numpy 1.9.2__zip → 1.10.0__zip

numpy-1.10.0.post2/numpy/core/tests/test_ufunc.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1227 @@
+from __future__ import division, absolute_import, print_function
+
+import numpy as np
+import numpy.core.umath_tests as umt
+import numpy.core.operand_flag_tests as opflag_tests
+from numpy.compat import asbytes
+from numpy.core.test_rational import rational, test_add, test_add_rationals
+from numpy.testing import (
+    TestCase, run_module_suite, assert_, assert_equal, assert_raises,
+    assert_array_equal, assert_almost_equal, assert_array_almost_equal,
+    assert_no_warnings
+)
+
+
+class TestUfuncKwargs(TestCase):
+    def test_kwarg_exact(self):
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, 1, 2, castingx='safe')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, 1, 2, dtypex=np.int)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, 1, 2, extobjx=[4096])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, 1, 2, outx=None)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, 1, 2, sigx='ii->i')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, 1, 2, signaturex='ii->i')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, 1, 2, subokx=False)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, 1, 2, wherex=[True])
+
+    def test_sig_signature(self):
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.add, 1, 2, sig='ii->i',
+                      signature='ii->i')
+
+    def test_sig_dtype(self):
+        assert_raises(RuntimeError, np.add, 1, 2, sig='ii->i',
+                      dtype=np.int)
+        assert_raises(RuntimeError, np.add, 1, 2, signature='ii->i',
+                      dtype=np.int)
+
+
+class TestUfunc(TestCase):
+    def test_pickle(self):
+        import pickle
+        assert pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(np.sin)) is np.sin
+
+        # Check that ufunc not defined in the top level numpy namespace such as
+        # numpy.core.test_rational.test_add can also be pickled
+        assert pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(test_add)) is test_add
+
+    def test_pickle_withstring(self):
+        import pickle
+        astring = asbytes("cnumpy.core\n_ufunc_reconstruct\np0\n"
+                "(S'numpy.core.umath'\np1\nS'cos'\np2\ntp3\nRp4\n.")
+        assert pickle.loads(astring) is np.cos
+
+    def test_reduceat_shifting_sum(self):
+        L = 6
+        x = np.arange(L)
+        idx = np.array(list(zip(np.arange(L - 2), np.arange(L - 2) + 2))).ravel()
+        assert_array_equal(np.add.reduceat(x, idx)[::2], [1, 3, 5, 7])
+
+    def test_generic_loops(self):
+        """Test generic loops.
+
+        The loops to be tested are:
+
+            PyUFunc_ff_f_As_dd_d
+            PyUFunc_ff_f
+            PyUFunc_dd_d
+            PyUFunc_gg_g
+            PyUFunc_FF_F_As_DD_D
+            PyUFunc_DD_D
+            PyUFunc_FF_F
+            PyUFunc_GG_G
+            PyUFunc_OO_O
+            PyUFunc_OO_O_method
+            PyUFunc_f_f_As_d_d
+            PyUFunc_d_d
+            PyUFunc_f_f
+            PyUFunc_g_g
+            PyUFunc_F_F_As_D_D
+            PyUFunc_F_F
+            PyUFunc_D_D
+            PyUFunc_G_G
+            PyUFunc_O_O
+            PyUFunc_O_O_method
+            PyUFunc_On_Om
+
+        Where:
+
+            f -- float
+            d -- double
+            g -- long double
+            F -- complex float
+            D -- complex double
+            G -- complex long double
+            O -- python object
+
+        It is difficult to assure that each of these loops is entered from the
+        Python level as the special cased loops are a moving target and the
+        corresponding types are architecture dependent. We probably need to
+        define C level testing ufuncs to get at them. For the time being, I've
+        just looked at the signatures registered in the build directory to find
+        relevant functions.
+
+        Fixme, currently untested:
+
+            PyUFunc_ff_f_As_dd_d
+            PyUFunc_FF_F_As_DD_D
+            PyUFunc_f_f_As_d_d
+            PyUFunc_F_F_As_D_D
+            PyUFunc_On_Om
+
+        """
+        fone = np.exp
+        ftwo = lambda x, y: x**y
+        fone_val = 1
+        ftwo_val = 1
+        # check unary PyUFunc_f_f.
+        msg = "PyUFunc_f_f"
+        x = np.zeros(10, dtype=np.single)[0::2]
+        assert_almost_equal(fone(x), fone_val, err_msg=msg)
+        # check unary PyUFunc_d_d.
+        msg = "PyUFunc_d_d"
+        x = np.zeros(10, dtype=np.double)[0::2]
+        assert_almost_equal(fone(x), fone_val, err_msg=msg)
+        # check unary PyUFunc_g_g.
+        msg = "PyUFunc_g_g"
+        x = np.zeros(10, dtype=np.longdouble)[0::2]
+        assert_almost_equal(fone(x), fone_val, err_msg=msg)
+        # check unary PyUFunc_F_F.
+        msg = "PyUFunc_F_F"
+        x = np.zeros(10, dtype=np.csingle)[0::2]
+        assert_almost_equal(fone(x), fone_val, err_msg=msg)
+        # check unary PyUFunc_D_D.
+        msg = "PyUFunc_D_D"
+        x = np.zeros(10, dtype=np.cdouble)[0::2]
+        assert_almost_equal(fone(x), fone_val, err_msg=msg)
+        # check unary PyUFunc_G_G.
+        msg = "PyUFunc_G_G"
+        x = np.zeros(10, dtype=np.clongdouble)[0::2]
+        assert_almost_equal(fone(x), fone_val, err_msg=msg)
+
+        # check binary PyUFunc_ff_f.
+        msg = "PyUFunc_ff_f"
+        x = np.ones(10, dtype=np.single)[0::2]
+        assert_almost_equal(ftwo(x, x), ftwo_val, err_msg=msg)
+        # check binary PyUFunc_dd_d.
+        msg = "PyUFunc_dd_d"
+        x = np.ones(10, dtype=np.double)[0::2]
+        assert_almost_equal(ftwo(x, x), ftwo_val, err_msg=msg)
+        # check binary PyUFunc_gg_g.
+        msg = "PyUFunc_gg_g"
+        x = np.ones(10, dtype=np.longdouble)[0::2]
+        assert_almost_equal(ftwo(x, x), ftwo_val, err_msg=msg)
+        # check binary PyUFunc_FF_F.
