rocksdb-native 0.0.0

package/vendor/rocksdb/utilities/blob_db/blob_db_impl.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,2185 @@
+
+//  Copyright (c) 2011-present, Facebook, Inc.  All rights reserved.
+//  This source code is licensed under both the GPLv2 (found in the
+//  COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License
+//  (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).
+
+#include "utilities/blob_db/blob_db_impl.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cinttypes>
+#include <iomanip>
+#include <memory>
+#include <sstream>
+
+#include "db/blob/blob_index.h"
+#include "db/db_impl/db_impl.h"
+#include "db/write_batch_internal.h"
+#include "file/file_util.h"
+#include "file/filename.h"
+#include "file/random_access_file_reader.h"
+#include "file/sst_file_manager_impl.h"
+#include "file/writable_file_writer.h"
+#include "logging/logging.h"
+#include "monitoring/instrumented_mutex.h"
+#include "monitoring/statistics_impl.h"
+#include "rocksdb/convenience.h"
+#include "rocksdb/env.h"
+#include "rocksdb/iterator.h"
+#include "rocksdb/utilities/stackable_db.h"
+#include "rocksdb/utilities/transaction.h"
+#include "table/block_based/block.h"
+#include "table/block_based/block_based_table_builder.h"
+#include "table/block_based/block_builder.h"
+#include "table/meta_blocks.h"
+#include "test_util/sync_point.h"
+#include "util/cast_util.h"
+#include "util/crc32c.h"
+#include "util/mutexlock.h"
+#include "util/random.h"
+#include "util/stop_watch.h"
+#include "util/timer_queue.h"
+#include "utilities/blob_db/blob_compaction_filter.h"
+#include "utilities/blob_db/blob_db_iterator.h"
+#include "utilities/blob_db/blob_db_listener.h"
+
+namespace {
+int kBlockBasedTableVersionFormat = 2;
+}  // end namespace
+
+namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
+namespace blob_db {
+
+bool BlobFileComparator::operator()(
+    const std::shared_ptr<BlobFile>& lhs,
+    const std::shared_ptr<BlobFile>& rhs) const {
+  return lhs->BlobFileNumber() > rhs->BlobFileNumber();
+}
+
+bool BlobFileComparatorTTL::operator()(
+    const std::shared_ptr<BlobFile>& lhs,
+    const std::shared_ptr<BlobFile>& rhs) const {
+  assert(lhs->HasTTL() && rhs->HasTTL());
+  if (lhs->expiration_range_.first < rhs->expiration_range_.first) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (lhs->expiration_range_.first > rhs->expiration_range_.first) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  return lhs->BlobFileNumber() < rhs->BlobFileNumber();
+}
+
+BlobDBImpl::BlobDBImpl(const std::string& dbname,
+                       const BlobDBOptions& blob_db_options,
+                       const DBOptions& db_options,
+                       const ColumnFamilyOptions& cf_options)
+    : BlobDB(),
+      dbname_(dbname),
+      db_impl_(nullptr),
+      env_(db_options.env),
+      bdb_options_(blob_db_options),
+      db_options_(db_options),
+      cf_options_(cf_options),
+      file_options_(db_options),
+      statistics_(db_options_.statistics.get()),
+      next_file_number_(1),
+      flush_sequence_(0),
+      closed_(true),
+      open_file_count_(0),
+      total_blob_size_(0),
+      live_sst_size_(0),
+      fifo_eviction_seq_(0),
+      evict_expiration_up_to_(0),
+      debug_level_(0) {
+  clock_ = env_->GetSystemClock().get();
+  blob_dir_ = (bdb_options_.path_relative)
+                  ? dbname + "/" + bdb_options_.blob_dir
+                  : bdb_options_.blob_dir;
+  file_options_.bytes_per_sync = blob_db_options.bytes_per_sync;
+}
+
+BlobDBImpl::~BlobDBImpl() {
+  tqueue_.shutdown();
+  // CancelAllBackgroundWork(db_, true);
+  Status s __attribute__((__unused__)) = Close();
+  assert(s.ok());
+}
+
+Status BlobDBImpl::Close() {
+  if (closed_) {
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+  closed_ = true;
+
+  // Close base DB before BlobDBImpl destructs to stop event listener and
+  // compaction filter call.
+  Status s = db_->Close();
+  // delete db_ anyway even if close failed.
+  delete db_;
+  // Reset pointers to avoid StackableDB delete the pointer again.
+  db_ = nullptr;
+  db_impl_ = nullptr;
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  s = SyncBlobFiles();
+  return s;
+}
+
+BlobDBOptions BlobDBImpl::GetBlobDBOptions() const { return bdb_options_; }
+
+Status BlobDBImpl::Open(std::vector<ColumnFamilyHandle*>* handles) {
+  assert(handles != nullptr);
+  assert(db_ == nullptr);
+
+  if (blob_dir_.empty()) {
+    return Status::NotSupported("No blob directory in options");
+  }
+
+  if (bdb_options_.garbage_collection_cutoff < 0.0 ||
+      bdb_options_.garbage_collection_cutoff > 1.0) {
+    return Status::InvalidArgument(
+        "Garbage collection cutoff must be in the interval [0.0, 1.0]");
+  }
+
+  // Temporarily disable compactions in the base DB during open; save the user
+  // defined value beforehand so we can restore it once BlobDB is initialized.
+  // Note: this is only needed if garbage collection is enabled.
+  const bool disable_auto_compactions = cf_options_.disable_auto_compactions;
+
+  if (bdb_options_.enable_garbage_collection) {
+    cf_options_.disable_auto_compactions = true;
+  }
+
+  Status s;
+
+  // Create info log.
+  if (db_options_.info_log == nullptr) {
+    s = CreateLoggerFromOptions(dbname_, db_options_, &db_options_.info_log);
+    if (!s.ok()) {
+      return s;
+    }
+  }
+
+  ROCKS_LOG_INFO(db_options_.info_log, "Opening BlobDB...");
+
+  if ((cf_options_.compaction_filter != nullptr ||
+       cf_options_.compaction_filter_factory != nullptr)) {
+    ROCKS_LOG_INFO(db_options_.info_log,
+                   "BlobDB only support compaction filter on non-TTL values.");
+  }
+
+  // Open blob directory.
+  s = env_->CreateDirIfMissing(blob_dir_);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKS_LOG_ERROR(db_options_.info_log,
+                    "Failed to create blob_dir %s, status: %s",
+                    blob_dir_.c_str(), s.ToString().c_str());
+  }
+  s = env_->GetFileSystem()->NewDirectory(blob_dir_, IOOptions(), &dir_ent_,
+                                          nullptr);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKS_LOG_ERROR(db_options_.info_log,
+                    "Failed to open blob_dir %s, status: %s", blob_dir_.c_str(),
+                    s.ToString().c_str());
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  // Open blob files.
+  s = OpenAllBlobFiles();
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  // Update options
+  if (bdb_options_.enable_garbage_collection) {
+    db_options_.listeners.push_back(std::make_shared<BlobDBListenerGC>(this));
+    cf_options_.compaction_filter_factory =
+        std::make_shared<BlobIndexCompactionFilterFactoryGC>(
+            this, clock_, cf_options_, statistics_);
+  } else {
+    db_options_.listeners.push_back(std::make_shared<BlobDBListener>(this));
+    cf_options_.compaction_filter_factory =
+        std::make_shared<BlobIndexCompactionFilterFactory>(
+            this, clock_, cf_options_, statistics_);
+  }
+
+  // Reset user compaction filter after building into compaction factory.
+  cf_options_.compaction_filter = nullptr;
+
+  // Open base db.
+  ColumnFamilyDescriptor cf_descriptor(kDefaultColumnFamilyName, cf_options_);
+  s = DB::Open(db_options_, dbname_, {cf_descriptor}, handles, &db_);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+  db_impl_ = static_cast_with_check<DBImpl>(db_->GetRootDB());
+
+  // Sanitize the blob_dir provided. Using a directory where the
+  // base DB stores its files for the default CF is not supported.
+  const ColumnFamilyData* const cfd =
+      static_cast<ColumnFamilyHandleImpl*>(DefaultColumnFamily())->cfd();
+  assert(cfd);
+
+  const ImmutableCFOptions* const ioptions = cfd->ioptions();
+  assert(ioptions);
+
+  assert(env_);
+
+  for (const auto& cf_path : ioptions->cf_paths) {
+    bool blob_dir_same_as_cf_dir = false;
+    s = env_->AreFilesSame(blob_dir_, cf_path.path, &blob_dir_same_as_cf_dir);
+    if (!s.ok()) {
+      ROCKS_LOG_ERROR(db_options_.info_log,
+                      "Error while sanitizing blob_dir %s, status: %s",
+                      blob_dir_.c_str(), s.ToString().c_str());
+      return s;
+    }
+
+    if (blob_dir_same_as_cf_dir) {
+      return Status::NotSupported(
+          "Using the base DB's storage directories for BlobDB files is not "
+          "supported.");
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Initialize SST file <-> oldest blob file mapping if garbage collection
+  // is enabled.
+  if (bdb_options_.enable_garbage_collection) {
+    std::vector<LiveFileMetaData> live_files;
+    db_->GetLiveFilesMetaData(&live_files);
+
+    InitializeBlobFileToSstMapping(live_files);
+
+    MarkUnreferencedBlobFilesObsoleteDuringOpen();
+
+    if (!disable_auto_compactions) {
+      s = db_->EnableAutoCompaction(*handles);
+      if (!s.ok()) {
+        ROCKS_LOG_ERROR(
+            db_options_.info_log,
+            "Failed to enable automatic compactions during open, status: %s",
+            s.ToString().c_str());
+        return s;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Add trash files in blob dir to file delete scheduler.
+  SstFileManagerImpl* sfm = static_cast<SstFileManagerImpl*>(
+      db_impl_->immutable_db_options().sst_file_manager.get());
+  DeleteScheduler::CleanupDirectory(env_, sfm, blob_dir_);
+
+  UpdateLiveSSTSize();
+
+  // Start background jobs.
