numpy 1.9.2__zip → 1.10.0__zip

numpy-1.10.0.post2/numpy/lib/arraypad.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1497 @@
+"""
+The arraypad module contains a group of functions to pad values onto the edges
+of an n-dimensional array.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import division, absolute_import, print_function
+
+import numpy as np
+
+
+__all__ = ['pad']
+
+
+###############################################################################
+# Private utility functions.
+
+
+def _arange_ndarray(arr, shape, axis, reverse=False):
+    """
+    Create an ndarray of `shape` with increments along specified `axis`
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arr : ndarray
+        Input array of arbitrary shape.
+    shape : tuple of ints
+        Shape of desired array. Should be equivalent to `arr.shape` except
+        `shape[axis]` which may have any positive value.
+    axis : int
+        Axis to increment along.
+    reverse : bool
+        If False, increment in a positive fashion from 1 to `shape[axis]`,
+        inclusive. If True, the bounds are the same but the order reversed.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    padarr : ndarray
+        Output array sized to pad `arr` along `axis`, with linear range from
+        1 to `shape[axis]` along specified `axis`.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The range is deliberately 1-indexed for this specific use case. Think of
+    this algorithm as broadcasting `np.arange` to a single `axis` of an
+    arbitrarily shaped ndarray.
+
+    """
+    initshape = tuple(1 if i != axis else shape[axis]
+                      for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+    if not reverse:
+        padarr = np.arange(1, shape[axis] + 1)
+    else:
+        padarr = np.arange(shape[axis], 0, -1)
+    padarr = padarr.reshape(initshape)
+    for i, dim in enumerate(shape):
+        if padarr.shape[i] != dim:
+            padarr = padarr.repeat(dim, axis=i)
+    return padarr
+
+
+def _round_ifneeded(arr, dtype):
+    """
+    Rounds arr inplace if destination dtype is integer.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arr : ndarray
+        Input array.
+    dtype : dtype
+        The dtype of the destination array.
+
+    """
+    if np.issubdtype(dtype, np.integer):
+        arr.round(out=arr)
+
+
+def _prepend_const(arr, pad_amt, val, axis=-1):
+    """
+    Prepend constant `val` along `axis` of `arr`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arr : ndarray
+        Input array of arbitrary shape.
+    pad_amt : int
+        Amount of padding to prepend.
+    val : scalar
+        Constant value to use. For best results should be of type `arr.dtype`;
+        if not `arr.dtype` will be cast to `arr.dtype`.
+    axis : int
+        Axis along which to pad `arr`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    padarr : ndarray
+        Output array, with `pad_amt` constant `val` prepended along `axis`.
+
+    """
+    if pad_amt == 0:
+        return arr
+    padshape = tuple(x if i != axis else pad_amt
+                     for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+    if val == 0:
+        return np.concatenate((np.zeros(padshape, dtype=arr.dtype), arr),
+                              axis=axis)
+    else:
+        return np.concatenate(((np.zeros(padshape) + val).astype(arr.dtype),
+                               arr), axis=axis)
+
+
+def _append_const(arr, pad_amt, val, axis=-1):
+    """
+    Append constant `val` along `axis` of `arr`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arr : ndarray
+        Input array of arbitrary shape.
+    pad_amt : int
+        Amount of padding to append.
+    val : scalar
+        Constant value to use. For best results should be of type `arr.dtype`;
+        if not `arr.dtype` will be cast to `arr.dtype`.
+    axis : int
+        Axis along which to pad `arr`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    padarr : ndarray
+        Output array, with `pad_amt` constant `val` appended along `axis`.
+
+    """
+    if pad_amt == 0:
+        return arr
+    padshape = tuple(x if i != axis else pad_amt
+                     for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+    if val == 0:
+        return np.concatenate((arr, np.zeros(padshape, dtype=arr.dtype)),
+                              axis=axis)
+    else:
+        return np.concatenate(
+            (arr, (np.zeros(padshape) + val).astype(arr.dtype)), axis=axis)
+
+
+def _prepend_edge(arr, pad_amt, axis=-1):
+    """
+    Prepend `pad_amt` to `arr` along `axis` by extending edge values.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arr : ndarray
+        Input array of arbitrary shape.
+    pad_amt : int
+        Amount of padding to prepend.
+    axis : int
+        Axis along which to pad `arr`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    padarr : ndarray
+        Output array, extended by `pad_amt` edge values appended along `axis`.
+
+    """
+    if pad_amt == 0:
+        return arr
+
+    edge_slice = tuple(slice(None) if i != axis else 0
+                       for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+
+    # Shape to restore singleton dimension after slicing
+    pad_singleton = tuple(x if i != axis else 1
+                          for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+    edge_arr = arr[edge_slice].reshape(pad_singleton)
+    return np.concatenate((edge_arr.repeat(pad_amt, axis=axis), arr),
+                          axis=axis)
+
+
+def _append_edge(arr, pad_amt, axis=-1):
+    """
+    Append `pad_amt` to `arr` along `axis` by extending edge values.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arr : ndarray
+        Input array of arbitrary shape.
+    pad_amt : int
+        Amount of padding to append.
+    axis : int
+        Axis along which to pad `arr`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    padarr : ndarray
+        Output array, extended by `pad_amt` edge values prepended along
+        `axis`.
+
+    """
+    if pad_amt == 0:
+        return arr
+
+    edge_slice = tuple(slice(None) if i != axis else arr.shape[axis] - 1
+                       for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+
+    # Shape to restore singleton dimension after slicing
+    pad_singleton = tuple(x if i != axis else 1
+                          for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+    edge_arr = arr[edge_slice].reshape(pad_singleton)
+    return np.concatenate((arr, edge_arr.repeat(pad_amt, axis=axis)),
+                          axis=axis)
+
+
+def _prepend_ramp(arr, pad_amt, end, axis=-1):
+    """
+    Prepend linear ramp along `axis`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arr : ndarray
+        Input array of arbitrary shape.
+    pad_amt : int
+        Amount of padding to prepend.
+    end : scalar
+        Constal value to use. For best results should be of type `arr.dtype`;
+        if not `arr.dtype` will be cast to `arr.dtype`.
+    axis : int
+        Axis along which to pad `arr`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    padarr : ndarray
+        Output array, with `pad_amt` values prepended along `axis`. The
+        prepended region ramps linearly from the edge value to `end`.
