rocksdb-native 0.0.0

package/vendor/rocksdb/db/write_batch.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,3142 @@
+//  Copyright (c) 2011-present, Facebook, Inc.  All rights reserved.
+//  This source code is licensed under both the GPLv2 (found in the
+//  COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License
+//  (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2011 The LevelDB Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+// found in the LICENSE file. See the AUTHORS file for names of contributors.
+//
+// WriteBatch::rep_ :=
+//    sequence: fixed64
+//    count: fixed32
+//    data: record[count]
+// record :=
+//    kTypeValue varstring varstring
+//    kTypeDeletion varstring
+//    kTypeSingleDeletion varstring
+//    kTypeRangeDeletion varstring varstring
+//    kTypeMerge varstring varstring
+//    kTypeColumnFamilyValue varint32 varstring varstring
+//    kTypeColumnFamilyDeletion varint32 varstring
+//    kTypeColumnFamilySingleDeletion varint32 varstring
+//    kTypeColumnFamilyRangeDeletion varint32 varstring varstring
+//    kTypeColumnFamilyMerge varint32 varstring varstring
+//    kTypeBeginPrepareXID
+//    kTypeEndPrepareXID varstring
+//    kTypeCommitXID varstring
+//    kTypeCommitXIDAndTimestamp varstring varstring
+//    kTypeRollbackXID varstring
+//    kTypeBeginPersistedPrepareXID
+//    kTypeBeginUnprepareXID
+//    kTypeWideColumnEntity varstring varstring
+//    kTypeColumnFamilyWideColumnEntity varint32 varstring varstring
+//    kTypeNoop
+// varstring :=
+//    len: varint32
+//    data: uint8[len]
+
+#include "rocksdb/write_batch.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <limits>
+#include <map>
+#include <stack>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "db/column_family.h"
+#include "db/db_impl/db_impl.h"
+#include "db/dbformat.h"
+#include "db/flush_scheduler.h"
+#include "db/kv_checksum.h"
+#include "db/memtable.h"
+#include "db/merge_context.h"
+#include "db/snapshot_impl.h"
+#include "db/trim_history_scheduler.h"
+#include "db/wide/wide_column_serialization.h"
+#include "db/write_batch_internal.h"
+#include "monitoring/perf_context_imp.h"
+#include "monitoring/statistics_impl.h"
+#include "port/lang.h"
+#include "rocksdb/merge_operator.h"
+#include "rocksdb/system_clock.h"
+#include "util/autovector.h"
+#include "util/cast_util.h"
+#include "util/coding.h"
+#include "util/duplicate_detector.h"
+#include "util/string_util.h"
+
+namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
+
+// anon namespace for file-local types
+namespace {
+
+enum ContentFlags : uint32_t {
+  DEFERRED = 1 << 0,
+  HAS_PUT = 1 << 1,
+  HAS_DELETE = 1 << 2,
+  HAS_SINGLE_DELETE = 1 << 3,
+  HAS_MERGE = 1 << 4,
+  HAS_BEGIN_PREPARE = 1 << 5,
+  HAS_END_PREPARE = 1 << 6,
+  HAS_COMMIT = 1 << 7,
+  HAS_ROLLBACK = 1 << 8,
+  HAS_DELETE_RANGE = 1 << 9,
+  HAS_BLOB_INDEX = 1 << 10,
+  HAS_BEGIN_UNPREPARE = 1 << 11,
+  HAS_PUT_ENTITY = 1 << 12,
+};
+
+struct BatchContentClassifier : public WriteBatch::Handler {
+  uint32_t content_flags = 0;
+
+  Status PutCF(uint32_t, const Slice&, const Slice&) override {
+    content_flags |= ContentFlags::HAS_PUT;
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  Status PutEntityCF(uint32_t /* column_family_id */, const Slice& /* key */,
+                     const Slice& /* entity */) override {
+    content_flags |= ContentFlags::HAS_PUT_ENTITY;
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  Status DeleteCF(uint32_t, const Slice&) override {
+    content_flags |= ContentFlags::HAS_DELETE;
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  Status SingleDeleteCF(uint32_t, const Slice&) override {
+    content_flags |= ContentFlags::HAS_SINGLE_DELETE;
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  Status DeleteRangeCF(uint32_t, const Slice&, const Slice&) override {
+    content_flags |= ContentFlags::HAS_DELETE_RANGE;
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  Status MergeCF(uint32_t, const Slice&, const Slice&) override {
+    content_flags |= ContentFlags::HAS_MERGE;
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  Status PutBlobIndexCF(uint32_t, const Slice&, const Slice&) override {
+    content_flags |= ContentFlags::HAS_BLOB_INDEX;
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  Status MarkBeginPrepare(bool unprepare) override {
+    content_flags |= ContentFlags::HAS_BEGIN_PREPARE;
+    if (unprepare) {
+      content_flags |= ContentFlags::HAS_BEGIN_UNPREPARE;
+    }
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  Status MarkEndPrepare(const Slice&) override {
+    content_flags |= ContentFlags::HAS_END_PREPARE;
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  Status MarkCommit(const Slice&) override {
+    content_flags |= ContentFlags::HAS_COMMIT;
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  Status MarkCommitWithTimestamp(const Slice&, const Slice&) override {
+    content_flags |= ContentFlags::HAS_COMMIT;
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  Status MarkRollback(const Slice&) override {
+    content_flags |= ContentFlags::HAS_ROLLBACK;
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+};
+
+}  // anonymous namespace
+
+struct SavePoints {
+  std::stack<SavePoint, autovector<SavePoint>> stack;
+};
+
+WriteBatch::WriteBatch(size_t reserved_bytes, size_t max_bytes,
+                       size_t protection_bytes_per_key, size_t default_cf_ts_sz)
+    : content_flags_(0),
+      max_bytes_(max_bytes),
+      default_cf_ts_sz_(default_cf_ts_sz),
+      rep_() {
+  // Currently `protection_bytes_per_key` can only be enabled at 8 bytes per
+  // entry.
+  assert(protection_bytes_per_key == 0 || protection_bytes_per_key == 8);
+  if (protection_bytes_per_key != 0) {
+    prot_info_.reset(new WriteBatch::ProtectionInfo());
+  }
+  rep_.reserve((reserved_bytes > WriteBatchInternal::kHeader)
+                   ? reserved_bytes
+                   : WriteBatchInternal::kHeader);
+  rep_.resize(WriteBatchInternal::kHeader);
+}
+
+WriteBatch::WriteBatch(const std::string& rep)
+    : content_flags_(ContentFlags::DEFERRED), max_bytes_(0), rep_(rep) {}
+
+WriteBatch::WriteBatch(std::string&& rep)
+    : content_flags_(ContentFlags::DEFERRED),
+      max_bytes_(0),
+      rep_(std::move(rep)) {}
+
+WriteBatch::WriteBatch(const WriteBatch& src)
+    : wal_term_point_(src.wal_term_point_),
+      content_flags_(src.content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed)),
+      max_bytes_(src.max_bytes_),
+      default_cf_ts_sz_(src.default_cf_ts_sz_),
+      rep_(src.rep_) {
+  if (src.save_points_ != nullptr) {
+    save_points_.reset(new SavePoints());
+    save_points_->stack = src.save_points_->stack;
+  }
+  if (src.prot_info_ != nullptr) {
+    prot_info_.reset(new WriteBatch::ProtectionInfo());
+    prot_info_->entries_ = src.prot_info_->entries_;
+  }
+}
+
+WriteBatch::WriteBatch(WriteBatch&& src) noexcept
+    : save_points_(std::move(src.save_points_)),
+      wal_term_point_(std::move(src.wal_term_point_)),
+      content_flags_(src.content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed)),
+      max_bytes_(src.max_bytes_),
+      prot_info_(std::move(src.prot_info_)),
+      default_cf_ts_sz_(src.default_cf_ts_sz_),
+      rep_(std::move(src.rep_)) {}
+
+WriteBatch& WriteBatch::operator=(const WriteBatch& src) {
+  if (&src != this) {
+    this->~WriteBatch();
+    new (this) WriteBatch(src);
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+WriteBatch& WriteBatch::operator=(WriteBatch&& src) {
+  if (&src != this) {
+    this->~WriteBatch();
+    new (this) WriteBatch(std::move(src));
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+WriteBatch::~WriteBatch() {}
+
+WriteBatch::Handler::~Handler() {}
+
+void WriteBatch::Handler::LogData(const Slice& /*blob*/) {
+  // If the user has not specified something to do with blobs, then we ignore
+  // them.