+  if (!bdb_options_.disable_background_tasks) {
+    StartBackgroundTasks();
+  }
+
+  ROCKS_LOG_INFO(db_options_.info_log, "BlobDB pointer %p", this);
+  bdb_options_.Dump(db_options_.info_log.get());
+  closed_ = false;
+  return s;
+}
+
+void BlobDBImpl::StartBackgroundTasks() {
+  // store a call to a member function and object
+  tqueue_.add(
+      kReclaimOpenFilesPeriodMillisecs,
+      std::bind(&BlobDBImpl::ReclaimOpenFiles, this, std::placeholders::_1));
+  tqueue_.add(
+      kDeleteObsoleteFilesPeriodMillisecs,
+      std::bind(&BlobDBImpl::DeleteObsoleteFiles, this, std::placeholders::_1));
+  tqueue_.add(kSanityCheckPeriodMillisecs,
+              std::bind(&BlobDBImpl::SanityCheck, this, std::placeholders::_1));
+  tqueue_.add(
+      kEvictExpiredFilesPeriodMillisecs,
+      std::bind(&BlobDBImpl::EvictExpiredFiles, this, std::placeholders::_1));
+}
+
+Status BlobDBImpl::GetAllBlobFiles(std::set<uint64_t>* file_numbers) {
+  assert(file_numbers != nullptr);
+  std::vector<std::string> all_files;
+  Status s = env_->GetChildren(blob_dir_, &all_files);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKS_LOG_ERROR(db_options_.info_log,
+                    "Failed to get list of blob files, status: %s",
+                    s.ToString().c_str());
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  for (const auto& file_name : all_files) {
+    uint64_t file_number;
+    FileType type;
+    bool success = ParseFileName(file_name, &file_number, &type);
+    if (success && type == kBlobFile) {
+      file_numbers->insert(file_number);
+    } else {
+      ROCKS_LOG_WARN(db_options_.info_log,
+                     "Skipping file in blob directory: %s", file_name.c_str());
+    }
+  }
+
+  return s;
+}
+
+Status BlobDBImpl::OpenAllBlobFiles() {
+  std::set<uint64_t> file_numbers;
+  Status s = GetAllBlobFiles(&file_numbers);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  if (!file_numbers.empty()) {
+    next_file_number_.store(*file_numbers.rbegin() + 1);
+  }
+
+  std::ostringstream blob_file_oss;
+  std::ostringstream live_imm_oss;
+  std::ostringstream obsolete_file_oss;
+
+  for (auto& file_number : file_numbers) {
+    std::shared_ptr<BlobFile> blob_file = std::make_shared<BlobFile>(
+        this, blob_dir_, file_number, db_options_.info_log.get());
+    blob_file->MarkImmutable(/* sequence */ 0);
+
+    // Read file header and footer
+    Status read_metadata_status =
+        blob_file->ReadMetadata(env_->GetFileSystem(), file_options_);
+    if (read_metadata_status.IsCorruption()) {
+      // Remove incomplete file.
+      if (!obsolete_files_.empty()) {
+        obsolete_file_oss << ", ";
+      }
+      obsolete_file_oss << file_number;
+
+      ObsoleteBlobFile(blob_file, 0 /*obsolete_seq*/, false /*update_size*/);
+      continue;
+    } else if (!read_metadata_status.ok()) {
+      ROCKS_LOG_ERROR(db_options_.info_log,
+                      "Unable to read metadata of blob file %" PRIu64
+                      ", status: '%s'",
+                      file_number, read_metadata_status.ToString().c_str());
+      return read_metadata_status;
+    }
+
+    total_blob_size_ += blob_file->GetFileSize();
+
+    if (!blob_files_.empty()) {
+      blob_file_oss << ", ";
+    }
+    blob_file_oss << file_number;
+
+    blob_files_[file_number] = blob_file;
+
+    if (!blob_file->HasTTL()) {
+      if (!live_imm_non_ttl_blob_files_.empty()) {
+        live_imm_oss << ", ";
+      }
+      live_imm_oss << file_number;
+
+      live_imm_non_ttl_blob_files_[file_number] = blob_file;
+    }
+  }
+
+  ROCKS_LOG_INFO(db_options_.info_log,
+                 "Found %" ROCKSDB_PRIszt " blob files: %s", blob_files_.size(),
+                 blob_file_oss.str().c_str());
+  ROCKS_LOG_INFO(
+      db_options_.info_log, "Found %" ROCKSDB_PRIszt " non-TTL blob files: %s",
+      live_imm_non_ttl_blob_files_.size(), live_imm_oss.str().c_str());
+  ROCKS_LOG_INFO(db_options_.info_log,
+                 "Found %" ROCKSDB_PRIszt
+                 " incomplete or corrupted blob files: %s",
+                 obsolete_files_.size(), obsolete_file_oss.str().c_str());
+  return s;
+}
+
+template <typename Linker>
+void BlobDBImpl::LinkSstToBlobFileImpl(uint64_t sst_file_number,
+                                       uint64_t blob_file_number,
+                                       Linker linker) {
+  assert(bdb_options_.enable_garbage_collection);
+  assert(blob_file_number != kInvalidBlobFileNumber);
+
+  auto it = blob_files_.find(blob_file_number);
+  if (it == blob_files_.end()) {
+    ROCKS_LOG_WARN(db_options_.info_log,
+                   "Blob file %" PRIu64
+                   " not found while trying to link "
+                   "SST file %" PRIu64,
+                   blob_file_number, sst_file_number);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  BlobFile* const blob_file = it->second.get();
+  assert(blob_file);
+
+  linker(blob_file, sst_file_number);
+
+  ROCKS_LOG_INFO(db_options_.info_log,
+                 "Blob file %" PRIu64 " linked to SST file %" PRIu64,
+                 blob_file_number, sst_file_number);
+}
+
+void BlobDBImpl::LinkSstToBlobFile(uint64_t sst_file_number,
+                                   uint64_t blob_file_number) {
+  auto linker = [](BlobFile* blob_file, uint64_t sst_file) {
+    WriteLock file_lock(&blob_file->mutex_);
+    blob_file->LinkSstFile(sst_file);
+  };
+
+  LinkSstToBlobFileImpl(sst_file_number, blob_file_number, linker);
+}
+
+void BlobDBImpl::LinkSstToBlobFileNoLock(uint64_t sst_file_number,
+                                         uint64_t blob_file_number) {
+  auto linker = [](BlobFile* blob_file, uint64_t sst_file) {
+    blob_file->LinkSstFile(sst_file);
+  };
+
+  LinkSstToBlobFileImpl(sst_file_number, blob_file_number, linker);
+}
+
+void BlobDBImpl::UnlinkSstFromBlobFile(uint64_t sst_file_number,
+                                       uint64_t blob_file_number) {
+  assert(bdb_options_.enable_garbage_collection);
+  assert(blob_file_number != kInvalidBlobFileNumber);
+
+  auto it = blob_files_.find(blob_file_number);
+  if (it == blob_files_.end()) {
+    ROCKS_LOG_WARN(db_options_.info_log,
+                   "Blob file %" PRIu64
+                   " not found while trying to unlink "
+                   "SST file %" PRIu64,
+                   blob_file_number, sst_file_number);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  BlobFile* const blob_file = it->second.get();
+  assert(blob_file);
+
+  {
+    WriteLock file_lock(&blob_file->mutex_);
+    blob_file->UnlinkSstFile(sst_file_number);
+  }
+
+  ROCKS_LOG_INFO(db_options_.info_log,
+                 "Blob file %" PRIu64 " unlinked from SST file %" PRIu64,
+                 blob_file_number, sst_file_number);
+}
+
+void BlobDBImpl::InitializeBlobFileToSstMapping(
+    const std::vector<LiveFileMetaData>& live_files) {
+  assert(bdb_options_.enable_garbage_collection);
+
+  for (const auto& live_file : live_files) {
+    const uint64_t sst_file_number = live_file.file_number;
+    const uint64_t blob_file_number = live_file.oldest_blob_file_number;
+
+    if (blob_file_number == kInvalidBlobFileNumber) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    LinkSstToBlobFileNoLock(sst_file_number, blob_file_number);
+  }
+}
+
+void BlobDBImpl::ProcessFlushJobInfo(const FlushJobInfo& info) {
+  assert(bdb_options_.enable_garbage_collection);
+
+  WriteLock lock(&mutex_);
+
+  if (info.oldest_blob_file_number != kInvalidBlobFileNumber) {
+    LinkSstToBlobFile(info.file_number, info.oldest_blob_file_number);
+  }
+
+  assert(flush_sequence_ < info.largest_seqno);
+  flush_sequence_ = info.largest_seqno;
+
+  MarkUnreferencedBlobFilesObsolete();
+}
+
+void BlobDBImpl::ProcessCompactionJobInfo(const CompactionJobInfo& info) {
+  assert(bdb_options_.enable_garbage_collection);
+
+  if (!info.status.ok()) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Note: the same SST file may appear in both the input and the output
+  // file list in case of a trivial move. We walk through the two lists
+  // below in a fashion that's similar to merge sort to detect this.
+
+  auto cmp = [](const CompactionFileInfo& lhs, const CompactionFileInfo& rhs) {
+    return lhs.file_number < rhs.file_number;
+  };
+
+  auto inputs = info.input_file_infos;
+  auto iit = inputs.begin();
+  const auto iit_end = inputs.end();
+
+  std::sort(iit, iit_end, cmp);
+
+  auto outputs = info.output_file_infos;
+  auto oit = outputs.begin();
+  const auto oit_end = outputs.end();
+
+  std::sort(oit, oit_end, cmp);
+
+  WriteLock lock(&mutex_);
+
+  while (iit != iit_end && oit != oit_end) {
+    const auto& input = *iit;
+    const auto& output = *oit;
+
+    if (input.file_number == output.file_number) {
+      ++iit;
+      ++oit;
+    } else if (input.file_number < output.file_number) {
+      if (input.oldest_blob_file_number != kInvalidBlobFileNumber) {
+        UnlinkSstFromBlobFile(input.file_number, input.oldest_blob_file_number);
+      }
+
+      ++iit;
+    } else {
+      assert(output.file_number < input.file_number);
+
+      if (output.oldest_blob_file_number != kInvalidBlobFileNumber) {
+        LinkSstToBlobFile(output.file_number, output.oldest_blob_file_number);
+      }
+
+      ++oit;
+    }
+  }
+
+  while (iit != iit_end) {
+    const auto& input = *iit;
+
+    if (input.oldest_blob_file_number != kInvalidBlobFileNumber) {
+      UnlinkSstFromBlobFile(input.file_number, input.oldest_blob_file_number);
+    }
+
+    ++iit;
+  }
+
+  while (oit != oit_end) {
+    const auto& output = *oit;
+
+    if (output.oldest_blob_file_number != kInvalidBlobFileNumber) {
+      LinkSstToBlobFile(output.file_number, output.oldest_blob_file_number);
+    }
+
+    ++oit;
+  }
+
+  MarkUnreferencedBlobFilesObsolete();
+}
+
+bool BlobDBImpl::MarkBlobFileObsoleteIfNeeded(
+    const std::shared_ptr<BlobFile>& blob_file, SequenceNumber obsolete_seq) {
+  assert(blob_file);
+  assert(!blob_file->HasTTL());
+  assert(blob_file->Immutable());
+  assert(bdb_options_.enable_garbage_collection);
+
+  // Note: FIFO eviction could have marked this file obsolete already.