+        msg = "PyUFunc_FF_F"
+        x = np.ones(10, dtype=np.csingle)[0::2]
+        assert_almost_equal(ftwo(x, x), ftwo_val, err_msg=msg)
+        # check binary PyUFunc_DD_D.
+        msg = "PyUFunc_DD_D"
+        x = np.ones(10, dtype=np.cdouble)[0::2]
+        assert_almost_equal(ftwo(x, x), ftwo_val, err_msg=msg)
+        # check binary PyUFunc_GG_G.
+        msg = "PyUFunc_GG_G"
+        x = np.ones(10, dtype=np.clongdouble)[0::2]
+        assert_almost_equal(ftwo(x, x), ftwo_val, err_msg=msg)
+
+        # class to use in testing object method loops
+        class foo(object):
+            def conjugate(self):
+                return np.bool_(1)
+
+            def logical_xor(self, obj):
+                return np.bool_(1)
+
+        # check unary PyUFunc_O_O
+        msg = "PyUFunc_O_O"
+        x = np.ones(10, dtype=np.object)[0::2]
+        assert_(np.all(np.abs(x) == 1), msg)
+        # check unary PyUFunc_O_O_method
+        msg = "PyUFunc_O_O_method"
+        x = np.zeros(10, dtype=np.object)[0::2]
+        for i in range(len(x)):
+            x[i] = foo()
+        assert_(np.all(np.conjugate(x) == True), msg)
+
+        # check binary PyUFunc_OO_O
+        msg = "PyUFunc_OO_O"
+        x = np.ones(10, dtype=np.object)[0::2]
+        assert_(np.all(np.add(x, x) == 2), msg)
+        # check binary PyUFunc_OO_O_method
+        msg = "PyUFunc_OO_O_method"
+        x = np.zeros(10, dtype=np.object)[0::2]
+        for i in range(len(x)):
+            x[i] = foo()
+        assert_(np.all(np.logical_xor(x, x)), msg)
+
+        # check PyUFunc_On_Om
+        # fixme -- I don't know how to do this yet
+
+    def test_all_ufunc(self):
+        """Try to check presence and results of all ufuncs.
+
+        The list of ufuncs comes from generate_umath.py and is as follows:
+
+        =====  ====  =============  ===============  ========================
+        done   args   function        types                notes
+        =====  ====  =============  ===============  ========================
+        n      1     conjugate      nums + O
+        n      1     absolute       nums + O         complex -> real
+        n      1     negative       nums + O
+        n      1     sign           nums + O         -> int
+        n      1     invert         bool + ints + O  flts raise an error
+        n      1     degrees        real + M         cmplx raise an error
+        n      1     radians        real + M         cmplx raise an error
+        n      1     arccos         flts + M
+        n      1     arccosh        flts + M
+        n      1     arcsin         flts + M
+        n      1     arcsinh        flts + M
+        n      1     arctan         flts + M
+        n      1     arctanh        flts + M
+        n      1     cos            flts + M
+        n      1     sin            flts + M
+        n      1     tan            flts + M
+        n      1     cosh           flts + M
+        n      1     sinh           flts + M
+        n      1     tanh           flts + M
+        n      1     exp            flts + M
+        n      1     expm1          flts + M
+        n      1     log            flts + M
+        n      1     log10          flts + M
+        n      1     log1p          flts + M
+        n      1     sqrt           flts + M         real x < 0 raises error
+        n      1     ceil           real + M
+        n      1     trunc          real + M
+        n      1     floor          real + M
+        n      1     fabs           real + M
+        n      1     rint           flts + M
+        n      1     isnan          flts             -> bool
+        n      1     isinf          flts             -> bool
+        n      1     isfinite       flts             -> bool
+        n      1     signbit        real             -> bool
+        n      1     modf           real             -> (frac, int)
+        n      1     logical_not    bool + nums + M  -> bool
+        n      2     left_shift     ints + O         flts raise an error
+        n      2     right_shift    ints + O         flts raise an error
+        n      2     add            bool + nums + O  boolean + is ||
+        n      2     subtract       bool + nums + O  boolean - is ^
+        n      2     multiply       bool + nums + O  boolean * is &
+        n      2     divide         nums + O
+        n      2     floor_divide   nums + O
+        n      2     true_divide    nums + O         bBhH -> f, iIlLqQ -> d
+        n      2     fmod           nums + M
+        n      2     power          nums + O
+        n      2     greater        bool + nums + O  -> bool
+        n      2     greater_equal  bool + nums + O  -> bool
+        n      2     less           bool + nums + O  -> bool
+        n      2     less_equal     bool + nums + O  -> bool
+        n      2     equal          bool + nums + O  -> bool
+        n      2     not_equal      bool + nums + O  -> bool
+        n      2     logical_and    bool + nums + M  -> bool
+        n      2     logical_or     bool + nums + M  -> bool
+        n      2     logical_xor    bool + nums + M  -> bool
+        n      2     maximum        bool + nums + O
+        n      2     minimum        bool + nums + O
+        n      2     bitwise_and    bool + ints + O  flts raise an error
+        n      2     bitwise_or     bool + ints + O  flts raise an error
+        n      2     bitwise_xor    bool + ints + O  flts raise an error
+        n      2     arctan2        real + M
+        n      2     remainder      ints + real + O
+        n      2     hypot          real + M
+        =====  ====  =============  ===============  ========================
+
+        Types other than those listed will be accepted, but they are cast to
+        the smallest compatible type for which the function is defined. The
+        casting rules are:
+
+        bool -> int8 -> float32
+        ints -> double
+
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def test_signature(self):
+        # the arguments to test_signature are: nin, nout, core_signature
+        # pass
+        assert_equal(umt.test_signature(2, 1, "(i),(i)->()"), 1)
+
+        # pass. empty core signature; treat as plain ufunc (with trivial core)
+        assert_equal(umt.test_signature(2, 1, "(),()->()"), 0)
+
+        # in the following calls, a ValueError should be raised because
+        # of error in core signature
+        # FIXME These should be using assert_raises
+
+        # error: extra parenthesis
+        msg = "core_sig: extra parenthesis"
+        try:
+            ret = umt.test_signature(2, 1, "((i)),(i)->()")