+
+    """
+    if pad_amt == 0:
+        return arr
+
+    # Generate shape for final concatenated array
+    padshape = tuple(x if i != axis else pad_amt
+                     for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+
+    # Generate an n-dimensional array incrementing along `axis`
+    ramp_arr = _arange_ndarray(arr, padshape, axis,
+                               reverse=True).astype(np.float64)
+
+    # Appropriate slicing to extract n-dimensional edge along `axis`
+    edge_slice = tuple(slice(None) if i != axis else 0
+                       for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+
+    # Shape to restore singleton dimension after slicing
+    pad_singleton = tuple(x if i != axis else 1
+                          for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+
+    # Extract edge, reshape to original rank, and extend along `axis`
+    edge_pad = arr[edge_slice].reshape(pad_singleton).repeat(pad_amt, axis)
+
+    # Linear ramp
+    slope = (end - edge_pad) / float(pad_amt)
+    ramp_arr = ramp_arr * slope
+    ramp_arr += edge_pad
+    _round_ifneeded(ramp_arr, arr.dtype)
+
+    # Ramp values will most likely be float, cast them to the same type as arr
+    return np.concatenate((ramp_arr.astype(arr.dtype), arr), axis=axis)
+
+
+def _append_ramp(arr, pad_amt, end, axis=-1):
+    """
+    Append linear ramp along `axis`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arr : ndarray
+        Input array of arbitrary shape.
+    pad_amt : int
+        Amount of padding to append.
+    end : scalar
+        Constal value to use. For best results should be of type `arr.dtype`;
+        if not `arr.dtype` will be cast to `arr.dtype`.
+    axis : int
+        Axis along which to pad `arr`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    padarr : ndarray
+        Output array, with `pad_amt` values appended along `axis`. The
+        appended region ramps linearly from the edge value to `end`.
+
+    """
+    if pad_amt == 0:
+        return arr
+
+    # Generate shape for final concatenated array
+    padshape = tuple(x if i != axis else pad_amt
+                     for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+
+    # Generate an n-dimensional array incrementing along `axis`
+    ramp_arr = _arange_ndarray(arr, padshape, axis,
+                               reverse=False).astype(np.float64)
+
+    # Slice a chunk from the edge to calculate stats on
+    edge_slice = tuple(slice(None) if i != axis else -1
+                       for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+
+    # Shape to restore singleton dimension after slicing
+    pad_singleton = tuple(x if i != axis else 1
+                          for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+
+    # Extract edge, reshape to original rank, and extend along `axis`
+    edge_pad = arr[edge_slice].reshape(pad_singleton).repeat(pad_amt, axis)
+
+    # Linear ramp
+    slope = (end - edge_pad) / float(pad_amt)
+    ramp_arr = ramp_arr * slope
+    ramp_arr += edge_pad
+    _round_ifneeded(ramp_arr, arr.dtype)
+
+    # Ramp values will most likely be float, cast them to the same type as arr
+    return np.concatenate((arr, ramp_arr.astype(arr.dtype)), axis=axis)
+
+
+def _prepend_max(arr, pad_amt, num, axis=-1):
+    """
+    Prepend `pad_amt` maximum values along `axis`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arr : ndarray
+        Input array of arbitrary shape.
+    pad_amt : int
+        Amount of padding to prepend.
+    num : int
+        Depth into `arr` along `axis` to calculate maximum.
+        Range: [1, `arr.shape[axis]`] or None (entire axis)
+    axis : int
+        Axis along which to pad `arr`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    padarr : ndarray
+        Output array, with `pad_amt` values appended along `axis`. The
+        prepended region is the maximum of the first `num` values along
+        `axis`.
+
+    """
+    if pad_amt == 0:
+        return arr
+
+    # Equivalent to edge padding for single value, so do that instead
+    if num == 1:
+        return _prepend_edge(arr, pad_amt, axis)
+
+    # Use entire array if `num` is too large
+    if num is not None:
+        if num >= arr.shape[axis]:
+            num = None
+
+    # Slice a chunk from the edge to calculate stats on
+    max_slice = tuple(slice(None) if i != axis else slice(num)
+                      for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+
+    # Shape to restore singleton dimension after slicing
+    pad_singleton = tuple(x if i != axis else 1
+                          for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+
+    # Extract slice, calculate max, reshape to add singleton dimension back
+    max_chunk = arr[max_slice].max(axis=axis).reshape(pad_singleton)
+
+    # Concatenate `arr` with `max_chunk`, extended along `axis` by `pad_amt`
+    return np.concatenate((max_chunk.repeat(pad_amt, axis=axis), arr),
+                          axis=axis)
+
+
+def _append_max(arr, pad_amt, num, axis=-1):
+    """
+    Pad one `axis` of `arr` with the maximum of the last `num` elements.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arr : ndarray
+        Input array of arbitrary shape.
+    pad_amt : int
+        Amount of padding to append.
+    num : int
+        Depth into `arr` along `axis` to calculate maximum.
+        Range: [1, `arr.shape[axis]`] or None (entire axis)
+    axis : int
+        Axis along which to pad `arr`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    padarr : ndarray
+        Output array, with `pad_amt` values appended along `axis`. The
+        appended region is the maximum of the final `num` values along `axis`.
+
+    """
+    if pad_amt == 0:
+        return arr
+
+    # Equivalent to edge padding for single value, so do that instead
+    if num == 1:
+        return _append_edge(arr, pad_amt, axis)
+
+    # Use entire array if `num` is too large
+    if num is not None:
+        if num >= arr.shape[axis]:
+            num = None
+
+    # Slice a chunk from the edge to calculate stats on
+    end = arr.shape[axis] - 1
+    if num is not None:
+        max_slice = tuple(
+            slice(None) if i != axis else slice(end, end - num, -1)
+            for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+    else:
+        max_slice = tuple(slice(None) for x in arr.shape)
+
+    # Shape to restore singleton dimension after slicing
+    pad_singleton = tuple(x if i != axis else 1
+                          for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+
+    # Extract slice, calculate max, reshape to add singleton dimension back
+    max_chunk = arr[max_slice].max(axis=axis).reshape(pad_singleton)
+
+    # Concatenate `arr` with `max_chunk`, extended along `axis` by `pad_amt`
+    return np.concatenate((arr, max_chunk.repeat(pad_amt, axis=axis)),
+                          axis=axis)
+
+
+def _prepend_mean(arr, pad_amt, num, axis=-1):
+    """
+    Prepend `pad_amt` mean values along `axis`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arr : ndarray
+        Input array of arbitrary shape.