+}
+
+bool WriteBatch::Handler::Continue() { return true; }
+
+void WriteBatch::Clear() {
+  rep_.clear();
+  rep_.resize(WriteBatchInternal::kHeader);
+
+  content_flags_.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+
+  if (save_points_ != nullptr) {
+    while (!save_points_->stack.empty()) {
+      save_points_->stack.pop();
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (prot_info_ != nullptr) {
+    prot_info_->entries_.clear();
+  }
+  wal_term_point_.clear();
+  default_cf_ts_sz_ = 0;
+}
+
+uint32_t WriteBatch::Count() const { return WriteBatchInternal::Count(this); }
+
+uint32_t WriteBatch::ComputeContentFlags() const {
+  auto rv = content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  if ((rv & ContentFlags::DEFERRED) != 0) {
+    BatchContentClassifier classifier;
+    // Should we handle status here?
+    Iterate(&classifier).PermitUncheckedError();
+    rv = classifier.content_flags;
+
+    // this method is conceptually const, because it is performing a lazy
+    // computation that doesn't affect the abstract state of the batch.
+    // content_flags_ is marked mutable so that we can perform the
+    // following assignment
+    content_flags_.store(rv, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  }
+  return rv;
+}
+
+void WriteBatch::MarkWalTerminationPoint() {
+  wal_term_point_.size = GetDataSize();
+  wal_term_point_.count = Count();
+  wal_term_point_.content_flags = content_flags_;
+}
+
+size_t WriteBatch::GetProtectionBytesPerKey() const {
+  if (prot_info_ != nullptr) {
+    return prot_info_->GetBytesPerKey();
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+bool WriteBatch::HasPut() const {
+  return (ComputeContentFlags() & ContentFlags::HAS_PUT) != 0;
+}
+
+bool WriteBatch::HasPutEntity() const {
+  return (ComputeContentFlags() & ContentFlags::HAS_PUT_ENTITY) != 0;
+}
+
+bool WriteBatch::HasDelete() const {
+  return (ComputeContentFlags() & ContentFlags::HAS_DELETE) != 0;
+}
+
+bool WriteBatch::HasSingleDelete() const {
+  return (ComputeContentFlags() & ContentFlags::HAS_SINGLE_DELETE) != 0;
+}
+
+bool WriteBatch::HasDeleteRange() const {
+  return (ComputeContentFlags() & ContentFlags::HAS_DELETE_RANGE) != 0;
+}
+
+bool WriteBatch::HasMerge() const {
+  return (ComputeContentFlags() & ContentFlags::HAS_MERGE) != 0;
+}
+
+bool ReadKeyFromWriteBatchEntry(Slice* input, Slice* key, bool cf_record) {
+  assert(input != nullptr && key != nullptr);
+  // Skip tag byte
+  input->remove_prefix(1);
+
+  if (cf_record) {
+    // Skip column_family bytes
+    uint32_t cf;
+    if (!GetVarint32(input, &cf)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Extract key
+  return GetLengthPrefixedSlice(input, key);
+}
+
+bool WriteBatch::HasBeginPrepare() const {
+  return (ComputeContentFlags() & ContentFlags::HAS_BEGIN_PREPARE) != 0;
+}
+
+bool WriteBatch::HasEndPrepare() const {
+  return (ComputeContentFlags() & ContentFlags::HAS_END_PREPARE) != 0;
+}
+
+bool WriteBatch::HasCommit() const {
+  return (ComputeContentFlags() & ContentFlags::HAS_COMMIT) != 0;
+}
+
+bool WriteBatch::HasRollback() const {
+  return (ComputeContentFlags() & ContentFlags::HAS_ROLLBACK) != 0;
+}
+
+Status ReadRecordFromWriteBatch(Slice* input, char* tag,
+                                uint32_t* column_family, Slice* key,
+                                Slice* value, Slice* blob, Slice* xid) {
+  assert(key != nullptr && value != nullptr);
+  *tag = (*input)[0];
+  input->remove_prefix(1);
+  *column_family = 0;  // default
+  switch (*tag) {
+    case kTypeColumnFamilyValue:
+      if (!GetVarint32(input, column_family)) {
+        return Status::Corruption("bad WriteBatch Put");
+      }
+      FALLTHROUGH_INTENDED;
+    case kTypeValue:
+      if (!GetLengthPrefixedSlice(input, key) ||
+          !GetLengthPrefixedSlice(input, value)) {
+        return Status::Corruption("bad WriteBatch Put");
+      }
+      break;
+    case kTypeColumnFamilyDeletion:
+    case kTypeColumnFamilySingleDeletion:
+      if (!GetVarint32(input, column_family)) {
+        return Status::Corruption("bad WriteBatch Delete");
+      }
+      FALLTHROUGH_INTENDED;
+    case kTypeDeletion:
+    case kTypeSingleDeletion:
+      if (!GetLengthPrefixedSlice(input, key)) {
+        return Status::Corruption("bad WriteBatch Delete");
+      }
+      break;
+    case kTypeColumnFamilyRangeDeletion:
+      if (!GetVarint32(input, column_family)) {
+        return Status::Corruption("bad WriteBatch DeleteRange");
+      }
+      FALLTHROUGH_INTENDED;
+    case kTypeRangeDeletion:
+      // for range delete, "key" is begin_key, "value" is end_key
+      if (!GetLengthPrefixedSlice(input, key) ||
+          !GetLengthPrefixedSlice(input, value)) {
+        return Status::Corruption("bad WriteBatch DeleteRange");
+      }
+      break;
+    case kTypeColumnFamilyMerge:
+      if (!GetVarint32(input, column_family)) {
+        return Status::Corruption("bad WriteBatch Merge");
+      }
+      FALLTHROUGH_INTENDED;
+    case kTypeMerge:
+      if (!GetLengthPrefixedSlice(input, key) ||
+          !GetLengthPrefixedSlice(input, value)) {
+        return Status::Corruption("bad WriteBatch Merge");
+      }
+      break;
+    case kTypeColumnFamilyBlobIndex:
+      if (!GetVarint32(input, column_family)) {
+        return Status::Corruption("bad WriteBatch BlobIndex");
+      }
+      FALLTHROUGH_INTENDED;
+    case kTypeBlobIndex:
+      if (!GetLengthPrefixedSlice(input, key) ||
+          !GetLengthPrefixedSlice(input, value)) {
+        return Status::Corruption("bad WriteBatch BlobIndex");
+      }
+      break;
+    case kTypeLogData:
+      assert(blob != nullptr);
+      if (!GetLengthPrefixedSlice(input, blob)) {
+        return Status::Corruption("bad WriteBatch Blob");
+      }
+      break;
+    case kTypeNoop:
+    case kTypeBeginPrepareXID:
+      // This indicates that the prepared batch is also persisted in the db.
+      // This is used in WritePreparedTxn
+    case kTypeBeginPersistedPrepareXID:
+      // This is used in WriteUnpreparedTxn
+    case kTypeBeginUnprepareXID:
+      break;
+    case kTypeEndPrepareXID:
+      if (!GetLengthPrefixedSlice(input, xid)) {
+        return Status::Corruption("bad EndPrepare XID");
+      }
+      break;
+    case kTypeCommitXIDAndTimestamp:
+      if (!GetLengthPrefixedSlice(input, key)) {
+        return Status::Corruption("bad commit timestamp");
+      }
+      FALLTHROUGH_INTENDED;
+    case kTypeCommitXID:
+      if (!GetLengthPrefixedSlice(input, xid)) {
+        return Status::Corruption("bad Commit XID");
+      }
+      break;
+    case kTypeRollbackXID:
+      if (!GetLengthPrefixedSlice(input, xid)) {
+        return Status::Corruption("bad Rollback XID");
+      }
+      break;
+    case kTypeColumnFamilyWideColumnEntity:
+      if (!GetVarint32(input, column_family)) {
+        return Status::Corruption("bad WriteBatch PutEntity");
+      }
+      FALLTHROUGH_INTENDED;
+    case kTypeWideColumnEntity:
+      if (!GetLengthPrefixedSlice(input, key) ||
+          !GetLengthPrefixedSlice(input, value)) {
+        return Status::Corruption("bad WriteBatch PutEntity");
+      }
+      break;
+    default:
+      return Status::Corruption("unknown WriteBatch tag");
+  }
+  return Status::OK();
+}
+
+Status WriteBatch::Iterate(Handler* handler) const {
+  if (rep_.size() < WriteBatchInternal::kHeader) {
+    return Status::Corruption("malformed WriteBatch (too small)");
+  }
+
+  return WriteBatchInternal::Iterate(this, handler, WriteBatchInternal::kHeader,
+                                     rep_.size());
+}
+
+Status WriteBatchInternal::Iterate(const WriteBatch* wb,
+                                   WriteBatch::Handler* handler, size_t begin,
+                                   size_t end) {
+  if (begin > wb->rep_.size() || end > wb->rep_.size() || end < begin) {
+    return Status::Corruption("Invalid start/end bounds for Iterate");
+  }
+  assert(begin <= end);
+  Slice input(wb->rep_.data() + begin, static_cast<size_t>(end - begin));
+  bool whole_batch =
+      (begin == WriteBatchInternal::kHeader) && (end == wb->rep_.size());
+
+  Slice key, value, blob, xid;
+
+  // Sometimes a sub-batch starts with a Noop. We want to exclude such Noops as
+  // the batch boundary symbols otherwise we would mis-count the number of
+  // batches. We do that by checking whether the accumulated batch is empty
+  // before seeing the next Noop.