+            assert_equal(ret, None, err_msg=msg)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+
+        # error: parenthesis matching
+        msg = "core_sig: parenthesis matching"
+        try:
+            ret = umt.test_signature(2, 1, "(i),)i(->()")
+            assert_equal(ret, None, err_msg=msg)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+
+        # error: incomplete signature. letters outside of parenthesis are ignored
+        msg = "core_sig: incomplete signature"
+        try:
+            ret = umt.test_signature(2, 1, "(i),->()")
+            assert_equal(ret, None, err_msg=msg)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+
+        # error: incomplete signature. 2 output arguments are specified
+        msg = "core_sig: incomplete signature"
+        try:
+            ret = umt.test_signature(2, 2, "(i),(i)->()")
+            assert_equal(ret, None, err_msg=msg)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+
+        # more complicated names for variables
+        assert_equal(umt.test_signature(2, 1, "(i1,i2),(J_1)->(_kAB)"), 1)
+
+    def test_get_signature(self):
+        assert_equal(umt.inner1d.signature, "(i),(i)->()")
+
+    def test_forced_sig(self):
+        a = 0.5*np.arange(3, dtype='f8')
+        assert_equal(np.add(a, 0.5), [0.5, 1, 1.5])
+        assert_equal(np.add(a, 0.5, sig='i', casting='unsafe'), [0, 0, 1])
+        assert_equal(np.add(a, 0.5, sig='ii->i', casting='unsafe'), [0, 0, 1])
+        assert_equal(np.add(a, 0.5, sig=('i4',), casting='unsafe'), [0, 0, 1])
+        assert_equal(np.add(a, 0.5, sig=('i4', 'i4', 'i4'),
+                                            casting='unsafe'), [0, 0, 1])
+
+        b = np.zeros((3,), dtype='f8')
+        np.add(a, 0.5, out=b)
+        assert_equal(b, [0.5, 1, 1.5])
+        b[:] = 0
+        np.add(a, 0.5, sig='i', out=b, casting='unsafe')
+        assert_equal(b, [0, 0, 1])
+        b[:] = 0
+        np.add(a, 0.5, sig='ii->i', out=b, casting='unsafe')
+        assert_equal(b, [0, 0, 1])
+        b[:] = 0
+        np.add(a, 0.5, sig=('i4',), out=b, casting='unsafe')
+        assert_equal(b, [0, 0, 1])
+        b[:] = 0
+        np.add(a, 0.5, sig=('i4', 'i4', 'i4'), out=b, casting='unsafe')
+        assert_equal(b, [0, 0, 1])
+
+    def test_true_divide(self):
+        # True_divide has a non uniform signature, see #3484.
+        # This also tests type_tuple_type_resolver.
+        a = np.full(5, 12.5)
+        b = np.full(5, 10.0)
+        tgt = np.full(5, 1.25)
+        assert_almost_equal(np.true_divide(a, b, dtype=np.float64), tgt)
+        assert_almost_equal(np.true_divide(a, b, dtype=np.float32), tgt)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.true_divide, a, b, dtype=np.int)
+
+    def test_sum_stability(self):
+        a = np.ones(500, dtype=np.float32)
+        assert_almost_equal((a / 10.).sum() - a.size / 10., 0, 4)
+
+        a = np.ones(500, dtype=np.float64)
+        assert_almost_equal((a / 10.).sum() - a.size / 10., 0, 13)
+
+    def test_sum(self):
+        for dt in (np.int, np.float16, np.float32, np.float64, np.longdouble):
+            for v in (0, 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 15, 16, 19, 127,
+                      128, 1024, 1235):
+                tgt = dt(v * (v + 1) / 2)
+                d = np.arange(1, v + 1, dtype=dt)
+                assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d), tgt)
+                assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[::-1]), tgt)
+
+            d = np.ones(500, dtype=dt)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[::2]), 250.)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[1::2]), 250.)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[::3]), 167.)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[1::3]), 167.)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[::-2]), 250.)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[-1::-2]), 250.)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[::-3]), 167.)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[-1::-3]), 167.)
+            # sum with first reduction entry != 0
+            d = np.ones((1,), dtype=dt)
+            d += d
+            assert_almost_equal(d, 2.)
+
+    def test_sum_complex(self):
+        for dt in (np.complex64, np.complex128, np.clongdouble):
+            for v in (0, 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 15, 16, 19, 127,
+                      128, 1024, 1235):
+                tgt = dt(v * (v + 1) / 2) - dt((v * (v + 1) / 2) * 1j)
+                d = np.empty(v, dtype=dt)
+                d.real = np.arange(1, v + 1)
+                d.imag = -np.arange(1, v + 1)
+                assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d), tgt)
+                assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[::-1]), tgt)
+
+            d = np.ones(500, dtype=dt) + 1j
+            assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[::2]), 250. + 250j)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[1::2]), 250. + 250j)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[::3]), 167. + 167j)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[1::3]), 167. + 167j)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[::-2]), 250. + 250j)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[-1::-2]), 250. + 250j)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[::-3]), 167. + 167j)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[-1::-3]), 167. + 167j)
+            # sum with first reduction entry != 0
+            d = np.ones((1,), dtype=dt) + 1j
+            d += d
+            assert_almost_equal(d, 2. + 2j)
+
+    def test_inner1d(self):
+        a = np.arange(6).reshape((2, 3))
+        assert_array_equal(umt.inner1d(a, a), np.sum(a*a, axis=-1))
+        a = np.arange(6)
+        assert_array_equal(umt.inner1d(a, a), np.sum(a*a))
+
+    def test_broadcast(self):
+        msg = "broadcast"
+        a = np.arange(4).reshape((2, 1, 2))
+        b = np.arange(4).reshape((1, 2, 2))
+        assert_array_equal(umt.inner1d(a, b), np.sum(a*b, axis=-1), err_msg=msg)
+        msg = "extend & broadcast loop dimensions"
+        b = np.arange(4).reshape((2, 2))
+        assert_array_equal(umt.inner1d(a, b), np.sum(a*b, axis=-1), err_msg=msg)
+        # Broadcast in core dimensions should fail
+        a = np.arange(8).reshape((4, 2))
+        b = np.arange(4).reshape((4, 1))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, umt.inner1d, a, b)
+        # Extend core dimensions should fail
+        a = np.arange(8).reshape((4, 2))
+        b = np.array(7)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, umt.inner1d, a, b)