+    pad_amt : int
+        Amount of padding to prepend.
+    num : int
+        Depth into `arr` along `axis` to calculate mean.
+        Range: [1, `arr.shape[axis]`] or None (entire axis)
+    axis : int
+        Axis along which to pad `arr`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    padarr : ndarray
+        Output array, with `pad_amt` values prepended along `axis`. The
+        prepended region is the mean of the first `num` values along `axis`.
+
+    """
+    if pad_amt == 0:
+        return arr
+
+    # Equivalent to edge padding for single value, so do that instead
+    if num == 1:
+        return _prepend_edge(arr, pad_amt, axis)
+
+    # Use entire array if `num` is too large
+    if num is not None:
+        if num >= arr.shape[axis]:
+            num = None
+
+    # Slice a chunk from the edge to calculate stats on
+    mean_slice = tuple(slice(None) if i != axis else slice(num)
+                       for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+
+    # Shape to restore singleton dimension after slicing
+    pad_singleton = tuple(x if i != axis else 1
+                          for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+
+    # Extract slice, calculate mean, reshape to add singleton dimension back
+    mean_chunk = arr[mean_slice].mean(axis).reshape(pad_singleton)
+    _round_ifneeded(mean_chunk, arr.dtype)
+
+    # Concatenate `arr` with `mean_chunk`, extended along `axis` by `pad_amt`
+    return np.concatenate((mean_chunk.repeat(pad_amt, axis).astype(arr.dtype),
+                           arr), axis=axis)
+
+
+def _append_mean(arr, pad_amt, num, axis=-1):
+    """
+    Append `pad_amt` mean values along `axis`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arr : ndarray
+        Input array of arbitrary shape.
+    pad_amt : int
+        Amount of padding to append.
+    num : int
+        Depth into `arr` along `axis` to calculate mean.
+        Range: [1, `arr.shape[axis]`] or None (entire axis)
+    axis : int
+        Axis along which to pad `arr`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    padarr : ndarray
+        Output array, with `pad_amt` values appended along `axis`. The
+        appended region is the maximum of the final `num` values along `axis`.
+
+    """
+    if pad_amt == 0:
+        return arr
+
+    # Equivalent to edge padding for single value, so do that instead
+    if num == 1:
+        return _append_edge(arr, pad_amt, axis)
+
+    # Use entire array if `num` is too large
+    if num is not None:
+        if num >= arr.shape[axis]:
+            num = None
+
+    # Slice a chunk from the edge to calculate stats on
+    end = arr.shape[axis] - 1
+    if num is not None:
+        mean_slice = tuple(
+            slice(None) if i != axis else slice(end, end - num, -1)
+            for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+    else:
+        mean_slice = tuple(slice(None) for x in arr.shape)
+
+    # Shape to restore singleton dimension after slicing
+    pad_singleton = tuple(x if i != axis else 1
+                          for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+
+    # Extract slice, calculate mean, reshape to add singleton dimension back
+    mean_chunk = arr[mean_slice].mean(axis=axis).reshape(pad_singleton)
+    _round_ifneeded(mean_chunk, arr.dtype)
+
+    # Concatenate `arr` with `mean_chunk`, extended along `axis` by `pad_amt`
+    return np.concatenate(
+        (arr, mean_chunk.repeat(pad_amt, axis).astype(arr.dtype)), axis=axis)
+
+
+def _prepend_med(arr, pad_amt, num, axis=-1):
+    """
+    Prepend `pad_amt` median values along `axis`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arr : ndarray
+        Input array of arbitrary shape.
+    pad_amt : int
+        Amount of padding to prepend.
+    num : int
+        Depth into `arr` along `axis` to calculate median.
+        Range: [1, `arr.shape[axis]`] or None (entire axis)
+    axis : int
+        Axis along which to pad `arr`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    padarr : ndarray
+        Output array, with `pad_amt` values prepended along `axis`. The
+        prepended region is the median of the first `num` values along `axis`.
+
+    """
+    if pad_amt == 0:
+        return arr
+
+    # Equivalent to edge padding for single value, so do that instead
+    if num == 1:
+        return _prepend_edge(arr, pad_amt, axis)
+
+    # Use entire array if `num` is too large
+    if num is not None:
+        if num >= arr.shape[axis]:
+            num = None
+
+    # Slice a chunk from the edge to calculate stats on
+    med_slice = tuple(slice(None) if i != axis else slice(num)
+                      for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+
+    # Shape to restore singleton dimension after slicing
+    pad_singleton = tuple(x if i != axis else 1
+                          for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+
+    # Extract slice, calculate median, reshape to add singleton dimension back
+    med_chunk = np.median(arr[med_slice], axis=axis).reshape(pad_singleton)
+    _round_ifneeded(med_chunk, arr.dtype)
+
+    # Concatenate `arr` with `med_chunk`, extended along `axis` by `pad_amt`
+    return np.concatenate(
+        (med_chunk.repeat(pad_amt, axis).astype(arr.dtype), arr), axis=axis)
+
+
+def _append_med(arr, pad_amt, num, axis=-1):
+    """
+    Append `pad_amt` median values along `axis`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arr : ndarray
+        Input array of arbitrary shape.
+    pad_amt : int
+        Amount of padding to append.
+    num : int
+        Depth into `arr` along `axis` to calculate median.
+        Range: [1, `arr.shape[axis]`] or None (entire axis)
+    axis : int
+        Axis along which to pad `arr`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    padarr : ndarray
+        Output array, with `pad_amt` values appended along `axis`. The
+        appended region is the median of the final `num` values along `axis`.
+
+    """
+    if pad_amt == 0:
+        return arr
+
+    # Equivalent to edge padding for single value, so do that instead
+    if num == 1:
+        return _append_edge(arr, pad_amt, axis)
+
+    # Use entire array if `num` is too large
+    if num is not None:
+        if num >= arr.shape[axis]:
+            num = None
+
+    # Slice a chunk from the edge to calculate stats on
+    end = arr.shape[axis] - 1
+    if num is not None:
+        med_slice = tuple(
+            slice(None) if i != axis else slice(end, end - num, -1)
+            for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+    else:
+        med_slice = tuple(slice(None) for x in arr.shape)
+
+    # Shape to restore singleton dimension after slicing
+    pad_singleton = tuple(x if i != axis else 1
+                          for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+
+    # Extract slice, calculate median, reshape to add singleton dimension back
+    med_chunk = np.median(arr[med_slice], axis=axis).reshape(pad_singleton)
+    _round_ifneeded(med_chunk, arr.dtype)
+
+    # Concatenate `arr` with `med_chunk`, extended along `axis` by `pad_amt`
+    return np.concatenate(
+        (arr, med_chunk.repeat(pad_amt, axis).astype(arr.dtype)), axis=axis)
+
+
+def _prepend_min(arr, pad_amt, num, axis=-1):
+    """
+    Prepend `pad_amt` minimum values along `axis`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arr : ndarray
+        Input array of arbitrary shape.
+    pad_amt : int
+        Amount of padding to prepend.
+    num : int
+        Depth into `arr` along `axis` to calculate minimum.
+        Range: [1, `arr.shape[axis]`] or None (entire axis)
+    axis : int
+        Axis along which to pad `arr`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    padarr : ndarray
+        Output array, with `pad_amt` values prepended along `axis`. The
+        prepended region is the minimum of the first `num` values along
+        `axis`.
+
+    """
+    if pad_amt == 0:
+        return arr
+
+    # Equivalent to edge padding for single value, so do that instead
+    if num == 1:
+        return _prepend_edge(arr, pad_amt, axis)
+
+    # Use entire array if `num` is too large
+    if num is not None:
+        if num >= arr.shape[axis]:
+            num = None
+
+    # Slice a chunk from the edge to calculate stats on
+    min_slice = tuple(slice(None) if i != axis else slice(num)
+                      for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+
+    # Shape to restore singleton dimension after slicing
+    pad_singleton = tuple(x if i != axis else 1
+                          for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+
+    # Extract slice, calculate min, reshape to add singleton dimension back
+    min_chunk = arr[min_slice].min(axis=axis).reshape(pad_singleton)
+
+    # Concatenate `arr` with `min_chunk`, extended along `axis` by `pad_amt`
+    return np.concatenate((min_chunk.repeat(pad_amt, axis=axis), arr),
+                          axis=axis)
+
+
+def _append_min(arr, pad_amt, num, axis=-1):
+    """
+    Append `pad_amt` median values along `axis`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arr : ndarray
+        Input array of arbitrary shape.
+    pad_amt : int
+        Amount of padding to append.
+    num : int
+        Depth into `arr` along `axis` to calculate minimum.
+        Range: [1, `arr.shape[axis]`] or None (entire axis)
+    axis : int
+        Axis along which to pad `arr`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    padarr : ndarray
+        Output array, with `pad_amt` values appended along `axis`. The
+        appended region is the minimum of the final `num` values along `axis`.
+
+    """
+    if pad_amt == 0:
+        return arr
+
+    # Equivalent to edge padding for single value, so do that instead
+    if num == 1:
+        return _append_edge(arr, pad_amt, axis)
+
+    # Use entire array if `num` is too large
+    if num is not None:
+        if num >= arr.shape[axis]:
+            num = None
+
+    # Slice a chunk from the edge to calculate stats on
+    end = arr.shape[axis] - 1
+    if num is not None:
+        min_slice = tuple(
+            slice(None) if i != axis else slice(end, end - num, -1)
+            for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+    else:
+        min_slice = tuple(slice(None) for x in arr.shape)
+
+    # Shape to restore singleton dimension after slicing
+    pad_singleton = tuple(x if i != axis else 1
+                          for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+
+    # Extract slice, calculate min, reshape to add singleton dimension back
+    min_chunk = arr[min_slice].min(axis=axis).reshape(pad_singleton)
+
+    # Concatenate `arr` with `min_chunk`, extended along `axis` by `pad_amt`
+    return np.concatenate((arr, min_chunk.repeat(pad_amt, axis=axis)),
+                          axis=axis)
+
+
+def _pad_ref(arr, pad_amt, method, axis=-1):
+    """
+    Pad `axis` of `arr` by reflection.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arr : ndarray
+        Input array of arbitrary shape.
+    pad_amt : tuple of ints, length 2
+        Padding to (prepend, append) along `axis`.
+    method : str
+        Controls method of reflection; options are 'even' or 'odd'.
+    axis : int
+        Axis along which to pad `arr`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    padarr : ndarray
+        Output array, with `pad_amt[0]` values prepended and `pad_amt[1]`
+        values appended along `axis`. Both regions are padded with reflected
+        values from the original array.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This algorithm does not pad with repetition, i.e. the edges are not
+    repeated in the reflection. For that behavior, use `mode='symmetric'`.
+
+    The modes 'reflect', 'symmetric', and 'wrap' must be padded with a
+    single function, lest the indexing tricks in non-integer multiples of the
+    original shape would violate repetition in the final iteration.
+
+    """
+    # Implicit booleanness to test for zero (or None) in any scalar type
+    if pad_amt[0] == 0 and pad_amt[1] == 0:
+        return arr
+
+    ##########################################################################
+    # Prepended region
+
+    # Slice off a reverse indexed chunk from near edge to pad `arr` before
+    ref_slice = tuple(slice(None) if i != axis else slice(pad_amt[0], 0, -1)
+                      for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+
+    ref_chunk1 = arr[ref_slice]
+
+    # Shape to restore singleton dimension after slicing
+    pad_singleton = tuple(x if i != axis else 1
+                          for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+    if pad_amt[0] == 1:
+        ref_chunk1 = ref_chunk1.reshape(pad_singleton)
+
+    # Memory/computationally more expensive, only do this if `method='odd'`
+    if 'odd' in method and pad_amt[0] > 0:
+        edge_slice1 = tuple(slice(None) if i != axis else 0
+                            for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+        edge_chunk = arr[edge_slice1].reshape(pad_singleton)
+        ref_chunk1 = 2 * edge_chunk - ref_chunk1
+        del edge_chunk
+
+    ##########################################################################
+    # Appended region
+
+    # Slice off a reverse indexed chunk from far edge to pad `arr` after
+    start = arr.shape[axis] - pad_amt[1] - 1
+    end = arr.shape[axis] - 1
+    ref_slice = tuple(slice(None) if i != axis else slice(start, end)
+                      for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+    rev_idx = tuple(slice(None) if i != axis else slice(None, None, -1)
+                    for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+    ref_chunk2 = arr[ref_slice][rev_idx]
+
+    if pad_amt[1] == 1:
+        ref_chunk2 = ref_chunk2.reshape(pad_singleton)
+
+    if 'odd' in method:
+        edge_slice2 = tuple(slice(None) if i != axis else -1
+                            for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+        edge_chunk = arr[edge_slice2].reshape(pad_singleton)
+        ref_chunk2 = 2 * edge_chunk - ref_chunk2
+        del edge_chunk
+
+    # Concatenate `arr` with both chunks, extending along `axis`
+    return np.concatenate((ref_chunk1, arr, ref_chunk2), axis=axis)
+
+
+def _pad_sym(arr, pad_amt, method, axis=-1):
+    """
+    Pad `axis` of `arr` by symmetry.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arr : ndarray
+        Input array of arbitrary shape.