+  if (blob_file->Obsolete()) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // We cannot mark this file (or any higher-numbered files for that matter)
+  // obsolete if it is referenced by any memtables or SSTs. We keep track of
+  // the SSTs explicitly. To account for memtables, we keep track of the highest
+  // sequence number received in flush notifications, and we do not mark the
+  // blob file obsolete if there are still unflushed memtables from before
+  // the time the blob file was closed.
+  if (blob_file->GetImmutableSequence() > flush_sequence_ ||
+      !blob_file->GetLinkedSstFiles().empty()) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  ROCKS_LOG_INFO(db_options_.info_log,
+                 "Blob file %" PRIu64 " is no longer needed, marking obsolete",
+                 blob_file->BlobFileNumber());
+
+  ObsoleteBlobFile(blob_file, obsolete_seq, /* update_size */ true);
+  return true;
+}
+
+template <class Functor>
+void BlobDBImpl::MarkUnreferencedBlobFilesObsoleteImpl(Functor mark_if_needed) {
+  assert(bdb_options_.enable_garbage_collection);
+
+  // Iterate through all live immutable non-TTL blob files, and mark them
+  // obsolete assuming no SST files or memtables rely on the blobs in them.
+  // Note: we need to stop as soon as we find a blob file that has any
+  // linked SSTs (or one potentially referenced by memtables).
+
+  uint64_t obsoleted_files = 0;
+
+  auto it = live_imm_non_ttl_blob_files_.begin();
+  while (it != live_imm_non_ttl_blob_files_.end()) {
+    const auto& blob_file = it->second;
+    assert(blob_file);
+    assert(blob_file->BlobFileNumber() == it->first);
+    assert(!blob_file->HasTTL());
+    assert(blob_file->Immutable());
+
+    // Small optimization: Obsolete() does an atomic read, so we can do
+    // this check without taking a lock on the blob file's mutex.
+    if (blob_file->Obsolete()) {
+      it = live_imm_non_ttl_blob_files_.erase(it);
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if (!mark_if_needed(blob_file)) {
+      break;
+    }
+
+    it = live_imm_non_ttl_blob_files_.erase(it);
+
+    ++obsoleted_files;
+  }
+
+  if (obsoleted_files > 0) {
+    ROCKS_LOG_INFO(db_options_.info_log,
+                   "%" PRIu64 " blob file(s) marked obsolete by GC",
+                   obsoleted_files);
+    RecordTick(statistics_, BLOB_DB_GC_NUM_FILES, obsoleted_files);
+  }
+}
+
+void BlobDBImpl::MarkUnreferencedBlobFilesObsolete() {
+  const SequenceNumber obsolete_seq = GetLatestSequenceNumber();
+
+  MarkUnreferencedBlobFilesObsoleteImpl(
+      [this, obsolete_seq](const std::shared_ptr<BlobFile>& blob_file) {
+        WriteLock file_lock(&blob_file->mutex_);
+        return MarkBlobFileObsoleteIfNeeded(blob_file, obsolete_seq);
+      });
+}
+
+void BlobDBImpl::MarkUnreferencedBlobFilesObsoleteDuringOpen() {
+  MarkUnreferencedBlobFilesObsoleteImpl(
+      [this](const std::shared_ptr<BlobFile>& blob_file) {
+        return MarkBlobFileObsoleteIfNeeded(blob_file, /* obsolete_seq */ 0);
+      });
+}
+
+void BlobDBImpl::CloseRandomAccessLocked(
+    const std::shared_ptr<BlobFile>& bfile) {
+  bfile->CloseRandomAccessLocked();
+  open_file_count_--;
+}
+
+Status BlobDBImpl::GetBlobFileReader(
+    const std::shared_ptr<BlobFile>& blob_file,
+    std::shared_ptr<RandomAccessFileReader>* reader) {
+  assert(reader != nullptr);
+  bool fresh_open = false;
+  Status s = blob_file->GetReader(env_, file_options_, reader, &fresh_open);
+  if (s.ok() && fresh_open) {
+    assert(*reader != nullptr);
+    open_file_count_++;
+  }
+  return s;
+}
+
+std::shared_ptr<BlobFile> BlobDBImpl::NewBlobFile(
+    bool has_ttl, const ExpirationRange& expiration_range,
+    const std::string& reason) {
+  assert(has_ttl == (expiration_range.first || expiration_range.second));
+
+  uint64_t file_num = next_file_number_++;
+
+  const uint32_t column_family_id =
+      static_cast<ColumnFamilyHandleImpl*>(DefaultColumnFamily())->GetID();
+  auto blob_file = std::make_shared<BlobFile>(
+      this, blob_dir_, file_num, db_options_.info_log.get(), column_family_id,
+      bdb_options_.compression, has_ttl, expiration_range);
+
+  ROCKS_LOG_DEBUG(db_options_.info_log, "New blob file created: %s reason='%s'",
+                  blob_file->PathName().c_str(), reason.c_str());
+  LogFlush(db_options_.info_log);
+
+  return blob_file;
+}
+
+void BlobDBImpl::RegisterBlobFile(std::shared_ptr<BlobFile> blob_file) {
+  const uint64_t blob_file_number = blob_file->BlobFileNumber();
+
+  auto it = blob_files_.lower_bound(blob_file_number);
+  assert(it == blob_files_.end() || it->first != blob_file_number);
+
+  blob_files_.insert(it,
+                     std::map<uint64_t, std::shared_ptr<BlobFile>>::value_type(
+                         blob_file_number, std::move(blob_file)));
+}
+
+Status BlobDBImpl::CreateWriterLocked(const std::shared_ptr<BlobFile>& bfile) {
+  std::string fpath(bfile->PathName());
+  std::unique_ptr<FSWritableFile> wfile;
+  const auto& fs = env_->GetFileSystem();
+
+  Status s = fs->ReopenWritableFile(fpath, file_options_, &wfile, nullptr);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKS_LOG_ERROR(db_options_.info_log,
+                    "Failed to open blob file for write: %s status: '%s'"
+                    " exists: '%s'",
+                    fpath.c_str(), s.ToString().c_str(),
+                    fs->FileExists(fpath, file_options_.io_options, nullptr)
+                        .ToString()
+                        .c_str());
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  std::unique_ptr<WritableFileWriter> fwriter;
+  fwriter.reset(new WritableFileWriter(std::move(wfile), fpath, file_options_));
+
+  uint64_t boffset = bfile->GetFileSize();
+  if (debug_level_ >= 2 && boffset) {
+    ROCKS_LOG_DEBUG(db_options_.info_log,
+                    "Open blob file: %s with offset: %" PRIu64, fpath.c_str(),
+                    boffset);
+  }
+
+  BlobLogWriter::ElemType et = BlobLogWriter::kEtNone;
+  if (bfile->file_size_ == BlobLogHeader::kSize) {
+    et = BlobLogWriter::kEtFileHdr;
+  } else if (bfile->file_size_ > BlobLogHeader::kSize) {
+    et = BlobLogWriter::kEtRecord;
+  } else if (bfile->file_size_) {
+    ROCKS_LOG_WARN(db_options_.info_log,
+                   "Open blob file: %s with wrong size: %" PRIu64,
+                   fpath.c_str(), boffset);
+    return Status::Corruption("Invalid blob file size");
+  }
+
+  constexpr bool do_flush = true;
+
+  bfile->log_writer_ = std::make_shared<BlobLogWriter>(
+      std::move(fwriter), clock_, statistics_, bfile->file_number_,
+      db_options_.use_fsync, do_flush, boffset);
+  bfile->log_writer_->last_elem_type_ = et;
+
+  return s;
+}
+
+std::shared_ptr<BlobFile> BlobDBImpl::FindBlobFileLocked(
+    uint64_t expiration) const {
+  if (open_ttl_files_.empty()) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  std::shared_ptr<BlobFile> tmp = std::make_shared<BlobFile>();
+  tmp->SetHasTTL(true);
+  tmp->expiration_range_ = std::make_pair(expiration, 0);
+  tmp->file_number_ = std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max();
+
+  auto citr = open_ttl_files_.equal_range(tmp);
+  if (citr.first == open_ttl_files_.end()) {
+    assert(citr.second == open_ttl_files_.end());
+
+    std::shared_ptr<BlobFile> check = *(open_ttl_files_.rbegin());
+    return (check->expiration_range_.second <= expiration) ? nullptr : check;
+  }
+
+  if (citr.first != citr.second) {
+    return *(citr.first);
+  }
+
+  auto finditr = citr.second;
+  if (finditr != open_ttl_files_.begin()) {
+    --finditr;
+  }
+
+  bool b2 = (*finditr)->expiration_range_.second <= expiration;
+  bool b1 = (*finditr)->expiration_range_.first > expiration;
+
+  return (b1 || b2) ? nullptr : (*finditr);
+}
+
+Status BlobDBImpl::CheckOrCreateWriterLocked(
+    const std::shared_ptr<BlobFile>& blob_file,
+    std::shared_ptr<BlobLogWriter>* writer) {
+  assert(writer != nullptr);
+  *writer = blob_file->GetWriter();
+  if (*writer != nullptr) {
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+  Status s = CreateWriterLocked(blob_file);
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    *writer = blob_file->GetWriter();
+  }
+  return s;
+}
+
+Status BlobDBImpl::CreateBlobFileAndWriter(
+    bool has_ttl, const ExpirationRange& expiration_range,
+    const std::string& reason, std::shared_ptr<BlobFile>* blob_file,
+    std::shared_ptr<BlobLogWriter>* writer) {
+  TEST_SYNC_POINT("BlobDBImpl::CreateBlobFileAndWriter");
+  assert(has_ttl == (expiration_range.first || expiration_range.second));
+  assert(blob_file);
+  assert(writer);
+
+  *blob_file = NewBlobFile(has_ttl, expiration_range, reason);
+  assert(*blob_file);