+        # Broadcast should fail
+        a = np.arange(2).reshape((2, 1, 1))
+        b = np.arange(3).reshape((3, 1, 1))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, umt.inner1d, a, b)
+
+    def test_type_cast(self):
+        msg = "type cast"
+        a = np.arange(6, dtype='short').reshape((2, 3))
+        assert_array_equal(umt.inner1d(a, a), np.sum(a*a, axis=-1),
+                           err_msg=msg)
+        msg = "type cast on one argument"
+        a = np.arange(6).reshape((2, 3))
+        b = a + 0.1
+        assert_array_almost_equal(umt.inner1d(a, b), np.sum(a*b, axis=-1),
+                                  err_msg=msg)
+
+    def test_endian(self):
+        msg = "big endian"
+        a = np.arange(6, dtype='>i4').reshape((2, 3))
+        assert_array_equal(umt.inner1d(a, a), np.sum(a*a, axis=-1),
+                           err_msg=msg)
+        msg = "little endian"
+        a = np.arange(6, dtype='<i4').reshape((2, 3))
+        assert_array_equal(umt.inner1d(a, a), np.sum(a*a, axis=-1),
+                           err_msg=msg)
+
+        # Output should always be native-endian
+        Ba = np.arange(1, dtype='>f8')
+        La = np.arange(1, dtype='<f8')
+        assert_equal((Ba+Ba).dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+        assert_equal((Ba+La).dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+        assert_equal((La+Ba).dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+        assert_equal((La+La).dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+
+        assert_equal(np.absolute(La).dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+        assert_equal(np.absolute(Ba).dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+        assert_equal(np.negative(La).dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+        assert_equal(np.negative(Ba).dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+
+    def test_incontiguous_array(self):
+        msg = "incontiguous memory layout of array"
+        x = np.arange(64).reshape((2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2))
+        a = x[:, 0,:, 0,:, 0]
+        b = x[:, 1,:, 1,:, 1]
+        a[0, 0, 0] = -1
+        msg2 = "make sure it references to the original array"
+        assert_equal(x[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], -1, err_msg=msg2)
+        assert_array_equal(umt.inner1d(a, b), np.sum(a*b, axis=-1), err_msg=msg)
+        x = np.arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4)
+        a = x.T
+        b = x.T
+        a[0, 0, 0] = -1
+        assert_equal(x[0, 0, 0], -1, err_msg=msg2)
+        assert_array_equal(umt.inner1d(a, b), np.sum(a*b, axis=-1), err_msg=msg)
+
+    def test_output_argument(self):
+        msg = "output argument"
+        a = np.arange(12).reshape((2, 3, 2))
+        b = np.arange(4).reshape((2, 1, 2)) + 1
+        c = np.zeros((2, 3), dtype='int')
+        umt.inner1d(a, b, c)
+        assert_array_equal(c, np.sum(a*b, axis=-1), err_msg=msg)
+        c[:] = -1
+        umt.inner1d(a, b, out=c)
+        assert_array_equal(c, np.sum(a*b, axis=-1), err_msg=msg)
+
+        msg = "output argument with type cast"
+        c = np.zeros((2, 3), dtype='int16')
+        umt.inner1d(a, b, c)
+        assert_array_equal(c, np.sum(a*b, axis=-1), err_msg=msg)
+        c[:] = -1
+        umt.inner1d(a, b, out=c)
+        assert_array_equal(c, np.sum(a*b, axis=-1), err_msg=msg)
+
+        msg = "output argument with incontiguous layout"
+        c = np.zeros((2, 3, 4), dtype='int16')
+        umt.inner1d(a, b, c[..., 0])
+        assert_array_equal(c[..., 0], np.sum(a*b, axis=-1), err_msg=msg)
+        c[:] = -1
+        umt.inner1d(a, b, out=c[..., 0])
+        assert_array_equal(c[..., 0], np.sum(a*b, axis=-1), err_msg=msg)
+
+    def test_innerwt(self):
+        a = np.arange(6).reshape((2, 3))
+        b = np.arange(10, 16).reshape((2, 3))
+        w = np.arange(20, 26).reshape((2, 3))
+        assert_array_equal(umt.innerwt(a, b, w), np.sum(a*b*w, axis=-1))
+        a = np.arange(100, 124).reshape((2, 3, 4))
+        b = np.arange(200, 224).reshape((2, 3, 4))
+        w = np.arange(300, 324).reshape((2, 3, 4))
+        assert_array_equal(umt.innerwt(a, b, w), np.sum(a*b*w, axis=-1))
+
+    def test_innerwt_empty(self):
+        """Test generalized ufunc with zero-sized operands"""
+        a = np.array([], dtype='f8')
+        b = np.array([], dtype='f8')
+        w = np.array([], dtype='f8')
+        assert_array_equal(umt.innerwt(a, b, w), np.sum(a*b*w, axis=-1))
+
+    def test_matrix_multiply(self):
+        self.compare_matrix_multiply_results(np.long)
+        self.compare_matrix_multiply_results(np.double)
+
+    def compare_matrix_multiply_results(self, tp):
+        d1 = np.array(np.random.rand(2, 3, 4), dtype=tp)
+        d2 = np.array(np.random.rand(2, 3, 4), dtype=tp)
+        msg = "matrix multiply on type %s" % d1.dtype.name
+
+        def permute_n(n):
+            if n == 1:
+                return ([0],)
+            ret = ()
+            base = permute_n(n-1)
+            for perm in base:
+                for i in range(n):
+                    new = perm + [n-1]
+                    new[n-1] = new[i]
+                    new[i] = n-1
+                    ret += (new,)
+            return ret
+
+        def slice_n(n):
+            if n == 0:
+                return ((),)
+            ret = ()
+            base = slice_n(n-1)
+            for sl in base:
+                ret += (sl+(slice(None),),)
+                ret += (sl+(slice(0, 1),),)
+            return ret
+
+        def broadcastable(s1, s2):
+            return s1 == s2 or s1 == 1 or s2 == 1
+
+        permute_3 = permute_n(3)
+        slice_3 = slice_n(3) + ((slice(None, None, -1),)*3,)
+
+        ref = True
+        for p1 in permute_3:
+            for p2 in permute_3:
+                for s1 in slice_3:
+                    for s2 in slice_3:
+                        a1 = d1.transpose(p1)[s1]
+                        a2 = d2.transpose(p2)[s2]
+                        ref = ref and a1.base is not None
+                        ref = ref and a2.base is not None
+                        if (a1.shape[-1] == a2.shape[-2] and
+                                broadcastable(a1.shape[0], a2.shape[0])):
+                            assert_array_almost_equal(
+                                umt.matrix_multiply(a1, a2),
+                                np.sum(a2[..., np.newaxis].swapaxes(-3, -1) *
+                                       a1[..., np.newaxis,:], axis=-1),
+                                err_msg=msg + ' %s %s' % (str(a1.shape),
