numpy 1.9.2__zip → 1.10.0__zip

numpy-1.9.2/numpy/lib/nanfunctions.py

@@ -1,1158 +0,0 @@
-"""
-Functions that ignore NaN.
-
-Functions
----------
-
-- `nanmin` -- minimum non-NaN value
-- `nanmax` -- maximum non-NaN value
-- `nanargmin` -- index of minimum non-NaN value
-- `nanargmax` -- index of maximum non-NaN value
-- `nansum` -- sum of non-NaN values
-- `nanmean` -- mean of non-NaN values
-- `nanvar` -- variance of non-NaN values
-- `nanstd` -- standard deviation of non-NaN values
-
-"""
-from __future__ import division, absolute_import, print_function
-
-import warnings
-import numpy as np
-from numpy.lib.function_base import _ureduce as _ureduce
-
-__all__ = [
-    'nansum', 'nanmax', 'nanmin', 'nanargmax', 'nanargmin', 'nanmean',
-    'nanmedian', 'nanpercentile', 'nanvar', 'nanstd'
-    ]
-
-
-def _replace_nan(a, val):
-    """
-    If `a` is of inexact type, make a copy of `a`, replace NaNs with
-    the `val` value, and return the copy together with a boolean mask
-    marking the locations where NaNs were present. If `a` is not of
-    inexact type, do nothing and return `a` together with a mask of None.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    a : array-like
-        Input array.
-    val : float
-        NaN values are set to val before doing the operation.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    y : ndarray
-        If `a` is of inexact type, return a copy of `a` with the NaNs
-        replaced by the fill value, otherwise return `a`.
-    mask: {bool, None}
-        If `a` is of inexact type, return a boolean mask marking locations of
-        NaNs, otherwise return None.
-
-    """
-    is_new = not isinstance(a, np.ndarray)
-    if is_new:
-        a = np.array(a)
-    if not issubclass(a.dtype.type, np.inexact):
-        return a, None
-    if not is_new:
-        # need copy
-        a = np.array(a, subok=True)
-
-    mask = np.isnan(a)
-    np.copyto(a, val, where=mask)
-    return a, mask
-
-
-def _copyto(a, val, mask):
-    """
-    Replace values in `a` with NaN where `mask` is True.  This differs from
-    copyto in that it will deal with the case where `a` is a numpy scalar.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    a : ndarray or numpy scalar
-        Array or numpy scalar some of whose values are to be replaced
-        by val.
-    val : numpy scalar
-        Value used a replacement.
-    mask : ndarray, scalar
-        Boolean array. Where True the corresponding element of `a` is
-        replaced by `val`. Broadcasts.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    res : ndarray, scalar
-        Array with elements replaced or scalar `val`.
-
-    """
-    if isinstance(a, np.ndarray):
-        np.copyto(a, val, where=mask, casting='unsafe')
-    else:
-        a = a.dtype.type(val)
-    return a
-
-
-def _divide_by_count(a, b, out=None):
-    """
-    Compute a/b ignoring invalid results. If `a` is an array the division
-    is done in place. If `a` is a scalar, then its type is preserved in the
-    output. If out is None, then then a is used instead so that the
-    division is in place. Note that this is only called with `a` an inexact
-    type.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    a : {ndarray, numpy scalar}
-        Numerator. Expected to be of inexact type but not checked.
-    b : {ndarray, numpy scalar}
-        Denominator.
-    out : ndarray, optional
-        Alternate output array in which to place the result.  The default
-        is ``None``; if provided, it must have the same shape as the
-        expected output, but the type will be cast if necessary.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    ret : {ndarray, numpy scalar}
-        The return value is a/b. If `a` was an ndarray the division is done
-        in place. If `a` is a numpy scalar, the division preserves its type.
-
-    """
-    with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
-        if isinstance(a, np.ndarray):
-            if out is None:
-                return np.divide(a, b, out=a, casting='unsafe')
-            else:
-                return np.divide(a, b, out=out, casting='unsafe')
-        else:
-            if out is None:
-                return a.dtype.type(a / b)
-            else:
-                # This is questionable, but currently a numpy scalar can
-                # be output to a zero dimensional array.
-                return np.divide(a, b, out=out, casting='unsafe')
-
-
-def nanmin(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=False):
-    """
-    Return minimum of an array or minimum along an axis, ignoring any NaNs.
-    When all-NaN slices are encountered a ``RuntimeWarning`` is raised and
-    Nan is returned for that slice.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    a : array_like
-        Array containing numbers whose minimum is desired. If `a` is not an
-        array, a conversion is attempted.
-    axis : int, optional
-        Axis along which the minimum is computed. The default is to compute
-        the minimum of the flattened array.
-    out : ndarray, optional
-        Alternate output array in which to place the result.  The default
-        is ``None``; if provided, it must have the same shape as the
-        expected output, but the type will be cast if necessary.  See
-        `doc.ufuncs` for details.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 1.8.0
-    keepdims : bool, optional
-        If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left in the
-        result as dimensions with size one. With this option, the result
-        will broadcast correctly against the original `a`.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 1.8.0
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    nanmin : ndarray
-        An array with the same shape as `a`, with the specified axis
-        removed.  If `a` is a 0-d array, or if axis is None, an ndarray
-        scalar is returned.  The same dtype as `a` is returned.