+
+  // file not visible, hence no lock
+  Status s = CheckOrCreateWriterLocked(*blob_file, writer);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKS_LOG_ERROR(db_options_.info_log,
+                    "Failed to get writer for blob file: %s, error: %s",
+                    (*blob_file)->PathName().c_str(), s.ToString().c_str());
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  assert(*writer);
+
+  s = (*writer)->WriteHeader((*blob_file)->header_);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKS_LOG_ERROR(db_options_.info_log,
+                    "Failed to write header to new blob file: %s"
+                    " status: '%s'",
+                    (*blob_file)->PathName().c_str(), s.ToString().c_str());
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  (*blob_file)->SetFileSize(BlobLogHeader::kSize);
+  total_blob_size_ += BlobLogHeader::kSize;
+
+  return s;
+}
+
+Status BlobDBImpl::SelectBlobFile(std::shared_ptr<BlobFile>* blob_file) {
+  assert(blob_file);
+
+  {
+    ReadLock rl(&mutex_);
+
+    if (open_non_ttl_file_) {
+      assert(!open_non_ttl_file_->Immutable());
+      *blob_file = open_non_ttl_file_;
+      return Status::OK();
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Check again
+  WriteLock wl(&mutex_);
+
+  if (open_non_ttl_file_) {
+    assert(!open_non_ttl_file_->Immutable());
+    *blob_file = open_non_ttl_file_;
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  std::shared_ptr<BlobLogWriter> writer;
+  const Status s = CreateBlobFileAndWriter(
+      /* has_ttl */ false, ExpirationRange(),
+      /* reason */ "SelectBlobFile", blob_file, &writer);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  RegisterBlobFile(*blob_file);
+  open_non_ttl_file_ = *blob_file;
+
+  return s;
+}
+
+Status BlobDBImpl::SelectBlobFileTTL(uint64_t expiration,
+                                     std::shared_ptr<BlobFile>* blob_file) {
+  assert(blob_file);
+  assert(expiration != kNoExpiration);
+
+  {
+    ReadLock rl(&mutex_);
+
+    *blob_file = FindBlobFileLocked(expiration);
+    if (*blob_file != nullptr) {
+      assert(!(*blob_file)->Immutable());
+      return Status::OK();
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Check again
+  WriteLock wl(&mutex_);
+
+  *blob_file = FindBlobFileLocked(expiration);
+  if (*blob_file != nullptr) {
+    assert(!(*blob_file)->Immutable());
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  const uint64_t exp_low =
+      (expiration / bdb_options_.ttl_range_secs) * bdb_options_.ttl_range_secs;
+  const uint64_t exp_high = exp_low + bdb_options_.ttl_range_secs;
+  const ExpirationRange expiration_range(exp_low, exp_high);
+
+  std::ostringstream oss;
+  oss << "SelectBlobFileTTL range: [" << exp_low << ',' << exp_high << ')';
+
+  std::shared_ptr<BlobLogWriter> writer;
+  const Status s =
+      CreateBlobFileAndWriter(/* has_ttl */ true, expiration_range,
+                              /* reason */ oss.str(), blob_file, &writer);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  RegisterBlobFile(*blob_file);
+  open_ttl_files_.insert(*blob_file);
+
+  return s;
+}
+
+class BlobDBImpl::BlobInserter : public WriteBatch::Handler {
+ private:
+  const WriteOptions& options_;
+  BlobDBImpl* blob_db_impl_;
+  uint32_t default_cf_id_;
+  WriteBatch batch_;
+
+ public:
+  BlobInserter(const WriteOptions& options, BlobDBImpl* blob_db_impl,
+               uint32_t default_cf_id)
+      : options_(options),
+        blob_db_impl_(blob_db_impl),
+        default_cf_id_(default_cf_id) {}
+
+  WriteBatch* batch() { return &batch_; }
+
+  Status PutCF(uint32_t column_family_id, const Slice& key,
+               const Slice& value) override {
+    if (column_family_id != default_cf_id_) {
+      return Status::NotSupported(
+          "Blob DB doesn't support non-default column family.");
+    }
+    Status s = blob_db_impl_->PutBlobValue(options_, key, value, kNoExpiration,
+                                           &batch_);
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  Status DeleteCF(uint32_t column_family_id, const Slice& key) override {
+    if (column_family_id != default_cf_id_) {
+      return Status::NotSupported(
+          "Blob DB doesn't support non-default column family.");
+    }
+    Status s = WriteBatchInternal::Delete(&batch_, column_family_id, key);
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  virtual Status DeleteRange(uint32_t column_family_id, const Slice& begin_key,
+                             const Slice& end_key) {
+    if (column_family_id != default_cf_id_) {
+      return Status::NotSupported(
+          "Blob DB doesn't support non-default column family.");
+    }
+    Status s = WriteBatchInternal::DeleteRange(&batch_, column_family_id,
+                                               begin_key, end_key);
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  Status SingleDeleteCF(uint32_t /*column_family_id*/,
+                        const Slice& /*key*/) override {
+    return Status::NotSupported("Not supported operation in blob db.");
+  }
+
+  Status MergeCF(uint32_t /*column_family_id*/, const Slice& /*key*/,
+                 const Slice& /*value*/) override {
+    return Status::NotSupported("Not supported operation in blob db.");
+  }
+
+  void LogData(const Slice& blob) override { batch_.PutLogData(blob); }
+};
+
+Status BlobDBImpl::Write(const WriteOptions& options, WriteBatch* updates) {
+  StopWatch write_sw(clock_, statistics_, BLOB_DB_WRITE_MICROS);
+  RecordTick(statistics_, BLOB_DB_NUM_WRITE);
+  uint32_t default_cf_id =
+      static_cast_with_check<ColumnFamilyHandleImpl>(DefaultColumnFamily())
+          ->GetID();
+  Status s;
+  BlobInserter blob_inserter(options, this, default_cf_id);
+  {
+    // Release write_mutex_ before DB write to avoid race condition with
+    // flush begin listener, which also require write_mutex_ to sync
+    // blob files.
+    MutexLock l(&write_mutex_);
+    s = updates->Iterate(&blob_inserter);
+  }
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+  return db_->Write(options, blob_inserter.batch());
+}
+
+Status BlobDBImpl::Put(const WriteOptions& options, const Slice& key,
+                       const Slice& value) {
+  return PutUntil(options, key, value, kNoExpiration);
+}
+
+Status BlobDBImpl::PutWithTTL(const WriteOptions& options, const Slice& key,
+                              const Slice& value, uint64_t ttl) {
+  uint64_t now = EpochNow();
+  uint64_t expiration = kNoExpiration - now > ttl ? now + ttl : kNoExpiration;
+  return PutUntil(options, key, value, expiration);
+}
+
+Status BlobDBImpl::PutUntil(const WriteOptions& options, const Slice& key,
+                            const Slice& value, uint64_t expiration) {
+  StopWatch write_sw(clock_, statistics_, BLOB_DB_WRITE_MICROS);
+  RecordTick(statistics_, BLOB_DB_NUM_PUT);
+  Status s;
+  WriteBatch batch;
+  {
+    // Release write_mutex_ before DB write to avoid race condition with
+    // flush begin listener, which also require write_mutex_ to sync
+    // blob files.
+    MutexLock l(&write_mutex_);
+    s = PutBlobValue(options, key, value, expiration, &batch);
+  }
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    s = db_->Write(options, &batch);
+  }
+  return s;
+}
+
+Status BlobDBImpl::PutBlobValue(const WriteOptions& /*options*/,
+                                const Slice& key, const Slice& value,
+                                uint64_t expiration, WriteBatch* batch) {
+  write_mutex_.AssertHeld();
+  Status s;
+  std::string index_entry;
+  uint32_t column_family_id =
+      static_cast_with_check<ColumnFamilyHandleImpl>(DefaultColumnFamily())
+          ->GetID();
+  if (value.size() < bdb_options_.min_blob_size) {
+    if (expiration == kNoExpiration) {
+      // Put as normal value
+      s = batch->Put(key, value);
+      RecordTick(statistics_, BLOB_DB_WRITE_INLINED);
+    } else {
+      // Inlined with TTL
+      BlobIndex::EncodeInlinedTTL(&index_entry, expiration, value);
+      s = WriteBatchInternal::PutBlobIndex(batch, column_family_id, key,
+                                           index_entry);
+      RecordTick(statistics_, BLOB_DB_WRITE_INLINED_TTL);
+    }
+  } else {
+    std::string compression_output;
+    Slice value_compressed = GetCompressedSlice(value, &compression_output);
+
+    std::string headerbuf;
+    BlobLogWriter::ConstructBlobHeader(&headerbuf, key, value_compressed,
+                                       expiration);
+
+    // Check DB size limit before selecting blob file to
+    // Since CheckSizeAndEvictBlobFiles() can close blob files, it needs to be
+    // done before calling SelectBlobFile().