+                                                          str(a2.shape)))
+
+        assert_equal(ref, True, err_msg="reference check")
+
+    def test_euclidean_pdist(self):
+        a = np.arange(12, dtype=np.float).reshape(4, 3)
+        out = np.empty((a.shape[0] * (a.shape[0] - 1) // 2,), dtype=a.dtype)
+        umt.euclidean_pdist(a, out)
+        b = np.sqrt(np.sum((a[:, None] - a)**2, axis=-1))
+        b = b[~np.tri(a.shape[0], dtype=bool)]
+        assert_almost_equal(out, b)
+        # An output array is required to determine p with signature (n,d)->(p)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, umt.euclidean_pdist, a)
+
+    def test_object_logical(self):
+        a = np.array([3, None, True, False, "test", ""], dtype=object)
+        assert_equal(np.logical_or(a, None),
+                        np.array([x or None for x in a], dtype=object))
+        assert_equal(np.logical_or(a, True),
+                        np.array([x or True for x in a], dtype=object))
+        assert_equal(np.logical_or(a, 12),
+                        np.array([x or 12 for x in a], dtype=object))
+        assert_equal(np.logical_or(a, "blah"),
+                        np.array([x or "blah" for x in a], dtype=object))
+
+        assert_equal(np.logical_and(a, None),
+                        np.array([x and None for x in a], dtype=object))
+        assert_equal(np.logical_and(a, True),
+                        np.array([x and True for x in a], dtype=object))
+        assert_equal(np.logical_and(a, 12),
+                        np.array([x and 12 for x in a], dtype=object))
+        assert_equal(np.logical_and(a, "blah"),
+                        np.array([x and "blah" for x in a], dtype=object))
+
+        assert_equal(np.logical_not(a),
+                        np.array([not x for x in a], dtype=object))
+
+        assert_equal(np.logical_or.reduce(a), 3)
+        assert_equal(np.logical_and.reduce(a), None)
+
+    def test_object_array_reduction(self):
+        # Reductions on object arrays
+        a = np.array(['a', 'b', 'c'], dtype=object)
+        assert_equal(np.sum(a), 'abc')
+        assert_equal(np.max(a), 'c')
+        assert_equal(np.min(a), 'a')
+        a = np.array([True, False, True], dtype=object)
+        assert_equal(np.sum(a), 2)
+        assert_equal(np.prod(a), 0)
+        assert_equal(np.any(a), True)
+        assert_equal(np.all(a), False)
+        assert_equal(np.max(a), True)
+        assert_equal(np.min(a), False)
+        assert_equal(np.array([[1]], dtype=object).sum(), 1)
+        assert_equal(np.array([[[1, 2]]], dtype=object).sum((0, 1)), [1, 2])
+
+    def test_object_scalar_multiply(self):
+        # Tickets #2469 and #4482
+        arr = np.matrix([1, 2], dtype=object)
+        desired = np.matrix([[3, 6]], dtype=object)
+        assert_equal(np.multiply(arr, 3), desired)
+        assert_equal(np.multiply(3, arr), desired)
+
+    def test_zerosize_reduction(self):
+        # Test with default dtype and object dtype
+        for a in [[], np.array([], dtype=object)]:
+            assert_equal(np.sum(a), 0)
+            assert_equal(np.prod(a), 1)
+            assert_equal(np.any(a), False)
+            assert_equal(np.all(a), True)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.max, a)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.min, a)
+
+    def test_axis_out_of_bounds(self):
+        a = np.array([False, False])
+        assert_raises(ValueError, a.all, axis=1)
+        a = np.array([False, False])
+        assert_raises(ValueError, a.all, axis=-2)
+
+        a = np.array([False, False])
+        assert_raises(ValueError, a.any, axis=1)
+        a = np.array([False, False])
+        assert_raises(ValueError, a.any, axis=-2)
+
+    def test_scalar_reduction(self):
+        # The functions 'sum', 'prod', etc allow specifying axis=0
+        # even for scalars
+        assert_equal(np.sum(3, axis=0), 3)
+        assert_equal(np.prod(3.5, axis=0), 3.5)
+        assert_equal(np.any(True, axis=0), True)
+        assert_equal(np.all(False, axis=0), False)
+        assert_equal(np.max(3, axis=0), 3)
+        assert_equal(np.min(2.5, axis=0), 2.5)
+
+        # Check scalar behaviour for ufuncs without an identity
+        assert_equal(np.power.reduce(3), 3)
+
+        # Make sure that scalars are coming out from this operation
+        assert_(type(np.prod(np.float32(2.5), axis=0)) is np.float32)
+        assert_(type(np.sum(np.float32(2.5), axis=0)) is np.float32)
+        assert_(type(np.max(np.float32(2.5), axis=0)) is np.float32)
+        assert_(type(np.min(np.float32(2.5), axis=0)) is np.float32)
+
+        # check if scalars/0-d arrays get cast
+        assert_(type(np.any(0, axis=0)) is np.bool_)
+
+        # assert that 0-d arrays get wrapped
+        class MyArray(np.ndarray):
+            pass
+        a = np.array(1).view(MyArray)
+        assert_(type(np.any(a)) is MyArray)
+
+    def test_casting_out_param(self):
+        # Test that it's possible to do casts on output
+        a = np.ones((200, 100), np.int64)
+        b = np.ones((200, 100), np.int64)
+        c = np.ones((200, 100), np.float64)
+        np.add(a, b, out=c)
+        assert_equal(c, 2)
+
+        a = np.zeros(65536)
+        b = np.zeros(65536, dtype=np.float32)
+        np.subtract(a, 0, out=b)
+        assert_equal(b, 0)
+
+    def test_where_param(self):
+        # Test that the where= ufunc parameter works with regular arrays
+        a = np.arange(7)
+        b = np.ones(7)
+        c = np.zeros(7)
+        np.add(a, b, out=c, where=(a % 2 == 1))
+        assert_equal(c, [0, 2, 0, 4, 0, 6, 0])
+
+        a = np.arange(4).reshape(2, 2) + 2
+        np.power(a, [2, 3], out=a, where=[[0, 1], [1, 0]])
+        assert_equal(a, [[2, 27], [16, 5]])
+        # Broadcasting the where= parameter
+        np.subtract(a, 2, out=a, where=[True, False])
+        assert_equal(a, [[0, 27], [14, 5]])
+
+    def test_where_param_buffer_output(self):
+        # This test is temporarily skipped because it requires
+        # adding masking features to the nditer to work properly
+
+        # With casting on output
+        a = np.ones(10, np.int64)
+        b = np.ones(10, np.int64)
+        c = 1.5 * np.ones(10, np.float64)
+        np.add(a, b, out=c, where=[1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0])
+        assert_equal(c, [2, 1.5, 1.5, 2, 1.5, 1.5, 2, 2, 2, 1.5])
+
+    def check_identityless_reduction(self, a):
+        # np.minimum.reduce is a identityless reduction
+
+        # Verify that it sees the zero at various positions
+        a[...] = 1
+        a[1, 0, 0] = 0
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=None), 0)