+    pad_amt : tuple of ints, length 2
+        Padding to (prepend, append) along `axis`.
+    method : str
+        Controls method of symmetry; options are 'even' or 'odd'.
+    axis : int
+        Axis along which to pad `arr`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    padarr : ndarray
+        Output array, with `pad_amt[0]` values prepended and `pad_amt[1]`
+        values appended along `axis`. Both regions are padded with symmetric
+        values from the original array.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This algorithm DOES pad with repetition, i.e. the edges are repeated.
+    For padding without repeated edges, use `mode='reflect'`.
+
+    The modes 'reflect', 'symmetric', and 'wrap' must be padded with a
+    single function, lest the indexing tricks in non-integer multiples of the
+    original shape would violate repetition in the final iteration.
+
+    """
+    # Implicit booleanness to test for zero (or None) in any scalar type
+    if pad_amt[0] == 0 and pad_amt[1] == 0:
+        return arr
+
+    ##########################################################################
+    # Prepended region
+
+    # Slice off a reverse indexed chunk from near edge to pad `arr` before
+    sym_slice = tuple(slice(None) if i != axis else slice(0, pad_amt[0])
+                      for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+    rev_idx = tuple(slice(None) if i != axis else slice(None, None, -1)
+                    for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+    sym_chunk1 = arr[sym_slice][rev_idx]
+
+    # Shape to restore singleton dimension after slicing
+    pad_singleton = tuple(x if i != axis else 1
+                          for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+    if pad_amt[0] == 1:
+        sym_chunk1 = sym_chunk1.reshape(pad_singleton)
+
+    # Memory/computationally more expensive, only do this if `method='odd'`
+    if 'odd' in method and pad_amt[0] > 0:
+        edge_slice1 = tuple(slice(None) if i != axis else 0
+                            for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+        edge_chunk = arr[edge_slice1].reshape(pad_singleton)
+        sym_chunk1 = 2 * edge_chunk - sym_chunk1
+        del edge_chunk
+
+    ##########################################################################
+    # Appended region
+
+    # Slice off a reverse indexed chunk from far edge to pad `arr` after
+    start = arr.shape[axis] - pad_amt[1]
+    end = arr.shape[axis]
+    sym_slice = tuple(slice(None) if i != axis else slice(start, end)
+                      for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+    sym_chunk2 = arr[sym_slice][rev_idx]
+
+    if pad_amt[1] == 1:
+        sym_chunk2 = sym_chunk2.reshape(pad_singleton)
+
+    if 'odd' in method:
+        edge_slice2 = tuple(slice(None) if i != axis else -1
+                            for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+        edge_chunk = arr[edge_slice2].reshape(pad_singleton)
+        sym_chunk2 = 2 * edge_chunk - sym_chunk2
+        del edge_chunk
+
+    # Concatenate `arr` with both chunks, extending along `axis`
+    return np.concatenate((sym_chunk1, arr, sym_chunk2), axis=axis)
+
+
+def _pad_wrap(arr, pad_amt, axis=-1):
+    """
+    Pad `axis` of `arr` via wrapping.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arr : ndarray
+        Input array of arbitrary shape.
+    pad_amt : tuple of ints, length 2
+        Padding to (prepend, append) along `axis`.
+    axis : int
+        Axis along which to pad `arr`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    padarr : ndarray
+        Output array, with `pad_amt[0]` values prepended and `pad_amt[1]`
+        values appended along `axis`. Both regions are padded wrapped values
+        from the opposite end of `axis`.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This method of padding is also known as 'tile' or 'tiling'.
+
+    The modes 'reflect', 'symmetric', and 'wrap' must be padded with a
+    single function, lest the indexing tricks in non-integer multiples of the
+    original shape would violate repetition in the final iteration.
+
+    """
+    # Implicit booleanness to test for zero (or None) in any scalar type
+    if pad_amt[0] == 0 and pad_amt[1] == 0:
+        return arr
+
+    ##########################################################################
+    # Prepended region
+
+    # Slice off a reverse indexed chunk from near edge to pad `arr` before
+    start = arr.shape[axis] - pad_amt[0]
+    end = arr.shape[axis]
+    wrap_slice = tuple(slice(None) if i != axis else slice(start, end)
+                       for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+    wrap_chunk1 = arr[wrap_slice]
+
+    # Shape to restore singleton dimension after slicing
+    pad_singleton = tuple(x if i != axis else 1
+                          for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+    if pad_amt[0] == 1:
+        wrap_chunk1 = wrap_chunk1.reshape(pad_singleton)
+
+    ##########################################################################
+    # Appended region
+
+    # Slice off a reverse indexed chunk from far edge to pad `arr` after
+    wrap_slice = tuple(slice(None) if i != axis else slice(0, pad_amt[1])
+                       for (i, x) in enumerate(arr.shape))
+    wrap_chunk2 = arr[wrap_slice]
+
+    if pad_amt[1] == 1:
+        wrap_chunk2 = wrap_chunk2.reshape(pad_singleton)
+
+    # Concatenate `arr` with both chunks, extending along `axis`
+    return np.concatenate((wrap_chunk1, arr, wrap_chunk2), axis=axis)
+
+
+def _normalize_shape(ndarray, shape, cast_to_int=True):
+    """
+    Private function which does some checks and normalizes the possibly
+    much simpler representations of 'pad_width', 'stat_length',
+    'constant_values', 'end_values'.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    narray : ndarray
+        Input ndarray
+    shape : {sequence, array_like, float, int}, optional
+        The width of padding (pad_width), the number of elements on the
+        edge of the narray used for statistics (stat_length), the constant
+        value(s) to use when filling padded regions (constant_values), or the
+        endpoint target(s) for linear ramps (end_values).
+        ((before_1, after_1), ... (before_N, after_N)) unique number of
+        elements for each axis where `N` is rank of `narray`.
+        ((before, after),) yields same before and after constants for each
+        axis.
+        (constant,) or val is a shortcut for before = after = constant for
+        all axes.
+    cast_to_int : bool, optional
+        Controls if values in ``shape`` will be rounded and cast to int
+        before being returned.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    normalized_shape : tuple of tuples
+        val                               => ((val, val), (val, val), ...)
+        [[val1, val2], [val3, val4], ...] => ((val1, val2), (val3, val4), ...)
+        ((val1, val2), (val3, val4), ...) => no change
+        [[val1, val2], ]                  => ((val1, val2), (val1, val2), ...)
+        ((val1, val2), )                  => ((val1, val2), (val1, val2), ...)
+        [[val ,     ], ]                  => ((val, val), (val, val), ...)
+        ((val ,     ), )                  => ((val, val), (val, val), ...)
+
+    """
+    ndims = ndarray.ndim
+
+    # Shortcut shape=None
+    if shape is None:
+        return ((None, None), ) * ndims
+
+    # Convert any input `info` to a NumPy array
+    arr = np.asarray(shape)
+
+    # Switch based on what input looks like
+    if arr.ndim <= 1:
+        if arr.shape == () or arr.shape == (1,):
+            # Single scalar input
+            #   Create new array of ones, multiply by the scalar
+            arr = np.ones((ndims, 2), dtype=ndarray.dtype) * arr
+        elif arr.shape == (2,):
+            # Apply padding (before, after) each axis
+            #   Create new axis 0, repeat along it for every axis
+            arr = arr[np.newaxis, :].repeat(ndims, axis=0)
+        else:
+            fmt = "Unable to create correctly shaped tuple from %s"
+            raise ValueError(fmt % (shape,))
+
+    elif arr.ndim == 2:
+        if arr.shape[1] == 1 and arr.shape[0] == ndims:
+            # Padded before and after by the same amount
+            arr = arr.repeat(2, axis=1)
+        elif arr.shape[0] == ndims:
+            # Input correctly formatted, pass it on as `arr`
+            arr = shape
+        else:
+            fmt = "Unable to create correctly shaped tuple from %s"
+            raise ValueError(fmt % (shape,))
+
+    else:
+        fmt = "Unable to create correctly shaped tuple from %s"
+        raise ValueError(fmt % (shape,))
+
+    # Cast if necessary
+    if cast_to_int is True:
+        arr = np.round(arr).astype(int)
+
+    # Convert list of lists to tuple of tuples
+    return tuple(tuple(axis) for axis in arr.tolist())
+
+
+def _validate_lengths(narray, number_elements):
+    """
+    Private function which does some checks and reformats pad_width and
+    stat_length using _normalize_shape.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    narray : ndarray
+        Input ndarray
+    number_elements : {sequence, int}, optional
+        The width of padding (pad_width) or the number of elements on the edge
+        of the narray used for statistics (stat_length).
+        ((before_1, after_1), ... (before_N, after_N)) unique number of
+        elements for each axis.
+        ((before, after),) yields same before and after constants for each
+        axis.
+        (constant,) or int is a shortcut for before = after = constant for all
+        axes.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    _validate_lengths : tuple of tuples
+        int                               => ((int, int), (int, int), ...)
+        [[int1, int2], [int3, int4], ...] => ((int1, int2), (int3, int4), ...)
+        ((int1, int2), (int3, int4), ...) => no change
+        [[int1, int2], ]                  => ((int1, int2), (int1, int2), ...)
+        ((int1, int2), )                  => ((int1, int2), (int1, int2), ...)
+        [[int ,     ], ]                  => ((int, int), (int, int), ...)
+        ((int ,     ), )                  => ((int, int), (int, int), ...)
+
+    """
+    normshp = _normalize_shape(narray, number_elements)
+    for i in normshp:
+        chk = [1 if x is None else x for x in i]
+        chk = [1 if x >= 0 else -1 for x in chk]
+        if (chk[0] < 0) or (chk[1] < 0):
+            fmt = "%s cannot contain negative values."
+            raise ValueError(fmt % (number_elements,))
+    return normshp
+
+
+###############################################################################
+# Public functions
+
+
+def pad(array, pad_width, mode=None, **kwargs):
+    """
+    Pads an array.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    array : array_like of rank N
+        Input array
+    pad_width : {sequence, array_like, int}
+        Number of values padded to the edges of each axis.
+        ((before_1, after_1), ... (before_N, after_N)) unique pad widths
+        for each axis.
+        ((before, after),) yields same before and after pad for each axis.
+        (pad,) or int is a shortcut for before = after = pad width for all
+        axes.
+    mode : str or function
+        One of the following string values or a user supplied function.
+
+        'constant'
+            Pads with a constant value.
+        'edge'
+            Pads with the edge values of array.
+        'linear_ramp'
+            Pads with the linear ramp between end_value and the
+            array edge value.
+        'maximum'
+            Pads with the maximum value of all or part of the
+            vector along each axis.
+        'mean'
+            Pads with the mean value of all or part of the
+            vector along each axis.
+        'median'
+            Pads with the median value of all or part of the
+            vector along each axis.
+        'minimum'
+            Pads with the minimum value of all or part of the
+            vector along each axis.
+        'reflect'
+            Pads with the reflection of the vector mirrored on
+            the first and last values of the vector along each
+            axis.
+        'symmetric'
+            Pads with the reflection of the vector mirrored
+            along the edge of the array.
+        'wrap'
+            Pads with the wrap of the vector along the axis.
+            The first values are used to pad the end and the
+            end values are used to pad the beginning.
+        <function>
+            Padding function, see Notes.
+    stat_length : sequence or int, optional
+        Used in 'maximum', 'mean', 'median', and 'minimum'.  Number of
+        values at edge of each axis used to calculate the statistic value.
+
+        ((before_1, after_1), ... (before_N, after_N)) unique statistic
+        lengths for each axis.
+
+        ((before, after),) yields same before and after statistic lengths
+        for each axis.
+
+        (stat_length,) or int is a shortcut for before = after = statistic
+        length for all axes.
+
+        Default is ``None``, to use the entire axis.
