version < 0 || version > 4) {
-        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
-                     "can't handle version %d of numpy.dtype pickle",
-                     version);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    if (version == 1 || version == 0) {
-        if (fields != Py_None) {
-            PyObject *key, *list;
-            key = PyInt_FromLong(-1);
-            list = PyDict_GetItem(fields, key);
-            if (!list) {
-                return NULL;
-            }
-            Py_INCREF(list);
-            names = list;
-            PyDict_DelItem(fields, key);
-            incref_names = 0;
-        }
-        else {
-            names = Py_None;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* Parse endian */
-    if (PyUnicode_Check(endian_obj) || PyBytes_Check(endian_obj)) {
-        PyObject *tmp = NULL;
-        char *str;
-        Py_ssize_t len;
-
-        if (PyUnicode_Check(endian_obj)) {
-            tmp = PyUnicode_AsASCIIString(endian_obj);
-            if (tmp == NULL) {
-                return NULL;
-            }
-            endian_obj = tmp;
-        }
-
-        if (PyBytes_AsStringAndSize(endian_obj, &str, &len) == -1) {
-            Py_XDECREF(tmp);
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        if (len != 1) {
-            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-                            "endian is not 1-char string in Numpy dtype unpickling");
-            Py_XDECREF(tmp);
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        endian = str[0];
-        Py_XDECREF(tmp);
-    }
-    else {
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-                        "endian is not a string in Numpy dtype unpickling");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    if ((fields == Py_None && names != Py_None) ||
-        (names == Py_None && fields != Py_None)) {
-        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
-                "inconsistent fields and names in Numpy dtype unpickling");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    if (names != Py_None && !PyTuple_Check(names)) {
-        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
-                "non-tuple names in Numpy dtype unpickling");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    if (fields != Py_None && !PyDict_Check(fields)) {
-        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
-                "non-dict fields in Numpy dtype unpickling");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    if (endian != '|' && PyArray_IsNativeByteOrder(endian)) {
-        endian = '=';
-    }
-    self->byteorder = endian;
-    if (self->subarray) {
-        Py_XDECREF(self->subarray->base);
-        Py_XDECREF(self->subarray->shape);
-        PyArray_free(self->subarray);
-    }
-    self->subarray = NULL;
-
-    if (subarray != Py_None) {
-        PyObject *subarray_shape;
-
-        /*
-         * Ensure that subarray[0] is an ArrayDescr and
-         * that subarray_shape obtained from subarray[1] is a tuple of integers.
-         */
-        if (!(PyTuple_Check(subarray) &&
-              PyTuple_Size(subarray) == 2 &&
-              PyArray_DescrCheck(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(subarray, 0)))) {
-            PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
-                         "incorrect subarray in __setstate__");
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        subarray_shape = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(subarray, 1);
-        if (PyNumber_Check(subarray_shape)) {
-            PyObject *tmp;
-#if defined(NPY_PY3K)
-            tmp = PyNumber_Long(subarray_shape);
-#else
-            tmp = PyNumber_Int(subarray_shape);
-#endif
-            if (tmp == NULL) {
-                return NULL;
-            }
-            subarray_shape = Py_BuildValue("(O)", tmp);
-            Py_DECREF(tmp);
-            if (subarray_shape == NULL) {
-                return NULL;
-            }
-        }
-        else if (_is_tuple_of_integers(subarray_shape)) {
-            Py_INCREF(subarray_shape);
-        }
-        else {
-            PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
-                         "incorrect subarray shape in __setstate__");
-            return NULL;
-        }
-
-        self->subarray = PyArray_malloc(sizeof(PyArray_ArrayDescr));
-        if (!PyDataType_HASSUBARRAY(self)) {
-            return PyErr_NoMemory();
-        }
-        self->subarray->base = (PyArray_Descr *)PyTuple_GET_ITEM(subarray, 0);
-        Py_INCREF(self->subarray->base);
-        self->subarray->shape = subarray_shape;
-    }
-
-    if (fields != Py_None) {
-        /*
-         * Ensure names are of appropriate string type
-         */
-        Py_ssize_t i;
-        int names_ok = 1;
-        PyObject *name;
-
-        for (i = 0; i < PyTuple_GET_SIZE(names); ++i) {
-            name = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(names, i);
-            if (!PyUString_Check(name)) {
-                names_ok = 0;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (names_ok) {
-            Py_XDECREF(self->fields);
-            self->fields = fields;
-            Py_INCREF(fields);
-            Py_XDECREF(self->names);
-            self->names = names;
-            if (incref_names) {
-                Py_INCREF(names);
-            }
-        }
-        else {
-#if defined(NPY_PY3K)
-            /*
-             * To support pickle.load(f, encoding='bytes') for loading Py2
-             * generated pickles on Py3, we need to be more lenient and convert
-             * field names from byte strings to unicode.