+    s = CheckSizeAndEvictBlobFiles(headerbuf.size() + key.size() +
+                                   value_compressed.size());
+    if (!s.ok()) {
+      return s;
+    }
+
+    std::shared_ptr<BlobFile> blob_file;
+    if (expiration != kNoExpiration) {
+      s = SelectBlobFileTTL(expiration, &blob_file);
+    } else {
+      s = SelectBlobFile(&blob_file);
+    }
+    if (s.ok()) {
+      assert(blob_file != nullptr);
+      assert(blob_file->GetCompressionType() == bdb_options_.compression);
+      s = AppendBlob(blob_file, headerbuf, key, value_compressed, expiration,
+                     &index_entry);
+    }
+    if (s.ok()) {
+      if (expiration != kNoExpiration) {
+        WriteLock file_lock(&blob_file->mutex_);
+        blob_file->ExtendExpirationRange(expiration);
+      }
+      s = CloseBlobFileIfNeeded(blob_file);
+    }
+    if (s.ok()) {
+      s = WriteBatchInternal::PutBlobIndex(batch, column_family_id, key,
+                                           index_entry);
+    }
+    if (s.ok()) {
+      if (expiration == kNoExpiration) {
+        RecordTick(statistics_, BLOB_DB_WRITE_BLOB);
+      } else {
+        RecordTick(statistics_, BLOB_DB_WRITE_BLOB_TTL);
+      }
+    } else {
+      ROCKS_LOG_ERROR(
+          db_options_.info_log,
+          "Failed to append blob to FILE: %s: KEY: %s VALSZ: %" ROCKSDB_PRIszt
+          " status: '%s' blob_file: '%s'",
+          blob_file->PathName().c_str(), key.ToString().c_str(), value.size(),
+          s.ToString().c_str(), blob_file->DumpState().c_str());
+    }
+  }
+
+  RecordTick(statistics_, BLOB_DB_NUM_KEYS_WRITTEN);
+  RecordTick(statistics_, BLOB_DB_BYTES_WRITTEN, key.size() + value.size());
+  RecordInHistogram(statistics_, BLOB_DB_KEY_SIZE, key.size());
+  RecordInHistogram(statistics_, BLOB_DB_VALUE_SIZE, value.size());
+
+  return s;
+}
+
+Slice BlobDBImpl::GetCompressedSlice(const Slice& raw,
+                                     std::string* compression_output) const {
+  if (bdb_options_.compression == kNoCompression) {
+    return raw;
+  }
+  StopWatch compression_sw(clock_, statistics_, BLOB_DB_COMPRESSION_MICROS);
+  CompressionType type = bdb_options_.compression;
+  CompressionOptions opts;
+  CompressionContext context(type);
+  CompressionInfo info(opts, context, CompressionDict::GetEmptyDict(), type,
+                       0 /* sample_for_compression */);
+  CompressBlock(raw, info, &type, kBlockBasedTableVersionFormat, false,
+                compression_output, nullptr, nullptr);
+  return *compression_output;
+}
+
+Status BlobDBImpl::DecompressSlice(const Slice& compressed_value,
+                                   CompressionType compression_type,
+                                   PinnableSlice* value_output) const {
+  assert(compression_type != kNoCompression);
+
+  BlockContents contents;
+  auto cfh = static_cast<ColumnFamilyHandleImpl*>(DefaultColumnFamily());
+
+  {
+    StopWatch decompression_sw(clock_, statistics_,
+                               BLOB_DB_DECOMPRESSION_MICROS);
+    UncompressionContext context(compression_type);
+    UncompressionInfo info(context, UncompressionDict::GetEmptyDict(),
+                           compression_type);
+    Status s = UncompressBlockData(
+        info, compressed_value.data(), compressed_value.size(), &contents,
+        kBlockBasedTableVersionFormat, *(cfh->cfd()->ioptions()));
+    if (!s.ok()) {
+      return Status::Corruption("Unable to decompress blob.");
+    }
+  }
+
+  value_output->PinSelf(contents.data);
+
+  return Status::OK();
+}
+
+Status BlobDBImpl::CompactFiles(
+    const CompactionOptions& compact_options,
+    const std::vector<std::string>& input_file_names, const int output_level,
+    const int output_path_id, std::vector<std::string>* const output_file_names,
+    CompactionJobInfo* compaction_job_info) {
+  // Note: we need CompactionJobInfo to be able to track updates to the
+  // blob file <-> SST mappings, so we provide one if the user hasn't,
+  // assuming that GC is enabled.
+  CompactionJobInfo info{};
+  if (bdb_options_.enable_garbage_collection && !compaction_job_info) {
+    compaction_job_info = &info;
+  }
+
+  const Status s =
+      db_->CompactFiles(compact_options, input_file_names, output_level,
+                        output_path_id, output_file_names, compaction_job_info);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  if (bdb_options_.enable_garbage_collection) {
+    assert(compaction_job_info);
+    ProcessCompactionJobInfo(*compaction_job_info);
+  }
+
+  return s;
+}
+
+void BlobDBImpl::GetCompactionContextCommon(BlobCompactionContext* context) {
+  assert(context);
+
+  context->blob_db_impl = this;
+  context->next_file_number = next_file_number_.load();
+  context->current_blob_files.clear();
+  for (auto& p : blob_files_) {
+    context->current_blob_files.insert(p.first);
+  }
+  context->fifo_eviction_seq = fifo_eviction_seq_;
+  context->evict_expiration_up_to = evict_expiration_up_to_;
+}
+
+void BlobDBImpl::GetCompactionContext(BlobCompactionContext* context) {
+  assert(context);
+
+  ReadLock l(&mutex_);
+  GetCompactionContextCommon(context);
+}
+
+void BlobDBImpl::GetCompactionContext(BlobCompactionContext* context,
+                                      BlobCompactionContextGC* context_gc) {
+  assert(context);
+  assert(context_gc);
+
+  ReadLock l(&mutex_);
+  GetCompactionContextCommon(context);
+
+  if (!live_imm_non_ttl_blob_files_.empty()) {
+    auto it = live_imm_non_ttl_blob_files_.begin();
+    std::advance(it, bdb_options_.garbage_collection_cutoff *
+                         live_imm_non_ttl_blob_files_.size());
+    context_gc->cutoff_file_number = it != live_imm_non_ttl_blob_files_.end()
+                                         ? it->first
+                                         : std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max();
+  }
+}
+
+void BlobDBImpl::UpdateLiveSSTSize() {
+  uint64_t live_sst_size = 0;
+  bool ok = GetIntProperty(DB::Properties::kLiveSstFilesSize, &live_sst_size);
+  if (ok) {
+    live_sst_size_.store(live_sst_size);
+    ROCKS_LOG_INFO(db_options_.info_log,
+                   "Updated total SST file size: %" PRIu64 " bytes.",
+                   live_sst_size);
+  } else {
+    ROCKS_LOG_ERROR(
+        db_options_.info_log,
+        "Failed to update total SST file size after flush or compaction.");
+  }
+  {
+    // Trigger FIFO eviction if needed.
+    MutexLock l(&write_mutex_);
+    Status s = CheckSizeAndEvictBlobFiles(0, true /*force*/);
+    if (s.IsNoSpace()) {
+      ROCKS_LOG_WARN(db_options_.info_log,
+                     "DB grow out-of-space after SST size updated. Current live"
+                     " SST size: %" PRIu64
+                     " , current blob files size: %" PRIu64 ".",
+                     live_sst_size_.load(), total_blob_size_.load());
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+Status BlobDBImpl::CheckSizeAndEvictBlobFiles(uint64_t blob_size,
+                                              bool force_evict) {
+  write_mutex_.AssertHeld();
+
+  uint64_t live_sst_size = live_sst_size_.load();
+  if (bdb_options_.max_db_size == 0 ||
+      live_sst_size + total_blob_size_.load() + blob_size <=
+          bdb_options_.max_db_size) {
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  if (bdb_options_.is_fifo == false ||
+      (!force_evict && live_sst_size + blob_size > bdb_options_.max_db_size)) {
+    // FIFO eviction is disabled, or no space to insert new blob even we evict
+    // all blob files.
+    return Status::NoSpace(
+        "Write failed, as writing it would exceed max_db_size limit.");
+  }
+
+  std::vector<std::shared_ptr<BlobFile>> candidate_files;
+  CopyBlobFiles(&candidate_files);
+  std::sort(candidate_files.begin(), candidate_files.end(),
+            BlobFileComparator());
+  fifo_eviction_seq_ = GetLatestSequenceNumber();
+
+  WriteLock l(&mutex_);
+
+  while (!candidate_files.empty() &&
+         live_sst_size + total_blob_size_.load() + blob_size >
+             bdb_options_.max_db_size) {
+    std::shared_ptr<BlobFile> blob_file = candidate_files.back();
+    candidate_files.pop_back();
+    WriteLock file_lock(&blob_file->mutex_);
+    if (blob_file->Obsolete()) {
+      // File already obsoleted by someone else.
+      assert(blob_file->Immutable());
+      continue;
+    }
+    // FIFO eviction can evict open blob files.
+    if (!blob_file->Immutable()) {
+      Status s = CloseBlobFile(blob_file);
+      if (!s.ok()) {
+        return s;
+      }
+    }
+    assert(blob_file->Immutable());
+    auto expiration_range = blob_file->GetExpirationRange();
+    ROCKS_LOG_INFO(db_options_.info_log,
+                   "Evict oldest blob file since DB out of space. Current "
+                   "live SST file size: %" PRIu64 ", total blob size: %" PRIu64
+                   ", max db size: %" PRIu64 ", evicted blob file #%" PRIu64
+                   ".",
+                   live_sst_size, total_blob_size_.load(),
+                   bdb_options_.max_db_size, blob_file->BlobFileNumber());
+    ObsoleteBlobFile(blob_file, fifo_eviction_seq_, true /*update_size*/);
+    evict_expiration_up_to_ = expiration_range.first;
+    RecordTick(statistics_, BLOB_DB_FIFO_NUM_FILES_EVICTED);
+    RecordTick(statistics_, BLOB_DB_FIFO_NUM_KEYS_EVICTED,
+               blob_file->BlobCount());
+    RecordTick(statistics_, BLOB_DB_FIFO_BYTES_EVICTED,
+               blob_file->GetFileSize());
+    TEST_SYNC_POINT("BlobDBImpl::EvictOldestBlobFile:Evicted");
+  }
+  if (live_sst_size + total_blob_size_.load() + blob_size >
+      bdb_options_.max_db_size) {
+    return Status::NoSpace(
+        "Write failed, as writing it would exceed max_db_size limit.");
+  }
+  return Status::OK();
+}
+
+Status BlobDBImpl::AppendBlob(const std::shared_ptr<BlobFile>& bfile,
+                              const std::string& headerbuf, const Slice& key,
+                              const Slice& value, uint64_t expiration,
+                              std::string* index_entry) {
+  Status s;
+  uint64_t blob_offset = 0;
+  uint64_t key_offset = 0;
+  {
+    WriteLock lockbfile_w(&bfile->mutex_);
+    std::shared_ptr<BlobLogWriter> writer;
+    s = CheckOrCreateWriterLocked(bfile, &writer);
+    if (!s.ok()) {
+      return s;
+    }
+
+    // write the blob to the blob log.