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=(0, 1)), [0, 1, 1, 1])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=(0, 2)), [0, 1, 1])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=(1, 2)), [1, 0])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=0),
+                                    [[0, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1]])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=1),
+                                    [[1, 1, 1, 1], [0, 1, 1, 1]])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=2),
+                                    [[1, 1, 1], [0, 1, 1]])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=()), a)
+
+        a[...] = 1
+        a[0, 1, 0] = 0
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=None), 0)
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=(0, 1)), [0, 1, 1, 1])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=(0, 2)), [1, 0, 1])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=(1, 2)), [0, 1])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=0),
+                                    [[1, 1, 1, 1], [0, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1]])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=1),
+                                    [[0, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1]])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=2),
+                                    [[1, 0, 1], [1, 1, 1]])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=()), a)
+
+        a[...] = 1
+        a[0, 0, 1] = 0
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=None), 0)
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=(0, 1)), [1, 0, 1, 1])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=(0, 2)), [0, 1, 1])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=(1, 2)), [0, 1])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=0),
+                                    [[1, 0, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1]])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=1),
+                                    [[1, 0, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1]])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=2),
+                                    [[0, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=()), a)
+
+    def test_identityless_reduction_corder(self):
+        a = np.empty((2, 3, 4), order='C')
+        self.check_identityless_reduction(a)
+
+    def test_identityless_reduction_forder(self):
+        a = np.empty((2, 3, 4), order='F')
+        self.check_identityless_reduction(a)
+
+    def test_identityless_reduction_otherorder(self):
+        a = np.empty((2, 4, 3), order='C').swapaxes(1, 2)
+        self.check_identityless_reduction(a)
+
+    def test_identityless_reduction_noncontig(self):
+        a = np.empty((3, 5, 4), order='C').swapaxes(1, 2)
+        a = a[1:, 1:, 1:]
+        self.check_identityless_reduction(a)
+
+    def test_identityless_reduction_noncontig_unaligned(self):
+        a = np.empty((3*4*5*8 + 1,), dtype='i1')
+        a = a[1:].view(dtype='f8')
+        a.shape = (3, 4, 5)
+        a = a[1:, 1:, 1:]
+        self.check_identityless_reduction(a)
+
+    def test_identityless_reduction_nonreorderable(self):
+        a = np.array([[8.0, 2.0, 2.0], [1.0, 0.5, 0.25]])
+
+        res = np.divide.reduce(a, axis=0)
+        assert_equal(res, [8.0, 4.0, 8.0])
+
+        res = np.divide.reduce(a, axis=1)
+        assert_equal(res, [2.0, 8.0])
+
+        res = np.divide.reduce(a, axis=())
+        assert_equal(res, a)
+
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.divide.reduce, a, axis=(0, 1))
+
+    def test_reduce_zero_axis(self):
+        # If we have a n x m array and do a reduction with axis=1, then we are
+        # doing n reductions, and each reduction takes an m-element array. For
+        # a reduction operation without an identity, then:
+        #   n > 0, m > 0: fine
+        #   n = 0, m > 0: fine, doing 0 reductions of m-element arrays
+        #   n > 0, m = 0: can't reduce a 0-element array, ValueError
+        #   n = 0, m = 0: can't reduce a 0-element array, ValueError (for
+        #     consistency with the above case)
+        # This test doesn't actually look at return values, it just checks to
+        # make sure that error we get an error in exactly those cases where we
+        # expect one, and assumes the calculations themselves are done
+        # correctly.
+
+        def ok(f, *args, **kwargs):
+            f(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        def err(f, *args, **kwargs):
+            assert_raises(ValueError, f, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        def t(expect, func, n, m):
+            expect(func, np.zeros((n, m)), axis=1)
+            expect(func, np.zeros((m, n)), axis=0)
+            expect(func, np.zeros((n // 2, n // 2, m)), axis=2)
+            expect(func, np.zeros((n // 2, m, n // 2)), axis=1)
+            expect(func, np.zeros((n, m // 2, m // 2)), axis=(1, 2))
+            expect(func, np.zeros((m // 2, n, m // 2)), axis=(0, 2))
+            expect(func, np.zeros((m // 3, m // 3, m // 3,
+                                  n // 2, n // 2)),
+                                 axis=(0, 1, 2))
+            # Check what happens if the inner (resp. outer) dimensions are a
+            # mix of zero and non-zero:
+            expect(func, np.zeros((10, m, n)), axis=(0, 1))
+            expect(func, np.zeros((10, n, m)), axis=(0, 2))
+            expect(func, np.zeros((m, 10, n)), axis=0)
+            expect(func, np.zeros((10, m, n)), axis=1)
+            expect(func, np.zeros((10, n, m)), axis=2)
+
+        # np.maximum is just an arbitrary ufunc with no reduction identity
+        assert_equal(np.maximum.identity, None)
+        t(ok, np.maximum.reduce, 30, 30)
+        t(ok, np.maximum.reduce, 0, 30)
+        t(err, np.maximum.reduce, 30, 0)
+        t(err, np.maximum.reduce, 0, 0)
+        err(np.maximum.reduce, [])
+        np.maximum.reduce(np.zeros((0, 0)), axis=())
+
+        # all of the combinations are fine for a reduction that has an
+        # identity
+        t(ok, np.add.reduce, 30, 30)
+        t(ok, np.add.reduce, 0, 30)
+        t(ok, np.add.reduce, 30, 0)
+        t(ok, np.add.reduce, 0, 0)
+        np.add.reduce([])
+        np.add.reduce(np.zeros((0, 0)), axis=())
+
+        # OTOH, accumulate always makes sense for any combination of n and m,
+        # because it maps an m-element array to an m-element array. These
+        # tests are simpler because accumulate doesn't accept multiple axes.
+        for uf in (np.maximum, np.add):
+            uf.accumulate(np.zeros((30, 0)), axis=0)
+            uf.accumulate(np.zeros((0, 30)), axis=0)
+            uf.accumulate(np.zeros((30, 30)), axis=0)
+            uf.accumulate(np.zeros((0, 0)), axis=0)
+
+    def test_safe_casting(self):
+        # In old versions of numpy, in-place operations used the 'unsafe'
+        # casting rules. In versions >= 1.10, 'same_kind' is the
+        # default and an exception is raised instead of a warning.
+        # when 'same_kind' is not satisfied.
+        a = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=int)
+        # Non-in-place addition is fine
+        assert_array_equal(assert_no_warnings(np.add, a, 1.1),
+                           [2.1, 3.1, 4.1])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, a, 1.1, out=a)
+
+        def add_inplace(a, b):
+            a += b
+
+        assert_raises(TypeError, add_inplace, a, 1.1)
+        # Make sure that explicitly overriding the exception is allowed:
+        assert_no_warnings(np.add, a, 1.1, out=a, casting="unsafe")
+        assert_array_equal(a, [2, 3, 4])
+
+    def test_ufunc_custom_out(self):
+        # Test ufunc with built in input types and custom output type
+
+        a = np.array([0, 1, 2], dtype='i8')
+        b = np.array([0, 1, 2], dtype='i8')
+        c = np.empty(3, dtype=rational)
+
+        # Output must be specified so numpy knows what
+        # ufunc signature to look for
+        result = test_add(a, b, c)
+        assert_equal(result, np.array([0, 2, 4], dtype=rational))
+
+        # no output type should raise TypeError
+        assert_raises(TypeError, test_add, a, b)
+
+    def test_operand_flags(self):
+        a = np.arange(16, dtype='l').reshape(4, 4)
+        b = np.arange(9, dtype='l').reshape(3, 3)
+        opflag_tests.inplace_add(a[:-1, :-1], b)
+        assert_equal(a, np.array([[0, 2, 4, 3], [7, 9, 11, 7],
+            [14, 16, 18, 11], [12, 13, 14, 15]], dtype='l'))
+
+        a = np.array(0)
+        opflag_tests.inplace_add(a, 3)
+        assert_equal(a, 3)
+        opflag_tests.inplace_add(a, [3, 4])
+        assert_equal(a, 10)
+
+    def test_struct_ufunc(self):
+        import numpy.core.struct_ufunc_test as struct_ufunc
+
+        a = np.array([(1, 2, 3)], dtype='u8,u8,u8')
+        b = np.array([(1, 2, 3)], dtype='u8,u8,u8')
+
+        result = struct_ufunc.add_triplet(a, b)
+        assert_equal(result, np.array([(2, 4, 6)], dtype='u8,u8,u8'))
+
+    def test_custom_ufunc(self):
+        a = np.array([rational(1, 2), rational(1, 3), rational(1, 4)],
+            dtype=rational)
+        b = np.array([rational(1, 2), rational(1, 3), rational(1, 4)],
+            dtype=rational)
+
+        result = test_add_rationals(a, b)
+        expected = np.array([rational(1), rational(2, 3), rational(1, 2)],
+            dtype=rational)
+        assert_equal(result, expected)
+
+    def test_custom_array_like(self):
+
+        class MyThing(object):
+            __array_priority__ = 1000
+
+            rmul_count = 0
+            getitem_count = 0
+
+            def __init__(self, shape):
+                self.shape = shape
+
+            def __len__(self):
+                return self.shape[0]
+
+            def __getitem__(self, i):
+                MyThing.getitem_count += 1
+                if not isinstance(i, tuple):
+                    i = (i,)
+                if len(i) > len(self.shape):
+                    raise IndexError("boo")
+
+                return MyThing(self.shape[len(i):])
+
+            def __rmul__(self, other):
+                MyThing.rmul_count += 1
+                return self
+
+        np.float64(5)*MyThing((3, 3))
+        assert_(MyThing.rmul_count == 1, MyThing.rmul_count)
+        assert_(MyThing.getitem_count <= 2, MyThing.getitem_count)
+
+    def test_inplace_fancy_indexing(self):
+
+        a = np.arange(10)
+        np.add.at(a, [2, 5, 2], 1)
+        assert_equal(a, [0, 1, 4, 3, 4, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9])
+
+        a = np.arange(10)
+        b = np.array([100, 100, 100])
+        np.add.at(a, [2, 5, 2], b)
+        assert_equal(a, [0, 1, 202, 3, 4, 105, 6, 7, 8, 9])
+
+        a = np.arange(9).reshape(3, 3)
+        b = np.array([[100, 100, 100], [200, 200, 200], [300, 300, 300]])
+        np.add.at(a, (slice(None), [1, 2, 1]), b)
+        assert_equal(a, [[0, 201, 102], [3, 404, 205], [6, 607, 308]])
+
+        a = np.arange(27).reshape(3, 3, 3)
+        b = np.array([100, 200, 300])
+        np.add.at(a, (slice(None), slice(None), [1, 2, 1]), b)
+        assert_equal(a,
+            [[[0, 401, 202],
+              [3, 404, 205],
+              [6, 407, 208]],
+
+             [[9, 410, 211],
+              [12, 413, 214],
+              [15, 416, 217]],
+
+             [[18, 419, 220],
+              [21, 422, 223],
+              [24, 425, 226]]])
+
+        a = np.arange(9).reshape(3, 3)
+        b = np.array([[100, 100, 100], [200, 200, 200], [300, 300, 300]])
+        np.add.at(a, ([1, 2, 1], slice(None)), b)
+        assert_equal(a, [[0, 1, 2], [403, 404, 405], [206, 207, 208]])
+
+        a = np.arange(27).reshape(3, 3, 3)
+        b = np.array([100, 200, 300])
+        np.add.at(a, (slice(None), [1, 2, 1], slice(None)), b)
+        assert_equal(a,
+            [[[0,  1,  2],
+              [203, 404, 605],
+              [106, 207, 308]],
+
+             [[9,  10, 11],
+              [212, 413, 614],
+              [115, 216, 317]],
+
+             [[18, 19, 20],
+              [221, 422, 623],
+              [124, 225, 326]]])
+
+        a = np.arange(9).reshape(3, 3)
+        b = np.array([100, 200, 300])
+        np.add.at(a, (0, [1, 2, 1]), b)
+        assert_equal(a, [[0, 401, 202], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]])
+
+        a = np.arange(27).reshape(3, 3, 3)
+        b = np.array([100, 200, 300])
+        np.add.at(a, ([1, 2, 1], 0, slice(None)), b)
+        assert_equal(a,
+            [[[0,  1,  2],
+              [3,  4,  5],
+              [6,  7,  8]],
+
+             [[209, 410, 611],
+              [12,  13, 14],
+              [15,  16, 17]],
+
+             [[118, 219, 320],
+              [21,  22, 23],
+              [24,  25, 26]]])
+
+        a = np.arange(27).reshape(3, 3, 3)
+        b = np.array([100, 200, 300])
+        np.add.at(a, (slice(None), slice(None), slice(None)), b)
+        assert_equal(a,
+            [[[100, 201, 302],
+              [103, 204, 305],
+              [106, 207, 308]],
+
+             [[109, 210, 311],
+              [112, 213, 314],
+              [115, 216, 317]],
+
+             [[118, 219, 320],
+              [121, 222, 323],