-             */
-            PyObject *tmp, *new_name, *field;
-
-            tmp = PyDict_New();
-            if (tmp == NULL) {
-                return NULL;
-            }
-            Py_XDECREF(self->fields);
-            self->fields = tmp;
-
-            tmp = PyTuple_New(PyTuple_GET_SIZE(names));
-            if (tmp == NULL) {
-                return NULL;
-            }
-            Py_XDECREF(self->names);
-            self->names = tmp;
-
-            for (i = 0; i < PyTuple_GET_SIZE(names); ++i) {
-                name = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(names, i);
-                field = PyDict_GetItem(fields, name);
-                if (!field) {
-                    return NULL;
-                }
-
-                if (PyUnicode_Check(name)) {
-                    new_name = name;
-                    Py_INCREF(new_name);
-                }
-                else {
-                    new_name = PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject(name, "ASCII", "strict");
-                    if (new_name == NULL) {
-                        return NULL;
-                    }
-                }
-
-                PyTuple_SET_ITEM(self->names, i, new_name);
-                if (PyDict_SetItem(self->fields, new_name, field) != 0) {
-                    return NULL;
-                }
-            }
-#else
-            PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
-                "non-string names in Numpy dtype unpickling");
-            return NULL;
-#endif
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (PyTypeNum_ISEXTENDED(self->type_num)) {
-        self->elsize = elsize;
-        self->alignment = alignment;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * We use an integer converted to char for backward compatibility with
-     * pickled arrays. Pickled arrays created with previous versions encoded
-     * flags as an int even though it actually was a char in the PyArray_Descr
-     * structure
-     */
-    dtypeflags = int_dtypeflags;
-    if (dtypeflags != int_dtypeflags) {
-        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
-                     "incorrect value for flags variable (overflow)");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    else {
-        self->flags = dtypeflags;
-    }
-
-    if (version < 3) {
-        self->flags = _descr_find_object(self);
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * We have a borrowed reference to metadata so no need
-     * to alter reference count when throwing away Py_None.
-     */
-    if (metadata == Py_None) {
-        metadata = NULL;
-    }
-
-    if (PyDataType_ISDATETIME(self) && (metadata != NULL)) {
-        PyObject *old_metadata, *errmsg;
-        PyArray_DatetimeMetaData temp_dt_data;
-
-        if ((! PyTuple_Check(metadata)) || (PyTuple_Size(metadata) != 2)) {
-            errmsg = PyUString_FromString("Invalid datetime dtype (metadata, c_metadata): ");
-            PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&errmsg, PyObject_Repr(metadata));
-            PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_ValueError, errmsg);
-            Py_DECREF(errmsg);
-            return NULL;
-        }
-
-        if (convert_datetime_metadata_tuple_to_datetime_metadata(
-                                    PyTuple_GET_ITEM(metadata, 1),
-                                    &temp_dt_data) < 0) {
-            return NULL;
-        }
-
-        old_metadata = self->metadata;
-        self->metadata = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(metadata, 0);
-        memcpy((char *) &((PyArray_DatetimeDTypeMetaData *)self->c_metadata)->meta,
-               (char *) &temp_dt_data,
-               sizeof(PyArray_DatetimeMetaData));
-        Py_XINCREF(self->metadata);
-        Py_XDECREF(old_metadata);
-    }
-    else {
-        PyObject *old_metadata = self->metadata;
-        self->metadata = metadata;
-        Py_XINCREF(self->metadata);
-        Py_XDECREF(old_metadata);
-    }
-
-    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
-    return Py_None;
-}
-
-/*NUMPY_API
- *
- * Get type-descriptor from an object forcing alignment if possible
- * None goes to DEFAULT type.
- *
- * any object with the .fields attribute and/or .itemsize attribute (if the
- *.fields attribute does not give the total size -- i.e. a partial record
- * naming).  If itemsize is given it must be >= size computed from fields
- *
- * The .fields attribute must return a convertible dictionary if present.
- * Result inherits from NPY_VOID.
-*/
-NPY_NO_EXPORT int
-PyArray_DescrAlignConverter(PyObject *obj, PyArray_Descr **at)
-{
-    if (PyDict_Check(obj)) {
-        *at =  _convert_from_dict(obj, 1);
-    }
-    else if (PyBytes_Check(obj)) {
-        *at = _convert_from_commastring(obj, 1);
-    }
-    else if (PyUnicode_Check(obj)) {
-        PyObject *tmp;
-        tmp = PyUnicode_AsASCIIString(obj);
-        *at = _convert_from_commastring(tmp, 1);
-        Py_DECREF(tmp);
-    }
-    else if (PyList_Check(obj)) {
-        *at = _convert_from_array_descr(obj, 1);
-    }
-    else {
-        return PyArray_DescrConverter(obj, at);
-    }
-    if (*at == NULL) {
-        if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
-            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-                    "data-type-descriptor not understood");
-        }
-        return NPY_FAIL;
-    }
-    return NPY_SUCCEED;
-}
-
-/*NUMPY_API
- *
- * Get type-descriptor from an object forcing alignment if possible
- * None goes to NULL.