+    s = writer->EmitPhysicalRecord(headerbuf, key, value, &key_offset,
+                                   &blob_offset);
+  }
+
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKS_LOG_ERROR(db_options_.info_log,
+                    "Invalid status in AppendBlob: %s status: '%s'",
+                    bfile->PathName().c_str(), s.ToString().c_str());
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  uint64_t size_put = headerbuf.size() + key.size() + value.size();
+  bfile->BlobRecordAdded(size_put);
+  total_blob_size_ += size_put;
+
+  if (expiration == kNoExpiration) {
+    BlobIndex::EncodeBlob(index_entry, bfile->BlobFileNumber(), blob_offset,
+                          value.size(), bdb_options_.compression);
+  } else {
+    BlobIndex::EncodeBlobTTL(index_entry, expiration, bfile->BlobFileNumber(),
+                             blob_offset, value.size(),
+                             bdb_options_.compression);
+  }
+
+  return s;
+}
+
+std::vector<Status> BlobDBImpl::MultiGet(const ReadOptions& read_options,
+                                         const std::vector<Slice>& keys,
+                                         std::vector<std::string>* values) {
+  StopWatch multiget_sw(clock_, statistics_, BLOB_DB_MULTIGET_MICROS);
+  RecordTick(statistics_, BLOB_DB_NUM_MULTIGET);
+  // Get a snapshot to avoid blob file get deleted between we
+  // fetch and index entry and reading from the file.
+  ReadOptions ro(read_options);
+  bool snapshot_created = SetSnapshotIfNeeded(&ro);
+
+  std::vector<Status> statuses;
+  statuses.reserve(keys.size());
+  values->clear();
+  values->reserve(keys.size());
+  PinnableSlice value;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < keys.size(); i++) {
+    statuses.push_back(Get(ro, DefaultColumnFamily(), keys[i], &value));
+    values->push_back(value.ToString());
+    value.Reset();
+  }
+  if (snapshot_created) {
+    db_->ReleaseSnapshot(ro.snapshot);
+  }
+  return statuses;
+}
+
+bool BlobDBImpl::SetSnapshotIfNeeded(ReadOptions* read_options) {
+  assert(read_options != nullptr);
+  if (read_options->snapshot != nullptr) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  read_options->snapshot = db_->GetSnapshot();
+  return true;
+}
+
+Status BlobDBImpl::GetBlobValue(const Slice& key, const Slice& index_entry,
+                                PinnableSlice* value, uint64_t* expiration) {
+  assert(value);
+
+  BlobIndex blob_index;
+  Status s = blob_index.DecodeFrom(index_entry);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  if (blob_index.HasTTL() && blob_index.expiration() <= EpochNow()) {
+    return Status::NotFound("Key expired");
+  }
+
+  if (expiration != nullptr) {
+    if (blob_index.HasTTL()) {
+      *expiration = blob_index.expiration();
+    } else {
+      *expiration = kNoExpiration;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (blob_index.IsInlined()) {
+    // TODO(yiwu): If index_entry is a PinnableSlice, we can also pin the same
+    // memory buffer to avoid extra copy.
+    value->PinSelf(blob_index.value());
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  CompressionType compression_type = kNoCompression;
+  s = GetRawBlobFromFile(key, blob_index.file_number(), blob_index.offset(),
+                         blob_index.size(), value, &compression_type);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  if (compression_type != kNoCompression) {
+    s = DecompressSlice(*value, compression_type, value);
+    if (!s.ok()) {
+      if (debug_level_ >= 2) {
+        ROCKS_LOG_ERROR(
+            db_options_.info_log,
+            "Uncompression error during blob read from file: %" PRIu64
+            " blob_offset: %" PRIu64 " blob_size: %" PRIu64
+            " key: %s status: '%s'",
+            blob_index.file_number(), blob_index.offset(), blob_index.size(),
+            key.ToString(/* output_hex */ true).c_str(), s.ToString().c_str());
+      }
+      return s;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return Status::OK();
+}
+
+Status BlobDBImpl::GetRawBlobFromFile(const Slice& key, uint64_t file_number,
+                                      uint64_t offset, uint64_t size,
+                                      PinnableSlice* value,
+                                      CompressionType* compression_type) {
+  assert(value);
+  assert(compression_type);
+  assert(*compression_type == kNoCompression);
+
+  if (!size) {
+    value->PinSelf("");
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  // offset has to have certain min, as we will read CRC
+  // later from the Blob Header, which needs to be also a
+  // valid offset.
+  if (offset <
+      (BlobLogHeader::kSize + BlobLogRecord::kHeaderSize + key.size())) {
+    if (debug_level_ >= 2) {
+      ROCKS_LOG_ERROR(db_options_.info_log,
+                      "Invalid blob index file_number: %" PRIu64
+                      " blob_offset: %" PRIu64 " blob_size: %" PRIu64
+                      " key: %s",
+                      file_number, offset, size,
+                      key.ToString(/* output_hex */ true).c_str());
+    }
+
+    return Status::NotFound("Invalid blob offset");
+  }
+
+  std::shared_ptr<BlobFile> blob_file;
+
+  {
+    ReadLock rl(&mutex_);
+    auto it = blob_files_.find(file_number);
+
+    // file was deleted
+    if (it == blob_files_.end()) {
+      return Status::NotFound("Blob Not Found as blob file missing");
+    }
+
+    blob_file = it->second;
+  }
+
+  *compression_type = blob_file->GetCompressionType();
+
+  // takes locks when called
+  std::shared_ptr<RandomAccessFileReader> reader;
+  Status s = GetBlobFileReader(blob_file, &reader);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  assert(offset >= key.size() + sizeof(uint32_t));
+  const uint64_t record_offset = offset - key.size() - sizeof(uint32_t);
+  const uint64_t record_size = sizeof(uint32_t) + key.size() + size;
+
+  // Allocate the buffer. This is safe in C++11
+  std::string buf;
+  AlignedBuf aligned_buf;
+
+  // A partial blob record contain checksum, key and value.
+  Slice blob_record;
+
+  {
+    StopWatch read_sw(clock_, statistics_, BLOB_DB_BLOB_FILE_READ_MICROS);
+    // TODO: rate limit old blob DB file reads.
+    if (reader->use_direct_io()) {
+      s = reader->Read(IOOptions(), record_offset,
+                       static_cast<size_t>(record_size), &blob_record, nullptr,
+                       &aligned_buf, Env::IO_TOTAL /* rate_limiter_priority */);
+    } else {
+      buf.reserve(static_cast<size_t>(record_size));
+      s = reader->Read(IOOptions(), record_offset,
+                       static_cast<size_t>(record_size), &blob_record, &buf[0],
+                       nullptr, Env::IO_TOTAL /* rate_limiter_priority */);
+    }
+    RecordTick(statistics_, BLOB_DB_BLOB_FILE_BYTES_READ, blob_record.size());
+  }
+
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKS_LOG_DEBUG(
+        db_options_.info_log,
+        "Failed to read blob from blob file %" PRIu64 ", blob_offset: %" PRIu64
+        ", blob_size: %" PRIu64 ", key_size: %" ROCKSDB_PRIszt ", status: '%s'",
+        file_number, offset, size, key.size(), s.ToString().c_str());
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  if (blob_record.size() != record_size) {
+    ROCKS_LOG_DEBUG(
+        db_options_.info_log,
+        "Failed to read blob from blob file %" PRIu64 ", blob_offset: %" PRIu64
+        ", blob_size: %" PRIu64 ", key_size: %" ROCKSDB_PRIszt
+        ", read %" ROCKSDB_PRIszt " bytes, expected %" PRIu64 " bytes",
+        file_number, offset, size, key.size(), blob_record.size(), record_size);
+
+    return Status::Corruption("Failed to retrieve blob from blob index.");
+  }
+
+  Slice crc_slice(blob_record.data(), sizeof(uint32_t));
+  Slice blob_value(blob_record.data() + sizeof(uint32_t) + key.size(),
+                   static_cast<size_t>(size));
+
+  uint32_t crc_exp = 0;
+  if (!GetFixed32(&crc_slice, &crc_exp)) {
+    ROCKS_LOG_DEBUG(
+        db_options_.info_log,
+        "Unable to decode CRC from blob file %" PRIu64 ", blob_offset: %" PRIu64
+        ", blob_size: %" PRIu64 ", key size: %" ROCKSDB_PRIszt ", status: '%s'",
+        file_number, offset, size, key.size(), s.ToString().c_str());
+    return Status::Corruption("Unable to decode checksum.");
+  }
+
+  uint32_t crc = crc32c::Value(blob_record.data() + sizeof(uint32_t),
+                               blob_record.size() - sizeof(uint32_t));
+  crc = crc32c::Mask(crc);  // Adjust for storage
+  if (crc != crc_exp) {
+    if (debug_level_ >= 2) {
+      ROCKS_LOG_ERROR(
+          db_options_.info_log,
+          "Blob crc mismatch file: %" PRIu64 " blob_offset: %" PRIu64
+          " blob_size: %" PRIu64 " key: %s status: '%s'",
+          file_number, offset, size,
+          key.ToString(/* output_hex */ true).c_str(), s.ToString().c_str());
+    }
+
+    return Status::Corruption("Corruption. Blob CRC mismatch");
+  }
+
+  value->PinSelf(blob_value);
+
+  return Status::OK();
+}
+
+Status BlobDBImpl::Get(const ReadOptions& read_options,
+                       ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family, const Slice& key,
+                       PinnableSlice* value) {
+  return Get(read_options, column_family, key, value,
+             static_cast<uint64_t*>(nullptr) /*expiration*/);
+}
+
+Status BlobDBImpl::Get(const ReadOptions& read_options,
+                       ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family, const Slice& key,
+                       PinnableSlice* value, uint64_t* expiration) {
+  StopWatch get_sw(clock_, statistics_, BLOB_DB_GET_MICROS);
+  RecordTick(statistics_, BLOB_DB_NUM_GET);
+  return GetImpl(read_options, column_family, key, value, expiration);
+}
+
+Status BlobDBImpl::GetImpl(const ReadOptions& read_options,
+                           ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family, const Slice& key,
+                           PinnableSlice* value, uint64_t* expiration) {
+  if (column_family->GetID() != DefaultColumnFamily()->GetID()) {
+    return Status::NotSupported(
+        "Blob DB doesn't support non-default column family.");
+  }
+  if (read_options.io_activity != Env::IOActivity::kUnknown) {
+    return Status::InvalidArgument(
+        "Cannot call Get with `ReadOptions::io_activity` != "
+        "`Env::IOActivity::kUnknown`");
+  }
+  // Get a snapshot to avoid blob file get deleted between we
+  // fetch and index entry and reading from the file.