+              [124, 225, 326]]])
+
+        a = np.arange(10)
+        np.negative.at(a, [2, 5, 2])
+        assert_equal(a, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, -5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
+
+        # Test 0-dim array
+        a = np.array(0)
+        np.add.at(a, (), 1)
+        assert_equal(a, 1)
+
+        assert_raises(IndexError, np.add.at, a, 0, 1)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, np.add.at, a, [], 1)
+
+        # Test mixed dtypes
+        a = np.arange(10)
+        np.power.at(a, [1, 2, 3, 2], 3.5)
+        assert_equal(a, np.array([0, 1, 4414, 46, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]))
+
+        # Test boolean indexing and boolean ufuncs
+        a = np.arange(10)
+        index = a % 2 == 0
+        np.equal.at(a, index, [0, 2, 4, 6, 8])
+        assert_equal(a, [1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 5, 1, 7, 1, 9])
+
+        # Test unary operator
+        a = np.arange(10, dtype='u4')
+        np.invert.at(a, [2, 5, 2])
+        assert_equal(a, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ^ 0xffffffff, 6, 7, 8, 9])
+
+        # Test empty subspace
+        orig = np.arange(4)
+        a = orig[:, None][:, 0:0]
+        np.add.at(a, [0, 1], 3)
+        assert_array_equal(orig, np.arange(4))
+
+        # Test with swapped byte order
+        index = np.array([1, 2, 1], np.dtype('i').newbyteorder())
+        values = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4], np.dtype('f').newbyteorder())
+        np.add.at(values, index, 3)
+        assert_array_equal(values, [1, 8, 6, 4])
+
+        # Test exception thrown
+        values = np.array(['a', 1], dtype=np.object)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, np.add.at, values, [0, 1], 1)
+        assert_array_equal(values, np.array(['a', 1], dtype=np.object))
+
+        # Test multiple output ufuncs raise error, gh-5665
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.modf.at, np.arange(10), [1])
+
+    def test_reduce_arguments(self):
+        f = np.add.reduce
+        d = np.ones((5,2), dtype=int)
+        o = np.ones((2,), dtype=d.dtype)
+        r = o * 5
+        assert_equal(f(d), r)
+        # a, axis=0, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=False
+        assert_equal(f(d, axis=0), r)
+        assert_equal(f(d, 0), r)
+        assert_equal(f(d, 0, dtype=None), r)
+        assert_equal(f(d, 0, dtype='i'), r)
+        assert_equal(f(d, 0, 'i'), r)
+        assert_equal(f(d, 0, None), r)
+        assert_equal(f(d, 0, None, out=None), r)
+        assert_equal(f(d, 0, None, out=o), r)
+        assert_equal(f(d, 0, None, o), r)
+        assert_equal(f(d, 0, None, None), r)
+        assert_equal(f(d, 0, None, None, keepdims=False), r)
+        assert_equal(f(d, 0, None, None, True), r.reshape((1,) + r.shape))
+        # multiple keywords
+        assert_equal(f(d, axis=0, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=False), r)
+        assert_equal(f(d, 0, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=False), r)
+        assert_equal(f(d, 0, None, out=None, keepdims=False), r)
+
+        # too little
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f)
+        # too much
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, 0, None, None, False, 1)
+        # invalid axis
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, "invalid")
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, axis="invalid")
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, axis="invalid", dtype=None,
+                      keepdims=True)
+        # invalid dtype
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, 0, "invalid")
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, dtype="invalid")
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, dtype="invalid", out=None)
+        # invalid out
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, 0, None, "invalid")
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, out="invalid")
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, out="invalid", dtype=None)
+        # keepdims boolean, no invalid value
+        # assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, 0, None, None, "invalid")
+        # assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, keepdims="invalid", axis=0, dtype=None)
+        # invalid mix
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, 0, keepdims="invalid", dtype="invalid",
+                     out=None)
+
+        # invalid keyord
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, axis=0, dtype=None, invalid=0)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, invalid=0)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, 0, keepdims=True, invalid="invalid",
+                      out=None)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, axis=0, dtype=None, keepdims=True,
+                      out=None, invalid=0)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, axis=0, dtype=None,
+                      out=None, invalid=0)
+
+    def test_structured_equal(self):
+        # https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/4855
+
+        class MyA(np.ndarray):
+            def __numpy_ufunc__(self, ufunc, method, i, inputs, **kwargs):
+                return getattr(ufunc, method)(*(input.view(np.ndarray)
+                                              for input in inputs), **kwargs)
+        a = np.arange(12.).reshape(4,3)
+        ra = a.view(dtype=('f8,f8,f8')).squeeze()
+        mra = ra.view(MyA)
+
+        target = np.array([ True, False, False, False], dtype=bool)
+        assert_equal(np.all(target == (mra == ra[0])), True)
+
+    def test_NotImplemented_not_returned(self):
+        # See gh-5964 and gh-2091. Some of these functions are not operator
+        # related and were fixed for other reasons in the past.
+        binary_funcs = [
+            np.power, np.add, np.subtract, np.multiply, np.divide,
+            np.true_divide, np.floor_divide, np.bitwise_and, np.bitwise_or,
+            np.bitwise_xor, np.left_shift, np.right_shift, np.fmax,
+            np.fmin, np.fmod, np.hypot, np.logaddexp, np.logaddexp2,
+            np.logical_and, np.logical_or, np.logical_xor, np.maximum,
+            np.minimum, np.mod
+            ]
+
+        # These functions still return NotImplemented. Will be fixed in
+        # future.
+        # bad = [np.greater, np.greater_equal, np.less, np.less_equal, np.not_equal]
+
+        a = np.array('1')
+        b = 1
+        for f in binary_funcs:
+            assert_raises(TypeError, f, a, b)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    run_module_suite()