- */
-NPY_NO_EXPORT int
-PyArray_DescrAlignConverter2(PyObject *obj, PyArray_Descr **at)
-{
-    if (PyDict_Check(obj)) {
-        *at =  _convert_from_dict(obj, 1);
-    }
-    else if (PyBytes_Check(obj)) {
-        *at = _convert_from_commastring(obj, 1);
-    }
-    else if (PyUnicode_Check(obj)) {
-        PyObject *tmp;
-        tmp = PyUnicode_AsASCIIString(obj);
-        *at = _convert_from_commastring(tmp, 1);
-        Py_DECREF(tmp);
-    }
-    else if (PyList_Check(obj)) {
-        *at = _convert_from_array_descr(obj, 1);
-    }
-    else {
-        return PyArray_DescrConverter2(obj, at);
-    }
-    if (*at == NULL) {
-        if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
-            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-                    "data-type-descriptor not understood");
-        }
-        return NPY_FAIL;
-    }
-    return NPY_SUCCEED;
-}
-
-
-
-/*NUMPY_API
- *
- * returns a copy of the PyArray_Descr structure with the byteorder
- * altered:
- * no arguments:  The byteorder is swapped (in all subfields as well)
- * single argument:  The byteorder is forced to the given state
- * (in all subfields as well)
- *
- * Valid states:  ('big', '>') or ('little' or '<')
- * ('native', or '=')
- *
- * If a descr structure with | is encountered it's own
- * byte-order is not changed but any fields are:
- *
- *
- * Deep bytorder change of a data-type descriptor
- * *** Leaves reference count of self unchanged --- does not DECREF self ***
- */
-NPY_NO_EXPORT PyArray_Descr *
-PyArray_DescrNewByteorder(PyArray_Descr *self, char newendian)
-{
-    PyArray_Descr *new;
-    char endian;
-
-    new = PyArray_DescrNew(self);
-    endian = new->byteorder;
-    if (endian != NPY_IGNORE) {
-        if (newendian == NPY_SWAP) {
-            /* swap byteorder */
-            if (PyArray_ISNBO(endian)) {
-                endian = NPY_OPPBYTE;
-            }
-            else {
-                endian = NPY_NATBYTE;
-            }
-            new->byteorder = endian;
-        }
-        else if (newendian != NPY_IGNORE) {
-            new->byteorder = newendian;
-        }
-    }
-    if (PyDataType_HASFIELDS(new)) {
-        PyObject *newfields;
-        PyObject *key, *value;
-        PyObject *newvalue;
-        PyObject *old;
-        PyArray_Descr *newdescr;
-        Py_ssize_t pos = 0;
-        int len, i;
-
-        newfields = PyDict_New();
-        /* make new dictionary with replaced PyArray_Descr Objects */
-        while (PyDict_Next(self->fields, &pos, &key, &value)) {
-            if NPY_TITLE_KEY(key, value) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            if (!PyUString_Check(key) || !PyTuple_Check(value) ||
-                ((len=PyTuple_GET_SIZE(value)) < 2)) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            old = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(value, 0);
-            if (!PyArray_DescrCheck(old)) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            newdescr = PyArray_DescrNewByteorder(
-                    (PyArray_Descr *)old, newendian);
-            if (newdescr == NULL) {
-                Py_DECREF(newfields); Py_DECREF(new);
-                return NULL;
-            }
-            newvalue = PyTuple_New(len);
-            PyTuple_SET_ITEM(newvalue, 0, (PyObject *)newdescr);
-            for (i = 1; i < len; i++) {
-                old = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(value, i);
-                Py_INCREF(old);
-                PyTuple_SET_ITEM(newvalue, i, old);
-            }
-            PyDict_SetItem(newfields, key, newvalue);
-            Py_DECREF(newvalue);
-        }
-        Py_DECREF(new->fields);
-        new->fields = newfields;
-    }
-    if (PyDataType_HASSUBARRAY(new)) {
-        Py_DECREF(new->subarray->base);
-        new->subarray->base = PyArray_DescrNewByteorder(
-                self->subarray->base, newendian);
-    }
-    return new;
-}
-
-
-static PyObject *
-arraydescr_newbyteorder(PyArray_Descr *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-    char endian=NPY_SWAP;
-
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "|O&", PyArray_ByteorderConverter,
-                &endian)) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    return (PyObject *)PyArray_DescrNewByteorder(self, endian);
-}
-
-static PyMethodDef arraydescr_methods[] = {
-    /* for pickling */
-    {"__reduce__",
-        (PyCFunction)arraydescr_reduce,
-        METH_VARARGS, NULL},
-    {"__setstate__",
-        (PyCFunction)arraydescr_setstate,
-        METH_VARARGS, NULL},
-    {"newbyteorder",
-        (PyCFunction)arraydescr_newbyteorder,
-        METH_VARARGS, NULL},
-    {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}           /* sentinel */
-};
-
-/*
- * Checks whether the structured data type in 'dtype'
- * has a simple layout, where all the fields are in order,
- * and follow each other with no alignment padding.
- *
- * When this returns true, the dtype can be reconstructed
- * from a list of the field names and dtypes with no additional
- * dtype parameters.
- *
- * Returns 1 if it has a simple layout, 0 otherwise.
- */
-static int
-is_dtype_struct_simple_unaligned_layout(PyArray_Descr *dtype)
-{
-    PyObject *names, *fields, *key, *tup, *title;
-    Py_ssize_t i, names_size;
-    PyArray_Descr *fld_dtype;
-    int fld_offset;
-    npy_intp total_offset;
-
-    /* Get some properties from the dtype */
-    names = dtype->names;
-    names_size = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(names);
-    fields = dtype->fields;
-
-    /* Start at offset zero */
-    total_offset = 0;
-
-    for (i = 0; i < names_size; ++i) {
-        key = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(names, i);
-        if (key == NULL) {
-            return 0;
-        }
-        tup = PyDict_GetItem(fields, key);
-        if (tup == NULL) {
-            return 0;
-        }
-        if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(tup, "Oi|O", &fld_dtype, &fld_offset, &title)) {
-            PyErr_Clear();
-            return 0;
-        }
-        /* If this field doesn't follow the pattern, not a simple layout */
-        if (total_offset != fld_offset) {
-            return 0;
-        }
-        /* Get the next offset */
-        total_offset += fld_dtype->elsize;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * If the itemsize doesn't match the final offset, it's
-     * not a simple layout.
-     */
-    if (total_offset != dtype->elsize) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    /* It's a simple layout, since all the above tests passed */
-    return 1;
-}
-
-/*
- * Returns a string representation of a structured array,
- * in a list format.
- */
-static PyObject *
-arraydescr_struct_list_str(PyArray_Descr *dtype)
-{
-    PyObject *names, *key, *fields, *ret, *tmp, *tup, *title;
-    Py_ssize_t i, names_size;
-    PyArray_Descr *fld_dtype;
-    int fld_offset;
-
-    names = dtype->names;
-    names_size = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(names);
-    fields = dtype->fields;
-
-    /* Build up a string to make the list */
-
-    /* Go through all the names */
-    ret = PyUString_FromString("[");
-    for (i = 0; i < names_size; ++i) {
-        key = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(names, i);
-        tup = PyDict_GetItem(fields, key);
-        if (tup == NULL) {
-            return 0;
-        }
-        title = NULL;
-        if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(tup, "Oi|O", &fld_dtype, &fld_offset, &title)) {
-            PyErr_Clear();
-            return 0;
-        }
-        PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret, PyUString_FromString("("));
-        /* Check for whether to do titles as well */
-        if (title != NULL && title != Py_None) {
-            PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret, PyUString_FromString("("));
-            PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret, PyObject_Repr(title));
-            PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret, PyUString_FromString(", "));
-            PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret, PyObject_Repr(key));
-            PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret, PyUString_FromString("), "));
-        }
-        else {
-            PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret, PyObject_Repr(key));
-            PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret, PyUString_FromString(", "));
-        }
-        /* Special case subarray handling here */
-        if (PyDataType_HASSUBARRAY(fld_dtype)) {
-            tmp = arraydescr_construction_repr(
-                            fld_dtype->subarray->base, 0, 1);
-            PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret, tmp);
-            PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret, PyUString_FromString(", "));
-            PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret,
-                            PyObject_Str(fld_dtype->subarray->shape));
-        }
-        else {
-            tmp = arraydescr_construction_repr(fld_dtype, 0, 1);
-            PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret, tmp);
-        }
-        PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret, PyUString_FromString(")"));
-        if (i != names_size - 1) {
-            PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret, PyUString_FromString(", "));
-        }
-    }
-    PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret, PyUString_FromString("]"));
-
-    return ret;
-}
-
-/*
- * Returns a string representation of a structured array,
- * in a dict format.
- */
-static PyObject *
-arraydescr_struct_dict_str(PyArray_Descr *dtype, int includealignedflag)
-{
-    PyObject *names, *key, *fields, *ret, *tmp, *tup, *title;
-    Py_ssize_t i, names_size;
-    PyArray_Descr *fld_dtype;
-    int fld_offset, has_titles;
-
-    names = dtype->names;
-    names_size = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(names);
-    fields = dtype->fields;
-    has_titles = 0;
-
-    /* Build up a string to make the dictionary */
-
-    /* First, the names */
-    ret = PyUString_FromString("{'names':[");
-    for (i = 0; i < names_size; ++i) {
-        key = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(names, i);
-        PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret, PyObject_Repr(key));
-        if (i != names_size - 1) {
-            PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret, PyUString_FromString(","));
-        }
-    }
-    /* Second, the formats */
-    PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret, PyUString_FromString("], 'formats':["));
-    for (i = 0; i < names_size; ++i) {
-        key = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(names, i);
-        tup = PyDict_GetItem(fields, key);
-        if (tup == NULL) {
-            return 0;
-        }
-        title = NULL;
-        if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(tup, "Oi|O", &fld_dtype, &fld_offset, &title)) {
-            PyErr_Clear();
-            return 0;
-        }
-        /* Check for whether to do titles as well */
-        if (title != NULL && title != Py_None) {
-            has_titles = 1;
-        }
-        tmp = arraydescr_construction_repr(fld_dtype, 0, 1);
-        PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret, tmp);
-        if (i != names_size - 1) {
-            PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret, PyUString_FromString(","));
-        }
-    }
-    /* Third, the offsets */
-    PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret, PyUString_FromString("], 'offsets':["));
-    for (i = 0; i < names_size; ++i) {
-        key = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(names, i);
-        tup = PyDict_GetItem(fields, key);
-        if (tup == NULL) {
-            return 0;
-        }
-        if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(tup, "Oi|O", &fld_dtype, &fld_offset, &title)) {
-            PyErr_Clear();
-            return 0;
-        }
-        PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret, PyUString_FromFormat("%d", fld_offset));
-        if (i != names_size - 1) {
-            PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret, PyUString_FromString(","));
-        }
-    }
-    /* Fourth, the titles */
-    if (has_titles) {
-        PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret, PyUString_FromString("], 'titles':["));
-        for (i = 0; i < names_size; ++i) {
-            key = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(names, i);
-            tup = PyDict_GetItem(fields, key);
-            if (tup == NULL) {
-                return 0;
-            }
-            title = Py_None;
-            if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(tup, "Oi|O", &fld_dtype,
-                                            &fld_offset, &title)) {
-                PyErr_Clear();
-                return 0;
-            }
-            PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret, PyObject_Repr(title));
-            if (i != names_size - 1) {
-                PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret, PyUString_FromString(","));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    if (includealignedflag && (dtype->flags&NPY_ALIGNED_STRUCT)) {
-        /* Finally, the itemsize/itemsize and aligned flag */
-        PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret,
-                PyUString_FromFormat("], 'itemsize':%d, 'aligned':True}",
-                        (int)dtype->elsize));
-    }
-    else {
-        /* Finally, the itemsize/itemsize*/
-        PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret,
-                PyUString_FromFormat("], 'itemsize':%d}", (int)dtype->elsize));
-    }
-
-    return ret;
-}
-
-/* Produces a string representation for a structured dtype */
-static PyObject *
-arraydescr_struct_str(PyArray_Descr *dtype, int includealignflag)
-{
-    /*
-     * The list str representation can't include the 'align=' flag,
-     * so if it is requested and the struct has the aligned flag set,
-     * we must use the dict str instead.
-     */
-    if (!(includealignflag && (dtype->flags&NPY_ALIGNED_STRUCT)) &&
-                        is_dtype_struct_simple_unaligned_layout(dtype)) {
-        return arraydescr_struct_list_str(dtype);
-    }
-    else {
-        return arraydescr_struct_dict_str(dtype, includealignflag);
-    }
-}
-
-/* Produces a string representation for a subarray dtype */
-static PyObject *
-arraydescr_subarray_str(PyArray_Descr *dtype)
-{
-    PyObject *p, *ret;
-
-    ret = PyUString_FromString("(");
-    p = arraydescr_construction_repr(dtype->subarray->base, 0, 1);
-    PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret, p);
-    PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret, PyUString_FromString(", "));
-    PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret, PyObject_Str(dtype->subarray->shape));
-    PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret, PyUString_FromString(")"));
-
-    return ret;
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-arraydescr_str(PyArray_Descr *dtype)
-{
-    PyObject *sub;
-
-    if (PyDataType_HASFIELDS(dtype)) {
-        sub = arraydescr_struct_str(dtype, 1);
-    }
-    else if (PyDataType_HASSUBARRAY(dtype)) {
-        sub = arraydescr_subarray_str(dtype);
-    }
-    else if (PyDataType_ISFLEXIBLE(dtype) || !PyArray_ISNBO(dtype->byteorder)) {
-        sub = arraydescr_protocol_typestr_get(dtype);
-    }
-    else {
-        sub = arraydescr_typename_get(dtype);
-    }
-    return sub;
-}
-
-/*
- * The dtype repr function specifically for structured arrays.
- */
-static PyObject *
-arraydescr_struct_repr(PyArray_Descr *dtype)
-{
-    PyObject *sub, *s;
-
-    s = PyUString_FromString("dtype(");
-    sub = arraydescr_struct_str(dtype, 0);
-    if (sub == NULL) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&s, sub);
-
-    /* If it's an aligned structure, add the align=True parameter */
-    if (dtype->flags&NPY_ALIGNED_STRUCT) {
-        PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&s, PyUString_FromString(", align=True"));
-    }
-
-    PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&s, PyUString_FromString(")"));
-    return s;
-}
-
-/* See descriptor.h for documentation */
-NPY_NO_EXPORT PyObject *
-arraydescr_construction_repr(PyArray_Descr *dtype, int includealignflag,
-                                int shortrepr)
-{
-    PyObject *ret;
-    PyArray_DatetimeMetaData *meta;
-    char byteorder[2];
-
-    if (PyDataType_HASFIELDS(dtype)) {
-        return arraydescr_struct_str(dtype, includealignflag);
-    }
-    else if (PyDataType_HASSUBARRAY(dtype)) {
-        return arraydescr_subarray_str(dtype);
-    }
-
-    /* Normalize byteorder to '<' or '>' */
-    switch (dtype->byteorder) {
-        case NPY_NATIVE:
-            byteorder[0] = NPY_NATBYTE;
-            break;
-        case NPY_SWAP:
-            byteorder[0] = NPY_OPPBYTE;
-            break;
-        case NPY_IGNORE:
-            byteorder[0] = '\0';
-            break;
-        default:
-            byteorder[0] = dtype->byteorder;
-            break;
-    }
-    byteorder[1] = '\0';
-
-    /* Handle booleans, numbers, and custom dtypes */
-    if (dtype->type_num == NPY_BOOL) {
-        if (shortrepr) {
-            return PyUString_FromString("'?'");
-        }
-        else {
-            return PyUString_FromString("'bool'");
-        }
-    }
-    else if (PyTypeNum_ISNUMBER(dtype->type_num)) {
-        /* Short repr with endianness, like '<f8' */
-        if (shortrepr || (dtype->byteorder != NPY_NATIVE &&
-                          dtype->byteorder != NPY_IGNORE)) {
-            return PyUString_FromFormat("'%s%c%d'", byteorder,
-                                        (int)dtype->kind, dtype->elsize);
-        }
-        /* Longer repr, like 'float64' */
-        else {
-            char *kindstr;
-            switch (dtype->kind) {
-                case 'u':
-                    kindstr = "uint";
-                    break;
-                case 'i':
-                    kindstr = "int";
-                    break;
-                case 'f':
-                    kindstr = "float";
-                    break;
-                case 'c':
-                    kindstr = "complex";
-                    break;
-                default:
-                    PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError,
-                            "internal dtype repr error, unknown kind '%c'",
-                            (int)dtype->kind);
-                    return NULL;
-            }
-            return PyUString_FromFormat("'%s%d'", kindstr, 8*dtype->elsize);
-        }
-    }
-    else if (PyTypeNum_ISUSERDEF(dtype->type_num)) {
-        char *s = strrchr(dtype->typeobj->tp_name, '.');
-        if (s == NULL) {
-            return PyUString_FromString(dtype->typeobj->tp_name);
-        }
-        else {
-            return PyUString_FromStringAndSize(s + 1, strlen(s) - 1);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* All the rest which don't fit in the same pattern */
-    switch (dtype->type_num) {
-        /*
-         * The object reference may be different sizes on different
-         * platforms, so it should never include the itemsize here.
-         */
-        case NPY_OBJECT:
-            return PyUString_FromString("'O'");
-
-        case NPY_STRING:
-            if (dtype->elsize == 0) {
-                return PyUString_FromString("'S'");
-            }
-            else {
-                return PyUString_FromFormat("'S%d'", (int)dtype->elsize);
-            }
-
-        case NPY_UNICODE:
-            if (dtype->elsize == 0) {
-                return PyUString_FromFormat("'%sU'", byteorder);
-            }
-            else {
-                return PyUString_FromFormat("'%sU%d'", byteorder,
-                                                (int)dtype->elsize / 4);
-            }
-
-        case NPY_VOID:
-            if (dtype->elsize == 0) {
-                return PyUString_FromString("'V'");
-            }
-            else {
-                return PyUString_FromFormat("'V%d'", (int)dtype->elsize);
-            }
-
-        case NPY_DATETIME:
-            meta = get_datetime_metadata_from_dtype(dtype);
-            if (meta == NULL) {
-                return NULL;
-            }
-            ret = PyUString_FromFormat("'%sM8", byteorder);
-            ret = append_metastr_to_string(meta, 0, ret);
-            PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret, PyUString_FromString("'"));
-            return ret;
-
-        case NPY_TIMEDELTA:
-            meta = get_datetime_metadata_from_dtype(dtype);
-            if (meta == NULL) {
-                return NULL;
-            }
-            ret = PyUString_FromFormat("'%sm8", byteorder);
-            ret = append_metastr_to_string(meta, 0, ret);
-            PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret, PyUString_FromString("'"));
-            return ret;
-
-        default:
-            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "Internal error: NumPy dtype "
-                            "unrecognized type number");
-            return NULL;
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * The general dtype repr function.
- */
-static PyObject *
-arraydescr_repr(PyArray_Descr *dtype)
-{
-    PyObject *ret;
-
-    if (PyDataType_HASFIELDS(dtype)) {
-        return arraydescr_struct_repr(dtype);
-    }
-    else {
-        ret = PyUString_FromString("dtype(");
-        PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret,
-                            arraydescr_construction_repr(dtype, 1, 0));
-        PyUString_ConcatAndDel(&ret, PyUString_FromString(")"));
-        return ret;
-    }
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-arraydescr_richcompare(PyArray_Descr *self, PyObject *other, int cmp_op)
-{
-    PyArray_Descr *new = NULL;
-    PyObject *result = Py_NotImplemented;
-    if (!PyArray_DescrCheck(other)) {
-        if (PyArray_DescrConverter(other, &new) == NPY_FAIL) {
-            return NULL;
-        }
-    }
-    else {
-        new = (PyArray_Descr *)other;
-        Py_INCREF(new);
-    }
-    switch (cmp_op) {
-    case Py_LT:
-        if (!PyArray_EquivTypes(self, new) && PyArray_CanCastTo(self, new)) {
-            result = Py_True;
-        }
-        else {
-            result = Py_False;
-        }
-        break;
-    case Py_LE:
-        if (PyArray_CanCastTo(self, new)) {
-            result = Py_True;
-        }
-        else {
-            result = Py_False;
-        }
-        break;
-    case Py_EQ:
-        if (PyArray_EquivTypes(self, new)) {
-            result = Py_True;
-        }
-        else {
-            result = Py_False;
-        }
-        break;
-    case Py_NE:
-        if (PyArray_EquivTypes(self, new))
-            result = Py_False;
-        else
-            result = Py_True;
-        break;
-    case Py_GT:
-        if (!PyArray_EquivTypes(self, new) && PyArray_CanCastTo(new, self)) {
-            result = Py_True;
-        }
-        else {
-            result = Py_False;
-        }
-        break;
-    case Py_GE:
-        if (PyArray_CanCastTo(new, self)) {
-            result = Py_True;
-        }
-        else {
-            result = Py_False;
-        }
-        break;
-    default:
-        result = Py_NotImplemented;
-    }
-
-    Py_XDECREF(new);
-    Py_INCREF(result);
-    return result;
-}
-
-/*************************************************************************
- ****************   Implement Mapping Protocol ***************************
- *************************************************************************/
-
-static Py_ssize_t
-descr_length(PyObject *self0)
-{
-    PyArray_Descr *self = (PyArray_Descr *)self0;
-
-    if (PyDataType_HASFIELDS(self)) {
-        return PyTuple_GET_SIZE(self->names);
-    }
-    else {
-        return 0;
-    }
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-descr_repeat(PyObject *self, Py_ssize_t length)
-{
-    PyObject *tup;
-    PyArray_Descr *new;
-    if (length < 0) {
-        return PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
-                "Array length must be >= 0, not %"NPY_INTP_FMT, (npy_intp)length);
-    }
-    tup = Py_BuildValue("O" NPY_SSIZE_T_PYFMT, self, length);
-    if (tup == NULL) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    PyArray_DescrConverter(tup, &new);
-    Py_DECREF(tup);
-    return (PyObject *)new;
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-descr_subscript(PyArray_Descr *self, PyObject *op)
-{
-    PyObject *retval;
-
-    if (!PyDataType_HASFIELDS(self)) {
-        PyObject *astr = arraydescr_str(self);
-#if defined(NPY_PY3K)
-        PyObject *bstr = PyUnicode_AsUnicodeEscapeString(astr);
-        Py_DECREF(astr);
-        astr = bstr;
-#endif
-        PyErr_Format(PyExc_KeyError,
-                "There are no fields in dtype %s.", PyBytes_AsString(astr));
-        Py_DECREF(astr);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-#if defined(NPY_PY3K)
-    if (PyUString_Check(op)) {
-#else
-    if (PyUString_Check(op) || PyUnicode_Check(op)) {
-#endif
-        PyObject *obj = PyDict_GetItem(self->fields, op);
-        PyObject *descr;
-        PyObject *s;
-
-        if (obj == NULL) {
-            if (PyUnicode_Check(op)) {
-                s = PyUnicode_AsUnicodeEscapeString(op);
-            }
-            else {
-                s = op;
-            }
-
-            PyErr_Format(PyExc_KeyError,
-                    "Field named \'%s\' not found.", PyBytes_AsString(s));
-            if (s != op) {
-                Py_DECREF(s);
-            }
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        descr = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(obj, 0);
-        Py_INCREF(descr);
-        retval = descr;
-    }
-    else if (PyInt_Check(op)) {
-        PyObject *name;
-        int size = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(self->names);
-        int value = PyArray_PyIntAsInt(op);
-        int orig_value = value;
-
-        if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        if (value < 0) {
-            value += size;
-        }
-        if (value < 0 || value >= size) {
-            PyErr_Format(PyExc_IndexError,
-                         "Field index %d out of range.", orig_value);
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        name = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(self->names, value);
-        retval = descr_subscript(self, name);
-    }
-    else {
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-                "Field key must be an integer, string, or unicode.");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    return retval;
-}
-
-static PySequenceMethods descr_as_sequence = {
-    descr_length,
-    (binaryfunc)NULL,
-    descr_repeat,
-    NULL, NULL,
-    NULL,                                        /* sq_ass_item */
-    NULL,                                        /* ssizessizeobjargproc sq_ass_slice */
-    0,                                           /* sq_contains */
-    0,                                           /* sq_inplace_concat */
-    0,                                           /* sq_inplace_repeat */
-};
-
-static PyMappingMethods descr_as_mapping = {
-    descr_length,                                /* mp_length*/
-    (binaryfunc)descr_subscript,                 /* mp_subscript*/
-    (objobjargproc)NULL,                         /* mp_ass_subscript*/
-};
-
-/****************** End of Mapping Protocol ******************************/
-
-NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyArrayDescr_Type = {
-#if defined(NPY_PY3K)
-    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
-#else
-    PyObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL)
-    0,                                          /* ob_size */
-#endif
-    "numpy.dtype",                              /* tp_name */
-    sizeof(PyArray_Descr),                      /* tp_basicsize */
-    0,                                          /* tp_itemsize */
-    /* methods */
-    (destructor)arraydescr_dealloc,             /* tp_dealloc */
-    0,                                          /* tp_print */
-    0,                                          /* tp_getattr */
-    0,                                          /* tp_setattr */
-#if defined(NPY_PY3K)
-    (void *)0,                                  /* tp_reserved */
-#else
-    0,                                          /* tp_compare */
-#endif
-    (reprfunc)arraydescr_repr,                  /* tp_repr */
-    0,                                          /* tp_as_number */
-    &descr_as_sequence,                         /* tp_as_sequence */
-    &descr_as_mapping,                          /* tp_as_mapping */
-    0,                                          /* tp_hash */
-    0,                                          /* tp_call */
-    (reprfunc)arraydescr_str,                   /* tp_str */
-    0,                                          /* tp_getattro */
-    0,                                          /* tp_setattro */
-    0,                                          /* tp_as_buffer */
-    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT,                         /* tp_flags */
-    0,                                          /* tp_doc */
-    0,                                          /* tp_traverse */
-    0,                                          /* tp_clear */
-    (richcmpfunc)arraydescr_richcompare,        /* tp_richcompare */
-    0,                                          /* tp_weaklistoffset */
-    0,                                          /* tp_iter */
-    0,                                          /* tp_iternext */
-    arraydescr_methods,                         /* tp_methods */
-    arraydescr_members,                         /* tp_members */
-    arraydescr_getsets,                         /* tp_getset */
-    0,                                          /* tp_base */
-    0,                                          /* tp_dict */
-    0,                                          /* tp_descr_get */
-    0,                                          /* tp_descr_set */
-    0,                                          /* tp_dictoffset */
-    0,                                          /* tp_init */
-    0,                                          /* tp_alloc */
-    arraydescr_new,                             /* tp_new */
-    0,                                          /* tp_free */
-    0,                                          /* tp_is_gc */
-    0,                                          /* tp_bases */
-    0,                                          /* tp_mro */
-    0,                                          /* tp_cache */
-    0,                                          /* tp_subclasses */
-    0,                                          /* tp_weaklist */
-    0,                                          /* tp_del */
-    0,                                          /* tp_version_tag */
-};