+  // TODO(yiwu): For Get() retry if file not found would be a simpler strategy.
+  ReadOptions ro(read_options);
+  bool snapshot_created = SetSnapshotIfNeeded(&ro);
+
+  PinnableSlice index_entry;
+  Status s;
+  bool is_blob_index = false;
+  DBImpl::GetImplOptions get_impl_options;
+  get_impl_options.column_family = column_family;
+  get_impl_options.value = &index_entry;
+  get_impl_options.is_blob_index = &is_blob_index;
+  s = db_impl_->GetImpl(ro, key, get_impl_options);
+  if (expiration != nullptr) {
+    *expiration = kNoExpiration;
+  }
+  RecordTick(statistics_, BLOB_DB_NUM_KEYS_READ);
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    if (is_blob_index) {
+      s = GetBlobValue(key, index_entry, value, expiration);
+    } else {
+      // The index entry is the value itself in this case.
+      value->PinSelf(index_entry);
+    }
+    RecordTick(statistics_, BLOB_DB_BYTES_READ, value->size());
+  }
+  if (snapshot_created) {
+    db_->ReleaseSnapshot(ro.snapshot);
+  }
+  return s;
+}
+
+std::pair<bool, int64_t> BlobDBImpl::SanityCheck(bool aborted) {
+  if (aborted) {
+    return std::make_pair(false, -1);
+  }
+
+  ReadLock rl(&mutex_);
+
+  ROCKS_LOG_INFO(db_options_.info_log, "Starting Sanity Check");
+  ROCKS_LOG_INFO(db_options_.info_log, "Number of files %" ROCKSDB_PRIszt,
+                 blob_files_.size());
+  ROCKS_LOG_INFO(db_options_.info_log, "Number of open files %" ROCKSDB_PRIszt,
+                 open_ttl_files_.size());
+
+  for (const auto& blob_file : open_ttl_files_) {
+    (void)blob_file;
+    assert(!blob_file->Immutable());
+  }
+
+  for (const auto& pair : live_imm_non_ttl_blob_files_) {
+    const auto& blob_file = pair.second;
+    (void)blob_file;
+    assert(!blob_file->HasTTL());
+    assert(blob_file->Immutable());
+  }
+
+  uint64_t now = EpochNow();
+
+  for (auto blob_file_pair : blob_files_) {
+    auto blob_file = blob_file_pair.second;
+    std::ostringstream buf;
+
+    buf << "Blob file " << blob_file->BlobFileNumber() << ", size "
+        << blob_file->GetFileSize() << ", blob count " << blob_file->BlobCount()
+        << ", immutable " << blob_file->Immutable();
+
+    if (blob_file->HasTTL()) {
+      ExpirationRange expiration_range;
+      {
+        ReadLock file_lock(&blob_file->mutex_);
+        expiration_range = blob_file->GetExpirationRange();
+      }
+      buf << ", expiration range (" << expiration_range.first << ", "
+          << expiration_range.second << ")";
+
+      if (!blob_file->Obsolete()) {
+        buf << ", expire in " << (expiration_range.second - now) << "seconds";
+      }
+    }
+    if (blob_file->Obsolete()) {
+      buf << ", obsolete at " << blob_file->GetObsoleteSequence();
+    }
+    buf << ".";
+    ROCKS_LOG_INFO(db_options_.info_log, "%s", buf.str().c_str());
+  }
+
+  // reschedule
+  return std::make_pair(true, -1);
+}
+
+Status BlobDBImpl::CloseBlobFile(std::shared_ptr<BlobFile> bfile) {
+  TEST_SYNC_POINT("BlobDBImpl::CloseBlobFile");
+  assert(bfile);
+  assert(!bfile->Immutable());
+  assert(!bfile->Obsolete());
+
+  if (bfile->HasTTL() || bfile == open_non_ttl_file_) {
+    write_mutex_.AssertHeld();
+  }
+
+  ROCKS_LOG_INFO(db_options_.info_log,
+                 "Closing blob file %" PRIu64 ". Path: %s",
+                 bfile->BlobFileNumber(), bfile->PathName().c_str());
+
+  const SequenceNumber sequence = GetLatestSequenceNumber();
+
+  const Status s = bfile->WriteFooterAndCloseLocked(sequence);
+
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    total_blob_size_ += BlobLogFooter::kSize;
+  } else {
+    bfile->MarkImmutable(sequence);
+
+    ROCKS_LOG_ERROR(db_options_.info_log,
+                    "Failed to close blob file %" PRIu64 "with error: %s",
+                    bfile->BlobFileNumber(), s.ToString().c_str());
+  }
+
+  if (bfile->HasTTL()) {
+    size_t erased __attribute__((__unused__));
+    erased = open_ttl_files_.erase(bfile);
+  } else {
+    if (bfile == open_non_ttl_file_) {
+      open_non_ttl_file_ = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    const uint64_t blob_file_number = bfile->BlobFileNumber();
+    auto it = live_imm_non_ttl_blob_files_.lower_bound(blob_file_number);
+    assert(it == live_imm_non_ttl_blob_files_.end() ||
+           it->first != blob_file_number);
+    live_imm_non_ttl_blob_files_.insert(
+        it, std::map<uint64_t, std::shared_ptr<BlobFile>>::value_type(
+                blob_file_number, bfile));
+  }
+
+  return s;
+}
+
+Status BlobDBImpl::CloseBlobFileIfNeeded(std::shared_ptr<BlobFile>& bfile) {
+  write_mutex_.AssertHeld();
+
+  // atomic read
+  if (bfile->GetFileSize() < bdb_options_.blob_file_size) {
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  WriteLock lock(&mutex_);
+  WriteLock file_lock(&bfile->mutex_);
+
+  assert(!bfile->Obsolete() || bfile->Immutable());
+  if (bfile->Immutable()) {
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  return CloseBlobFile(bfile);
+}
+
+void BlobDBImpl::ObsoleteBlobFile(std::shared_ptr<BlobFile> blob_file,
+                                  SequenceNumber obsolete_seq,
+                                  bool update_size) {
+  assert(blob_file->Immutable());
+  assert(!blob_file->Obsolete());
+
+  // Should hold write lock of mutex_ or during DB open.
+  blob_file->MarkObsolete(obsolete_seq);
+  obsolete_files_.push_back(blob_file);
+  assert(total_blob_size_.load() >= blob_file->GetFileSize());
+  if (update_size) {
+    total_blob_size_ -= blob_file->GetFileSize();
+  }
+}
+
+bool BlobDBImpl::VisibleToActiveSnapshot(
+    const std::shared_ptr<BlobFile>& bfile) {
+  assert(bfile->Obsolete());
+
+  // We check whether the oldest snapshot is no less than the last sequence
+  // by the time the blob file become obsolete. If so, the blob file is not
+  // visible to all existing snapshots.
+  //
+  // If we keep track of the earliest sequence of the keys in the blob file,
+  // we could instead check if there's a snapshot falls in range
+  // [earliest_sequence, obsolete_sequence). But doing so will make the
+  // implementation more complicated.
+  SequenceNumber obsolete_sequence = bfile->GetObsoleteSequence();
+  SequenceNumber oldest_snapshot = kMaxSequenceNumber;
+  {
+    // Need to lock DBImpl mutex before access snapshot list.
+    InstrumentedMutexLock l(db_impl_->mutex());
+    auto& snapshots = db_impl_->snapshots();
+    if (!snapshots.empty()) {
+      oldest_snapshot = snapshots.oldest()->GetSequenceNumber();
+    }
+  }
+  bool visible = oldest_snapshot < obsolete_sequence;
+  if (visible) {
+    ROCKS_LOG_INFO(db_options_.info_log,
+                   "Obsolete blob file %" PRIu64 " (obsolete at %" PRIu64
+                   ") visible to oldest snapshot %" PRIu64 ".",
+                   bfile->BlobFileNumber(), obsolete_sequence, oldest_snapshot);
+  }
+  return visible;
+}
+
+std::pair<bool, int64_t> BlobDBImpl::EvictExpiredFiles(bool aborted) {
+  if (aborted) {
+    return std::make_pair(false, -1);
+  }
+
+  TEST_SYNC_POINT("BlobDBImpl::EvictExpiredFiles:0");
+  TEST_SYNC_POINT("BlobDBImpl::EvictExpiredFiles:1");
+
+  std::vector<std::shared_ptr<BlobFile>> process_files;
+  uint64_t now = EpochNow();
+  {
+    ReadLock rl(&mutex_);
+    for (auto p : blob_files_) {
+      auto& blob_file = p.second;
+      ReadLock file_lock(&blob_file->mutex_);
+      if (blob_file->HasTTL() && !blob_file->Obsolete() &&
+          blob_file->GetExpirationRange().second <= now) {
+        process_files.push_back(blob_file);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  TEST_SYNC_POINT("BlobDBImpl::EvictExpiredFiles:2");
+  TEST_SYNC_POINT("BlobDBImpl::EvictExpiredFiles:3");
+  TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("BlobDBImpl::EvictExpiredFiles:cb", nullptr);
+
+  SequenceNumber seq = GetLatestSequenceNumber();
+  {
+    MutexLock l(&write_mutex_);
+    WriteLock lock(&mutex_);
+    for (auto& blob_file : process_files) {
+      WriteLock file_lock(&blob_file->mutex_);
+
+      // Need to double check if the file is obsolete.