-
-    See Also
-    --------
-    nanmax :
-        The maximum value of an array along a given axis, ignoring any NaNs.
-    amin :
-        The minimum value of an array along a given axis, propagating any NaNs.
-    fmin :
-        Element-wise minimum of two arrays, ignoring any NaNs.
-    minimum :
-        Element-wise minimum of two arrays, propagating any NaNs.
-    isnan :
-        Shows which elements are Not a Number (NaN).
-    isfinite:
-        Shows which elements are neither NaN nor infinity.
-
-    amax, fmax, maximum
-
-    Notes
-    -----
-    Numpy uses the IEEE Standard for Binary Floating-Point for Arithmetic
-    (IEEE 754). This means that Not a Number is not equivalent to infinity.
-    Positive infinity is treated as a very large number and negative
-    infinity is treated as a very small (i.e. negative) number.
-
-    If the input has a integer type the function is equivalent to np.min.
-
-    Examples
-    --------
-    >>> a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, np.nan]])
-    >>> np.nanmin(a)
-    1.0
-    >>> np.nanmin(a, axis=0)
-    array([ 1.,  2.])
-    >>> np.nanmin(a, axis=1)
-    array([ 1.,  3.])
-
-    When positive infinity and negative infinity are present:
-
-    >>> np.nanmin([1, 2, np.nan, np.inf])
-    1.0
-    >>> np.nanmin([1, 2, np.nan, np.NINF])
-    -inf
-
-    """
-    if not isinstance(a, np.ndarray) or type(a) is np.ndarray:
-        # Fast, but not safe for subclasses of ndarray
-        res = np.fmin.reduce(a, axis=axis, out=out, keepdims=keepdims)
-        if np.isnan(res).any():
-            warnings.warn("All-NaN axis encountered", RuntimeWarning)
-    else:
-        # Slow, but safe for subclasses of ndarray
-        a, mask = _replace_nan(a, +np.inf)
-        res = np.amin(a, axis=axis, out=out, keepdims=keepdims)
-        if mask is None:
-            return res
-
-        # Check for all-NaN axis
-        mask = np.all(mask, axis=axis, keepdims=keepdims)
-        if np.any(mask):
-            res = _copyto(res, np.nan, mask)
-            warnings.warn("All-NaN axis encountered", RuntimeWarning)
-    return res
-
-
-def nanmax(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=False):
-    """
-    Return the maximum of an array or maximum along an axis, ignoring any
-    NaNs.  When all-NaN slices are encountered a ``RuntimeWarning`` is
-    raised and NaN is returned for that slice.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    a : array_like
-        Array containing numbers whose maximum is desired. If `a` is not an
-        array, a conversion is attempted.
-    axis : int, optional
-        Axis along which the maximum is computed. The default is to compute
-        the maximum of the flattened array.
-    out : ndarray, optional
-        Alternate output array in which to place the result.  The default
-        is ``None``; if provided, it must have the same shape as the
-        expected output, but the type will be cast if necessary.  See
-        `doc.ufuncs` for details.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 1.8.0
-    keepdims : bool, optional
-        If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left in the
-        result as dimensions with size one. With this option, the result
-        will broadcast correctly against the original `a`.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 1.8.0
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    nanmax : ndarray
-        An array with the same shape as `a`, with the specified axis removed.
-        If `a` is a 0-d array, or if axis is None, an ndarray scalar is
-        returned.  The same dtype as `a` is returned.
-
-    See Also
-    --------
-    nanmin :
-        The minimum value of an array along a given axis, ignoring any NaNs.
-    amax :
-        The maximum value of an array along a given axis, propagating any NaNs.
-    fmax :
-        Element-wise maximum of two arrays, ignoring any NaNs.
-    maximum :
-        Element-wise maximum of two arrays, propagating any NaNs.
-    isnan :
-        Shows which elements are Not a Number (NaN).
-    isfinite:
-        Shows which elements are neither NaN nor infinity.
-
-    amin, fmin, minimum
-
-    Notes
-    -----
-    Numpy uses the IEEE Standard for Binary Floating-Point for Arithmetic
-    (IEEE 754). This means that Not a Number is not equivalent to infinity.
-    Positive infinity is treated as a very large number and negative
-    infinity is treated as a very small (i.e. negative) number.
-
-    If the input has a integer type the function is equivalent to np.max.
-
-    Examples
-    --------
-    >>> a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, np.nan]])
-    >>> np.nanmax(a)
-    3.0
-    >>> np.nanmax(a, axis=0)
-    array([ 3.,  2.])
-    >>> np.nanmax(a, axis=1)
-    array([ 2.,  3.])
-
-    When positive infinity and negative infinity are present:
-
-    >>> np.nanmax([1, 2, np.nan, np.NINF])
-    2.0
-    >>> np.nanmax([1, 2, np.nan, np.inf])
-    inf
-
-    """
-    if not isinstance(a, np.ndarray) or type(a) is np.ndarray:
-        # Fast, but not safe for subclasses of ndarray
-        res = np.fmax.reduce(a, axis=axis, out=out, keepdims=keepdims)
-        if np.isnan(res).any():
-            warnings.warn("All-NaN slice encountered", RuntimeWarning)
-    else:
-        # Slow, but safe for subclasses of ndarray
-        a, mask = _replace_nan(a, -np.inf)
-        res = np.amax(a, axis=axis, out=out, keepdims=keepdims)
-        if mask is None:
-            return res
-
-        # Check for all-NaN axis
-        mask = np.all(mask, axis=axis, keepdims=keepdims)
-        if np.any(mask):
-            res = _copyto(res, np.nan, mask)
-            warnings.warn("All-NaN axis encountered", RuntimeWarning)
-    return res
-
-
-def nanargmin(a, axis=None):
-    """
-    Return the indices of the minimum values in the specified axis ignoring
-    NaNs. For all-NaN slices ``ValueError`` is raised. Warning: the results
-    cannot be trusted if a slice contains only NaNs and Infs.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    a : array_like
-        Input data.
-    axis : int, optional
-        Axis along which to operate.  By default flattened input is used.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    index_array : ndarray
-        An array of indices or a single index value.
-
-    See Also
-    --------
-    argmin, nanargmax
-
-    Examples
-    --------
-    >>> a = np.array([[np.nan, 4], [2, 3]])
-    >>> np.argmin(a)
-    0
-    >>> np.nanargmin(a)
-    2
-    >>> np.nanargmin(a, axis=0)
-    array([1, 1])
-    >>> np.nanargmin(a, axis=1)
-    array([1, 0])
-
-    """
-    a, mask = _replace_nan(a, np.inf)
-    res = np.argmin(a, axis=axis)
-    if mask is not None:
-        mask = np.all(mask, axis=axis)
-        if np.any(mask):
-            raise ValueError("All-NaN slice encountered")
-    return res
-
-
-def nanargmax(a, axis=None):
-    """
-    Return the indices of the maximum values in the specified axis ignoring
-    NaNs. For all-NaN slices ``ValueError`` is raised. Warning: the
-    results cannot be trusted if a slice contains only NaNs and -Infs.
-
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    a : array_like
-        Input data.
-    axis : int, optional
-        Axis along which to operate.  By default flattened input is used.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    index_array : ndarray
-        An array of indices or a single index value.
-
-    See Also
-    --------
-    argmax, nanargmin
-
-    Examples
-    --------
-    >>> a = np.array([[np.nan, 4], [2, 3]])
-    >>> np.argmax(a)
-    0
-    >>> np.nanargmax(a)
-    1
-    >>> np.nanargmax(a, axis=0)
-    array([1, 0])
-    >>> np.nanargmax(a, axis=1)
-    array([1, 1])
-
-    """
-    a, mask = _replace_nan(a, -np.inf)
-    res = np.argmax(a, axis=axis)
-    if mask is not None:
-        mask = np.all(mask, axis=axis)
-        if np.any(mask):
-            raise ValueError("All-NaN slice encountered")
-    return res
-
-
-def nansum(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=0):
-    """
-    Return the sum of array elements over a given axis treating Not a
-    Numbers (NaNs) as zero.
-
-    In Numpy versions <= 1.8 Nan is returned for slices that are all-NaN or
-    empty. In later versions zero is returned.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    a : array_like
-        Array containing numbers whose sum is desired. If `a` is not an
-        array, a conversion is attempted.
-    axis : int, optional
-        Axis along which the sum is computed. The default is to compute the
-        sum of the flattened array.
-    dtype : data-type, optional
-        The type of the returned array and of the accumulator in which the
-        elements are summed.  By default, the dtype of `a` is used.  An
-        exception is when `a` has an integer type with less precision than
-        the platform (u)intp. In that case, the default will be either
-        (u)int32 or (u)int64 depending on whether the platform is 32 or 64
-        bits. For inexact inputs, dtype must be inexact.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 1.8.0
-    out : ndarray, optional
-        Alternate output array in which to place the result.  The default
-        is ``None``. If provided, it must have the same shape as the
-        expected output, but the type will be cast if necessary.  See
-        `doc.ufuncs` for details. The casting of NaN to integer can yield
-        unexpected results.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 1.8.0
-    keepdims : bool, optional
-        If True, the axes which are reduced are left in the result as
-        dimensions with size one. With this option, the result will
-        broadcast correctly against the original `arr`.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 1.8.0
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    y : ndarray or numpy scalar
-
-    See Also
-    --------
-    numpy.sum : Sum across array propagating NaNs.
-    isnan : Show which elements are NaN.
-    isfinite: Show which elements are not NaN or +/-inf.
-
-    Notes
-    -----
-    If both positive and negative infinity are present, the sum will be Not
-    A Number (NaN).
-
-    Numpy integer arithmetic is modular. If the size of a sum exceeds the
-    size of an integer accumulator, its value will wrap around and the
-    result will be incorrect. Specifying ``dtype=double`` can alleviate
-    that problem.
-
-    Examples
-    --------
-    >>> np.nansum(1)
-    1
-    >>> np.nansum([1])
-    1
-    >>> np.nansum([1, np.nan])
-    1.0
-    >>> a = np.array([[1, 1], [1, np.nan]])
-    >>> np.nansum(a)
-    3.0
-    >>> np.nansum(a, axis=0)
-    array([ 2.,  1.])
-    >>> np.nansum([1, np.nan, np.inf])
-    inf
-    >>> np.nansum([1, np.nan, np.NINF])
-    -inf
-    >>> np.nansum([1, np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf]) # both +/- infinity present
-    nan
-
-    """
-    a, mask = _replace_nan(a, 0)
-    return np.sum(a, axis=axis, dtype=dtype, out=out, keepdims=keepdims)
-
-
-def nanmean(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=False):
-    """
-    Compute the arithmetic mean along the specified axis, ignoring NaNs.
-
-    Returns the average of the array elements.  The average is taken over
-    the flattened array by default, otherwise over the specified axis.
-    `float64` intermediate and return values are used for integer inputs.
-
-    For all-NaN slices, NaN is returned and a `RuntimeWarning` is raised.
-
-    .. versionadded:: 1.8.0
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    a : array_like
-        Array containing numbers whose mean is desired. If `a` is not an
-        array, a conversion is attempted.
-    axis : int, optional
-        Axis along which the means are computed. The default is to compute
-        the mean of the flattened array.
-    dtype : data-type, optional
-        Type to use in computing the mean.  For integer inputs, the default
-        is `float64`; for inexact inputs, it is the same as the input
-        dtype.
-    out : ndarray, optional
-        Alternate output array in which to place the result.  The default
-        is ``None``; if provided, it must have the same shape as the
-        expected output, but the type will be cast if necessary.  See
-        `doc.ufuncs` for details.
-    keepdims : bool, optional
-        If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left in the
-        result as dimensions with size one. With this option, the result
-        will broadcast correctly against the original `arr`.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    m : ndarray, see dtype parameter above
-        If `out=None`, returns a new array containing the mean values,
-        otherwise a reference to the output array is returned. Nan is
-        returned for slices that contain only NaNs.
-
-    See Also
-    --------
-    average : Weighted average
-    mean : Arithmetic mean taken while not ignoring NaNs
-    var, nanvar
-
-    Notes
-    -----
-    The arithmetic mean is the sum of the non-NaN elements along the axis
-    divided by the number of non-NaN elements.
-
-    Note that for floating-point input, the mean is computed using the same
-    precision the input has.  Depending on the input data, this can cause
-    the results to be inaccurate, especially for `float32`.  Specifying a
-    higher-precision accumulator using the `dtype` keyword can alleviate
-    this issue.
-
-    Examples
-    --------
-    >>> a = np.array([[1, np.nan], [3, 4]])
-    >>> np.nanmean(a)
-    2.6666666666666665
-    >>> np.nanmean(a, axis=0)
-    array([ 2.,  4.])
-    >>> np.nanmean(a, axis=1)
-    array([ 1.,  3.5])
-
-    """
-    arr, mask = _replace_nan(a, 0)
-    if mask is None:
-        return np.mean(arr, axis=axis, dtype=dtype, out=out, keepdims=keepdims)
-
-    if dtype is not None:
-        dtype = np.dtype(dtype)
-    if dtype is not None and not issubclass(dtype.type, np.inexact):
-        raise TypeError("If a is inexact, then dtype must be inexact")
-    if out is not None and not issubclass(out.dtype.type, np.inexact):
-        raise TypeError("If a is inexact, then out must be inexact")
-
-    # The warning context speeds things up.
-    with warnings.catch_warnings():
-        warnings.simplefilter('ignore')
-        cnt = np.sum(~mask, axis=axis, dtype=np.intp, keepdims=keepdims)
-        tot = np.sum(arr, axis=axis, dtype=dtype, out=out, keepdims=keepdims)
-        avg = _divide_by_count(tot, cnt, out=out)
-
-    isbad = (cnt == 0)
-    if isbad.any():
-        warnings.warn("Mean of empty slice", RuntimeWarning)
-        # NaN is the only possible bad value, so no further
-        # action is needed to handle bad results.
-    return avg
-
-
-def _nanmedian1d(arr1d, overwrite_input=False):
-    """
-    Private function for rank 1 arrays. Compute the median ignoring NaNs.
-    See nanmedian for parameter usage
-    """
-    c = np.isnan(arr1d)
-    s = np.where(c)[0]
-    if s.size == arr1d.size:
-        warnings.warn("All-NaN slice encountered", RuntimeWarning)
-        return np.nan
-    elif s.size == 0:
-        return np.median(arr1d, overwrite_input=overwrite_input)
-    else:
-        if overwrite_input:
-            x = arr1d
-        else:
-            x = arr1d.copy()
-        # select non-nans at end of array
-        enonan = arr1d[-s.size:][~c[-s.size:]]
-        # fill nans in beginning of array with non-nans of end
-        x[s[:enonan.size]] = enonan
-        # slice nans away
-        return np.median(x[:-s.size], overwrite_input=True)
-
-
-def _nanmedian(a, axis=None, out=None, overwrite_input=False):
-    """
-    Private function that doesn't support extended axis or keepdims.
-    These methods are extended to this function using _ureduce
-    See nanmedian for parameter usage
-
-    """
-    if axis is None or a.ndim == 1:
-        part = a.ravel()
-        if out is None:
-            return _nanmedian1d(part, overwrite_input)
-        else:
-            out[...] = _nanmedian1d(part, overwrite_input)
-            return out
-    else:
-        # for small medians use sort + indexing which is still faster than
-        # apply_along_axis
-        if a.shape[axis] < 400:
-            return _nanmedian_small(a, axis, out, overwrite_input)
-        result = np.apply_along_axis(_nanmedian1d, axis, a, overwrite_input)
-        if out is not None:
-            out[...] = result
-        return result
-
-def _nanmedian_small(a, axis=None, out=None, overwrite_input=False):
-    """
-    sort + indexing median, faster for small medians along multiple dimensions
-    due to the high overhead of apply_along_axis
-    see nanmedian for parameter usage
-    """
-    a = np.ma.masked_array(a, np.isnan(a))
-    m = np.ma.median(a, axis=axis, overwrite_input=overwrite_input)
-    for i in range(np.count_nonzero(m.mask.ravel())):
-        warnings.warn("All-NaN slice encountered", RuntimeWarning)
-    if out is not None:
-        out[...] = m.filled(np.nan)
-        return out
-    return m.filled(np.nan)
-
-def nanmedian(a, axis=None, out=None, overwrite_input=False, keepdims=False):
-    """
-    Compute the median along the specified axis, while ignoring NaNs.
-
-    Returns the median of the array elements.
-
-    .. versionadded:: 1.9.0
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    a : array_like
-        Input array or object that can be converted to an array.
-    axis : int, optional
-        Axis along which the medians are computed. The default (axis=None)
-        is to compute the median along a flattened version of the array.
-        A sequence of axes is supported since version 1.9.0.
-    out : ndarray, optional
-        Alternative output array in which to place the result. It must have
-        the same shape and buffer length as the expected output, but the
-        type (of the output) will be cast if necessary.
-    overwrite_input : bool, optional
-       If True, then allow use of memory of input array (a) for
-       calculations. The input array will be modified by the call to
-       median. This will save memory when you do not need to preserve
-       the contents of the input array. Treat the input as undefined,
-       but it will probably be fully or partially sorted. Default is
-       False. Note that, if `overwrite_input` is True and the input
-       is not already an ndarray, an error will be raised.
-    keepdims : bool, optional
-        If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left
-        in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option,
-        the result will broadcast correctly against the original `arr`.
-
-
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    median : ndarray
-        A new array holding the result. If the input contains integers, or
-        floats of smaller precision than 64, then the output data-type is
-        float64.  Otherwise, the output data-type is the same as that of the
-        input.
-
-    See Also
-    --------
-    mean, median, percentile
-
-    Notes
-    -----
-    Given a vector V of length N, the median of V is the middle value of
-    a sorted copy of V, ``V_sorted`` - i.e., ``V_sorted[(N-1)/2]``, when N is
-    odd.  When N is even, it is the average of the two middle values of
-    ``V_sorted``.
-
-    Examples
-    --------
-    >>> a = np.array([[10.0, 7, 4], [3, 2, 1]])
-    >>> a[0, 1] = np.nan
-    >>> a
-    array([[ 10.,  nan,   4.],
-       [  3.,   2.,   1.]])
-    >>> np.median(a)
-    nan
-    >>> np.nanmedian(a)
-    3.0
-    >>> np.nanmedian(a, axis=0)
-    array([ 6.5,  2.,  2.5])
-    >>> np.median(a, axis=1)
-    array([ 7.,  2.])
-    >>> b = a.copy()
-    >>> np.nanmedian(b, axis=1, overwrite_input=True)
-    array([ 7.,  2.])
-    >>> assert not np.all(a==b)
-    >>> b = a.copy()
-    >>> np.nanmedian(b, axis=None, overwrite_input=True)
-    3.0
-    >>> assert not np.all(a==b)
-
-    """
-    a = np.asanyarray(a)
-    # apply_along_axis in _nanmedian doesn't handle empty arrays well,
-    # so deal them upfront
-    if a.size == 0:
-        return np.nanmean(a, axis, out=out, keepdims=keepdims)
-
-    r, k = _ureduce(a, func=_nanmedian, axis=axis, out=out,
-                    overwrite_input=overwrite_input)
-    if keepdims:
-        return r.reshape(k)
-    else:
-        return r
-
-
-def nanpercentile(a, q, axis=None, out=None, overwrite_input=False,
-                  interpolation='linear', keepdims=False):
-    """
-    Compute the qth percentile of the data along the specified axis, while
-    ignoring nan values.
-
-    Returns the qth percentile of the array elements.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    a : array_like
-        Input array or object that can be converted to an array.
-    q : float in range of [0,100] (or sequence of floats)
-        Percentile to compute which must be between 0 and 100 inclusive.
-    axis : int or sequence of int, optional
-        Axis along which the percentiles are computed. The default (None)
-        is to compute the percentiles along a flattened version of the array.
-        A sequence of axes is supported since version 1.9.0.
-    out : ndarray, optional
-        Alternative output array in which to place the result. It must
-        have the same shape and buffer length as the expected output,
-        but the type (of the output) will be cast if necessary.
-    overwrite_input : bool, optional
-        If True, then allow use of memory of input array `a` for
-        calculations. The input array will be modified by the call to
-        percentile. This will save memory when you do not need to preserve
-        the contents of the input array. In this case you should not make
-        any assumptions about the content of the passed in array `a` after
-        this function completes -- treat it as undefined. Default is False.
-        Note that, if the `a` input is not already an array this parameter
-        will have no effect, `a` will be converted to an array internally
-        regardless of the value of this parameter.
-    interpolation : {'linear', 'lower', 'higher', 'midpoint', 'nearest'}
-        This optional parameter specifies the interpolation method to use,
-        when the desired quantile lies between two data points `i` and `j`:
-            * linear: `i + (j - i) * fraction`, where `fraction` is the
-              fractional part of the index surrounded by `i` and `j`.
-            * lower: `i`.
-            * higher: `j`.
-            * nearest: `i` or `j` whichever is nearest.
-            * midpoint: (`i` + `j`) / 2.
-
-    keepdims : bool, optional
-        If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left
-        in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option,
-        the result will broadcast correctly against the original `arr`.
-
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    nanpercentile : scalar or ndarray
-        If a single percentile `q` is given and axis=None a scalar is
-        returned.  If multiple percentiles `q` are given an array holding
-        the result is returned. The results are listed in the first axis.
-        (If `out` is specified, in which case that array is returned
-        instead).  If the input contains integers, or floats of smaller
-        precision than 64, then the output data-type is float64. Otherwise,
-        the output data-type is the same as that of the input.
-
-    See Also
-    --------
-    nanmean, nanmedian, percentile, median, mean
-
-    Notes
-    -----
-    Given a vector V of length N, the q-th percentile of V is the q-th ranked
-    value in a sorted copy of V.  The values and distances of the two
-    nearest neighbors as well as the `interpolation` parameter will
-    determine the percentile if the normalized ranking does not match q
-    exactly. This function is the same as the median if ``q=50``, the same
-    as the minimum if ``q=0``and the same as the maximum if ``q=100``.
-
-    Examples
-    --------
-    >>> a = np.array([[10., 7., 4.], [3., 2., 1.]])
-    >>> a[0][1] = np.nan
-    >>> a
-    array([[ 10.,  nan,   4.],
-       [  3.,   2.,   1.]])
-    >>> np.percentile(a, 50)
-    nan
-    >>> np.nanpercentile(a, 50)
-    3.5
-    >>> np.nanpercentile(a, 50, axis=0)
-    array([[ 6.5,  4.5,  2.5]])
-    >>> np.nanpercentile(a, 50, axis=1)
-    array([[ 7.],
-           [ 2.]])
-    >>> m = np.nanpercentile(a, 50, axis=0)
-    >>> out = np.zeros_like(m)
-    >>> np.nanpercentile(a, 50, axis=0, out=m)
-    array([[ 6.5,  4.5,  2.5]])
-    >>> m
-    array([[ 6.5,  4.5,  2.5]])
-    >>> b = a.copy()
-    >>> np.nanpercentile(b, 50, axis=1, overwrite_input=True)
-    array([[ 7.],
-           [ 2.]])
-    >>> assert not np.all(a==b)
-    >>> b = a.copy()
-    >>> np.nanpercentile(b, 50, axis=None, overwrite_input=True)
-    array([ 3.5])
-
-    """
-
-    a = np.asanyarray(a)
-    q = np.asanyarray(q)
-    # apply_along_axis in _nanpercentile doesn't handle empty arrays well,
-    # so deal them upfront
-    if a.size == 0:
-        return np.nanmean(a, axis, out=out, keepdims=keepdims)
-
-    r, k = _ureduce(a, func=_nanpercentile, q=q, axis=axis, out=out,
-                    overwrite_input=overwrite_input,
-                    interpolation=interpolation)
-    if keepdims:
-        if q.ndim == 0:
-            return r.reshape(k)
-        else:
-            return r.reshape([len(q)] + k)
-    else:
-        return r
-
-
-def _nanpercentile(a, q, axis=None, out=None, overwrite_input=False,
-                   interpolation='linear', keepdims=False):
-    """
-    Private function that doesn't support extended axis or keepdims.
-    These methods are extended to this function using _ureduce
-    See nanpercentile for parameter usage
-
-    """
-    if axis is None:
-        part = a.ravel()
-        result = _nanpercentile1d(part, q, overwrite_input, interpolation)
-    else:
-        result = np.apply_along_axis(_nanpercentile1d, axis, a, q,
-                                     overwrite_input, interpolation)
-
-    if out is not None:
-        out[...] = result
-    return result
-
-
-def _nanpercentile1d(arr1d, q, overwrite_input=False, interpolation='linear'):
-    """
-    Private function for rank 1 arrays. Compute percentile ignoring NaNs.
-    See nanpercentile for parameter usage
-
-    """
-    c = np.isnan(arr1d)
-    s = np.where(c)[0]
-    if s.size == arr1d.size:
-        warnings.warn("All-NaN slice encountered", RuntimeWarning)
-        return np.nan
-    elif s.size == 0:
-        return np.percentile(arr1d, q, overwrite_input=overwrite_input,
-                             interpolation=interpolation)
-    else:
-        if overwrite_input:
-            x = arr1d
-        else:
-            x = arr1d.copy()
-        # select non-nans at end of array
-        enonan = arr1d[-s.size:][~c[-s.size:]]
-        # fill nans in beginning of array with non-nans of end
-        x[s[:enonan.size]] = enonan
-        # slice nans away
-        return np.percentile(x[:-s.size], q, overwrite_input=True,
-                             interpolation=interpolation)
-
-
-def nanvar(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, ddof=0, keepdims=False):
-    """
-    Compute the variance along the specified axis, while ignoring NaNs.
-
-    Returns the variance of the array elements, a measure of the spread of
-    a distribution.  The variance is computed for the flattened array by
-    default, otherwise over the specified axis.
-
-    For all-NaN slices or slices with zero degrees of freedom, NaN is
-    returned and a `RuntimeWarning` is raised.
-
-    .. versionadded:: 1.8.0
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    a : array_like
-        Array containing numbers whose variance is desired.  If `a` is not an
-        array, a conversion is attempted.
-    axis : int, optional
-        Axis along which the variance is computed.  The default is to compute
-        the variance of the flattened array.
-    dtype : data-type, optional
-        Type to use in computing the variance.  For arrays of integer type
-        the default is `float32`; for arrays of float types it is the same as
-        the array type.
-    out : ndarray, optional
-        Alternate output array in which to place the result.  It must have
-        the same shape as the expected output, but the type is cast if
-        necessary.
-    ddof : int, optional
-        "Delta Degrees of Freedom": the divisor used in the calculation is
-        ``N - ddof``, where ``N`` represents the number of non-NaN
-        elements. By default `ddof` is zero.
-    keepdims : bool, optional
-        If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left
-        in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option,
-        the result will broadcast correctly against the original `arr`.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    variance : ndarray, see dtype parameter above
-        If `out` is None, return a new array containing the variance,
-        otherwise return a reference to the output array. If ddof is >= the
-        number of non-NaN elements in a slice or the slice contains only
-        NaNs, then the result for that slice is NaN.
-
-    See Also
-    --------
-    std : Standard deviation
-    mean : Average
-    var : Variance while not ignoring NaNs
-    nanstd, nanmean
-    numpy.doc.ufuncs : Section "Output arguments"
-
-    Notes
-    -----
-    The variance is the average of the squared deviations from the mean,
-    i.e.,  ``var = mean(abs(x - x.mean())**2)``.
-
-    The mean is normally calculated as ``x.sum() / N``, where ``N = len(x)``.
-    If, however, `ddof` is specified, the divisor ``N - ddof`` is used
-    instead.  In standard statistical practice, ``ddof=1`` provides an
-    unbiased estimator of the variance of a hypothetical infinite
-    population.  ``ddof=0`` provides a maximum likelihood estimate of the
-    variance for normally distributed variables.
-
-    Note that for complex numbers, the absolute value is taken before
-    squaring, so that the result is always real and nonnegative.
-
-    For floating-point input, the variance is computed using the same
-    precision the input has.  Depending on the input data, this can cause
-    the results to be inaccurate, especially for `float32` (see example
-    below).  Specifying a higher-accuracy accumulator using the ``dtype``
-    keyword can alleviate this issue.
-
-    Examples
-    --------
-    >>> a = np.array([[1, np.nan], [3, 4]])
-    >>> np.var(a)
-    1.5555555555555554
-    >>> np.nanvar(a, axis=0)
-    array([ 1.,  0.])
-    >>> np.nanvar(a, axis=1)
-    array([ 0.,  0.25])
-
-    """
-    arr, mask = _replace_nan(a, 0)
-    if mask is None:
-        return np.var(arr, axis=axis, dtype=dtype, out=out, ddof=ddof,
-                      keepdims=keepdims)
-
-    if dtype is not None:
-        dtype = np.dtype(dtype)
-    if dtype is not None and not issubclass(dtype.type, np.inexact):
-        raise TypeError("If a is inexact, then dtype must be inexact")
-    if out is not None and not issubclass(out.dtype.type, np.inexact):
-        raise TypeError("If a is inexact, then out must be inexact")
-
-    with warnings.catch_warnings():
-        warnings.simplefilter('ignore')
-
-        # Compute mean
-        cnt = np.sum(~mask, axis=axis, dtype=np.intp, keepdims=True)
-        avg = np.sum(arr, axis=axis, dtype=dtype, keepdims=True)
-        avg = _divide_by_count(avg, cnt)
-
-        # Compute squared deviation from mean.
-        arr -= avg
-        arr = _copyto(arr, 0, mask)
-        if issubclass(arr.dtype.type, np.complexfloating):
-            sqr = np.multiply(arr, arr.conj(), out=arr).real
-        else:
-            sqr = np.multiply(arr, arr, out=arr)
-
-        # Compute variance.
-        var = np.sum(sqr, axis=axis, dtype=dtype, out=out, keepdims=keepdims)
-        if var.ndim < cnt.ndim:
-            # Subclasses of ndarray may ignore keepdims, so check here.
-            cnt = cnt.squeeze(axis)
-        dof = cnt - ddof
-        var = _divide_by_count(var, dof)
-
-    isbad = (dof <= 0)
-    if np.any(isbad):
-        warnings.warn("Degrees of freedom <= 0 for slice.", RuntimeWarning)
-        # NaN, inf, or negative numbers are all possible bad
-        # values, so explicitly replace them with NaN.
-        var = _copyto(var, np.nan, isbad)
-    return var
-
-
-def nanstd(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, ddof=0, keepdims=False):
-    """
-    Compute the standard deviation along the specified axis, while
-    ignoring NaNs.
-
-    Returns the standard deviation, a measure of the spread of a
-    distribution, of the non-NaN array elements. The standard deviation is
-    computed for the flattened array by default, otherwise over the
-    specified axis.
-
-    For all-NaN slices or slices with zero degrees of freedom, NaN is
-    returned and a `RuntimeWarning` is raised.
-
-    .. versionadded:: 1.8.0
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    a : array_like
-        Calculate the standard deviation of the non-NaN values.
-    axis : int, optional
-        Axis along which the standard deviation is computed. The default is
-        to compute the standard deviation of the flattened array.
-    dtype : dtype, optional
-        Type to use in computing the standard deviation. For arrays of
-        integer type the default is float64, for arrays of float types it
-        is the same as the array type.
-    out : ndarray, optional
-        Alternative output array in which to place the result. It must have
-        the same shape as the expected output but the type (of the
-        calculated values) will be cast if necessary.
-    ddof : int, optional
-        Means Delta Degrees of Freedom.  The divisor used in calculations
-        is ``N - ddof``, where ``N`` represents the number of non-NaN
-        elements.  By default `ddof` is zero.
-    keepdims : bool, optional
-        If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left
-        in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option,
-        the result will broadcast correctly against the original `arr`.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    standard_deviation : ndarray, see dtype parameter above.
-        If `out` is None, return a new array containing the standard
-        deviation, otherwise return a reference to the output array. If
-        ddof is >= the number of non-NaN elements in a slice or the slice
-        contains only NaNs, then the result for that slice is NaN.
-
-    See Also
-    --------
-    var, mean, std
-    nanvar, nanmean
-    numpy.doc.ufuncs : Section "Output arguments"
-
-    Notes
-    -----
-    The standard deviation is the square root of the average of the squared
-    deviations from the mean: ``std = sqrt(mean(abs(x - x.mean())**2))``.
-
-    The average squared deviation is normally calculated as
-    ``x.sum() / N``, where ``N = len(x)``.  If, however, `ddof` is
-    specified, the divisor ``N - ddof`` is used instead. In standard
-    statistical practice, ``ddof=1`` provides an unbiased estimator of the
-    variance of the infinite population. ``ddof=0`` provides a maximum
-    likelihood estimate of the variance for normally distributed variables.
-    The standard deviation computed in this function is the square root of
-    the estimated variance, so even with ``ddof=1``, it will not be an
-    unbiased estimate of the standard deviation per se.
-
-    Note that, for complex numbers, `std` takes the absolute value before
-    squaring, so that the result is always real and nonnegative.
-
-    For floating-point input, the *std* is computed using the same
-    precision the input has. Depending on the input data, this can cause
-    the results to be inaccurate, especially for float32 (see example
-    below).  Specifying a higher-accuracy accumulator using the `dtype`
-    keyword can alleviate this issue.
-
-    Examples
-    --------
-    >>> a = np.array([[1, np.nan], [3, 4]])
-    >>> np.nanstd(a)
-    1.247219128924647
-    >>> np.nanstd(a, axis=0)
-    array([ 1.,  0.])
-    >>> np.nanstd(a, axis=1)
-    array([ 0.,  0.5])
-
-    """
-    var = nanvar(a, axis=axis, dtype=dtype, out=out, ddof=ddof,
-                 keepdims=keepdims)
-    if isinstance(var, np.ndarray):
-        std = np.sqrt(var, out=var)
-    else:
-        std = var.dtype.type(np.sqrt(var))
-    return std