+    constant_values : sequence or int, optional
+        Used in 'constant'.  The values to set the padded values for each
+        axis.
+
+        ((before_1, after_1), ... (before_N, after_N)) unique pad constants
+        for each axis.
+
+        ((before, after),) yields same before and after constants for each
+        axis.
+
+        (constant,) or int is a shortcut for before = after = constant for
+        all axes.
+
+        Default is 0.
+    end_values : sequence or int, optional
+        Used in 'linear_ramp'.  The values used for the ending value of the
+        linear_ramp and that will form the edge of the padded array.
+
+        ((before_1, after_1), ... (before_N, after_N)) unique end values
+        for each axis.
+
+        ((before, after),) yields same before and after end values for each
+        axis.
+
+        (constant,) or int is a shortcut for before = after = end value for
+        all axes.
+
+        Default is 0.
+    reflect_type : {'even', 'odd'}, optional
+        Used in 'reflect', and 'symmetric'.  The 'even' style is the
+        default with an unaltered reflection around the edge value.  For
+        the 'odd' style, the extented part of the array is created by
+        subtracting the reflected values from two times the edge value.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pad : ndarray
+        Padded array of rank equal to `array` with shape increased
+        according to `pad_width`.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    .. versionadded:: 1.7.0
+
+    For an array with rank greater than 1, some of the padding of later
+    axes is calculated from padding of previous axes.  This is easiest to
+    think about with a rank 2 array where the corners of the padded array
+    are calculated by using padded values from the first axis.
+
+    The padding function, if used, should return a rank 1 array equal in
+    length to the vector argument with padded values replaced. It has the
+    following signature::
+
+        padding_func(vector, iaxis_pad_width, iaxis, **kwargs)
+
+    where
+
+        vector : ndarray
+            A rank 1 array already padded with zeros.  Padded values are
+            vector[:pad_tuple[0]] and vector[-pad_tuple[1]:].
+        iaxis_pad_width : tuple
+            A 2-tuple of ints, iaxis_pad_width[0] represents the number of
+            values padded at the beginning of vector where
+            iaxis_pad_width[1] represents the number of values padded at
+            the end of vector.
+        iaxis : int
+            The axis currently being calculated.
+        kwargs : misc
+            Any keyword arguments the function requires.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    >>> np.lib.pad(a, (2,3), 'constant', constant_values=(4, 6))
+    array([4, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6, 6])
+
+    >>> np.lib.pad(a, (2, 3), 'edge')
+    array([1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5])
+
+    >>> np.lib.pad(a, (2, 3), 'linear_ramp', end_values=(5, -4))
+    array([ 5,  3,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  2, -1, -4])
+
+    >>> np.lib.pad(a, (2,), 'maximum')
+    array([5, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5])
+
+    >>> np.lib.pad(a, (2,), 'mean')
+    array([3, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3, 3])
+
+    >>> np.lib.pad(a, (2,), 'median')
+    array([3, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3, 3])
+
+    >>> a = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
+    >>> np.lib.pad(a, ((3, 2), (2, 3)), 'minimum')
+    array([[1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1],
+           [1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1],
+           [1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1],
+           [1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1],
+           [3, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3, 3],
+           [1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1],
+           [1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1]])
+
+    >>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    >>> np.lib.pad(a, (2, 3), 'reflect')
+    array([3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 2])
+
+    >>> np.lib.pad(a, (2, 3), 'reflect', reflect_type='odd')
+    array([-1,  0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8])
+
+    >>> np.lib.pad(a, (2, 3), 'symmetric')
+    array([2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 4, 3])
+
+    >>> np.lib.pad(a, (2, 3), 'symmetric', reflect_type='odd')
+    array([0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7])
+
+    >>> np.lib.pad(a, (2, 3), 'wrap')
+    array([4, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3])
+
+    >>> def padwithtens(vector, pad_width, iaxis, kwargs):
+    ...     vector[:pad_width[0]] = 10
+    ...     vector[-pad_width[1]:] = 10
+    ...     return vector
+
+    >>> a = np.arange(6)
+    >>> a = a.reshape((2, 3))
+
+    >>> np.lib.pad(a, 2, padwithtens)
+    array([[10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10],
+           [10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10],
+           [10, 10,  0,  1,  2, 10, 10],
+           [10, 10,  3,  4,  5, 10, 10],
+           [10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10],
+           [10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10]])
+    """
+    if not np.asarray(pad_width).dtype.kind == 'i':
+        raise TypeError('`pad_width` must be of integral type.')
+
+    narray = np.array(array)
+    pad_width = _validate_lengths(narray, pad_width)
+
+    allowedkwargs = {
+        'constant': ['constant_values'],
+        'edge': [],
+        'linear_ramp': ['end_values'],
+        'maximum': ['stat_length'],
+        'mean': ['stat_length'],
+        'median': ['stat_length'],
+        'minimum': ['stat_length'],
+        'reflect': ['reflect_type'],
+        'symmetric': ['reflect_type'],
+        'wrap': [],
+        }
+
+    kwdefaults = {
+        'stat_length': None,
+        'constant_values': 0,
+        'end_values': 0,
+        'reflect_type': 'even',
+        }
+
+    if isinstance(mode, str):
+        # Make sure have allowed kwargs appropriate for mode
+        for key in kwargs:
+            if key not in allowedkwargs[mode]:
+                raise ValueError('%s keyword not in allowed keywords %s' %
+                                 (key, allowedkwargs[mode]))
+
+        # Set kwarg defaults
+        for kw in allowedkwargs[mode]:
+            kwargs.setdefault(kw, kwdefaults[kw])
+
+        # Need to only normalize particular keywords.
+        for i in kwargs:
+            if i == 'stat_length':
+                kwargs[i] = _validate_lengths(narray, kwargs[i])
+            if i in ['end_values', 'constant_values']:
+                kwargs[i] = _normalize_shape(narray, kwargs[i],
+                                             cast_to_int=False)
+    elif mode is None:
+        raise ValueError('Keyword "mode" must be a function or one of %s.' %
+                         (list(allowedkwargs.keys()),))
+    else:
+        # Drop back to old, slower np.apply_along_axis mode for user-supplied
+        # vector function
+        function = mode
+
+        # Create a new padded array
+        rank = list(range(len(narray.shape)))
+        total_dim_increase = [np.sum(pad_width[i]) for i in rank]
+        offset_slices = [slice(pad_width[i][0],
+                               pad_width[i][0] + narray.shape[i])
+                         for i in rank]
+        new_shape = np.array(narray.shape) + total_dim_increase
+        newmat = np.zeros(new_shape, narray.dtype)
+
+        # Insert the original array into the padded array
+        newmat[offset_slices] = narray
+
+        # This is the core of pad ...
+        for iaxis in rank:
+            np.apply_along_axis(function,
+                                iaxis,
+                                newmat,
+                                pad_width[iaxis],
+                                iaxis,
+                                kwargs)
+        return newmat
+
+    # If we get here, use new padding method
+    newmat = narray.copy()
+
+    # API preserved, but completely new algorithm which pads by building the
+    # entire block to pad before/after `arr` with in one step, for each axis.
+    if mode == 'constant':
+        for axis, ((pad_before, pad_after), (before_val, after_val)) \
+                in enumerate(zip(pad_width, kwargs['constant_values'])):
+            newmat = _prepend_const(newmat, pad_before, before_val, axis)
+            newmat = _append_const(newmat, pad_after, after_val, axis)
+
+    elif mode == 'edge':
+        for axis, (pad_before, pad_after) in enumerate(pad_width):
+            newmat = _prepend_edge(newmat, pad_before, axis)
+            newmat = _append_edge(newmat, pad_after, axis)
+
+    elif mode == 'linear_ramp':
+        for axis, ((pad_before, pad_after), (before_val, after_val)) \
+                in enumerate(zip(pad_width, kwargs['end_values'])):
+            newmat = _prepend_ramp(newmat, pad_before, before_val, axis)
+            newmat = _append_ramp(newmat, pad_after, after_val, axis)
+
+    elif mode == 'maximum':
+        for axis, ((pad_before, pad_after), (chunk_before, chunk_after)) \
+                in enumerate(zip(pad_width, kwargs['stat_length'])):
+            newmat = _prepend_max(newmat, pad_before, chunk_before, axis)
+            newmat = _append_max(newmat, pad_after, chunk_after, axis)
+
+    elif mode == 'mean':
+        for axis, ((pad_before, pad_after), (chunk_before, chunk_after)) \
+                in enumerate(zip(pad_width, kwargs['stat_length'])):
+            newmat = _prepend_mean(newmat, pad_before, chunk_before, axis)
+            newmat = _append_mean(newmat, pad_after, chunk_after, axis)
+
+    elif mode == 'median':
+        for axis, ((pad_before, pad_after), (chunk_before, chunk_after)) \
+                in enumerate(zip(pad_width, kwargs['stat_length'])):
+            newmat = _prepend_med(newmat, pad_before, chunk_before, axis)
+            newmat = _append_med(newmat, pad_after, chunk_after, axis)
+
+    elif mode == 'minimum':
+        for axis, ((pad_before, pad_after), (chunk_before, chunk_after)) \
+                in enumerate(zip(pad_width, kwargs['stat_length'])):
+            newmat = _prepend_min(newmat, pad_before, chunk_before, axis)
+            newmat = _append_min(newmat, pad_after, chunk_after, axis)
+
+    elif mode == 'reflect':
+        for axis, (pad_before, pad_after) in enumerate(pad_width):
+            # Recursive padding along any axis where `pad_amt` is too large
+            # for indexing tricks. We can only safely pad the original axis
+            # length, to keep the period of the reflections consistent.
+            if ((pad_before > 0) or
+                    (pad_after > 0)) and newmat.shape[axis] == 1:
+                # Extending singleton dimension for 'reflect' is legacy
+                # behavior; it really should raise an error.
+                newmat = _prepend_edge(newmat, pad_before, axis)
+                newmat = _append_edge(newmat, pad_after, axis)
+                continue
+
+            method = kwargs['reflect_type']
+            safe_pad = newmat.shape[axis] - 1
+            while ((pad_before > safe_pad) or (pad_after > safe_pad)):
+                pad_iter_b = min(safe_pad,
+                                 safe_pad * (pad_before // safe_pad))
+                pad_iter_a = min(safe_pad, safe_pad * (pad_after // safe_pad))
+                newmat = _pad_ref(newmat, (pad_iter_b,
+                                           pad_iter_a), method, axis)
+                pad_before -= pad_iter_b
+                pad_after -= pad_iter_a
+                safe_pad += pad_iter_b + pad_iter_a
+            newmat = _pad_ref(newmat, (pad_before, pad_after), method, axis)
+
+    elif mode == 'symmetric':
+        for axis, (pad_before, pad_after) in enumerate(pad_width):
+            # Recursive padding along any axis where `pad_amt` is too large
+            # for indexing tricks. We can only safely pad the original axis
+            # length, to keep the period of the reflections consistent.
+            method = kwargs['reflect_type']
+            safe_pad = newmat.shape[axis]
+            while ((pad_before > safe_pad) or
+                   (pad_after > safe_pad)):
+                pad_iter_b = min(safe_pad,
+                                 safe_pad * (pad_before // safe_pad))
+                pad_iter_a = min(safe_pad, safe_pad * (pad_after // safe_pad))
+                newmat = _pad_sym(newmat, (pad_iter_b,
+                                           pad_iter_a), method, axis)
+                pad_before -= pad_iter_b
+                pad_after -= pad_iter_a
+                safe_pad += pad_iter_b + pad_iter_a
+            newmat = _pad_sym(newmat, (pad_before, pad_after), method, axis)
+
+    elif mode == 'wrap':
+        for axis, (pad_before, pad_after) in enumerate(pad_width):
+            # Recursive padding along any axis where `pad_amt` is too large
+            # for indexing tricks. We can only safely pad the original axis
+            # length, to keep the period of the reflections consistent.
+            safe_pad = newmat.shape[axis]
+            while ((pad_before > safe_pad) or
+                   (pad_after > safe_pad)):
+                pad_iter_b = min(safe_pad,
+                                 safe_pad * (pad_before // safe_pad))
+                pad_iter_a = min(safe_pad, safe_pad * (pad_after // safe_pad))
+                newmat = _pad_wrap(newmat, (pad_iter_b, pad_iter_a), axis)
+
+                pad_before -= pad_iter_b
+                pad_after -= pad_iter_a
+                safe_pad += pad_iter_b + pad_iter_a
+            newmat = _pad_wrap(newmat, (pad_before, pad_after), axis)
+
+    return newmat