+      if (blob_file->Obsolete()) {
+        assert(blob_file->Immutable());
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      if (!blob_file->Immutable()) {
+        CloseBlobFile(blob_file);
+      }
+
+      assert(blob_file->Immutable());
+
+      ObsoleteBlobFile(blob_file, seq, true /*update_size*/);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return std::make_pair(true, -1);
+}
+
+Status BlobDBImpl::SyncBlobFiles() {
+  MutexLock l(&write_mutex_);
+
+  std::vector<std::shared_ptr<BlobFile>> process_files;
+  {
+    ReadLock rl(&mutex_);
+    for (auto fitr : open_ttl_files_) {
+      process_files.push_back(fitr);
+    }
+    if (open_non_ttl_file_ != nullptr) {
+      process_files.push_back(open_non_ttl_file_);
+    }
+  }
+
+  Status s;
+  for (auto& blob_file : process_files) {
+    s = blob_file->Fsync();
+    if (!s.ok()) {
+      ROCKS_LOG_ERROR(db_options_.info_log,
+                      "Failed to sync blob file %" PRIu64 ", status: %s",
+                      blob_file->BlobFileNumber(), s.ToString().c_str());
+      return s;
+    }
+  }
+
+  s = dir_ent_->FsyncWithDirOptions(IOOptions(), nullptr, DirFsyncOptions());
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKS_LOG_ERROR(db_options_.info_log,
+                    "Failed to sync blob directory, status: %s",
+                    s.ToString().c_str());
+  }
+  return s;
+}
+
+std::pair<bool, int64_t> BlobDBImpl::ReclaimOpenFiles(bool aborted) {
+  if (aborted) return std::make_pair(false, -1);
+
+  if (open_file_count_.load() < kOpenFilesTrigger) {
+    return std::make_pair(true, -1);
+  }
+
+  // in the future, we should sort by last_access_
+  // instead of closing every file
+  ReadLock rl(&mutex_);
+  for (auto const& ent : blob_files_) {
+    auto bfile = ent.second;
+    if (bfile->last_access_.load() == -1) continue;
+
+    WriteLock lockbfile_w(&bfile->mutex_);
+    CloseRandomAccessLocked(bfile);
+  }
+
+  return std::make_pair(true, -1);
+}
+
+std::pair<bool, int64_t> BlobDBImpl::DeleteObsoleteFiles(bool aborted) {
+  if (aborted) {
+    return std::make_pair(false, -1);
+  }
+
+  MutexLock delete_file_lock(&delete_file_mutex_);
+  if (disable_file_deletions_ > 0) {
+    return std::make_pair(true, -1);
+  }
+
+  std::list<std::shared_ptr<BlobFile>> tobsolete;
+  {
+    WriteLock wl(&mutex_);
+    if (obsolete_files_.empty()) {
+      return std::make_pair(true, -1);
+    }
+    tobsolete.swap(obsolete_files_);
+  }
+
+  bool file_deleted = false;
+  for (auto iter = tobsolete.begin(); iter != tobsolete.end();) {
+    auto bfile = *iter;
+    {
+      ReadLock lockbfile_r(&bfile->mutex_);
+      if (VisibleToActiveSnapshot(bfile)) {
+        ROCKS_LOG_INFO(db_options_.info_log,
+                       "Could not delete file due to snapshot failure %s",
+                       bfile->PathName().c_str());
+        ++iter;
+        continue;
+      }
+    }
+    ROCKS_LOG_INFO(db_options_.info_log,
+                   "Will delete file due to snapshot success %s",
+                   bfile->PathName().c_str());
+
+    {
+      WriteLock wl(&mutex_);
+      blob_files_.erase(bfile->BlobFileNumber());
+    }
+
+    Status s = DeleteDBFile(&(db_impl_->immutable_db_options()),
+                            bfile->PathName(), blob_dir_, true,
+                            /*force_fg=*/false);
+    if (!s.ok()) {
+      ROCKS_LOG_ERROR(db_options_.info_log,
+                      "File failed to be deleted as obsolete %s",
+                      bfile->PathName().c_str());
+      ++iter;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    file_deleted = true;
+    ROCKS_LOG_INFO(db_options_.info_log,
+                   "File deleted as obsolete from blob dir %s",
+                   bfile->PathName().c_str());
+
+    iter = tobsolete.erase(iter);
+  }
+
+  // directory change. Fsync
+  if (file_deleted) {
+    Status s = dir_ent_->FsyncWithDirOptions(
+        IOOptions(), nullptr,
+        DirFsyncOptions(DirFsyncOptions::FsyncReason::kFileDeleted));
+    if (!s.ok()) {
+      ROCKS_LOG_ERROR(db_options_.info_log, "Failed to sync dir %s: %s",
+                      blob_dir_.c_str(), s.ToString().c_str());
+    }
+  }
+
+  // put files back into obsolete if for some reason, delete failed
+  if (!tobsolete.empty()) {
+    WriteLock wl(&mutex_);
+    for (auto bfile : tobsolete) {
+      blob_files_.insert(std::make_pair(bfile->BlobFileNumber(), bfile));
+      obsolete_files_.push_front(bfile);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return std::make_pair(!aborted, -1);
+}
+
+void BlobDBImpl::CopyBlobFiles(
+    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<BlobFile>>* bfiles_copy) {
+  ReadLock rl(&mutex_);
+  for (auto const& p : blob_files_) {
+    bfiles_copy->push_back(p.second);
+  }
+}
+
+Iterator* BlobDBImpl::NewIterator(const ReadOptions& read_options) {
+  if (read_options.io_activity != Env::IOActivity::kUnknown) {
+    return NewErrorIterator(Status::InvalidArgument(
+        "Cannot call NewIterator with `ReadOptions::io_activity` != "
+        "`Env::IOActivity::kUnknown`"));
+  }
+  auto* cfd =
+      static_cast_with_check<ColumnFamilyHandleImpl>(DefaultColumnFamily())
+          ->cfd();
+  // Get a snapshot to avoid blob file get deleted between we
+  // fetch and index entry and reading from the file.
+  ManagedSnapshot* own_snapshot = nullptr;
+  const Snapshot* snapshot = read_options.snapshot;
+  if (snapshot == nullptr) {
+    own_snapshot = new ManagedSnapshot(db_);
+    snapshot = own_snapshot->snapshot();
+  }
+  auto* iter = db_impl_->NewIteratorImpl(
+      read_options, cfd, snapshot->GetSequenceNumber(),
+      nullptr /*read_callback*/, true /*expose_blob_index*/);
+  return new BlobDBIterator(own_snapshot, iter, this, clock_, statistics_);
+}
+
+Status DestroyBlobDB(const std::string& dbname, const Options& options,
+                     const BlobDBOptions& bdb_options) {
+  const ImmutableDBOptions soptions(SanitizeOptions(dbname, options));
+  Env* env = soptions.env;
+
+  Status status;
+  std::string blobdir;
+  blobdir = (bdb_options.path_relative) ? dbname + "/" + bdb_options.blob_dir
+                                        : bdb_options.blob_dir;
+
+  std::vector<std::string> filenames;
+  if (env->GetChildren(blobdir, &filenames).ok()) {
+    for (const auto& f : filenames) {
+      uint64_t number;
+      FileType type;
+      if (ParseFileName(f, &number, &type) && type == kBlobFile) {
+        Status del = DeleteDBFile(&soptions, blobdir + "/" + f, blobdir, true,
+                                  /*force_fg=*/false);
+        if (status.ok() && !del.ok()) {
+          status = del;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    // TODO: What to do if we cannot delete the directory?
+    env->DeleteDir(blobdir).PermitUncheckedError();
+  }
+  Status destroy = DestroyDB(dbname, options);
+  if (status.ok() && !destroy.ok()) {
+    status = destroy;
+  }
+
+  return status;
+}
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+Status BlobDBImpl::TEST_GetBlobValue(const Slice& key, const Slice& index_entry,
+                                     PinnableSlice* value) {
+  return GetBlobValue(key, index_entry, value);
+}
+
+void BlobDBImpl::TEST_AddDummyBlobFile(uint64_t blob_file_number,
+                                       SequenceNumber immutable_sequence) {
+  auto blob_file = std::make_shared<BlobFile>(this, blob_dir_, blob_file_number,
+                                              db_options_.info_log.get());
+  blob_file->MarkImmutable(immutable_sequence);
+
+  blob_files_[blob_file_number] = blob_file;
+  live_imm_non_ttl_blob_files_[blob_file_number] = blob_file;
+}
+
+std::vector<std::shared_ptr<BlobFile>> BlobDBImpl::TEST_GetBlobFiles() const {
+  ReadLock l(&mutex_);
+  std::vector<std::shared_ptr<BlobFile>> blob_files;
+  for (auto& p : blob_files_) {
+    blob_files.emplace_back(p.second);
+  }
+  return blob_files;
+}
+
+std::vector<std::shared_ptr<BlobFile>> BlobDBImpl::TEST_GetLiveImmNonTTLFiles()
+    const {
+  ReadLock l(&mutex_);
+  std::vector<std::shared_ptr<BlobFile>> live_imm_non_ttl_files;
+  for (const auto& pair : live_imm_non_ttl_blob_files_) {
+    live_imm_non_ttl_files.emplace_back(pair.second);
+  }
+  return live_imm_non_ttl_files;
+}
+
+std::vector<std::shared_ptr<BlobFile>> BlobDBImpl::TEST_GetObsoleteFiles()
+    const {
+  ReadLock l(&mutex_);
+  std::vector<std::shared_ptr<BlobFile>> obsolete_files;
+  for (auto& bfile : obsolete_files_) {
+    obsolete_files.emplace_back(bfile);
+  }
+  return obsolete_files;
+}
+
+void BlobDBImpl::TEST_DeleteObsoleteFiles() {
+  DeleteObsoleteFiles(false /*abort*/);
+}
+
+Status BlobDBImpl::TEST_CloseBlobFile(std::shared_ptr<BlobFile>& bfile) {
+  MutexLock l(&write_mutex_);
+  WriteLock lock(&mutex_);
+  WriteLock file_lock(&bfile->mutex_);
+
+  return CloseBlobFile(bfile);
+}
+
+void BlobDBImpl::TEST_ObsoleteBlobFile(std::shared_ptr<BlobFile>& blob_file,
+                                       SequenceNumber obsolete_seq,
+                                       bool update_size) {
+  return ObsoleteBlobFile(blob_file, obsolete_seq, update_size);
+}
+
+void BlobDBImpl::TEST_EvictExpiredFiles() {
+  EvictExpiredFiles(false /*abort*/);
+}
+
+uint64_t BlobDBImpl::TEST_live_sst_size() { return live_sst_size_.load(); }
+
+void BlobDBImpl::TEST_InitializeBlobFileToSstMapping(
+    const std::vector<LiveFileMetaData>& live_files) {
+  InitializeBlobFileToSstMapping(live_files);
+}
+
+void BlobDBImpl::TEST_ProcessFlushJobInfo(const FlushJobInfo& info) {
+  ProcessFlushJobInfo(info);
+}
+
+void BlobDBImpl::TEST_ProcessCompactionJobInfo(const CompactionJobInfo& info) {
+  ProcessCompactionJobInfo(info);
+}
+
+#endif  //  !NDEBUG
+
+}  // namespace blob_db
+}  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE