numpy 1.9.3__zip → 1.10.0__zip

numpy-1.10.0.post2/numpy/core/tests/test_nditer.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2638 @@
+from __future__ import division, absolute_import, print_function
+
+import sys
+import warnings
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy import array, arange, nditer, all
+from numpy.compat import asbytes, sixu
+from numpy.core.multiarray_tests import test_nditer_too_large
+from numpy.testing import (
+    run_module_suite, assert_, assert_equal, assert_array_equal,
+    assert_raises, dec
+    )
+
+
+def iter_multi_index(i):
+    ret = []
+    while not i.finished:
+        ret.append(i.multi_index)
+        i.iternext()
+    return ret
+
+def iter_indices(i):
+    ret = []
+    while not i.finished:
+        ret.append(i.index)
+        i.iternext()
+    return ret
+
+def iter_iterindices(i):
+    ret = []
+    while not i.finished:
+        ret.append(i.iterindex)
+        i.iternext()
+    return ret
+
+def test_iter_refcount():
+    # Make sure the iterator doesn't leak
+
+    # Basic
+    a = arange(6)
+    dt = np.dtype('f4').newbyteorder()
+    rc_a = sys.getrefcount(a)
+    rc_dt = sys.getrefcount(dt)
+    it = nditer(a, [],
+                [['readwrite', 'updateifcopy']],
+                casting='unsafe',
+                op_dtypes=[dt])
+    assert_(not it.iterationneedsapi)
+    assert_(sys.getrefcount(a) > rc_a)
+    assert_(sys.getrefcount(dt) > rc_dt)
+    it = None
+    assert_equal(sys.getrefcount(a), rc_a)
+    assert_equal(sys.getrefcount(dt), rc_dt)
+
+    # With a copy
+    a = arange(6, dtype='f4')
+    dt = np.dtype('f4')
+    rc_a = sys.getrefcount(a)
+    rc_dt = sys.getrefcount(dt)
+    it = nditer(a, [],
+                [['readwrite']],
+                op_dtypes=[dt])
+    rc2_a = sys.getrefcount(a)
+    rc2_dt = sys.getrefcount(dt)
+    it2 = it.copy()
+    assert_(sys.getrefcount(a) > rc2_a)
+    assert_(sys.getrefcount(dt) > rc2_dt)
+    it = None
+    assert_equal(sys.getrefcount(a), rc2_a)
+    assert_equal(sys.getrefcount(dt), rc2_dt)
+    it2 = None
+    assert_equal(sys.getrefcount(a), rc_a)
+    assert_equal(sys.getrefcount(dt), rc_dt)
+
+    del it2  # avoid pyflakes unused variable warning
+
+def test_iter_best_order():
+    # The iterator should always find the iteration order
+    # with increasing memory addresses
+
+    # Test the ordering for 1-D to 5-D shapes
+    for shape in [(5,), (3, 4), (2, 3, 4), (2, 3, 4, 3), (2, 3, 2, 2, 3)]:
+        a = arange(np.prod(shape))
+        # Test each combination of positive and negative strides
+        for dirs in range(2**len(shape)):
+            dirs_index = [slice(None)]*len(shape)
+            for bit in range(len(shape)):
+                if ((2**bit) & dirs):
+                    dirs_index[bit] = slice(None, None, -1)
+            dirs_index = tuple(dirs_index)
+
+            aview = a.reshape(shape)[dirs_index]
+            # C-order
+            i = nditer(aview, [], [['readonly']])
+            assert_equal([x for x in i], a)
+            # Fortran-order
+            i = nditer(aview.T, [], [['readonly']])
+            assert_equal([x for x in i], a)
+            # Other order
+            if len(shape) > 2:
+                i = nditer(aview.swapaxes(0, 1), [], [['readonly']])
+                assert_equal([x for x in i], a)
+
+def test_iter_c_order():
+    # Test forcing C order
+
+    # Test the ordering for 1-D to 5-D shapes
+    for shape in [(5,), (3, 4), (2, 3, 4), (2, 3, 4, 3), (2, 3, 2, 2, 3)]:
+        a = arange(np.prod(shape))
+        # Test each combination of positive and negative strides
+        for dirs in range(2**len(shape)):
+            dirs_index = [slice(None)]*len(shape)
+            for bit in range(len(shape)):
+                if ((2**bit) & dirs):
+                    dirs_index[bit] = slice(None, None, -1)
+            dirs_index = tuple(dirs_index)
+
+            aview = a.reshape(shape)[dirs_index]
+            # C-order
+            i = nditer(aview, order='C')
+            assert_equal([x for x in i], aview.ravel(order='C'))
+            # Fortran-order
+            i = nditer(aview.T, order='C')
+            assert_equal([x for x in i], aview.T.ravel(order='C'))
+            # Other order
+            if len(shape) > 2:
+                i = nditer(aview.swapaxes(0, 1), order='C')
+                assert_equal([x for x in i],
+                                    aview.swapaxes(0, 1).ravel(order='C'))
+
+def test_iter_f_order():
+    # Test forcing F order
+
+    # Test the ordering for 1-D to 5-D shapes
+    for shape in [(5,), (3, 4), (2, 3, 4), (2, 3, 4, 3), (2, 3, 2, 2, 3)]:
+        a = arange(np.prod(shape))
+        # Test each combination of positive and negative strides
+        for dirs in range(2**len(shape)):
+            dirs_index = [slice(None)]*len(shape)
+            for bit in range(len(shape)):
+                if ((2**bit) & dirs):
+                    dirs_index[bit] = slice(None, None, -1)
+            dirs_index = tuple(dirs_index)
+
+            aview = a.reshape(shape)[dirs_index]
+            # C-order
+            i = nditer(aview, order='F')
+            assert_equal([x for x in i], aview.ravel(order='F'))
+            # Fortran-order
+            i = nditer(aview.T, order='F')
+            assert_equal([x for x in i], aview.T.ravel(order='F'))
+            # Other order
+            if len(shape) > 2:
+                i = nditer(aview.swapaxes(0, 1), order='F')
+                assert_equal([x for x in i],
+                                    aview.swapaxes(0, 1).ravel(order='F'))
+
+def test_iter_c_or_f_order():
+    # Test forcing any contiguous (C or F) order
+
+    # Test the ordering for 1-D to 5-D shapes
+    for shape in [(5,), (3, 4), (2, 3, 4), (2, 3, 4, 3), (2, 3, 2, 2, 3)]:
+        a = arange(np.prod(shape))
+        # Test each combination of positive and negative strides
+        for dirs in range(2**len(shape)):
+            dirs_index = [slice(None)]*len(shape)
+            for bit in range(len(shape)):
+                if ((2**bit) & dirs):
+                    dirs_index[bit] = slice(None, None, -1)
+            dirs_index = tuple(dirs_index)
+
+            aview = a.reshape(shape)[dirs_index]
+            # C-order
+            i = nditer(aview, order='A')
+            assert_equal([x for x in i], aview.ravel(order='A'))
+            # Fortran-order
+            i = nditer(aview.T, order='A')
+            assert_equal([x for x in i], aview.T.ravel(order='A'))
+            # Other order
+            if len(shape) > 2:
+                i = nditer(aview.swapaxes(0, 1), order='A')
+                assert_equal([x for x in i],
+                                    aview.swapaxes(0, 1).ravel(order='A'))
+
+def test_iter_best_order_multi_index_1d():
+    # The multi-indices should be correct with any reordering
+
+    a = arange(4)
+    # 1D order
+    i = nditer(a, ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i), [(0,), (1,), (2,), (3,)])
+    # 1D reversed order
+    i = nditer(a[::-1], ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i), [(3,), (2,), (1,), (0,)])
+
+def test_iter_best_order_multi_index_2d():
+    # The multi-indices should be correct with any reordering
+
+    a = arange(6)
+    # 2D C-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3), ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i), [(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 0), (1, 1), (1, 2)])
+    # 2D Fortran-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3).copy(order='F'), ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i), [(0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (0, 2), (1, 2)])
+    # 2D reversed C-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3)[::-1], ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i), [(1, 0), (1, 1), (1, 2), (0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2)])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3)[:, ::-1], ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i), [(0, 2), (0, 1), (0, 0), (1, 2), (1, 1), (1, 0)])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3)[::-1, ::-1], ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i), [(1, 2), (1, 1), (1, 0), (0, 2), (0, 1), (0, 0)])
+    # 2D reversed Fortran-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3).copy(order='F')[::-1], ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i), [(1, 0), (0, 0), (1, 1), (0, 1), (1, 2), (0, 2)])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3).copy(order='F')[:, ::-1],
+                                                   ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i), [(0, 2), (1, 2), (0, 1), (1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 0)])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3).copy(order='F')[::-1, ::-1],
+                                                   ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i), [(1, 2), (0, 2), (1, 1), (0, 1), (1, 0), (0, 0)])
+
+def test_iter_best_order_multi_index_3d():
+    # The multi-indices should be correct with any reordering
+
+    a = arange(12)
+    # 3D C-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2), ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i),
+                            [(0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1), (0, 2, 0), (0, 2, 1),
+                             (1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 0), (1, 2, 1)])
+    # 3D Fortran-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2).copy(order='F'), ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i),
+                            [(0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (1, 1, 0), (0, 2, 0), (1, 2, 0),
+                             (0, 0, 1), (1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1), (0, 2, 1), (1, 2, 1)])
+    # 3D reversed C-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2)[::-1], ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i),
+                            [(1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 0), (1, 2, 1),
+                             (0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1), (0, 2, 0), (0, 2, 1)])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2)[:, ::-1], ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i),
+                            [(0, 2, 0), (0, 2, 1), (0, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1), (0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1),
+                             (1, 2, 0), (1, 2, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1), (1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 1)])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2)[:,:, ::-1], ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i),
+                            [(0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 1), (0, 1, 0), (0, 2, 1), (0, 2, 0),
+                             (1, 0, 1), (1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 2, 1), (1, 2, 0)])
+    # 3D reversed Fortran-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2).copy(order='F')[::-1],
+                                                    ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i),
+                            [(1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0), (0, 1, 0), (1, 2, 0), (0, 2, 0),
+                             (1, 0, 1), (0, 0, 1), (1, 1, 1), (0, 1, 1), (1, 2, 1), (0, 2, 1)])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2).copy(order='F')[:, ::-1],
+                                                    ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i),
+                            [(0, 2, 0), (1, 2, 0), (0, 1, 0), (1, 1, 0), (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0),
+                             (0, 2, 1), (1, 2, 1), (0, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1), (0, 0, 1), (1, 0, 1)])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2).copy(order='F')[:,:, ::-1],
+                                                    ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i),
+                            [(0, 0, 1), (1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1), (0, 2, 1), (1, 2, 1),
+                             (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (1, 1, 0), (0, 2, 0), (1, 2, 0)])
+
+def test_iter_best_order_c_index_1d():
+    # The C index should be correct with any reordering
+
+    a = arange(4)
+    # 1D order
+    i = nditer(a, ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [0, 1, 2, 3])
+    # 1D reversed order
+    i = nditer(a[::-1], ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [3, 2, 1, 0])
+
+def test_iter_best_order_c_index_2d():
+    # The C index should be correct with any reordering
+
+    a = arange(6)
+    # 2D C-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3), ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+    # 2D Fortran-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3).copy(order='F'),
+                                    ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [0, 3, 1, 4, 2, 5])
+    # 2D reversed C-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3)[::-1], ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [3, 4, 5, 0, 1, 2])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3)[:, ::-1], ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [2, 1, 0, 5, 4, 3])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3)[::-1, ::-1], ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0])
+    # 2D reversed Fortran-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3).copy(order='F')[::-1],
+                                    ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [3, 0, 4, 1, 5, 2])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3).copy(order='F')[:, ::-1],
+                                    ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [2, 5, 1, 4, 0, 3])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3).copy(order='F')[::-1, ::-1],
+                                    ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [5, 2, 4, 1, 3, 0])
+
+def test_iter_best_order_c_index_3d():
+    # The C index should be correct with any reordering
+
+    a = arange(12)
+    # 3D C-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2), ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i),
+                            [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11])
+    # 3D Fortran-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2).copy(order='F'),
+                                    ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i),
+                            [0, 6, 2, 8, 4, 10, 1, 7, 3, 9, 5, 11])
+    # 3D reversed C-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2)[::-1], ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i),
+                            [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2)[:, ::-1], ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i),
+                            [4, 5, 2, 3, 0, 1, 10, 11, 8, 9, 6, 7])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2)[:,:, ::-1], ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i),
+                            [1, 0, 3, 2, 5, 4, 7, 6, 9, 8, 11, 10])
+    # 3D reversed Fortran-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2).copy(order='F')[::-1],
+                                    ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i),
+                            [6, 0, 8, 2, 10, 4, 7, 1, 9, 3, 11, 5])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2).copy(order='F')[:, ::-1],
+                                    ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i),
+                            [4, 10, 2, 8, 0, 6, 5, 11, 3, 9, 1, 7])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2).copy(order='F')[:,:, ::-1],
+                                    ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i),
+                            [1, 7, 3, 9, 5, 11, 0, 6, 2, 8, 4, 10])
+
+def test_iter_best_order_f_index_1d():
+    # The Fortran index should be correct with any reordering
+
+    a = arange(4)
+    # 1D order
+    i = nditer(a, ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [0, 1, 2, 3])
+    # 1D reversed order
+    i = nditer(a[::-1], ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [3, 2, 1, 0])
+
+def test_iter_best_order_f_index_2d():
+    # The Fortran index should be correct with any reordering
+
+    a = arange(6)
+    # 2D C-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3), ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [0, 2, 4, 1, 3, 5])
+    # 2D Fortran-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3).copy(order='F'),
+                                    ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+    # 2D reversed C-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3)[::-1], ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [1, 3, 5, 0, 2, 4])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3)[:, ::-1], ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [4, 2, 0, 5, 3, 1])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3)[::-1, ::-1], ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [5, 3, 1, 4, 2, 0])
+    # 2D reversed Fortran-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3).copy(order='F')[::-1],
+                                    ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [1, 0, 3, 2, 5, 4])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3).copy(order='F')[:, ::-1],
+                                    ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [4, 5, 2, 3, 0, 1])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3).copy(order='F')[::-1, ::-1],
+                                    ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0])
+
+def test_iter_best_order_f_index_3d():
+    # The Fortran index should be correct with any reordering
+
+    a = arange(12)
+    # 3D C-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2), ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i),
+                            [0, 6, 2, 8, 4, 10, 1, 7, 3, 9, 5, 11])
+    # 3D Fortran-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2).copy(order='F'),
+                                    ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i),
+                            [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11])
+    # 3D reversed C-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2)[::-1], ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i),
+                            [1, 7, 3, 9, 5, 11, 0, 6, 2, 8, 4, 10])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2)[:, ::-1], ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i),
+                            [4, 10, 2, 8, 0, 6, 5, 11, 3, 9, 1, 7])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2)[:,:, ::-1], ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i),
+                            [6, 0, 8, 2, 10, 4, 7, 1, 9, 3, 11, 5])
+    # 3D reversed Fortran-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2).copy(order='F')[::-1],
+                                    ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i),
+                            [1, 0, 3, 2, 5, 4, 7, 6, 9, 8, 11, 10])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2).copy(order='F')[:, ::-1],
+                                    ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i),
+                            [4, 5, 2, 3, 0, 1, 10, 11, 8, 9, 6, 7])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2).copy(order='F')[:,:, ::-1],
+                                    ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i),
+                            [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+
+def test_iter_no_inner_full_coalesce():
+    # Check no_inner iterators which coalesce into a single inner loop
+
+    for shape in [(5,), (3, 4), (2, 3, 4), (2, 3, 4, 3), (2, 3, 2, 2, 3)]:
+        size = np.prod(shape)
+        a = arange(size)
+        # Test each combination of forward and backwards indexing
+        for dirs in range(2**len(shape)):
+            dirs_index = [slice(None)]*len(shape)
+            for bit in range(len(shape)):
+                if ((2**bit) & dirs):
+                    dirs_index[bit] = slice(None, None, -1)
+            dirs_index = tuple(dirs_index)
+
+            aview = a.reshape(shape)[dirs_index]
+            # C-order
+            i = nditer(aview, ['external_loop'], [['readonly']])
+            assert_equal(i.ndim, 1)
+            assert_equal(i[0].shape, (size,))
+            # Fortran-order
+            i = nditer(aview.T, ['external_loop'], [['readonly']])
+            assert_equal(i.ndim, 1)
+            assert_equal(i[0].shape, (size,))
+            # Other order
+            if len(shape) > 2:
+                i = nditer(aview.swapaxes(0, 1),
+                                    ['external_loop'], [['readonly']])
+                assert_equal(i.ndim, 1)
+                assert_equal(i[0].shape, (size,))
+
+def test_iter_no_inner_dim_coalescing():
+    # Check no_inner iterators whose dimensions may not coalesce completely
+
+    # Skipping the last element in a dimension prevents coalescing
+    # with the next-bigger dimension
+    a = arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4)[:,:, :-1]
+    i = nditer(a, ['external_loop'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 2)
+    assert_equal(i[0].shape, (3,))
+    a = arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4)[:, :-1,:]
+    i = nditer(a, ['external_loop'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 2)
+    assert_equal(i[0].shape, (8,))
+    a = arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4)[:-1,:,:]
+    i = nditer(a, ['external_loop'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 1)
+    assert_equal(i[0].shape, (12,))
+
+    # Even with lots of 1-sized dimensions, should still coalesce
+    a = arange(24).reshape(1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 4, 1, 1)
+    i = nditer(a, ['external_loop'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 1)
+    assert_equal(i[0].shape, (24,))
+
+def test_iter_dim_coalescing():
+    # Check that the correct number of dimensions are coalesced
+
+    # Tracking a multi-index disables coalescing
+    a = arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4)
+    i = nditer(a, ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 3)
+
+    # A tracked index can allow coalescing if it's compatible with the array
+    a3d = arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4)
+    i = nditer(a3d, ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 1)
+    i = nditer(a3d.swapaxes(0, 1), ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 3)
+    i = nditer(a3d.T, ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 3)
+    i = nditer(a3d.T, ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 1)
+    i = nditer(a3d.T.swapaxes(0, 1), ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 3)
+
+    # When C or F order is forced, coalescing may still occur
+    a3d = arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4)
+    i = nditer(a3d, order='C')
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 1)
+    i = nditer(a3d.T, order='C')
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 3)
+    i = nditer(a3d, order='F')
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 3)
+    i = nditer(a3d.T, order='F')
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 1)
+    i = nditer(a3d, order='A')
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 1)
+    i = nditer(a3d.T, order='A')
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 1)
+
+def test_iter_broadcasting():
+    # Standard NumPy broadcasting rules
+
+    # 1D with scalar
+    i = nditer([arange(6), np.int32(2)], ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*2)
+    assert_equal(i.itersize, 6)
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (6,))
+
+    # 2D with scalar
+    i = nditer([arange(6).reshape(2, 3), np.int32(2)],
+                        ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*2)
+    assert_equal(i.itersize, 6)
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (2, 3))
+    # 2D with 1D
+    i = nditer([arange(6).reshape(2, 3), arange(3)],
+                        ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*2)
+    assert_equal(i.itersize, 6)
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (2, 3))
+    i = nditer([arange(2).reshape(2, 1), arange(3)],
+                        ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*2)
+    assert_equal(i.itersize, 6)
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (2, 3))
+    # 2D with 2D
+    i = nditer([arange(2).reshape(2, 1), arange(3).reshape(1, 3)],
+                        ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*2)
+    assert_equal(i.itersize, 6)
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (2, 3))
+
+    # 3D with scalar
+    i = nditer([np.int32(2), arange(24).reshape(4, 2, 3)],
+                        ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*2)
+    assert_equal(i.itersize, 24)
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (4, 2, 3))
+    # 3D with 1D
+    i = nditer([arange(3), arange(24).reshape(4, 2, 3)],
+                        ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*2)
+    assert_equal(i.itersize, 24)
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (4, 2, 3))
+    i = nditer([arange(3), arange(8).reshape(4, 2, 1)],
+                        ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*2)
+    assert_equal(i.itersize, 24)
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (4, 2, 3))
+    # 3D with 2D
+    i = nditer([arange(6).reshape(2, 3), arange(24).reshape(4, 2, 3)],
+                        ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*2)
+    assert_equal(i.itersize, 24)
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (4, 2, 3))
+    i = nditer([arange(2).reshape(2, 1), arange(24).reshape(4, 2, 3)],
+                        ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*2)
+    assert_equal(i.itersize, 24)
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (4, 2, 3))
+    i = nditer([arange(3).reshape(1, 3), arange(8).reshape(4, 2, 1)],
+                        ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*2)
+    assert_equal(i.itersize, 24)
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (4, 2, 3))
+    # 3D with 3D
+    i = nditer([arange(2).reshape(1, 2, 1), arange(3).reshape(1, 1, 3),
+                        arange(4).reshape(4, 1, 1)],
+                        ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*3)
+    assert_equal(i.itersize, 24)
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (4, 2, 3))
+    i = nditer([arange(6).reshape(1, 2, 3), arange(4).reshape(4, 1, 1)],
+                        ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*2)
+    assert_equal(i.itersize, 24)
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (4, 2, 3))
+    i = nditer([arange(24).reshape(4, 2, 3), arange(12).reshape(4, 1, 3)],
+                        ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*2)
+    assert_equal(i.itersize, 24)
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (4, 2, 3))
+
+def test_iter_itershape():
+    # Check that allocated outputs work with a specified shape
+    a = np.arange(6, dtype='i2').reshape(2, 3)
+    i = nditer([a, None], [], [['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate']],
+                            op_axes=[[0, 1, None], None],
+                            itershape=(-1, -1, 4))
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].shape, (2, 3, 4))
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].strides, (24, 8, 2))
+
+    i = nditer([a.T, None], [], [['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate']],
+                            op_axes=[[0, 1, None], None],
+                            itershape=(-1, -1, 4))
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].shape, (3, 2, 4))
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].strides, (8, 24, 2))
+
+    i = nditer([a.T, None], [], [['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate']],
+                            order='F',
+                            op_axes=[[0, 1, None], None],
+                            itershape=(-1, -1, 4))
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].shape, (3, 2, 4))
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].strides, (2, 6, 12))
+
+    # If we specify 1 in the itershape, it shouldn't allow broadcasting
+    # of that dimension to a bigger value
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, None], [],
+                            [['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate']],
+                            op_axes=[[0, 1, None], None],
+                            itershape=(-1, 1, 4))
+    # Test bug that for no op_axes but itershape, they are NULLed correctly
+    i = np.nditer([np.ones(2), None, None], itershape=(2,))
+
+def test_iter_broadcasting_errors():
+    # Check that errors are thrown for bad broadcasting shapes
+
+    # 1D with 1D
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [arange(2), arange(3)],
+                    [], [['readonly']]*2)
+    # 2D with 1D
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer,
+                    [arange(6).reshape(2, 3), arange(2)],
+                    [], [['readonly']]*2)
+    # 2D with 2D
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer,
+                    [arange(6).reshape(2, 3), arange(9).reshape(3, 3)],
+                    [], [['readonly']]*2)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer,
+                    [arange(6).reshape(2, 3), arange(4).reshape(2, 2)],
+                    [], [['readonly']]*2)
+    # 3D with 3D
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer,
+                    [arange(36).reshape(3, 3, 4), arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4)],
+                    [], [['readonly']]*2)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer,
+                    [arange(8).reshape(2, 4, 1), arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4)],
+                    [], [['readonly']]*2)
+
+    # Verify that the error message mentions the right shapes
+    try:
+        nditer([arange(2).reshape(1, 2, 1),
+                arange(3).reshape(1, 3),
+                arange(6).reshape(2, 3)],
+               [],
+               [['readonly'], ['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'no_broadcast']])
+        raise AssertionError('Should have raised a broadcast error')
+    except ValueError as e:
+        msg = str(e)
+        # The message should contain the shape of the 3rd operand
+        assert_(msg.find('(2,3)') >= 0,
+                'Message "%s" doesn\'t contain operand shape (2,3)' % msg)
+        # The message should contain the broadcast shape
+        assert_(msg.find('(1,2,3)') >= 0,
+                'Message "%s" doesn\'t contain broadcast shape (1,2,3)' % msg)
+
+    try:
+        nditer([arange(6).reshape(2, 3), arange(2)],
+               [],
+               [['readonly'], ['readonly']],
+               op_axes=[[0, 1], [0, np.newaxis]],
+               itershape=(4, 3))
+        raise AssertionError('Should have raised a broadcast error')
+    except ValueError as e:
+        msg = str(e)
+        # The message should contain "shape->remappedshape" for each operand
+        assert_(msg.find('(2,3)->(2,3)') >= 0,
+            'Message "%s" doesn\'t contain operand shape (2,3)->(2,3)' % msg)
+        assert_(msg.find('(2,)->(2,newaxis)') >= 0,
+                ('Message "%s" doesn\'t contain remapped operand shape' +
+                '(2,)->(2,newaxis)') % msg)
+        # The message should contain the itershape parameter
+        assert_(msg.find('(4,3)') >= 0,
+                'Message "%s" doesn\'t contain itershape parameter (4,3)' % msg)
+
+    try:
+        nditer([np.zeros((2, 1, 1)), np.zeros((2,))],
+               [],
+               [['writeonly', 'no_broadcast'], ['readonly']])
+        raise AssertionError('Should have raised a broadcast error')
+    except ValueError as e:
+        msg = str(e)
+        # The message should contain the shape of the bad operand
+        assert_(msg.find('(2,1,1)') >= 0,
+            'Message "%s" doesn\'t contain operand shape (2,1,1)' % msg)
+        # The message should contain the broadcast shape
+        assert_(msg.find('(2,1,2)') >= 0,
+                'Message "%s" doesn\'t contain the broadcast shape (2,1,2)' % msg)
+
+def test_iter_flags_errors():
+    # Check that bad combinations of flags produce errors
+
+    a = arange(6)
+
+    # Not enough operands
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [], [], [])
+    # Too many operands
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a]*100, [], [['readonly']]*100)
+    # Bad global flag
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a], ['bad flag'], [['readonly']])
+    # Bad op flag
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a], [], [['readonly', 'bad flag']])
+    # Bad order parameter
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a], [], [['readonly']], order='G')
+    # Bad casting parameter
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a], [], [['readonly']], casting='noon')
+    # op_flags must match ops
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a]*3, [], [['readonly']]*2)
+    # Cannot track both a C and an F index
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, a,
+                ['c_index', 'f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    # Inner iteration and multi-indices/indices are incompatible
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, a,
+                ['external_loop', 'multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, a,
+                ['external_loop', 'c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, a,
+                ['external_loop', 'f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    # Must specify exactly one of readwrite/readonly/writeonly per operand
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, a, [], [[]])
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, a, [], [['readonly', 'writeonly']])
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, a, [], [['readonly', 'readwrite']])
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, a, [], [['writeonly', 'readwrite']])
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, a,
+                [], [['readonly', 'writeonly', 'readwrite']])
+    # Python scalars are always readonly
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, 1.5, [], [['writeonly']])
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, 1.5, [], [['readwrite']])
+    # Array scalars are always readonly
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, np.int32(1), [], [['writeonly']])
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, np.int32(1), [], [['readwrite']])
+    # Check readonly array
+    a.flags.writeable = False
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, a, [], [['writeonly']])
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, a, [], [['readwrite']])
+    a.flags.writeable = True
+    # Multi-indices available only with the multi_index flag
+    i = nditer(arange(6), [], [['readonly']])
+    assert_raises(ValueError, lambda i:i.multi_index, i)
+    # Index available only with an index flag
+    assert_raises(ValueError, lambda i:i.index, i)
+    # GotoCoords and GotoIndex incompatible with buffering or no_inner
+
+    def assign_multi_index(i):
+        i.multi_index = (0,)
+
+    def assign_index(i):
+        i.index = 0
+
+    def assign_iterindex(i):
+        i.iterindex = 0
+
+    def assign_iterrange(i):
+        i.iterrange = (0, 1)
+    i = nditer(arange(6), ['external_loop'])
+    assert_raises(ValueError, assign_multi_index, i)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, assign_index, i)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, assign_iterindex, i)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, assign_iterrange, i)
+    i = nditer(arange(6), ['buffered'])
+    assert_raises(ValueError, assign_multi_index, i)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, assign_index, i)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, assign_iterrange, i)
+    # Can't iterate if size is zero
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, np.array([]))
+
+def test_iter_slice():
+    a, b, c = np.arange(3), np.arange(3), np.arange(3.)
+    i = nditer([a, b, c], [], ['readwrite'])
+    i[0:2] = (3, 3)
+    assert_equal(a, [3, 1, 2])
+    assert_equal(b, [3, 1, 2])
+    assert_equal(c, [0, 1, 2])
+    i[1] = 12
+    assert_equal(i[0:2], [3, 12])
+
+def test_iter_nbo_align_contig():
+    # Check that byte order, alignment, and contig changes work
+
+    # Byte order change by requesting a specific dtype
+    a = np.arange(6, dtype='f4')
+    au = a.byteswap().newbyteorder()
+    assert_(a.dtype.byteorder != au.dtype.byteorder)
+    i = nditer(au, [], [['readwrite', 'updateifcopy']],
+                        casting='equiv',
+                        op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')])
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[0].byteorder, a.dtype.byteorder)
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0].dtype.byteorder, a.dtype.byteorder)
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0], a)
+    i.operands[0][:] = 2
+    i = None
+    assert_equal(au, [2]*6)
+
+    # Byte order change by requesting NBO
+    a = np.arange(6, dtype='f4')
+    au = a.byteswap().newbyteorder()
+    assert_(a.dtype.byteorder != au.dtype.byteorder)
+    i = nditer(au, [], [['readwrite', 'updateifcopy', 'nbo']], casting='equiv')
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[0].byteorder, a.dtype.byteorder)
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0].dtype.byteorder, a.dtype.byteorder)
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0], a)
+    i.operands[0][:] = 2
+    i = None
+    assert_equal(au, [2]*6)
+
+    # Unaligned input
+    a = np.zeros((6*4+1,), dtype='i1')[1:]
+    a.dtype = 'f4'
+    a[:] = np.arange(6, dtype='f4')
+    assert_(not a.flags.aligned)
+    # Without 'aligned', shouldn't copy
+    i = nditer(a, [], [['readonly']])
+    assert_(not i.operands[0].flags.aligned)
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0], a)
+    # With 'aligned', should make a copy
+    i = nditer(a, [], [['readwrite', 'updateifcopy', 'aligned']])
+    assert_(i.operands[0].flags.aligned)
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0], a)
+    i.operands[0][:] = 3
+    i = None
+    assert_equal(a, [3]*6)
+
+    # Discontiguous input
+    a = arange(12)
+    # If it is contiguous, shouldn't copy
+    i = nditer(a[:6], [], [['readonly']])
+    assert_(i.operands[0].flags.contiguous)
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0], a[:6])
+    # If it isn't contiguous, should buffer
+    i = nditer(a[::2], ['buffered', 'external_loop'],
+                        [['readonly', 'contig']],
+                        buffersize=10)
+    assert_(i[0].flags.contiguous)
+    assert_equal(i[0], a[::2])
+
+def test_iter_array_cast():
+    # Check that arrays are cast as requested
+
+    # No cast 'f4' -> 'f4'
+    a = np.arange(6, dtype='f4').reshape(2, 3)
+    i = nditer(a, [], [['readwrite']], op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')])
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0], a)
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0].dtype, np.dtype('f4'))
+
+    # Byte-order cast '<f4' -> '>f4'
+    a = np.arange(6, dtype='<f4').reshape(2, 3)
+    i = nditer(a, [], [['readwrite', 'updateifcopy']],
+            casting='equiv',
+            op_dtypes=[np.dtype('>f4')])
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0], a)
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0].dtype, np.dtype('>f4'))
+
+    # Safe case 'f4' -> 'f8'
+    a = np.arange(24, dtype='f4').reshape(2, 3, 4).swapaxes(1, 2)
+    i = nditer(a, [], [['readonly', 'copy']],
+            casting='safe',
+            op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f8')])
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0], a)
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0].dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+    # The memory layout of the temporary should match a (a is (48,4,16))
+    # except negative strides get flipped to positive strides.
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0].strides, (96, 8, 32))
+    a = a[::-1,:, ::-1]
+    i = nditer(a, [], [['readonly', 'copy']],
+            casting='safe',
+            op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f8')])
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0], a)
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0].dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0].strides, (96, 8, 32))
+
+    # Same-kind cast 'f8' -> 'f4' -> 'f8'
+    a = np.arange(24, dtype='f8').reshape(2, 3, 4).T
+    i = nditer(a, [],
+            [['readwrite', 'updateifcopy']],
+            casting='same_kind',
+            op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')])
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0], a)
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0].dtype, np.dtype('f4'))
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0].strides, (4, 16, 48))
+    # Check that UPDATEIFCOPY is activated
+    i.operands[0][2, 1, 1] = -12.5
+    assert_(a[2, 1, 1] != -12.5)
+    i = None
+    assert_equal(a[2, 1, 1], -12.5)
+
+    a = np.arange(6, dtype='i4')[::-2]
+    i = nditer(a, [],
+            [['writeonly', 'updateifcopy']],
+            casting='unsafe',
+            op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')])
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0].dtype, np.dtype('f4'))
+    # Even though the stride was negative in 'a', it
+    # becomes positive in the temporary
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0].strides, (4,))
+    i.operands[0][:] = [1, 2, 3]
+    i = None
+    assert_equal(a, [1, 2, 3])
+
+def test_iter_array_cast_errors():
+    # Check that invalid casts are caught
+
+    # Need to enable copying for casts to occur
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, arange(2, dtype='f4'), [],
+                [['readonly']], op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f8')])
+    # Also need to allow casting for casts to occur
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, arange(2, dtype='f4'), [],
+                [['readonly', 'copy']], casting='no',
+                op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f8')])
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, arange(2, dtype='f4'), [],
+                [['readonly', 'copy']], casting='equiv',
+                op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f8')])
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, arange(2, dtype='f8'), [],
+                [['writeonly', 'updateifcopy']],
+                casting='no',
+                op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')])
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, arange(2, dtype='f8'), [],
+                [['writeonly', 'updateifcopy']],
+                casting='equiv',
+                op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')])
+    # '<f4' -> '>f4' should not work with casting='no'
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, arange(2, dtype='<f4'), [],
+                [['readonly', 'copy']], casting='no',
+                op_dtypes=[np.dtype('>f4')])
+    # 'f4' -> 'f8' is a safe cast, but 'f8' -> 'f4' isn't
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, arange(2, dtype='f4'), [],
+                [['readwrite', 'updateifcopy']],
+                casting='safe',
+                op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f8')])
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, arange(2, dtype='f8'), [],
+                [['readwrite', 'updateifcopy']],
+                casting='safe',
+                op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')])
+    # 'f4' -> 'i4' is neither a safe nor a same-kind cast
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, arange(2, dtype='f4'), [],
+                [['readonly', 'copy']],
+                casting='same_kind',
+                op_dtypes=[np.dtype('i4')])
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, arange(2, dtype='i4'), [],
+                [['writeonly', 'updateifcopy']],
+                casting='same_kind',
+                op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')])
+
+def test_iter_scalar_cast():
+    # Check that scalars are cast as requested
+
+    # No cast 'f4' -> 'f4'
+    i = nditer(np.float32(2.5), [], [['readonly']],
+                    op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')])
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[0], np.dtype('f4'))
+    assert_equal(i.value.dtype, np.dtype('f4'))
+    assert_equal(i.value, 2.5)
+    # Safe cast 'f4' -> 'f8'
+    i = nditer(np.float32(2.5), [],
+                    [['readonly', 'copy']],
+                    casting='safe',
+                    op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f8')])
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[0], np.dtype('f8'))
+    assert_equal(i.value.dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+    assert_equal(i.value, 2.5)
+    # Same-kind cast 'f8' -> 'f4'
+    i = nditer(np.float64(2.5), [],
+                    [['readonly', 'copy']],
+                    casting='same_kind',
+                    op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')])
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[0], np.dtype('f4'))
+    assert_equal(i.value.dtype, np.dtype('f4'))
+    assert_equal(i.value, 2.5)
+    # Unsafe cast 'f8' -> 'i4'
+    i = nditer(np.float64(3.0), [],
+                    [['readonly', 'copy']],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=[np.dtype('i4')])
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[0], np.dtype('i4'))
+    assert_equal(i.value.dtype, np.dtype('i4'))
+    assert_equal(i.value, 3)
+    # Readonly scalars may be cast even without setting COPY or BUFFERED
+    i = nditer(3, [], [['readonly']], op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f8')])
+    assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+    assert_equal(i[0], 3.)
+
+def test_iter_scalar_cast_errors():
+    # Check that invalid casts are caught
+
+    # Need to allow copying/buffering for write casts of scalars to occur
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, np.float32(2), [],
+                [['readwrite']], op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f8')])
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, 2.5, [],
+                [['readwrite']], op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')])
+    # 'f8' -> 'f4' isn't a safe cast if the value would overflow
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, np.float64(1e60), [],
+                [['readonly']],
+                casting='safe',
+                op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')])
+    # 'f4' -> 'i4' is neither a safe nor a same-kind cast
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, np.float32(2), [],
+                [['readonly']],
+                casting='same_kind',
+                op_dtypes=[np.dtype('i4')])
+
+def test_iter_object_arrays_basic():
+    # Check that object arrays work
+
+    obj = {'a':3,'b':'d'}
+    a = np.array([[1, 2, 3], None, obj, None], dtype='O')
+    rc = sys.getrefcount(obj)
+
+    # Need to allow references for object arrays
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, a)
+    assert_equal(sys.getrefcount(obj), rc)
+
+    i = nditer(a, ['refs_ok'], ['readonly'])
+    vals = [x_[()] for x_ in i]
+    assert_equal(np.array(vals, dtype='O'), a)
+    vals, i, x = [None]*3
+    assert_equal(sys.getrefcount(obj), rc)
+
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 2).T, ['refs_ok', 'buffered'],
+                        ['readonly'], order='C')
+    assert_(i.iterationneedsapi)
+    vals = [x_[()] for x_ in i]
+    assert_equal(np.array(vals, dtype='O'), a.reshape(2, 2).ravel(order='F'))
+    vals, i, x = [None]*3
+    assert_equal(sys.getrefcount(obj), rc)
+
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 2).T, ['refs_ok', 'buffered'],
+                        ['readwrite'], order='C')
+    for x in i:
+        x[...] = None
+    vals, i, x = [None]*3
+    assert_equal(sys.getrefcount(obj), rc-1)
+    assert_equal(a, np.array([None]*4, dtype='O'))
+
+def test_iter_object_arrays_conversions():
+    # Conversions to/from objects
+    a = np.arange(6, dtype='O')
+    i = nditer(a, ['refs_ok', 'buffered'], ['readwrite'],
+                    casting='unsafe', op_dtypes='i4')
+    for x in i:
+        x[...] += 1
+    assert_equal(a, np.arange(6)+1)
+
+    a = np.arange(6, dtype='i4')
+    i = nditer(a, ['refs_ok', 'buffered'], ['readwrite'],
+                    casting='unsafe', op_dtypes='O')
+    for x in i:
+        x[...] += 1
+    assert_equal(a, np.arange(6)+1)
+
+    # Non-contiguous object array
+    a = np.zeros((6,), dtype=[('p', 'i1'), ('a', 'O')])
+    a = a['a']
+    a[:] = np.arange(6)
+    i = nditer(a, ['refs_ok', 'buffered'], ['readwrite'],
+                    casting='unsafe', op_dtypes='i4')
+    for x in i:
+        x[...] += 1
+    assert_equal(a, np.arange(6)+1)
+
+    #Non-contiguous value array
+    a = np.zeros((6,), dtype=[('p', 'i1'), ('a', 'i4')])
+    a = a['a']
+    a[:] = np.arange(6) + 98172488
+    i = nditer(a, ['refs_ok', 'buffered'], ['readwrite'],
+                    casting='unsafe', op_dtypes='O')
+    ob = i[0][()]
+    rc = sys.getrefcount(ob)
+    for x in i:
+        x[...] += 1
+    assert_equal(sys.getrefcount(ob), rc-1)
+    assert_equal(a, np.arange(6)+98172489)
+
+def test_iter_common_dtype():
+    # Check that the iterator finds a common data type correctly
+
+    i = nditer([array([3], dtype='f4'), array([0], dtype='f8')],
+                    ['common_dtype'],
+                    [['readonly', 'copy']]*2,
+                    casting='safe')
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[0], np.dtype('f8'))
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[1], np.dtype('f8'))
+    i = nditer([array([3], dtype='i4'), array([0], dtype='f4')],
+                    ['common_dtype'],
+                    [['readonly', 'copy']]*2,
+                    casting='safe')
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[0], np.dtype('f8'))
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[1], np.dtype('f8'))
+    i = nditer([array([3], dtype='f4'), array(0, dtype='f8')],
+                    ['common_dtype'],
+                    [['readonly', 'copy']]*2,
+                    casting='same_kind')
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[0], np.dtype('f4'))
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[1], np.dtype('f4'))
+    i = nditer([array([3], dtype='u4'), array(0, dtype='i4')],
+                    ['common_dtype'],
+                    [['readonly', 'copy']]*2,
+                    casting='safe')
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[0], np.dtype('u4'))
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[1], np.dtype('u4'))
+    i = nditer([array([3], dtype='u4'), array(-12, dtype='i4')],
+                    ['common_dtype'],
+                    [['readonly', 'copy']]*2,
+                    casting='safe')
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[0], np.dtype('i8'))
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[1], np.dtype('i8'))
+    i = nditer([array([3], dtype='u4'), array(-12, dtype='i4'),
+                 array([2j], dtype='c8'), array([9], dtype='f8')],
+                    ['common_dtype'],
+                    [['readonly', 'copy']]*4,
+                    casting='safe')
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[0], np.dtype('c16'))
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[1], np.dtype('c16'))
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[2], np.dtype('c16'))
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[3], np.dtype('c16'))
+    assert_equal(i.value, (3, -12, 2j, 9))
+
+    # When allocating outputs, other outputs aren't factored in
+    i = nditer([array([3], dtype='i4'), None, array([2j], dtype='c16')], [],
+                    [['readonly', 'copy'],
+                     ['writeonly', 'allocate'],
+                     ['writeonly']],
+                    casting='safe')
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[0], np.dtype('i4'))
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[1], np.dtype('i4'))
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[2], np.dtype('c16'))
+    # But, if common data types are requested, they are
+    i = nditer([array([3], dtype='i4'), None, array([2j], dtype='c16')],
+                    ['common_dtype'],
+                    [['readonly', 'copy'],
+                     ['writeonly', 'allocate'],
+                     ['writeonly']],
+                    casting='safe')
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[0], np.dtype('c16'))
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[1], np.dtype('c16'))
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[2], np.dtype('c16'))
+
+def test_iter_op_axes():
+    # Check that custom axes work
+
+    # Reverse the axes
+    a = arange(6).reshape(2, 3)
+    i = nditer([a, a.T], [], [['readonly']]*2, op_axes=[[0, 1], [1, 0]])
+    assert_(all([x == y for (x, y) in i]))
+    a = arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4)
+    i = nditer([a.T, a], [], [['readonly']]*2, op_axes=[[2, 1, 0], None])
+    assert_(all([x == y for (x, y) in i]))
+
+    # Broadcast 1D to any dimension
+    a = arange(1, 31).reshape(2, 3, 5)
+    b = arange(1, 3)
+    i = nditer([a, b], [], [['readonly']]*2, op_axes=[None, [0, -1, -1]])
+    assert_equal([x*y for (x, y) in i], (a*b.reshape(2, 1, 1)).ravel())
+    b = arange(1, 4)
+    i = nditer([a, b], [], [['readonly']]*2, op_axes=[None, [-1, 0, -1]])
+    assert_equal([x*y for (x, y) in i], (a*b.reshape(1, 3, 1)).ravel())
+    b = arange(1, 6)
+    i = nditer([a, b], [], [['readonly']]*2,
+                            op_axes=[None, [np.newaxis, np.newaxis, 0]])
+    assert_equal([x*y for (x, y) in i], (a*b.reshape(1, 1, 5)).ravel())
+
+    # Inner product-style broadcasting
+    a = arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4)
+    b = arange(40).reshape(5, 2, 4)
+    i = nditer([a, b], ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*2,
+                            op_axes=[[0, 1, -1, -1], [-1, -1, 0, 1]])
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (2, 3, 5, 2))
+
+    # Matrix product-style broadcasting
+    a = arange(12).reshape(3, 4)
+    b = arange(20).reshape(4, 5)
+    i = nditer([a, b], ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*2,
+                            op_axes=[[0, -1], [-1, 1]])
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (3, 5))
+
+def test_iter_op_axes_errors():
+    # Check that custom axes throws errors for bad inputs
+
+    # Wrong number of items in op_axes
+    a = arange(6).reshape(2, 3)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, a], [], [['readonly']]*2,
+                                    op_axes=[[0], [1], [0]])
+    # Out of bounds items in op_axes
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, a], [], [['readonly']]*2,
+                                    op_axes=[[2, 1], [0, 1]])
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, a], [], [['readonly']]*2,
+                                    op_axes=[[0, 1], [2, -1]])
+    # Duplicate items in op_axes
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, a], [], [['readonly']]*2,
+                                    op_axes=[[0, 0], [0, 1]])
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, a], [], [['readonly']]*2,
+                                    op_axes=[[0, 1], [1, 1]])
+
+    # Different sized arrays in op_axes
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, a], [], [['readonly']]*2,
+                                    op_axes=[[0, 1], [0, 1, 0]])
+
+    # Non-broadcastable dimensions in the result
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, a], [], [['readonly']]*2,
+                                    op_axes=[[0, 1], [1, 0]])
+
+def test_iter_copy():
+    # Check that copying the iterator works correctly
+    a = arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4)
+
+    # Simple iterator
+    i = nditer(a)
+    j = i.copy()
+    assert_equal([x[()] for x in i], [x[()] for x in j])
+
+    i.iterindex = 3
+    j = i.copy()
+    assert_equal([x[()] for x in i], [x[()] for x in j])
+
+    # Buffered iterator
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'ranged'], order='F', buffersize=3)
+    j = i.copy()
+    assert_equal([x[()] for x in i], [x[()] for x in j])
+
+    i.iterindex = 3
+    j = i.copy()
+    assert_equal([x[()] for x in i], [x[()] for x in j])
+
+    i.iterrange = (3, 9)
+    j = i.copy()
+    assert_equal([x[()] for x in i], [x[()] for x in j])
+
+    i.iterrange = (2, 18)
+    next(i)
+    next(i)
+    j = i.copy()
+    assert_equal([x[()] for x in i], [x[()] for x in j])
+
+    # Casting iterator
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered'], order='F', casting='unsafe',
+                op_dtypes='f8', buffersize=5)
+    j = i.copy()
+    i = None
+    assert_equal([x[()] for x in j], a.ravel(order='F'))
+
+    a = arange(24, dtype='<i4').reshape(2, 3, 4)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered'], order='F', casting='unsafe',
+                op_dtypes='>f8', buffersize=5)
+    j = i.copy()
+    i = None
+    assert_equal([x[()] for x in j], a.ravel(order='F'))
+
+def test_iter_allocate_output_simple():
+    # Check that the iterator will properly allocate outputs
+
+    # Simple case
+    a = arange(6)
+    i = nditer([a, None], [], [['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate']],
+                        op_dtypes=[None, np.dtype('f4')])
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].shape, a.shape)
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].dtype, np.dtype('f4'))
+
+def test_iter_allocate_output_buffered_readwrite():
+    # Allocated output with buffering + delay_bufalloc
+
+    a = arange(6)
+    i = nditer([a, None], ['buffered', 'delay_bufalloc'],
+                        [['readonly'], ['allocate', 'readwrite']])
+    i.operands[1][:] = 1
+    i.reset()
+    for x in i:
+        x[1][...] += x[0][...]
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1], a+1)
+
+def test_iter_allocate_output_itorder():
+    # The allocated output should match the iteration order
+
+    # C-order input, best iteration order
+    a = arange(6, dtype='i4').reshape(2, 3)
+    i = nditer([a, None], [], [['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate']],
+                        op_dtypes=[None, np.dtype('f4')])
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].shape, a.shape)
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].strides, a.strides)
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].dtype, np.dtype('f4'))
+    # F-order input, best iteration order
+    a = arange(24, dtype='i4').reshape(2, 3, 4).T
+    i = nditer([a, None], [], [['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate']],
+                        op_dtypes=[None, np.dtype('f4')])
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].shape, a.shape)
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].strides, a.strides)
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].dtype, np.dtype('f4'))
+    # Non-contiguous input, C iteration order
+    a = arange(24, dtype='i4').reshape(2, 3, 4).swapaxes(0, 1)
+    i = nditer([a, None], [],
+                        [['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate']],
+                        order='C',
+                        op_dtypes=[None, np.dtype('f4')])
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].shape, a.shape)
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].strides, (32, 16, 4))
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].dtype, np.dtype('f4'))
+
+def test_iter_allocate_output_opaxes():
+    # Specifing op_axes should work
+
+    a = arange(24, dtype='i4').reshape(2, 3, 4)
+    i = nditer([None, a], [], [['writeonly', 'allocate'], ['readonly']],
+                        op_dtypes=[np.dtype('u4'), None],
+                        op_axes=[[1, 2, 0], None])
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0].shape, (4, 2, 3))
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0].strides, (4, 48, 16))
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0].dtype, np.dtype('u4'))
+
+def test_iter_allocate_output_types_promotion():
+    # Check type promotion of automatic outputs
+
+    i = nditer([array([3], dtype='f4'), array([0], dtype='f8'), None], [],
+                    [['readonly']]*2+[['writeonly', 'allocate']])
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[2], np.dtype('f8'))
+    i = nditer([array([3], dtype='i4'), array([0], dtype='f4'), None], [],
+                    [['readonly']]*2+[['writeonly', 'allocate']])
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[2], np.dtype('f8'))
+    i = nditer([array([3], dtype='f4'), array(0, dtype='f8'), None], [],
+                    [['readonly']]*2+[['writeonly', 'allocate']])
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[2], np.dtype('f4'))
+    i = nditer([array([3], dtype='u4'), array(0, dtype='i4'), None], [],
+                    [['readonly']]*2+[['writeonly', 'allocate']])
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[2], np.dtype('u4'))
+    i = nditer([array([3], dtype='u4'), array(-12, dtype='i4'), None], [],
+                    [['readonly']]*2+[['writeonly', 'allocate']])
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[2], np.dtype('i8'))
+
+def test_iter_allocate_output_types_byte_order():
+    # Verify the rules for byte order changes
+
+    # When there's just one input, the output type exactly matches
+    a = array([3], dtype='u4').newbyteorder()
+    i = nditer([a, None], [],
+                    [['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate']])
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[0], i.dtypes[1])
+    # With two or more inputs, the output type is in native byte order
+    i = nditer([a, a, None], [],
+                    [['readonly'], ['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate']])
+    assert_(i.dtypes[0] != i.dtypes[2])
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[0].newbyteorder('='), i.dtypes[2])
+
+def test_iter_allocate_output_types_scalar():
+    # If the inputs are all scalars, the output should be a scalar
+
+    i = nditer([None, 1, 2.3, np.float32(12), np.complex128(3)], [],
+                [['writeonly', 'allocate']] + [['readonly']]*4)
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0].dtype, np.dtype('complex128'))
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0].ndim, 0)
+
+def test_iter_allocate_output_subtype():
+    # Make sure that the subtype with priority wins
+
+    # matrix vs ndarray
+    a = np.matrix([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
+    b = np.arange(4).reshape(2, 2).T
+    i = nditer([a, b, None], [],
+                    [['readonly'], ['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate']])
+    assert_equal(type(a), type(i.operands[2]))
+    assert_(type(b) != type(i.operands[2]))
+    assert_equal(i.operands[2].shape, (2, 2))
+
+    # matrix always wants things to be 2D
+    b = np.arange(4).reshape(1, 2, 2)
+    assert_raises(RuntimeError, nditer, [a, b, None], [],
+                    [['readonly'], ['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate']])
+    # but if subtypes are disabled, the result can still work
+    i = nditer([a, b, None], [],
+            [['readonly'], ['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate', 'no_subtype']])
+    assert_equal(type(b), type(i.operands[2]))
+    assert_(type(a) != type(i.operands[2]))
+    assert_equal(i.operands[2].shape, (1, 2, 2))
+
+def test_iter_allocate_output_errors():
+    # Check that the iterator will throw errors for bad output allocations
+
+    # Need an input if no output data type is specified
+    a = arange(6)
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, [a, None], [],
+                        [['writeonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate']])
+    # Allocated output should be flagged for writing
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, None], [],
+                        [['readonly'], ['allocate', 'readonly']])
+    # Allocated output can't have buffering without delayed bufalloc
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, None], ['buffered'],
+                                            ['allocate', 'readwrite'])
+    # Must specify at least one input
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [None, None], [],
+                        [['writeonly', 'allocate'],
+                         ['writeonly', 'allocate']],
+                        op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4'), np.dtype('f4')])
+    # If using op_axes, must specify all the axes
+    a = arange(24, dtype='i4').reshape(2, 3, 4)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, None], [],
+                        [['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate']],
+                        op_dtypes=[None, np.dtype('f4')],
+                        op_axes=[None, [0, np.newaxis, 1]])
+    # If using op_axes, the axes must be within bounds
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, None], [],
+                        [['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate']],
+                        op_dtypes=[None, np.dtype('f4')],
+                        op_axes=[None, [0, 3, 1]])
+    # If using op_axes, there can't be duplicates
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, None], [],
+                        [['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate']],
+                        op_dtypes=[None, np.dtype('f4')],
+                        op_axes=[None, [0, 2, 1, 0]])
+
+def test_iter_remove_axis():
+    a = arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4)
+
+    i = nditer(a, ['multi_index'])
+    i.remove_axis(1)
+    assert_equal([x for x in i], a[:, 0,:].ravel())
+
+    a = a[::-1,:,:]
+    i = nditer(a, ['multi_index'])
+    i.remove_axis(0)
+    assert_equal([x for x in i], a[0,:,:].ravel())
+
+def test_iter_remove_multi_index_inner_loop():
+    # Check that removing multi-index support works
+
+    a = arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4)
+
+    i = nditer(a, ['multi_index'])
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 3)
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (2, 3, 4))
+    assert_equal(i.itviews[0].shape, (2, 3, 4))
+
+    # Removing the multi-index tracking causes all dimensions to coalesce
+    before = [x for x in i]
+    i.remove_multi_index()
+    after = [x for x in i]
+
+    assert_equal(before, after)
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 1)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, lambda i:i.shape, i)
+    assert_equal(i.itviews[0].shape, (24,))
+
+    # Removing the inner loop means there's just one iteration
+    i.reset()
+    assert_equal(i.itersize, 24)
+    assert_equal(i[0].shape, tuple())
+    i.enable_external_loop()
+    assert_equal(i.itersize, 24)
+    assert_equal(i[0].shape, (24,))
+    assert_equal(i.value, arange(24))
+
+def test_iter_iterindex():
+    # Make sure iterindex works
+
+    buffersize = 5
+    a = arange(24).reshape(4, 3, 2)
+    for flags in ([], ['buffered']):
+        i = nditer(a, flags, buffersize=buffersize)
+        assert_equal(iter_iterindices(i), list(range(24)))
+        i.iterindex = 2
+        assert_equal(iter_iterindices(i), list(range(2, 24)))
+
+        i = nditer(a, flags, order='F', buffersize=buffersize)
+        assert_equal(iter_iterindices(i), list(range(24)))
+        i.iterindex = 5
+        assert_equal(iter_iterindices(i), list(range(5, 24)))
+
+        i = nditer(a[::-1], flags, order='F', buffersize=buffersize)
+        assert_equal(iter_iterindices(i), list(range(24)))
+        i.iterindex = 9
+        assert_equal(iter_iterindices(i), list(range(9, 24)))
+
+        i = nditer(a[::-1, ::-1], flags, order='C', buffersize=buffersize)
+        assert_equal(iter_iterindices(i), list(range(24)))
+        i.iterindex = 13
+        assert_equal(iter_iterindices(i), list(range(13, 24)))
+
+        i = nditer(a[::1, ::-1], flags, buffersize=buffersize)
+        assert_equal(iter_iterindices(i), list(range(24)))
+        i.iterindex = 23
+        assert_equal(iter_iterindices(i), list(range(23, 24)))
+        i.reset()
+        i.iterindex = 2
+        assert_equal(iter_iterindices(i), list(range(2, 24)))
+
+def test_iter_iterrange():
+    # Make sure getting and resetting the iterrange works
+
+    buffersize = 5
+    a = arange(24, dtype='i4').reshape(4, 3, 2)
+    a_fort = a.ravel(order='F')
+
+    i = nditer(a, ['ranged'], ['readonly'], order='F',
+                buffersize=buffersize)
+    assert_equal(i.iterrange, (0, 24))
+    assert_equal([x[()] for x in i], a_fort)
+    for r in [(0, 24), (1, 2), (3, 24), (5, 5), (0, 20), (23, 24)]:
+        i.iterrange = r
+        assert_equal(i.iterrange, r)
+        assert_equal([x[()] for x in i], a_fort[r[0]:r[1]])
+
+    i = nditer(a, ['ranged', 'buffered'], ['readonly'], order='F',
+                op_dtypes='f8', buffersize=buffersize)
+    assert_equal(i.iterrange, (0, 24))
+    assert_equal([x[()] for x in i], a_fort)
+    for r in [(0, 24), (1, 2), (3, 24), (5, 5), (0, 20), (23, 24)]:
+        i.iterrange = r
+        assert_equal(i.iterrange, r)
+        assert_equal([x[()] for x in i], a_fort[r[0]:r[1]])
+
+    def get_array(i):
+        val = np.array([], dtype='f8')
+        for x in i:
+            val = np.concatenate((val, x))
+        return val
+
+    i = nditer(a, ['ranged', 'buffered', 'external_loop'],
+                ['readonly'], order='F',
+                op_dtypes='f8', buffersize=buffersize)
+    assert_equal(i.iterrange, (0, 24))
+    assert_equal(get_array(i), a_fort)
+    for r in [(0, 24), (1, 2), (3, 24), (5, 5), (0, 20), (23, 24)]:
+        i.iterrange = r
+        assert_equal(i.iterrange, r)
+        assert_equal(get_array(i), a_fort[r[0]:r[1]])
+
+def test_iter_buffering():
+    # Test buffering with several buffer sizes and types
+    arrays = []
+    # F-order swapped array
+    arrays.append(np.arange(24,
+                    dtype='c16').reshape(2, 3, 4).T.newbyteorder().byteswap())
+    # Contiguous 1-dimensional array
+    arrays.append(np.arange(10, dtype='f4'))
+    # Unaligned array
+    a = np.zeros((4*16+1,), dtype='i1')[1:]
+    a.dtype = 'i4'
+    a[:] = np.arange(16, dtype='i4')
+    arrays.append(a)
+    # 4-D F-order array
+    arrays.append(np.arange(120, dtype='i4').reshape(5, 3, 2, 4).T)
+    for a in arrays:
+        for buffersize in (1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 11, 16, 1024):
+            vals = []
+            i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'external_loop'],
+                           [['readonly', 'nbo', 'aligned']],
+                           order='C',
+                           casting='equiv',
+                           buffersize=buffersize)
+            while not i.finished:
+                assert_(i[0].size <= buffersize)
+                vals.append(i[0].copy())
+                i.iternext()
+            assert_equal(np.concatenate(vals), a.ravel(order='C'))
+
+def test_iter_write_buffering():
+    # Test that buffering of writes is working
+
+    # F-order swapped array
+    a = np.arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4).T.newbyteorder().byteswap()
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered'],
+                   [['readwrite', 'nbo', 'aligned']],
+                   casting='equiv',
+                   order='C',
+                   buffersize=16)
+    x = 0
+    while not i.finished:
+        i[0] = x
+        x += 1
+        i.iternext()
+    assert_equal(a.ravel(order='C'), np.arange(24))
+
+def test_iter_buffering_delayed_alloc():
+    # Test that delaying buffer allocation works
+
+    a = np.arange(6)
+    b = np.arange(1, dtype='f4')
+    i = nditer([a, b], ['buffered', 'delay_bufalloc', 'multi_index', 'reduce_ok'],
+                    ['readwrite'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes='f4')
+    assert_(i.has_delayed_bufalloc)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, lambda i:i.multi_index, i)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, lambda i:i[0], i)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, lambda i:i[0:2], i)
+
+    def assign_iter(i):
+        i[0] = 0
+    assert_raises(ValueError, assign_iter, i)
+
+    i.reset()
+    assert_(not i.has_delayed_bufalloc)
+    assert_equal(i.multi_index, (0,))
+    assert_equal(i[0], 0)
+    i[1] = 1
+    assert_equal(i[0:2], [0, 1])
+    assert_equal([[x[0][()], x[1][()]] for x in i], list(zip(range(6), [1]*6)))
+
+def test_iter_buffered_cast_simple():
+    # Test that buffering can handle a simple cast
+
+    a = np.arange(10, dtype='f4')
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'external_loop'],
+                   [['readwrite', 'nbo', 'aligned']],
+                   casting='same_kind',
+                   op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f8')],
+                   buffersize=3)
+    for v in i:
+        v[...] *= 2
+
+    assert_equal(a, 2*np.arange(10, dtype='f4'))
+
+def test_iter_buffered_cast_byteswapped():
+    # Test that buffering can handle a cast which requires swap->cast->swap
+
+    a = np.arange(10, dtype='f4').newbyteorder().byteswap()
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'external_loop'],
+                   [['readwrite', 'nbo', 'aligned']],
+                   casting='same_kind',
+                   op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f8').newbyteorder()],
+                   buffersize=3)
+    for v in i:
+        v[...] *= 2
+
+    assert_equal(a, 2*np.arange(10, dtype='f4'))
+
+    try:
+        warnings.simplefilter("ignore", np.ComplexWarning)
+
+        a = np.arange(10, dtype='f8').newbyteorder().byteswap()
+        i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'external_loop'],
+                       [['readwrite', 'nbo', 'aligned']],
+                       casting='unsafe',
+                       op_dtypes=[np.dtype('c8').newbyteorder()],
+                       buffersize=3)
+        for v in i:
+            v[...] *= 2
+
+        assert_equal(a, 2*np.arange(10, dtype='f8'))
+    finally:
+        warnings.simplefilter("default", np.ComplexWarning)
+
+def test_iter_buffered_cast_byteswapped_complex():
+    # Test that buffering can handle a cast which requires swap->cast->copy
+
+    a = np.arange(10, dtype='c8').newbyteorder().byteswap()
+    a += 2j
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'external_loop'],
+                   [['readwrite', 'nbo', 'aligned']],
+                   casting='same_kind',
+                   op_dtypes=[np.dtype('c16')],
+                   buffersize=3)
+    for v in i:
+        v[...] *= 2
+    assert_equal(a, 2*np.arange(10, dtype='c8') + 4j)
+
+    a = np.arange(10, dtype='c8')
+    a += 2j
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'external_loop'],
+                   [['readwrite', 'nbo', 'aligned']],
+                   casting='same_kind',
+                   op_dtypes=[np.dtype('c16').newbyteorder()],
+                   buffersize=3)
+    for v in i:
+        v[...] *= 2
+    assert_equal(a, 2*np.arange(10, dtype='c8') + 4j)
+
+    a = np.arange(10, dtype=np.clongdouble).newbyteorder().byteswap()
+    a += 2j
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'external_loop'],
+                   [['readwrite', 'nbo', 'aligned']],
+                   casting='same_kind',
+                   op_dtypes=[np.dtype('c16')],
+                   buffersize=3)
+    for v in i:
+        v[...] *= 2
+    assert_equal(a, 2*np.arange(10, dtype=np.clongdouble) + 4j)
+
+    a = np.arange(10, dtype=np.longdouble).newbyteorder().byteswap()
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'external_loop'],
+                   [['readwrite', 'nbo', 'aligned']],
+                   casting='same_kind',
+                   op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')],
+                   buffersize=7)
+    for v in i:
+        v[...] *= 2
+    assert_equal(a, 2*np.arange(10, dtype=np.longdouble))
+
+def test_iter_buffered_cast_structured_type():
+    # Tests buffering of structured types
+
+    # simple -> struct type (duplicates the value)
+    sdt = [('a', 'f4'), ('b', 'i8'), ('c', 'c8', (2, 3)), ('d', 'O')]
+    a = np.arange(3, dtype='f4') + 0.5
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readonly'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=sdt)
+    vals = [np.array(x) for x in i]
+    assert_equal(vals[0]['a'], 0.5)
+    assert_equal(vals[0]['b'], 0)
+    assert_equal(vals[0]['c'], [[(0.5)]*3]*2)
+    assert_equal(vals[0]['d'], 0.5)
+    assert_equal(vals[1]['a'], 1.5)
+    assert_equal(vals[1]['b'], 1)
+    assert_equal(vals[1]['c'], [[(1.5)]*3]*2)
+    assert_equal(vals[1]['d'], 1.5)
+    assert_equal(vals[0].dtype, np.dtype(sdt))
+
+    # object -> struct type
+    sdt = [('a', 'f4'), ('b', 'i8'), ('c', 'c8', (2, 3)), ('d', 'O')]
+    a = np.zeros((3,), dtype='O')
+    a[0] = (0.5, 0.5, [[0.5, 0.5, 0.5], [0.5, 0.5, 0.5]], 0.5)
+    a[1] = (1.5, 1.5, [[1.5, 1.5, 1.5], [1.5, 1.5, 1.5]], 1.5)
+    a[2] = (2.5, 2.5, [[2.5, 2.5, 2.5], [2.5, 2.5, 2.5]], 2.5)
+    rc = sys.getrefcount(a[0])
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readonly'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=sdt)
+    vals = [x.copy() for x in i]
+    assert_equal(vals[0]['a'], 0.5)
+    assert_equal(vals[0]['b'], 0)
+    assert_equal(vals[0]['c'], [[(0.5)]*3]*2)
+    assert_equal(vals[0]['d'], 0.5)
+    assert_equal(vals[1]['a'], 1.5)
+    assert_equal(vals[1]['b'], 1)
+    assert_equal(vals[1]['c'], [[(1.5)]*3]*2)
+    assert_equal(vals[1]['d'], 1.5)
+    assert_equal(vals[0].dtype, np.dtype(sdt))
+    vals, i, x = [None]*3
+    assert_equal(sys.getrefcount(a[0]), rc)
+
+    # struct type -> simple (takes the first value)
+    sdt = [('a', 'f4'), ('b', 'i8'), ('d', 'O')]
+    a = np.array([(5.5, 7, 'test'), (8, 10, 11)], dtype=sdt)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readonly'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes='i4')
+    assert_equal([x_[()] for x_ in i], [5, 8])
+
+    # struct type -> struct type (field-wise copy)
+    sdt1 = [('a', 'f4'), ('b', 'i8'), ('d', 'O')]
+    sdt2 = [('d', 'u2'), ('a', 'O'), ('b', 'f8')]
+    a = np.array([(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)], dtype=sdt1)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readonly'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=sdt2)
+    assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype(sdt2))
+    assert_equal([np.array(x_) for x_ in i],
+                 [np.array((3, 1, 2), dtype=sdt2),
+                  np.array((6, 4, 5), dtype=sdt2)])
+
+    # struct type -> struct type (field gets discarded)
+    sdt1 = [('a', 'f4'), ('b', 'i8'), ('d', 'O')]
+    sdt2 = [('b', 'O'), ('a', 'f8')]
+    a = np.array([(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)], dtype=sdt1)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readwrite'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=sdt2)
+    assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype(sdt2))
+    vals = []
+    for x in i:
+        vals.append(np.array(x))
+        x['a'] = x['b']+3
+    assert_equal(vals, [np.array((2, 1), dtype=sdt2),
+                     np.array((5, 4), dtype=sdt2)])
+    assert_equal(a, np.array([(5, 2, None), (8, 5, None)], dtype=sdt1))
+
+    # struct type -> struct type (structured field gets discarded)
+    sdt1 = [('a', 'f4'), ('b', 'i8'), ('d', [('a', 'i2'), ('b', 'i4')])]
+    sdt2 = [('b', 'O'), ('a', 'f8')]
+    a = np.array([(1, 2, (0, 9)), (4, 5, (20, 21))], dtype=sdt1)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readwrite'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=sdt2)
+    assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype(sdt2))
+    vals = []
+    for x in i:
+        vals.append(np.array(x))
+        x['a'] = x['b']+3
+    assert_equal(vals, [np.array((2, 1), dtype=sdt2),
+                     np.array((5, 4), dtype=sdt2)])
+    assert_equal(a, np.array([(5, 2, (0, 0)), (8, 5, (0, 0))], dtype=sdt1))
+
+    # struct type -> struct type (structured field w/ ref gets discarded)
+    sdt1 = [('a', 'f4'), ('b', 'i8'), ('d', [('a', 'i2'), ('b', 'O')])]
+    sdt2 = [('b', 'O'), ('a', 'f8')]
+    a = np.array([(1, 2, (0, 9)), (4, 5, (20, 21))], dtype=sdt1)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readwrite'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=sdt2)
+    assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype(sdt2))
+    vals = []
+    for x in i:
+        vals.append(np.array(x))
+        x['a'] = x['b']+3
+    assert_equal(vals, [np.array((2, 1), dtype=sdt2),
+                     np.array((5, 4), dtype=sdt2)])
+    assert_equal(a, np.array([(5, 2, (0, None)), (8, 5, (0, None))], dtype=sdt1))
+
+    # struct type -> struct type back (structured field w/ ref gets discarded)
+    sdt1 = [('b', 'O'), ('a', 'f8')]
+    sdt2 = [('a', 'f4'), ('b', 'i8'), ('d', [('a', 'i2'), ('b', 'O')])]
+    a = np.array([(1, 2), (4, 5)], dtype=sdt1)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readwrite'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=sdt2)
+    assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype(sdt2))
+    vals = []
+    for x in i:
+        vals.append(np.array(x))
+        assert_equal(x['d'], np.array((0, None), dtype=[('a', 'i2'), ('b', 'O')]))
+        x['a'] = x['b']+3
+    assert_equal(vals, [np.array((2, 1, (0, None)), dtype=sdt2),
+                     np.array((5, 4, (0, None)), dtype=sdt2)])
+    assert_equal(a, np.array([(1, 4), (4, 7)], dtype=sdt1))
+
+def test_iter_buffered_cast_subarray():
+    # Tests buffering of subarrays
+
+    # one element -> many (copies it to all)
+    sdt1 = [('a', 'f4')]
+    sdt2 = [('a', 'f8', (3, 2, 2))]
+    a = np.zeros((6,), dtype=sdt1)
+    a['a'] = np.arange(6)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readonly'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=sdt2)
+    assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype(sdt2))
+    for x, count in zip(i, list(range(6))):
+        assert_(np.all(x['a'] == count))
+
+    # one element -> many -> back (copies it to all)
+    sdt1 = [('a', 'O', (1, 1))]
+    sdt2 = [('a', 'O', (3, 2, 2))]
+    a = np.zeros((6,), dtype=sdt1)
+    a['a'][:, 0, 0] = np.arange(6)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readwrite'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=sdt2)
+    assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype(sdt2))
+    count = 0
+    for x in i:
+        assert_(np.all(x['a'] == count))
+        x['a'][0] += 2
+        count += 1
+    assert_equal(a['a'], np.arange(6).reshape(6, 1, 1)+2)
+
+    # many -> one element -> back (copies just element 0)
+    sdt1 = [('a', 'O', (3, 2, 2))]
+    sdt2 = [('a', 'O', (1,))]
+    a = np.zeros((6,), dtype=sdt1)
+    a['a'][:, 0, 0, 0] = np.arange(6)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readwrite'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=sdt2)
+    assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype(sdt2))
+    count = 0
+    for x in i:
+        assert_equal(x['a'], count)
+        x['a'] += 2
+        count += 1
+    assert_equal(a['a'], np.arange(6).reshape(6, 1, 1, 1)*np.ones((1, 3, 2, 2))+2)
+
+    # many -> one element -> back (copies just element 0)
+    sdt1 = [('a', 'f8', (3, 2, 2))]
+    sdt2 = [('a', 'O', (1,))]
+    a = np.zeros((6,), dtype=sdt1)
+    a['a'][:, 0, 0, 0] = np.arange(6)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readonly'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=sdt2)
+    assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype(sdt2))
+    count = 0
+    for x in i:
+        assert_equal(x['a'], count)
+        count += 1
+
+    # many -> one element (copies just element 0)
+    sdt1 = [('a', 'O', (3, 2, 2))]
+    sdt2 = [('a', 'f4', (1,))]
+    a = np.zeros((6,), dtype=sdt1)
+    a['a'][:, 0, 0, 0] = np.arange(6)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readonly'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=sdt2)
+    assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype(sdt2))
+    count = 0
+    for x in i:
+        assert_equal(x['a'], count)
+        count += 1
+
+    # many -> matching shape (straightforward copy)
+    sdt1 = [('a', 'O', (3, 2, 2))]
+    sdt2 = [('a', 'f4', (3, 2, 2))]
+    a = np.zeros((6,), dtype=sdt1)
+    a['a'] = np.arange(6*3*2*2).reshape(6, 3, 2, 2)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readonly'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=sdt2)
+    assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype(sdt2))
+    count = 0
+    for x in i:
+        assert_equal(x['a'], a[count]['a'])
+        count += 1
+
+    # vector -> smaller vector (truncates)
+    sdt1 = [('a', 'f8', (6,))]
+    sdt2 = [('a', 'f4', (2,))]
+    a = np.zeros((6,), dtype=sdt1)
+    a['a'] = np.arange(6*6).reshape(6, 6)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readonly'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=sdt2)
+    assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype(sdt2))
+    count = 0
+    for x in i:
+        assert_equal(x['a'], a[count]['a'][:2])
+        count += 1
+
+    # vector -> bigger vector (pads with zeros)
+    sdt1 = [('a', 'f8', (2,))]
+    sdt2 = [('a', 'f4', (6,))]
+    a = np.zeros((6,), dtype=sdt1)
+    a['a'] = np.arange(6*2).reshape(6, 2)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readonly'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=sdt2)
+    assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype(sdt2))
+    count = 0
+    for x in i:
+        assert_equal(x['a'][:2], a[count]['a'])
+        assert_equal(x['a'][2:], [0, 0, 0, 0])
+        count += 1
+
+    # vector -> matrix (broadcasts)
+    sdt1 = [('a', 'f8', (2,))]
+    sdt2 = [('a', 'f4', (2, 2))]
+    a = np.zeros((6,), dtype=sdt1)
+    a['a'] = np.arange(6*2).reshape(6, 2)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readonly'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=sdt2)
+    assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype(sdt2))
+    count = 0
+    for x in i:
+        assert_equal(x['a'][0], a[count]['a'])
+        assert_equal(x['a'][1], a[count]['a'])
+        count += 1
+
+    # vector -> matrix (broadcasts and zero-pads)
+    sdt1 = [('a', 'f8', (2, 1))]
+    sdt2 = [('a', 'f4', (3, 2))]
+    a = np.zeros((6,), dtype=sdt1)
+    a['a'] = np.arange(6*2).reshape(6, 2, 1)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readonly'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=sdt2)
+    assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype(sdt2))
+    count = 0
+    for x in i:
+        assert_equal(x['a'][:2, 0], a[count]['a'][:, 0])
+        assert_equal(x['a'][:2, 1], a[count]['a'][:, 0])
+        assert_equal(x['a'][2,:], [0, 0])
+        count += 1
+
+    # matrix -> matrix (truncates and zero-pads)
+    sdt1 = [('a', 'f8', (2, 3))]
+    sdt2 = [('a', 'f4', (3, 2))]
+    a = np.zeros((6,), dtype=sdt1)
+    a['a'] = np.arange(6*2*3).reshape(6, 2, 3)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readonly'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=sdt2)
+    assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype(sdt2))
+    count = 0
+    for x in i:
+        assert_equal(x['a'][:2, 0], a[count]['a'][:, 0])
+        assert_equal(x['a'][:2, 1], a[count]['a'][:, 1])
+        assert_equal(x['a'][2,:], [0, 0])
+        count += 1
+
+def test_iter_buffering_badwriteback():
+    # Writing back from a buffer cannot combine elements
+
+    # a needs write buffering, but had a broadcast dimension
+    a = np.arange(6).reshape(2, 3, 1)
+    b = np.arange(12).reshape(2, 3, 2)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, b],
+                  ['buffered', 'external_loop'],
+                  [['readwrite'], ['writeonly']],
+                  order='C')
+
+    # But if a is readonly, it's fine
+    nditer([a, b], ['buffered', 'external_loop'],
+           [['readonly'], ['writeonly']],
+           order='C')
+
+    # If a has just one element, it's fine too (constant 0 stride, a reduction)
+    a = np.arange(1).reshape(1, 1, 1)
+    nditer([a, b], ['buffered', 'external_loop', 'reduce_ok'],
+           [['readwrite'], ['writeonly']],
+           order='C')
+
+    # check that it fails on other dimensions too
+    a = np.arange(6).reshape(1, 3, 2)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, b],
+                  ['buffered', 'external_loop'],
+                  [['readwrite'], ['writeonly']],
+                  order='C')
+    a = np.arange(4).reshape(2, 1, 2)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, b],
+                  ['buffered', 'external_loop'],
+                  [['readwrite'], ['writeonly']],
+                  order='C')
+
+def test_iter_buffering_string():
+    # Safe casting disallows shrinking strings
+    a = np.array(['abc', 'a', 'abcd'], dtype=np.bytes_)
+    assert_equal(a.dtype, np.dtype('S4'))
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, a, ['buffered'], ['readonly'],
+                  op_dtypes='S2')
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered'], ['readonly'], op_dtypes='S6')
+    assert_equal(i[0], asbytes('abc'))
+    assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype('S6'))
+
+    a = np.array(['abc', 'a', 'abcd'], dtype=np.unicode)
+    assert_equal(a.dtype, np.dtype('U4'))
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, a, ['buffered'], ['readonly'],
+                    op_dtypes='U2')
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered'], ['readonly'], op_dtypes='U6')
+    assert_equal(i[0], sixu('abc'))
+    assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype('U6'))
+
+def test_iter_buffering_growinner():
+    # Test that the inner loop grows when no buffering is needed
+    a = np.arange(30)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'growinner', 'external_loop'],
+                           buffersize=5)
+    # Should end up with just one inner loop here
+    assert_equal(i[0].size, a.size)
+
+
+@dec.slow
+def test_iter_buffered_reduce_reuse():
+    # large enough array for all views, including negative strides.
+    a = np.arange(2*3**5)[3**5:3**5+1]
+    flags = ['buffered', 'delay_bufalloc', 'multi_index', 'reduce_ok', 'refs_ok']
+    op_flags = [('readonly',), ('readwrite', 'allocate')]
+    op_axes_list = [[(0, 1, 2), (0, 1, -1)], [(0, 1, 2), (0, -1, -1)]]
+    # wrong dtype to force buffering
+    op_dtypes = [np.float, a.dtype]
+
+    def get_params():
+        for xs in range(-3**2, 3**2 + 1):
+            for ys in range(xs, 3**2 + 1):
+                for op_axes in op_axes_list:
+                    # last stride is reduced and because of that not
+                    # important for this test, as it is the inner stride.
+                    strides = (xs * a.itemsize, ys * a.itemsize, a.itemsize)
+                    arr = np.lib.stride_tricks.as_strided(a, (3, 3, 3), strides)
+
+                    for skip in [0, 1]:
+                        yield arr, op_axes, skip
+
+    for arr, op_axes, skip in get_params():
+        nditer2 = np.nditer([arr.copy(), None],
+                            op_axes=op_axes, flags=flags, op_flags=op_flags,
+                            op_dtypes=op_dtypes)
+        nditer2.operands[-1][...] = 0
+        nditer2.reset()
+        nditer2.iterindex = skip
+
+        for (a2_in, b2_in) in nditer2:
+            b2_in += a2_in.astype(np.int_)
+
+        comp_res = nditer2.operands[-1]
+
+        for bufsize in range(0, 3**3):
+            nditer1 = np.nditer([arr, None],
+                                op_axes=op_axes, flags=flags, op_flags=op_flags,
+                                buffersize=bufsize, op_dtypes=op_dtypes)
+            nditer1.operands[-1][...] = 0
+            nditer1.reset()
+            nditer1.iterindex = skip
+
+            for (a1_in, b1_in) in nditer1:
+                b1_in += a1_in.astype(np.int_)
+
+            res = nditer1.operands[-1]
+            assert_array_equal(res, comp_res)
+
+
+def test_iter_no_broadcast():
+    # Test that the no_broadcast flag works
+    a = np.arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4)
+    b = np.arange(6).reshape(2, 3, 1)
+    c = np.arange(12).reshape(3, 4)
+
+    nditer([a, b, c], [],
+           [['readonly', 'no_broadcast'],
+            ['readonly'], ['readonly']])
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, b, c], [],
+                  [['readonly'], ['readonly', 'no_broadcast'], ['readonly']])
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, b, c], [],
+                  [['readonly'], ['readonly'], ['readonly', 'no_broadcast']])
+
+def test_iter_nested_iters_basic():
+    # Test nested iteration basic usage
+    a = arange(12).reshape(2, 3, 2)
+
+    i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[0], [1, 2]])
+    vals = []
+    for x in i:
+        vals.append([y for y in j])
+    assert_equal(vals, [[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]])
+
+    i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[0, 1], [2]])
+    vals = []
+    for x in i:
+        vals.append([y for y in j])
+    assert_equal(vals, [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7], [8, 9], [10, 11]])
+
+    i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[0, 2], [1]])
+    vals = []
+    for x in i:
+        vals.append([y for y in j])
+    assert_equal(vals, [[0, 2, 4], [1, 3, 5], [6, 8, 10], [7, 9, 11]])
+
+def test_iter_nested_iters_reorder():
+    # Test nested iteration basic usage
+    a = arange(12).reshape(2, 3, 2)
+
+    # In 'K' order (default), it gets reordered
+    i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[0], [2, 1]])
+    vals = []
+    for x in i:
+        vals.append([y for y in j])
+    assert_equal(vals, [[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]])
+
+    i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[1, 0], [2]])
+    vals = []
+    for x in i:
+        vals.append([y for y in j])
+    assert_equal(vals, [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7], [8, 9], [10, 11]])
+
+    i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[2, 0], [1]])
+    vals = []
+    for x in i:
+        vals.append([y for y in j])
+    assert_equal(vals, [[0, 2, 4], [1, 3, 5], [6, 8, 10], [7, 9, 11]])
+
+    # In 'C' order, it doesn't
+    i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[0], [2, 1]], order='C')
+    vals = []
+    for x in i:
+        vals.append([y for y in j])
+    assert_equal(vals, [[0, 2, 4, 1, 3, 5], [6, 8, 10, 7, 9, 11]])
+
+    i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[1, 0], [2]], order='C')
+    vals = []
+    for x in i:
+        vals.append([y for y in j])
+    assert_equal(vals, [[0, 1], [6, 7], [2, 3], [8, 9], [4, 5], [10, 11]])
+
+    i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[2, 0], [1]], order='C')
+    vals = []
+    for x in i:
+        vals.append([y for y in j])
+    assert_equal(vals, [[0, 2, 4], [6, 8, 10], [1, 3, 5], [7, 9, 11]])
+
+def test_iter_nested_iters_flip_axes():
+    # Test nested iteration with negative axes
+    a = arange(12).reshape(2, 3, 2)[::-1, ::-1, ::-1]
+
+    # In 'K' order (default), the axes all get flipped
+    i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[0], [1, 2]])
+    vals = []
+    for x in i:
+        vals.append([y for y in j])
+    assert_equal(vals, [[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]])
+
+    i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[0, 1], [2]])
+    vals = []
+    for x in i:
+        vals.append([y for y in j])
+    assert_equal(vals, [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7], [8, 9], [10, 11]])
+
+    i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[0, 2], [1]])
+    vals = []
+    for x in i:
+        vals.append([y for y in j])
+    assert_equal(vals, [[0, 2, 4], [1, 3, 5], [6, 8, 10], [7, 9, 11]])
+
+    # In 'C' order, flipping axes is disabled
+    i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[0], [1, 2]], order='C')
+    vals = []
+    for x in i:
+        vals.append([y for y in j])
+    assert_equal(vals, [[11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6], [5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]])
+
+    i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[0, 1], [2]], order='C')
+    vals = []
+    for x in i:
+        vals.append([y for y in j])
+    assert_equal(vals, [[11, 10], [9, 8], [7, 6], [5, 4], [3, 2], [1, 0]])
+
+    i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[0, 2], [1]], order='C')
+    vals = []
+    for x in i:
+        vals.append([y for y in j])
+    assert_equal(vals, [[11, 9, 7], [10, 8, 6], [5, 3, 1], [4, 2, 0]])
+
+def test_iter_nested_iters_broadcast():
+    # Test nested iteration with broadcasting
+    a = arange(2).reshape(2, 1)
+    b = arange(3).reshape(1, 3)
+
+    i, j = np.nested_iters([a, b], [[0], [1]])
+    vals = []
+    for x in i:
+        vals.append([y for y in j])
+    assert_equal(vals, [[[0, 0], [0, 1], [0, 2]], [[1, 0], [1, 1], [1, 2]]])
+
+    i, j = np.nested_iters([a, b], [[1], [0]])
+    vals = []
+    for x in i:
+        vals.append([y for y in j])
+    assert_equal(vals, [[[0, 0], [1, 0]], [[0, 1], [1, 1]], [[0, 2], [1, 2]]])
+
+def test_iter_nested_iters_dtype_copy():
+    # Test nested iteration with a copy to change dtype
+
+    # copy
+    a = arange(6, dtype='i4').reshape(2, 3)
+    i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[0], [1]],
+                        op_flags=['readonly', 'copy'],
+                        op_dtypes='f8')
+    assert_equal(j[0].dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+    vals = []
+    for x in i:
+        vals.append([y for y in j])
+    assert_equal(vals, [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5]])
+    vals = None
+
+    # updateifcopy
+    a = arange(6, dtype='f4').reshape(2, 3)
+    i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[0], [1]],
+                        op_flags=['readwrite', 'updateifcopy'],
+                        casting='same_kind',
+                        op_dtypes='f8')
+    assert_equal(j[0].dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+    for x in i:
+        for y in j:
+            y[...] += 1
+    assert_equal(a, [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5]])
+    i, j, x, y = (None,)*4  # force the updateifcopy
+    assert_equal(a, [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
+
+def test_iter_nested_iters_dtype_buffered():
+    # Test nested iteration with buffering to change dtype
+
+    a = arange(6, dtype='f4').reshape(2, 3)
+    i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[0], [1]],
+                        flags=['buffered'],
+                        op_flags=['readwrite'],
+                        casting='same_kind',
+                        op_dtypes='f8')
+    assert_equal(j[0].dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+    for x in i:
+        for y in j:
+            y[...] += 1
+    assert_equal(a, [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
+
+def test_iter_reduction_error():
+
+    a = np.arange(6)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, None], [],
+                    [['readonly'], ['readwrite', 'allocate']],
+                    op_axes=[[0], [-1]])
+
+    a = np.arange(6).reshape(2, 3)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, None], ['external_loop'],
+                    [['readonly'], ['readwrite', 'allocate']],
+                    op_axes=[[0, 1], [-1, -1]])
+
+def test_iter_reduction():
+    # Test doing reductions with the iterator
+
+    a = np.arange(6)
+    i = nditer([a, None], ['reduce_ok'],
+                    [['readonly'], ['readwrite', 'allocate']],
+                    op_axes=[[0], [-1]])
+    # Need to initialize the output operand to the addition unit
+    i.operands[1][...] = 0
+    # Do the reduction
+    for x, y in i:
+        y[...] += x
+    # Since no axes were specified, should have allocated a scalar
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].ndim, 0)
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1], np.sum(a))
+
+    a = np.arange(6).reshape(2, 3)
+    i = nditer([a, None], ['reduce_ok', 'external_loop'],
+                    [['readonly'], ['readwrite', 'allocate']],
+                    op_axes=[[0, 1], [-1, -1]])
+    # Need to initialize the output operand to the addition unit
+    i.operands[1][...] = 0
+    # Reduction shape/strides for the output
+    assert_equal(i[1].shape, (6,))
+    assert_equal(i[1].strides, (0,))
+    # Do the reduction
+    for x, y in i:
+        y[...] += x
+    # Since no axes were specified, should have allocated a scalar
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].ndim, 0)
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1], np.sum(a))
+
+    # This is a tricky reduction case for the buffering double loop
+    # to handle
+    a = np.ones((2, 3, 5))
+    it1 = nditer([a, None], ['reduce_ok', 'external_loop'],
+                    [['readonly'], ['readwrite', 'allocate']],
+                    op_axes=[None, [0, -1, 1]])
+    it2 = nditer([a, None], ['reduce_ok', 'external_loop',
+                            'buffered', 'delay_bufalloc'],
+                    [['readonly'], ['readwrite', 'allocate']],
+                    op_axes=[None, [0, -1, 1]], buffersize=10)
+    it1.operands[1].fill(0)
+    it2.operands[1].fill(0)
+    it2.reset()
+    for x in it1:
+        x[1][...] += x[0]
+    for x in it2:
+        x[1][...] += x[0]
+    assert_equal(it1.operands[1], it2.operands[1])
+    assert_equal(it2.operands[1].sum(), a.size)
+
+def test_iter_buffering_reduction():
+    # Test doing buffered reductions with the iterator
+
+    a = np.arange(6)
+    b = np.array(0., dtype='f8').byteswap().newbyteorder()
+    i = nditer([a, b], ['reduce_ok', 'buffered'],
+                    [['readonly'], ['readwrite', 'nbo']],
+                    op_axes=[[0], [-1]])
+    assert_equal(i[1].dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+    assert_(i[1].dtype != b.dtype)
+    # Do the reduction
+    for x, y in i:
+        y[...] += x
+    # Since no axes were specified, should have allocated a scalar
+    assert_equal(b, np.sum(a))
+
+    a = np.arange(6).reshape(2, 3)
+    b = np.array([0, 0], dtype='f8').byteswap().newbyteorder()
+    i = nditer([a, b], ['reduce_ok', 'external_loop', 'buffered'],
+                    [['readonly'], ['readwrite', 'nbo']],
+                    op_axes=[[0, 1], [0, -1]])
+    # Reduction shape/strides for the output
+    assert_equal(i[1].shape, (3,))
+    assert_equal(i[1].strides, (0,))
+    # Do the reduction
+    for x, y in i:
+        y[...] += x
+    assert_equal(b, np.sum(a, axis=1))
+
+    # Iterator inner double loop was wrong on this one
+    p = np.arange(2) + 1
+    it = np.nditer([p, None],
+            ['delay_bufalloc', 'reduce_ok', 'buffered', 'external_loop'],
+            [['readonly'], ['readwrite', 'allocate']],
+            op_axes=[[-1, 0], [-1, -1]],
+            itershape=(2, 2))
+    it.operands[1].fill(0)
+    it.reset()
+    assert_equal(it[0], [1, 2, 1, 2])
+
+def test_iter_buffering_reduction_reuse_reduce_loops():
+    # There was a bug triggering reuse of the reduce loop inappropriately,
+    # which caused processing to happen in unnecessarily small chunks
+    # and overran the buffer.
+
+    a = np.zeros((2, 7))
+    b = np.zeros((1, 7))
+    it = np.nditer([a, b], flags=['reduce_ok', 'external_loop', 'buffered'],
+                    op_flags=[['readonly'], ['readwrite']],
+                    buffersize=5)
+
+    bufsizes = []
+    for x, y in it:
+        bufsizes.append(x.shape[0])
+    assert_equal(bufsizes, [5, 2, 5, 2])
+    assert_equal(sum(bufsizes), a.size)
+
+def test_iter_writemasked_badinput():
+    a = np.zeros((2, 3))
+    b = np.zeros((3,))
+    m = np.array([[True, True, False], [False, True, False]])
+    m2 = np.array([True, True, False])
+    m3 = np.array([0, 1, 1], dtype='u1')
+    mbad1 = np.array([0, 1, 1], dtype='i1')
+    mbad2 = np.array([0, 1, 1], dtype='f4')
+
+    # Need an 'arraymask' if any operand is 'writemasked'
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, m], [],
+                    [['readwrite', 'writemasked'], ['readonly']])
+
+    # A 'writemasked' operand must not be readonly
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, m], [],
+                    [['readonly', 'writemasked'], ['readonly', 'arraymask']])
+
+    # 'writemasked' and 'arraymask' may not be used together
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, m], [],
+                    [['readonly'], ['readwrite', 'arraymask', 'writemasked']])
+
+    # 'arraymask' may only be specified once
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, m, m2], [],
+                    [['readwrite', 'writemasked'],
+                     ['readonly', 'arraymask'],
+                     ['readonly', 'arraymask']])
+
+    # An 'arraymask' with nothing 'writemasked' also doesn't make sense
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, m], [],
+                    [['readwrite'], ['readonly', 'arraymask']])
+
+    # A writemasked reduction requires a similarly smaller mask
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, b, m], ['reduce_ok'],
+                    [['readonly'],
+                     ['readwrite', 'writemasked'],
+                     ['readonly', 'arraymask']])
+    # But this should work with a smaller/equal mask to the reduction operand
+    np.nditer([a, b, m2], ['reduce_ok'],
+                    [['readonly'],
+                     ['readwrite', 'writemasked'],
+                     ['readonly', 'arraymask']])
+    # The arraymask itself cannot be a reduction
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, b, m2], ['reduce_ok'],
+                    [['readonly'],
+                     ['readwrite', 'writemasked'],
+                     ['readwrite', 'arraymask']])
+
+    # A uint8 mask is ok too
+    np.nditer([a, m3], ['buffered'],
+                    [['readwrite', 'writemasked'],
+                     ['readonly', 'arraymask']],
+                    op_dtypes=['f4', None],
+                    casting='same_kind')
+    # An int8 mask isn't ok
+    assert_raises(TypeError, np.nditer, [a, mbad1], ['buffered'],
+                    [['readwrite', 'writemasked'],
+                     ['readonly', 'arraymask']],
+                    op_dtypes=['f4', None],
+                    casting='same_kind')
+    # A float32 mask isn't ok
+    assert_raises(TypeError, np.nditer, [a, mbad2], ['buffered'],
+                    [['readwrite', 'writemasked'],
+                     ['readonly', 'arraymask']],
+                    op_dtypes=['f4', None],
+                    casting='same_kind')
+
+def test_iter_writemasked():
+    a = np.zeros((3,), dtype='f8')
+    msk = np.array([True, True, False])
+
+    # When buffering is unused, 'writemasked' effectively does nothing.
+    # It's up to the user of the iterator to obey the requested semantics.
+    it = np.nditer([a, msk], [],
+                [['readwrite', 'writemasked'],
+                 ['readonly', 'arraymask']])
+    for x, m in it:
+        x[...] = 1
+    # Because we violated the semantics, all the values became 1
+    assert_equal(a, [1, 1, 1])
+
+    # Even if buffering is enabled, we still may be accessing the array
+    # directly.
+    it = np.nditer([a, msk], ['buffered'],
+                [['readwrite', 'writemasked'],
+                 ['readonly', 'arraymask']])
+    for x, m in it:
+        x[...] = 2.5
+    # Because we violated the semantics, all the values became 2.5
+    assert_equal(a, [2.5, 2.5, 2.5])
+
+    # If buffering will definitely happening, for instance because of
+    # a cast, only the items selected by the mask will be copied back from
+    # the buffer.
+    it = np.nditer([a, msk], ['buffered'],
+                [['readwrite', 'writemasked'],
+                 ['readonly', 'arraymask']],
+                op_dtypes=['i8', None],
+                casting='unsafe')
+    for x, m in it:
+        x[...] = 3
+    # Even though we violated the semantics, only the selected values
+    # were copied back
+    assert_equal(a, [3, 3, 2.5])
+
+def test_iter_non_writable_attribute_deletion():
+    it = np.nditer(np.ones(2))
+    attr = ["value", "shape", "operands", "itviews", "has_delayed_bufalloc",
+            "iterationneedsapi", "has_multi_index", "has_index", "dtypes",
+            "ndim", "nop", "itersize", "finished"]
+
+    for s in attr:
+        assert_raises(AttributeError, delattr, it, s)
+
+
+def test_iter_writable_attribute_deletion():
+    it = np.nditer(np.ones(2))
+    attr = [ "multi_index", "index", "iterrange", "iterindex"]
+    for s in attr:
+        assert_raises(AttributeError, delattr, it, s)
+
+
+def test_iter_element_deletion():
+    it = np.nditer(np.ones(3))
+    try:
+        del it[1]
+        del it[1:2]
+    except TypeError:
+        pass
+    except:
+        raise AssertionError
+
+def test_iter_allocated_array_dtypes():
+    # If the dtype of an allocated output has a shape, the shape gets
+    # tacked onto the end of the result.
+    it = np.nditer(([1, 3, 20], None), op_dtypes=[None, ('i4', (2,))])
+    for a, b in it:
+        b[0] = a - 1
+        b[1] = a + 1
+    assert_equal(it.operands[1], [[0, 2], [2, 4], [19, 21]])
+
+    # Make sure this works for scalars too
+    it = np.nditer((10, 2, None), op_dtypes=[None, None, ('i4', (2, 2))])
+    for a, b, c in it:
+        c[0, 0] = a - b
+        c[0, 1] = a + b
+        c[1, 0] = a * b
+        c[1, 1] = a / b
+    assert_equal(it.operands[2], [[8, 12], [20, 5]])
+
+
+def test_0d_iter():
+    # Basic test for iteration of 0-d arrays:
+    i = nditer([2, 3], ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*2)
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 0)
+    assert_equal(next(i), (2, 3))
+    assert_equal(i.multi_index, ())
+    assert_equal(i.iterindex, 0)
+    assert_raises(StopIteration, next, i)
+    # test reset:
+    i.reset()
+    assert_equal(next(i), (2, 3))
+    assert_raises(StopIteration, next, i)
+
+    # test forcing to 0-d
+    i = nditer(np.arange(5), ['multi_index'], [['readonly']], op_axes=[()])
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 0)
+    assert_equal(len(i), 1)
+    # note that itershape=(), still behaves like None due to the conversions
+
+    # Test a more complex buffered casting case (same as another test above)
+    sdt = [('a', 'f4'), ('b', 'i8'), ('c', 'c8', (2, 3)), ('d', 'O')]
+    a = np.array(0.5, dtype='f4')
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readonly'],
+                    casting='unsafe', op_dtypes=sdt)
+    vals = next(i)
+    assert_equal(vals['a'], 0.5)
+    assert_equal(vals['b'], 0)
+    assert_equal(vals['c'], [[(0.5)]*3]*2)
+    assert_equal(vals['d'], 0.5)
+
+
+def test_0d_nested_iter():
+    a = np.arange(12).reshape(2, 3, 2)
+    i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[], [1, 0, 2]])
+    vals = []
+    for x in i:
+        vals.append([y for y in j])
+    assert_equal(vals, [[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]])
+
+    i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[1, 0, 2], []])
+    vals = []
+    for x in i:
+        vals.append([y for y in j])
+    assert_equal(vals, [[0], [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11]])
+
+    i, j, k = np.nested_iters(a, [[2, 0], [], [1]])
+    vals = []
+    for x in i:
+        for y in j:
+            vals.append([z for z in k])
+    assert_equal(vals, [[0, 2, 4], [1, 3, 5], [6, 8, 10], [7, 9, 11]])
+
+
+def test_iter_too_large():
+    # The total size of the iterator must not exceed the maximum intp due
+    # to broadcasting. Dividing by 1024 will keep it small enough to
+    # give a legal array.
+    size = np.iinfo(np.intp).max // 1024
+    arr = np.lib.stride_tricks.as_strided(np.zeros(1), (size,), (0,))
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, (arr, arr[:, None]))
+    # test the same for multiindex. That may get more interesting when
+    # removing 0 dimensional axis is allowed (since an iterator can grow then)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer,
+                  (arr, arr[:, None]), flags=['multi_index'])
+
+
+def test_iter_too_large_with_multiindex():
+    # When a multi index is being tracked, the error is delayed this
+    # checks the delayed error messages and getting below that by
+    # removing an axis.
+    base_size = 2**10
+    num = 1
+    while base_size**num < np.iinfo(np.intp).max:
+        num += 1
+
+    shape_template = [1, 1] * num
+    arrays = []
+    for i in range(num):
+        shape = shape_template[:]
+        shape[i * 2] = 2**10
+        arrays.append(np.empty(shape))
+    arrays = tuple(arrays)
+
+    # arrays are now too large to be broadcast. The different modes test
+    # different nditer functionality with or without GIL.
+    for mode in range(6):
+        assert_raises(ValueError, test_nditer_too_large, arrays, -1, mode)
+    # but if we do nothing with the nditer, it can be constructed:
+    test_nditer_too_large(arrays, -1, 7)
+
+    # When an axis is removed, things should work again (half the time):
+    for i in range(num):
+        for mode in range(6):
+            # an axis with size 1024 is removed:
+            test_nditer_too_large(arrays, i*2, mode)
+            # an axis with size 1 is removed:
+            assert_raises(ValueError, test_nditer_too_large,
+                          arrays, i*2 + 1, mode)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    run_module_suite()