+  bool empty_batch = true;
+  uint32_t found = 0;
+  Status s;
+  char tag = 0;
+  uint32_t column_family = 0;  // default
+  bool last_was_try_again = false;
+  bool handler_continue = true;
+  while (((s.ok() && !input.empty()) || UNLIKELY(s.IsTryAgain()))) {
+    handler_continue = handler->Continue();
+    if (!handler_continue) {
+      break;
+    }
+
+    if (LIKELY(!s.IsTryAgain())) {
+      last_was_try_again = false;
+      tag = 0;
+      column_family = 0;  // default
+
+      s = ReadRecordFromWriteBatch(&input, &tag, &column_family, &key, &value,
+                                   &blob, &xid);
+      if (!s.ok()) {
+        return s;
+      }
+    } else {
+      assert(s.IsTryAgain());
+      assert(!last_was_try_again);  // to detect infinite loop bugs
+      if (UNLIKELY(last_was_try_again)) {
+        return Status::Corruption(
+            "two consecutive TryAgain in WriteBatch handler; this is either a "
+            "software bug or data corruption.");
+      }
+      last_was_try_again = true;
+      s = Status::OK();
+    }
+
+    switch (tag) {
+      case kTypeColumnFamilyValue:
+      case kTypeValue:
+        assert(wb->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) &
+               (ContentFlags::DEFERRED | ContentFlags::HAS_PUT));
+        s = handler->PutCF(column_family, key, value);
+        if (LIKELY(s.ok())) {
+          empty_batch = false;
+          found++;
+        }
+        break;
+      case kTypeColumnFamilyDeletion:
+      case kTypeDeletion:
+        assert(wb->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) &
+               (ContentFlags::DEFERRED | ContentFlags::HAS_DELETE));
+        s = handler->DeleteCF(column_family, key);
+        if (LIKELY(s.ok())) {
+          empty_batch = false;
+          found++;
+        }
+        break;
+      case kTypeColumnFamilySingleDeletion:
+      case kTypeSingleDeletion:
+        assert(wb->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) &
+               (ContentFlags::DEFERRED | ContentFlags::HAS_SINGLE_DELETE));
+        s = handler->SingleDeleteCF(column_family, key);
+        if (LIKELY(s.ok())) {
+          empty_batch = false;
+          found++;
+        }
+        break;
+      case kTypeColumnFamilyRangeDeletion:
+      case kTypeRangeDeletion:
+        assert(wb->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) &
+               (ContentFlags::DEFERRED | ContentFlags::HAS_DELETE_RANGE));
+        s = handler->DeleteRangeCF(column_family, key, value);
+        if (LIKELY(s.ok())) {
+          empty_batch = false;
+          found++;
+        }
+        break;
+      case kTypeColumnFamilyMerge:
+      case kTypeMerge:
+        assert(wb->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) &
+               (ContentFlags::DEFERRED | ContentFlags::HAS_MERGE));
+        s = handler->MergeCF(column_family, key, value);
+        if (LIKELY(s.ok())) {
+          empty_batch = false;
+          found++;
+        }
+        break;
+      case kTypeColumnFamilyBlobIndex:
+      case kTypeBlobIndex:
+        assert(wb->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) &
+               (ContentFlags::DEFERRED | ContentFlags::HAS_BLOB_INDEX));
+        s = handler->PutBlobIndexCF(column_family, key, value);
+        if (LIKELY(s.ok())) {
+          found++;
+        }
+        break;
+      case kTypeLogData:
+        handler->LogData(blob);
+        // A batch might have nothing but LogData. It is still a batch.
+        empty_batch = false;
+        break;
+      case kTypeBeginPrepareXID:
+        assert(wb->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) &
+               (ContentFlags::DEFERRED | ContentFlags::HAS_BEGIN_PREPARE));
+        s = handler->MarkBeginPrepare();
+        assert(s.ok());
+        empty_batch = false;
+        if (handler->WriteAfterCommit() ==
+            WriteBatch::Handler::OptionState::kDisabled) {
+          s = Status::NotSupported(
+              "WriteCommitted txn tag when write_after_commit_ is disabled (in "
+              "WritePrepared/WriteUnprepared mode). If it is not due to "
+              "corruption, the WAL must be emptied before changing the "
+              "WritePolicy.");
+        }
+        if (handler->WriteBeforePrepare() ==
+            WriteBatch::Handler::OptionState::kEnabled) {
+          s = Status::NotSupported(
+              "WriteCommitted txn tag when write_before_prepare_ is enabled "
+              "(in WriteUnprepared mode). If it is not due to corruption, the "
+              "WAL must be emptied before changing the WritePolicy.");
+        }
+        break;
+      case kTypeBeginPersistedPrepareXID:
+        assert(wb->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) &
+               (ContentFlags::DEFERRED | ContentFlags::HAS_BEGIN_PREPARE));
+        s = handler->MarkBeginPrepare();
+        assert(s.ok());
+        empty_batch = false;
+        if (handler->WriteAfterCommit() ==
+            WriteBatch::Handler::OptionState::kEnabled) {
+          s = Status::NotSupported(
+              "WritePrepared/WriteUnprepared txn tag when write_after_commit_ "
+              "is enabled (in default WriteCommitted mode). If it is not due "
+              "to corruption, the WAL must be emptied before changing the "
+              "WritePolicy.");
+        }
+        break;
+      case kTypeBeginUnprepareXID:
+        assert(wb->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) &
+               (ContentFlags::DEFERRED | ContentFlags::HAS_BEGIN_UNPREPARE));
+        s = handler->MarkBeginPrepare(true /* unprepared */);
+        assert(s.ok());
+        empty_batch = false;
+        if (handler->WriteAfterCommit() ==
+            WriteBatch::Handler::OptionState::kEnabled) {
+          s = Status::NotSupported(
+              "WriteUnprepared txn tag when write_after_commit_ is enabled (in "
+              "default WriteCommitted mode). If it is not due to corruption, "
+              "the WAL must be emptied before changing the WritePolicy.");
+        }
+        if (handler->WriteBeforePrepare() ==
+            WriteBatch::Handler::OptionState::kDisabled) {
+          s = Status::NotSupported(
+              "WriteUnprepared txn tag when write_before_prepare_ is disabled "
+              "(in WriteCommitted/WritePrepared mode). If it is not due to "
+              "corruption, the WAL must be emptied before changing the "
+              "WritePolicy.");
+        }
+        break;
+      case kTypeEndPrepareXID:
+        assert(wb->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) &
+               (ContentFlags::DEFERRED | ContentFlags::HAS_END_PREPARE));
+        s = handler->MarkEndPrepare(xid);
+        assert(s.ok());
+        empty_batch = true;
+        break;
+      case kTypeCommitXID:
+        assert(wb->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) &
+               (ContentFlags::DEFERRED | ContentFlags::HAS_COMMIT));
+        s = handler->MarkCommit(xid);
+        assert(s.ok());
+        empty_batch = true;
+        break;
+      case kTypeCommitXIDAndTimestamp:
+        assert(wb->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) &
+               (ContentFlags::DEFERRED | ContentFlags::HAS_COMMIT));
+        // key stores the commit timestamp.
+        assert(!key.empty());
+        s = handler->MarkCommitWithTimestamp(xid, key);
+        if (LIKELY(s.ok())) {
+          empty_batch = true;
+        }
+        break;
+      case kTypeRollbackXID:
+        assert(wb->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) &
+               (ContentFlags::DEFERRED | ContentFlags::HAS_ROLLBACK));
+        s = handler->MarkRollback(xid);
+        assert(s.ok());
+        empty_batch = true;
+        break;
+      case kTypeNoop:
+        s = handler->MarkNoop(empty_batch);
+        assert(s.ok());
+        empty_batch = true;
+        break;
+      case kTypeWideColumnEntity:
+      case kTypeColumnFamilyWideColumnEntity:
+        assert(wb->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) &
+               (ContentFlags::DEFERRED | ContentFlags::HAS_PUT_ENTITY));
+        s = handler->PutEntityCF(column_family, key, value);
+        if (LIKELY(s.ok())) {
+          empty_batch = false;
+          ++found;
+        }
+        break;
+      default:
+        return Status::Corruption("unknown WriteBatch tag");
+    }
+  }
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+  if (handler_continue && whole_batch &&
+      found != WriteBatchInternal::Count(wb)) {
+    return Status::Corruption("WriteBatch has wrong count");
+  } else {
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+}
+
+bool WriteBatchInternal::IsLatestPersistentState(const WriteBatch* b) {
+  return b->is_latest_persistent_state_;
+}
+
+void WriteBatchInternal::SetAsLatestPersistentState(WriteBatch* b) {
+  b->is_latest_persistent_state_ = true;
+}
+
+uint32_t WriteBatchInternal::Count(const WriteBatch* b) {
+  return DecodeFixed32(b->rep_.data() + 8);
+}
+
+void WriteBatchInternal::SetCount(WriteBatch* b, uint32_t n) {
+  EncodeFixed32(&b->rep_[8], n);
+}
+
+SequenceNumber WriteBatchInternal::Sequence(const WriteBatch* b) {
+  return SequenceNumber(DecodeFixed64(b->rep_.data()));
+}
+
+void WriteBatchInternal::SetSequence(WriteBatch* b, SequenceNumber seq) {
+  EncodeFixed64(&b->rep_[0], seq);
+}
+
+size_t WriteBatchInternal::GetFirstOffset(WriteBatch* /*b*/) {
+  return WriteBatchInternal::kHeader;
+}
+
+std::tuple<Status, uint32_t, size_t>
+WriteBatchInternal::GetColumnFamilyIdAndTimestampSize(
+    WriteBatch* b, ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family) {
+  uint32_t cf_id = GetColumnFamilyID(column_family);
+  size_t ts_sz = 0;
+  Status s;
+  if (column_family) {
+    const Comparator* const ucmp = column_family->GetComparator();
+    if (ucmp) {
+      ts_sz = ucmp->timestamp_size();
+      if (0 == cf_id && b->default_cf_ts_sz_ != ts_sz) {
+        s = Status::InvalidArgument("Default cf timestamp size mismatch");
+      }
+    }
+  } else if (b->default_cf_ts_sz_ > 0) {
+    ts_sz = b->default_cf_ts_sz_;
+  }
+  return std::make_tuple(s, cf_id, ts_sz);
+}
+
+namespace {
+Status CheckColumnFamilyTimestampSize(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family,
+                                      const Slice& ts) {
+  if (!column_family) {
+    return Status::InvalidArgument("column family handle cannot be null");
+  }
+  const Comparator* const ucmp = column_family->GetComparator();
+  assert(ucmp);
+  size_t cf_ts_sz = ucmp->timestamp_size();
+  if (0 == cf_ts_sz) {
+    return Status::InvalidArgument("timestamp disabled");
+  }
+  if (cf_ts_sz != ts.size()) {
+    return Status::InvalidArgument("timestamp size mismatch");
+  }
+  return Status::OK();
+}
+}  // anonymous namespace
+
+Status WriteBatchInternal::Put(WriteBatch* b, uint32_t column_family_id,
+                               const Slice& key, const Slice& value) {
+  if (key.size() > size_t{std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()}) {
+    return Status::InvalidArgument("key is too large");
+  }
+  if (value.size() > size_t{std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()}) {
+    return Status::InvalidArgument("value is too large");
+  }
+
+  LocalSavePoint save(b);
+  WriteBatchInternal::SetCount(b, WriteBatchInternal::Count(b) + 1);
+  if (column_family_id == 0) {
+    b->rep_.push_back(static_cast<char>(kTypeValue));
+  } else {
+    b->rep_.push_back(static_cast<char>(kTypeColumnFamilyValue));
+    PutVarint32(&b->rep_, column_family_id);
+  }
+  PutLengthPrefixedSlice(&b->rep_, key);
+  PutLengthPrefixedSlice(&b->rep_, value);
+  b->content_flags_.store(
+      b->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) | ContentFlags::HAS_PUT,
+      std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  if (b->prot_info_ != nullptr) {
+    // Technically the optype could've been `kTypeColumnFamilyValue` with the
+    // CF ID encoded in the `WriteBatch`. That distinction is unimportant
+    // however since we verify CF ID is correct, as well as all other fields
+    // (a missing/extra encoded CF ID would corrupt another field). It is
+    // convenient to consolidate on `kTypeValue` here as that is what will be
+    // inserted into memtable.
+    b->prot_info_->entries_.emplace_back(ProtectionInfo64()
+                                             .ProtectKVO(key, value, kTypeValue)
+                                             .ProtectC(column_family_id));
+  }
+  return save.commit();
+}
+
+Status WriteBatch::Put(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family, const Slice& key,
+                       const Slice& value) {
+  size_t ts_sz = 0;
+  uint32_t cf_id = 0;
+  Status s;
+
+  std::tie(s, cf_id, ts_sz) =
+      WriteBatchInternal::GetColumnFamilyIdAndTimestampSize(this,
+                                                            column_family);
+
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  if (0 == ts_sz) {
+    return WriteBatchInternal::Put(this, cf_id, key, value);
+  }
+
+  needs_in_place_update_ts_ = true;
+  has_key_with_ts_ = true;
+  std::string dummy_ts(ts_sz, '\0');
+  std::array<Slice, 2> key_with_ts{{key, dummy_ts}};
+  return WriteBatchInternal::Put(this, cf_id, SliceParts(key_with_ts.data(), 2),
+                                 SliceParts(&value, 1));
+}
+
+Status WriteBatch::Put(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family, const Slice& key,
+                       const Slice& ts, const Slice& value) {
+  const Status s = CheckColumnFamilyTimestampSize(column_family, ts);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+  has_key_with_ts_ = true;
+  assert(column_family);
+  uint32_t cf_id = column_family->GetID();
+  std::array<Slice, 2> key_with_ts{{key, ts}};
+  return WriteBatchInternal::Put(this, cf_id, SliceParts(key_with_ts.data(), 2),
+                                 SliceParts(&value, 1));
+}
+
+Status WriteBatchInternal::CheckSlicePartsLength(const SliceParts& key,
+                                                 const SliceParts& value) {
+  size_t total_key_bytes = 0;
+  for (int i = 0; i < key.num_parts; ++i) {
+    total_key_bytes += key.parts[i].size();
+  }
+  if (total_key_bytes >= size_t{std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()}) {
+    return Status::InvalidArgument("key is too large");
+  }
+
+  size_t total_value_bytes = 0;
+  for (int i = 0; i < value.num_parts; ++i) {
+    total_value_bytes += value.parts[i].size();
+  }
+  if (total_value_bytes >= size_t{std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()}) {
+    return Status::InvalidArgument("value is too large");
+  }
+  return Status::OK();
+}
+
+Status WriteBatchInternal::Put(WriteBatch* b, uint32_t column_family_id,
+                               const SliceParts& key, const SliceParts& value) {
+  Status s = CheckSlicePartsLength(key, value);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  LocalSavePoint save(b);
+  WriteBatchInternal::SetCount(b, WriteBatchInternal::Count(b) + 1);
+  if (column_family_id == 0) {
+    b->rep_.push_back(static_cast<char>(kTypeValue));
+  } else {
+    b->rep_.push_back(static_cast<char>(kTypeColumnFamilyValue));
+    PutVarint32(&b->rep_, column_family_id);
+  }
+  PutLengthPrefixedSliceParts(&b->rep_, key);
+  PutLengthPrefixedSliceParts(&b->rep_, value);
+  b->content_flags_.store(
+      b->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) | ContentFlags::HAS_PUT,
+      std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  if (b->prot_info_ != nullptr) {
+    // See comment in first `WriteBatchInternal::Put()` overload concerning the
+    // `ValueType` argument passed to `ProtectKVO()`.
+    b->prot_info_->entries_.emplace_back(ProtectionInfo64()
+                                             .ProtectKVO(key, value, kTypeValue)
+                                             .ProtectC(column_family_id));
+  }
+  return save.commit();
+}
+
+Status WriteBatch::Put(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family, const SliceParts& key,
+                       const SliceParts& value) {
+  size_t ts_sz = 0;
+  uint32_t cf_id = 0;
+  Status s;
+
+  std::tie(s, cf_id, ts_sz) =
+      WriteBatchInternal::GetColumnFamilyIdAndTimestampSize(this,
+                                                            column_family);
+
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  if (ts_sz == 0) {
+    return WriteBatchInternal::Put(this, cf_id, key, value);
+  }
+
+  return Status::InvalidArgument(
+      "Cannot call this method on column family enabling timestamp");
+}
+
+Status WriteBatchInternal::PutEntity(WriteBatch* b, uint32_t column_family_id,
+                                     const Slice& key,
+                                     const WideColumns& columns) {
+  assert(b);
+
+  if (key.size() > size_t{std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()}) {
+    return Status::InvalidArgument("key is too large");
+  }
+
+  WideColumns sorted_columns(columns);
+  std::sort(sorted_columns.begin(), sorted_columns.end(),
+            [](const WideColumn& lhs, const WideColumn& rhs) {
+              return lhs.name().compare(rhs.name()) < 0;
+            });
+
+  std::string entity;
+  const Status s = WideColumnSerialization::Serialize(sorted_columns, entity);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  if (entity.size() > size_t{std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()}) {
+    return Status::InvalidArgument("wide column entity is too large");
+  }
+
+  LocalSavePoint save(b);
+
+  WriteBatchInternal::SetCount(b, WriteBatchInternal::Count(b) + 1);
+
+  if (column_family_id == 0) {
+    b->rep_.push_back(static_cast<char>(kTypeWideColumnEntity));
+  } else {
+    b->rep_.push_back(static_cast<char>(kTypeColumnFamilyWideColumnEntity));
+    PutVarint32(&b->rep_, column_family_id);
+  }
+
+  PutLengthPrefixedSlice(&b->rep_, key);
+  PutLengthPrefixedSlice(&b->rep_, entity);
+
+  b->content_flags_.store(b->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) |
+                              ContentFlags::HAS_PUT_ENTITY,
+                          std::memory_order_relaxed);
+
+  if (b->prot_info_ != nullptr) {
+    b->prot_info_->entries_.emplace_back(
+        ProtectionInfo64()
+            .ProtectKVO(key, entity, kTypeWideColumnEntity)
+            .ProtectC(column_family_id));
+  }
+
+  return save.commit();
+}
+
+Status WriteBatch::PutEntity(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family,
+                             const Slice& key, const WideColumns& columns) {
+  if (!column_family) {
+    return Status::InvalidArgument(
+        "Cannot call this method without a column family handle");
+  }
+
+  Status s;
+  uint32_t cf_id = 0;
+  size_t ts_sz = 0;
+
+  std::tie(s, cf_id, ts_sz) =
+      WriteBatchInternal::GetColumnFamilyIdAndTimestampSize(this,
+                                                            column_family);
+
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  if (ts_sz) {
+    return Status::InvalidArgument(
+        "Cannot call this method on column family enabling timestamp");
+  }
+
+  return WriteBatchInternal::PutEntity(this, cf_id, key, columns);
+}
+
+Status WriteBatchInternal::InsertNoop(WriteBatch* b) {
+  b->rep_.push_back(static_cast<char>(kTypeNoop));
+  return Status::OK();
+}
+
+Status WriteBatchInternal::MarkEndPrepare(WriteBatch* b, const Slice& xid,
+                                          bool write_after_commit,
+                                          bool unprepared_batch) {
+  // a manually constructed batch can only contain one prepare section
+  assert(b->rep_[12] == static_cast<char>(kTypeNoop));
+
+  // all savepoints up to this point are cleared
+  if (b->save_points_ != nullptr) {
+    while (!b->save_points_->stack.empty()) {
+      b->save_points_->stack.pop();
+    }
+  }
+
+  // rewrite noop as begin marker
+  b->rep_[12] = static_cast<char>(
+      write_after_commit ? kTypeBeginPrepareXID
+                         : (unprepared_batch ? kTypeBeginUnprepareXID
+                                             : kTypeBeginPersistedPrepareXID));
+  b->rep_.push_back(static_cast<char>(kTypeEndPrepareXID));
+  PutLengthPrefixedSlice(&b->rep_, xid);
+  b->content_flags_.store(b->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) |
+                              ContentFlags::HAS_END_PREPARE |
+                              ContentFlags::HAS_BEGIN_PREPARE,
+                          std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  if (unprepared_batch) {
+    b->content_flags_.store(b->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) |
+                                ContentFlags::HAS_BEGIN_UNPREPARE,
+                            std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  }
+  return Status::OK();
+}
+
+Status WriteBatchInternal::MarkCommit(WriteBatch* b, const Slice& xid) {
+  b->rep_.push_back(static_cast<char>(kTypeCommitXID));
+  PutLengthPrefixedSlice(&b->rep_, xid);
+  b->content_flags_.store(b->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) |
+                              ContentFlags::HAS_COMMIT,
+                          std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  return Status::OK();
+}
+
+Status WriteBatchInternal::MarkCommitWithTimestamp(WriteBatch* b,
+                                                   const Slice& xid,
+                                                   const Slice& commit_ts) {
+  assert(!commit_ts.empty());
+  b->rep_.push_back(static_cast<char>(kTypeCommitXIDAndTimestamp));
+  PutLengthPrefixedSlice(&b->rep_, commit_ts);
+  PutLengthPrefixedSlice(&b->rep_, xid);
+  b->content_flags_.store(b->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) |
+                              ContentFlags::HAS_COMMIT,
+                          std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  return Status::OK();
+}
+
+Status WriteBatchInternal::MarkRollback(WriteBatch* b, const Slice& xid) {
+  b->rep_.push_back(static_cast<char>(kTypeRollbackXID));
+  PutLengthPrefixedSlice(&b->rep_, xid);
+  b->content_flags_.store(b->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) |
+                              ContentFlags::HAS_ROLLBACK,
+                          std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  return Status::OK();
+}
+
+Status WriteBatchInternal::Delete(WriteBatch* b, uint32_t column_family_id,
+                                  const Slice& key) {
+  LocalSavePoint save(b);
+  WriteBatchInternal::SetCount(b, WriteBatchInternal::Count(b) + 1);
+  if (column_family_id == 0) {
+    b->rep_.push_back(static_cast<char>(kTypeDeletion));
+  } else {
+    b->rep_.push_back(static_cast<char>(kTypeColumnFamilyDeletion));
+    PutVarint32(&b->rep_, column_family_id);
+  }
+  PutLengthPrefixedSlice(&b->rep_, key);
+  b->content_flags_.store(b->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) |
+                              ContentFlags::HAS_DELETE,
+                          std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  if (b->prot_info_ != nullptr) {
+    // See comment in first `WriteBatchInternal::Put()` overload concerning the
+    // `ValueType` argument passed to `ProtectKVO()`.
+    b->prot_info_->entries_.emplace_back(
+        ProtectionInfo64()
+            .ProtectKVO(key, "" /* value */, kTypeDeletion)
+            .ProtectC(column_family_id));
+  }
+  return save.commit();
+}
+
+Status WriteBatch::Delete(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family, const Slice& key) {
+  size_t ts_sz = 0;
+  uint32_t cf_id = 0;
+  Status s;
+
+  std::tie(s, cf_id, ts_sz) =
+      WriteBatchInternal::GetColumnFamilyIdAndTimestampSize(this,
+                                                            column_family);
+
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  if (0 == ts_sz) {
+    return WriteBatchInternal::Delete(this, cf_id, key);
+  }
+
+  needs_in_place_update_ts_ = true;
+  has_key_with_ts_ = true;
+  std::string dummy_ts(ts_sz, '\0');
+  std::array<Slice, 2> key_with_ts{{key, dummy_ts}};
+  return WriteBatchInternal::Delete(this, cf_id,
+                                    SliceParts(key_with_ts.data(), 2));
+}
+
+Status WriteBatch::Delete(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family, const Slice& key,
+                          const Slice& ts) {
+  const Status s = CheckColumnFamilyTimestampSize(column_family, ts);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+  assert(column_family);
+  has_key_with_ts_ = true;
+  uint32_t cf_id = column_family->GetID();
+  std::array<Slice, 2> key_with_ts{{key, ts}};
+  return WriteBatchInternal::Delete(this, cf_id,
+                                    SliceParts(key_with_ts.data(), 2));
+}
+
+Status WriteBatchInternal::Delete(WriteBatch* b, uint32_t column_family_id,
+                                  const SliceParts& key) {
+  LocalSavePoint save(b);
+  WriteBatchInternal::SetCount(b, WriteBatchInternal::Count(b) + 1);
+  if (column_family_id == 0) {
+    b->rep_.push_back(static_cast<char>(kTypeDeletion));
+  } else {
+    b->rep_.push_back(static_cast<char>(kTypeColumnFamilyDeletion));
+    PutVarint32(&b->rep_, column_family_id);
+  }
+  PutLengthPrefixedSliceParts(&b->rep_, key);
+  b->content_flags_.store(b->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) |
+                              ContentFlags::HAS_DELETE,
+                          std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  if (b->prot_info_ != nullptr) {
+    // See comment in first `WriteBatchInternal::Put()` overload concerning the
+    // `ValueType` argument passed to `ProtectKVO()`.
+    b->prot_info_->entries_.emplace_back(
+        ProtectionInfo64()
+            .ProtectKVO(key,
+                        SliceParts(nullptr /* _parts */, 0 /* _num_parts */),
+                        kTypeDeletion)
+            .ProtectC(column_family_id));
+  }
+  return save.commit();
+}
+
+Status WriteBatch::Delete(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family,
+                          const SliceParts& key) {
+  size_t ts_sz = 0;
+  uint32_t cf_id = 0;
+  Status s;
+
+  std::tie(s, cf_id, ts_sz) =
+      WriteBatchInternal::GetColumnFamilyIdAndTimestampSize(this,
+                                                            column_family);
+
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  if (0 == ts_sz) {
+    return WriteBatchInternal::Delete(this, cf_id, key);
+  }
+
+  return Status::InvalidArgument(
+      "Cannot call this method on column family enabling timestamp");
+}
+
+Status WriteBatchInternal::SingleDelete(WriteBatch* b,
+                                        uint32_t column_family_id,
+                                        const Slice& key) {
+  LocalSavePoint save(b);
+  WriteBatchInternal::SetCount(b, WriteBatchInternal::Count(b) + 1);
+  if (column_family_id == 0) {
+    b->rep_.push_back(static_cast<char>(kTypeSingleDeletion));
+  } else {
+    b->rep_.push_back(static_cast<char>(kTypeColumnFamilySingleDeletion));
+    PutVarint32(&b->rep_, column_family_id);
+  }
+  PutLengthPrefixedSlice(&b->rep_, key);
+  b->content_flags_.store(b->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) |
+                              ContentFlags::HAS_SINGLE_DELETE,
+                          std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  if (b->prot_info_ != nullptr) {
+    // See comment in first `WriteBatchInternal::Put()` overload concerning the
+    // `ValueType` argument passed to `ProtectKVO()`.
+    b->prot_info_->entries_.emplace_back(
+        ProtectionInfo64()
+            .ProtectKVO(key, "" /* value */, kTypeSingleDeletion)
+            .ProtectC(column_family_id));
+  }
+  return save.commit();
+}
+
+Status WriteBatch::SingleDelete(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family,
+                                const Slice& key) {
+  size_t ts_sz = 0;
+  uint32_t cf_id = 0;
+  Status s;
+
+  std::tie(s, cf_id, ts_sz) =
+      WriteBatchInternal::GetColumnFamilyIdAndTimestampSize(this,
+                                                            column_family);
+
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  if (0 == ts_sz) {
+    return WriteBatchInternal::SingleDelete(this, cf_id, key);
+  }
+
+  needs_in_place_update_ts_ = true;
+  has_key_with_ts_ = true;
+  std::string dummy_ts(ts_sz, '\0');
+  std::array<Slice, 2> key_with_ts{{key, dummy_ts}};
+  return WriteBatchInternal::SingleDelete(this, cf_id,
+                                          SliceParts(key_with_ts.data(), 2));
+}
+
+Status WriteBatch::SingleDelete(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family,
+                                const Slice& key, const Slice& ts) {
+  const Status s = CheckColumnFamilyTimestampSize(column_family, ts);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+  has_key_with_ts_ = true;
+  assert(column_family);
+  uint32_t cf_id = column_family->GetID();
+  std::array<Slice, 2> key_with_ts{{key, ts}};
+  return WriteBatchInternal::SingleDelete(this, cf_id,
+                                          SliceParts(key_with_ts.data(), 2));
+}
+
+Status WriteBatchInternal::SingleDelete(WriteBatch* b,
+                                        uint32_t column_family_id,
+                                        const SliceParts& key) {
+  LocalSavePoint save(b);
+  WriteBatchInternal::SetCount(b, WriteBatchInternal::Count(b) + 1);
+  if (column_family_id == 0) {
+    b->rep_.push_back(static_cast<char>(kTypeSingleDeletion));
+  } else {
+    b->rep_.push_back(static_cast<char>(kTypeColumnFamilySingleDeletion));
+    PutVarint32(&b->rep_, column_family_id);
+  }
+  PutLengthPrefixedSliceParts(&b->rep_, key);
+  b->content_flags_.store(b->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) |
+                              ContentFlags::HAS_SINGLE_DELETE,
+                          std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  if (b->prot_info_ != nullptr) {
+    // See comment in first `WriteBatchInternal::Put()` overload concerning the
+    // `ValueType` argument passed to `ProtectKVO()`.
+    b->prot_info_->entries_.emplace_back(
+        ProtectionInfo64()
+            .ProtectKVO(key,
+                        SliceParts(nullptr /* _parts */,
+                                   0 /* _num_parts */) /* value */,
+                        kTypeSingleDeletion)
+            .ProtectC(column_family_id));
+  }
+  return save.commit();
+}
+
+Status WriteBatch::SingleDelete(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family,
+                                const SliceParts& key) {
+  size_t ts_sz = 0;
+  uint32_t cf_id = 0;
+  Status s;
+
+  std::tie(s, cf_id, ts_sz) =
+      WriteBatchInternal::GetColumnFamilyIdAndTimestampSize(this,
+                                                            column_family);
+
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  if (0 == ts_sz) {
+    return WriteBatchInternal::SingleDelete(this, cf_id, key);
+  }
+
+  return Status::InvalidArgument(
+      "Cannot call this method on column family enabling timestamp");
+}
+
+Status WriteBatchInternal::DeleteRange(WriteBatch* b, uint32_t column_family_id,
+                                       const Slice& begin_key,
+                                       const Slice& end_key) {
+  LocalSavePoint save(b);
+  WriteBatchInternal::SetCount(b, WriteBatchInternal::Count(b) + 1);
+  if (column_family_id == 0) {
+    b->rep_.push_back(static_cast<char>(kTypeRangeDeletion));
+  } else {
+    b->rep_.push_back(static_cast<char>(kTypeColumnFamilyRangeDeletion));
+    PutVarint32(&b->rep_, column_family_id);
+  }
+  PutLengthPrefixedSlice(&b->rep_, begin_key);
+  PutLengthPrefixedSlice(&b->rep_, end_key);
+  b->content_flags_.store(b->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) |
+                              ContentFlags::HAS_DELETE_RANGE,
+                          std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  if (b->prot_info_ != nullptr) {
+    // See comment in first `WriteBatchInternal::Put()` overload concerning the
+    // `ValueType` argument passed to `ProtectKVO()`.
+    // In `DeleteRange()`, the end key is treated as the value.
+    b->prot_info_->entries_.emplace_back(
+        ProtectionInfo64()
+            .ProtectKVO(begin_key, end_key, kTypeRangeDeletion)
+            .ProtectC(column_family_id));
+  }
+  return save.commit();
+}
+
+Status WriteBatch::DeleteRange(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family,
+                               const Slice& begin_key, const Slice& end_key) {
+  size_t ts_sz = 0;
+  uint32_t cf_id = 0;
+  Status s;
+
+  std::tie(s, cf_id, ts_sz) =
+      WriteBatchInternal::GetColumnFamilyIdAndTimestampSize(this,
+                                                            column_family);
+
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  if (0 == ts_sz) {
+    return WriteBatchInternal::DeleteRange(this, cf_id, begin_key, end_key);
+  }
+
+  needs_in_place_update_ts_ = true;
+  has_key_with_ts_ = true;
+  std::string dummy_ts(ts_sz, '\0');
+  std::array<Slice, 2> begin_key_with_ts{{begin_key, dummy_ts}};
+  std::array<Slice, 2> end_key_with_ts{{end_key, dummy_ts}};
+  return WriteBatchInternal::DeleteRange(
+      this, cf_id, SliceParts(begin_key_with_ts.data(), 2),
+      SliceParts(end_key_with_ts.data(), 2));
+}
+
+Status WriteBatch::DeleteRange(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family,
+                               const Slice& begin_key, const Slice& end_key,
+                               const Slice& ts) {
+  const Status s = CheckColumnFamilyTimestampSize(column_family, ts);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+  assert(column_family);
+  has_key_with_ts_ = true;
+  uint32_t cf_id = column_family->GetID();
+  std::array<Slice, 2> key_with_ts{{begin_key, ts}};
+  std::array<Slice, 2> end_key_with_ts{{end_key, ts}};
+  return WriteBatchInternal::DeleteRange(this, cf_id,
+                                         SliceParts(key_with_ts.data(), 2),
+                                         SliceParts(end_key_with_ts.data(), 2));
+}
+
+Status WriteBatchInternal::DeleteRange(WriteBatch* b, uint32_t column_family_id,
+                                       const SliceParts& begin_key,
+                                       const SliceParts& end_key) {
+  LocalSavePoint save(b);
+  WriteBatchInternal::SetCount(b, WriteBatchInternal::Count(b) + 1);
+  if (column_family_id == 0) {
+    b->rep_.push_back(static_cast<char>(kTypeRangeDeletion));
+  } else {
+    b->rep_.push_back(static_cast<char>(kTypeColumnFamilyRangeDeletion));
+    PutVarint32(&b->rep_, column_family_id);
+  }
+  PutLengthPrefixedSliceParts(&b->rep_, begin_key);
+  PutLengthPrefixedSliceParts(&b->rep_, end_key);
+  b->content_flags_.store(b->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) |
+                              ContentFlags::HAS_DELETE_RANGE,
+                          std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  if (b->prot_info_ != nullptr) {
+    // See comment in first `WriteBatchInternal::Put()` overload concerning the
+    // `ValueType` argument passed to `ProtectKVO()`.
+    // In `DeleteRange()`, the end key is treated as the value.
+    b->prot_info_->entries_.emplace_back(
+        ProtectionInfo64()
+            .ProtectKVO(begin_key, end_key, kTypeRangeDeletion)
+            .ProtectC(column_family_id));
+  }
+  return save.commit();
+}
+
+Status WriteBatch::DeleteRange(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family,
+                               const SliceParts& begin_key,
+                               const SliceParts& end_key) {
+  size_t ts_sz = 0;
+  uint32_t cf_id = 0;
+  Status s;
+
+  std::tie(s, cf_id, ts_sz) =
+      WriteBatchInternal::GetColumnFamilyIdAndTimestampSize(this,
+                                                            column_family);
+
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  if (0 == ts_sz) {
+    return WriteBatchInternal::DeleteRange(this, cf_id, begin_key, end_key);
+  }
+
+  return Status::InvalidArgument(
+      "Cannot call this method on column family enabling timestamp");
+}
+
+Status WriteBatchInternal::Merge(WriteBatch* b, uint32_t column_family_id,
+                                 const Slice& key, const Slice& value) {
+  if (key.size() > size_t{std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()}) {
+    return Status::InvalidArgument("key is too large");
+  }
+  if (value.size() > size_t{std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()}) {
+    return Status::InvalidArgument("value is too large");
+  }
+
+  LocalSavePoint save(b);
+  WriteBatchInternal::SetCount(b, WriteBatchInternal::Count(b) + 1);
+  if (column_family_id == 0) {
+    b->rep_.push_back(static_cast<char>(kTypeMerge));
+  } else {
+    b->rep_.push_back(static_cast<char>(kTypeColumnFamilyMerge));
+    PutVarint32(&b->rep_, column_family_id);
+  }
+  PutLengthPrefixedSlice(&b->rep_, key);
+  PutLengthPrefixedSlice(&b->rep_, value);
+  b->content_flags_.store(b->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) |
+                              ContentFlags::HAS_MERGE,
+                          std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  if (b->prot_info_ != nullptr) {
+    // See comment in first `WriteBatchInternal::Put()` overload concerning the
+    // `ValueType` argument passed to `ProtectKVO()`.
+    b->prot_info_->entries_.emplace_back(ProtectionInfo64()
+                                             .ProtectKVO(key, value, kTypeMerge)
+                                             .ProtectC(column_family_id));
+  }
+  return save.commit();
+}
+
+Status WriteBatch::Merge(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family, const Slice& key,
+                         const Slice& value) {
+  size_t ts_sz = 0;
+  uint32_t cf_id = 0;
+  Status s;
+
+  std::tie(s, cf_id, ts_sz) =
+      WriteBatchInternal::GetColumnFamilyIdAndTimestampSize(this,
+                                                            column_family);
+
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  if (0 == ts_sz) {
+    return WriteBatchInternal::Merge(this, cf_id, key, value);
+  }
+
+  needs_in_place_update_ts_ = true;
+  has_key_with_ts_ = true;
+  std::string dummy_ts(ts_sz, '\0');
+  std::array<Slice, 2> key_with_ts{{key, dummy_ts}};
+
+  return WriteBatchInternal::Merge(
+      this, cf_id, SliceParts(key_with_ts.data(), 2), SliceParts(&value, 1));
+}
+
+Status WriteBatch::Merge(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family, const Slice& key,
+                         const Slice& ts, const Slice& value) {
+  const Status s = CheckColumnFamilyTimestampSize(column_family, ts);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+  has_key_with_ts_ = true;
+  assert(column_family);
+  uint32_t cf_id = column_family->GetID();
+  std::array<Slice, 2> key_with_ts{{key, ts}};
+  return WriteBatchInternal::Merge(
+      this, cf_id, SliceParts(key_with_ts.data(), 2), SliceParts(&value, 1));
+}
+
+Status WriteBatchInternal::Merge(WriteBatch* b, uint32_t column_family_id,
+                                 const SliceParts& key,
+                                 const SliceParts& value) {
+  Status s = CheckSlicePartsLength(key, value);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  LocalSavePoint save(b);
+  WriteBatchInternal::SetCount(b, WriteBatchInternal::Count(b) + 1);
+  if (column_family_id == 0) {
+    b->rep_.push_back(static_cast<char>(kTypeMerge));
+  } else {
+    b->rep_.push_back(static_cast<char>(kTypeColumnFamilyMerge));
+    PutVarint32(&b->rep_, column_family_id);
+  }
+  PutLengthPrefixedSliceParts(&b->rep_, key);
+  PutLengthPrefixedSliceParts(&b->rep_, value);
+  b->content_flags_.store(b->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) |
+                              ContentFlags::HAS_MERGE,
+                          std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  if (b->prot_info_ != nullptr) {
+    // See comment in first `WriteBatchInternal::Put()` overload concerning the
+    // `ValueType` argument passed to `ProtectKVO()`.
+    b->prot_info_->entries_.emplace_back(ProtectionInfo64()
+                                             .ProtectKVO(key, value, kTypeMerge)
+                                             .ProtectC(column_family_id));
+  }
+  return save.commit();
+}
+
+Status WriteBatch::Merge(ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family,
+                         const SliceParts& key, const SliceParts& value) {
+  size_t ts_sz = 0;
+  uint32_t cf_id = 0;
+  Status s;
+
+  std::tie(s, cf_id, ts_sz) =
+      WriteBatchInternal::GetColumnFamilyIdAndTimestampSize(this,
+                                                            column_family);
+
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  if (0 == ts_sz) {
+    return WriteBatchInternal::Merge(this, cf_id, key, value);
+  }
+
+  return Status::InvalidArgument(
+      "Cannot call this method on column family enabling timestamp");
+}
+
+Status WriteBatchInternal::PutBlobIndex(WriteBatch* b,
+                                        uint32_t column_family_id,
+                                        const Slice& key, const Slice& value) {
+  LocalSavePoint save(b);
+  WriteBatchInternal::SetCount(b, WriteBatchInternal::Count(b) + 1);
+  if (column_family_id == 0) {
+    b->rep_.push_back(static_cast<char>(kTypeBlobIndex));
+  } else {
+    b->rep_.push_back(static_cast<char>(kTypeColumnFamilyBlobIndex));
+    PutVarint32(&b->rep_, column_family_id);
+  }
+  PutLengthPrefixedSlice(&b->rep_, key);
+  PutLengthPrefixedSlice(&b->rep_, value);
+  b->content_flags_.store(b->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) |
+                              ContentFlags::HAS_BLOB_INDEX,
+                          std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  if (b->prot_info_ != nullptr) {
+    // See comment in first `WriteBatchInternal::Put()` overload concerning the
+    // `ValueType` argument passed to `ProtectKVO()`.
+    b->prot_info_->entries_.emplace_back(
+        ProtectionInfo64()
+            .ProtectKVO(key, value, kTypeBlobIndex)
+            .ProtectC(column_family_id));
+  }
+  return save.commit();
+}
+
+Status WriteBatch::PutLogData(const Slice& blob) {
+  LocalSavePoint save(this);
+  rep_.push_back(static_cast<char>(kTypeLogData));
+  PutLengthPrefixedSlice(&rep_, blob);
+  return save.commit();
+}
+
+void WriteBatch::SetSavePoint() {
+  if (save_points_ == nullptr) {
+    save_points_.reset(new SavePoints());
+  }
+  // Record length and count of current batch of writes.
+  save_points_->stack.push(SavePoint(
+      GetDataSize(), Count(), content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed)));
+}
+
+Status WriteBatch::RollbackToSavePoint() {
+  if (save_points_ == nullptr || save_points_->stack.size() == 0) {
+    return Status::NotFound();
+  }
+
+  // Pop the most recent savepoint off the stack
+  SavePoint savepoint = save_points_->stack.top();
+  save_points_->stack.pop();
+
+  assert(savepoint.size <= rep_.size());
+  assert(static_cast<uint32_t>(savepoint.count) <= Count());
+
+  if (savepoint.size == rep_.size()) {
+    // No changes to rollback
+  } else if (savepoint.size == 0) {
+    // Rollback everything
+    Clear();
+  } else {
+    rep_.resize(savepoint.size);
+    if (prot_info_ != nullptr) {
+      prot_info_->entries_.resize(savepoint.count);
+    }
+    WriteBatchInternal::SetCount(this, savepoint.count);
+    content_flags_.store(savepoint.content_flags, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  }
+
+  return Status::OK();
+}
+
+Status WriteBatch::PopSavePoint() {
+  if (save_points_ == nullptr || save_points_->stack.size() == 0) {
+    return Status::NotFound();
+  }
+
+  // Pop the most recent savepoint off the stack
+  save_points_->stack.pop();
+
+  return Status::OK();
+}
+
+Status WriteBatch::UpdateTimestamps(
+    const Slice& ts, std::function<size_t(uint32_t)> ts_sz_func) {
+  TimestampUpdater<decltype(ts_sz_func)> ts_updater(prot_info_.get(),
+                                                    std::move(ts_sz_func), ts);
+  const Status s = Iterate(&ts_updater);
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    needs_in_place_update_ts_ = false;
+  }
+  return s;
+}
+
+Status WriteBatch::VerifyChecksum() const {
+  if (prot_info_ == nullptr) {
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+  Slice input(rep_.data() + WriteBatchInternal::kHeader,
+              rep_.size() - WriteBatchInternal::kHeader);
+  Slice key, value, blob, xid;
+  char tag = 0;
+  uint32_t column_family = 0;  // default
+  Status s;
+  size_t prot_info_idx = 0;
+  bool checksum_protected = true;
+  while (!input.empty() && prot_info_idx < prot_info_->entries_.size()) {
+    // In case key/value/column_family are not updated by
+    // ReadRecordFromWriteBatch
+    key.clear();
+    value.clear();
+    column_family = 0;
+    s = ReadRecordFromWriteBatch(&input, &tag, &column_family, &key, &value,
+                                 &blob, &xid);
+    if (!s.ok()) {
+      return s;
+    }
+    checksum_protected = true;
+    // Write batch checksum uses op_type without ColumnFamily (e.g., if op_type
+    // in the write batch is kTypeColumnFamilyValue, kTypeValue is used to
+    // compute the checksum), and encodes column family id separately. See
+    // comment in first `WriteBatchInternal::Put()` for more detail.
+    switch (tag) {
+      case kTypeColumnFamilyValue:
+      case kTypeValue:
+        tag = kTypeValue;
+        break;
+      case kTypeColumnFamilyDeletion:
+      case kTypeDeletion:
+        tag = kTypeDeletion;
+        break;
+      case kTypeColumnFamilySingleDeletion:
+      case kTypeSingleDeletion:
+        tag = kTypeSingleDeletion;
+        break;
+      case kTypeColumnFamilyRangeDeletion:
+      case kTypeRangeDeletion:
+        tag = kTypeRangeDeletion;
+        break;
+      case kTypeColumnFamilyMerge:
+      case kTypeMerge:
+        tag = kTypeMerge;
+        break;
+      case kTypeColumnFamilyBlobIndex:
+      case kTypeBlobIndex:
+        tag = kTypeBlobIndex;
+        break;
+      case kTypeLogData:
+      case kTypeBeginPrepareXID:
+      case kTypeEndPrepareXID:
+      case kTypeCommitXID:
+      case kTypeRollbackXID:
+      case kTypeNoop:
+      case kTypeBeginPersistedPrepareXID:
+      case kTypeBeginUnprepareXID:
+      case kTypeDeletionWithTimestamp:
+      case kTypeCommitXIDAndTimestamp:
+        checksum_protected = false;
+        break;
+      case kTypeColumnFamilyWideColumnEntity:
+      case kTypeWideColumnEntity:
+        tag = kTypeWideColumnEntity;
+        break;
+      default:
+        return Status::Corruption(
+            "unknown WriteBatch tag",
+            std::to_string(static_cast<unsigned int>(tag)));
+    }
+    if (checksum_protected) {
+      s = prot_info_->entries_[prot_info_idx++]
+              .StripC(column_family)
+              .StripKVO(key, value, static_cast<ValueType>(tag))
+              .GetStatus();
+      if (!s.ok()) {
+        return s;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (prot_info_idx != WriteBatchInternal::Count(this)) {
+    return Status::Corruption("WriteBatch has wrong count");
+  }
+  assert(WriteBatchInternal::Count(this) == prot_info_->entries_.size());
+  return Status::OK();
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+class MemTableInserter : public WriteBatch::Handler {
+  SequenceNumber sequence_;
+  ColumnFamilyMemTables* const cf_mems_;
+  FlushScheduler* const flush_scheduler_;
+  TrimHistoryScheduler* const trim_history_scheduler_;
+  const bool ignore_missing_column_families_;
+  const uint64_t recovering_log_number_;
+  // log number that all Memtables inserted into should reference
+  uint64_t log_number_ref_;
+  DBImpl* db_;
+  const bool concurrent_memtable_writes_;
+  bool post_info_created_;
+  const WriteBatch::ProtectionInfo* prot_info_;
+  size_t prot_info_idx_;
+
+  bool* has_valid_writes_;
+  // On some (!) platforms just default creating
+  // a map is too expensive in the Write() path as they
+  // cause memory allocations though unused.
+  // Make creation optional but do not incur
+  // std::unique_ptr additional allocation
+  using MemPostInfoMap = std::map<MemTable*, MemTablePostProcessInfo>;
+  using PostMapType = std::aligned_storage<sizeof(MemPostInfoMap)>::type;
+  PostMapType mem_post_info_map_;
+  // current recovered transaction we are rebuilding (recovery)
+  WriteBatch* rebuilding_trx_;
+  SequenceNumber rebuilding_trx_seq_;
+  // Increase seq number once per each write batch. Otherwise increase it once
+  // per key.
+  bool seq_per_batch_;
+  // Whether the memtable write will be done only after the commit
+  bool write_after_commit_;
+  // Whether memtable write can be done before prepare
+  bool write_before_prepare_;
+  // Whether this batch was unprepared or not
+  bool unprepared_batch_;
+  using DupDetector = std::aligned_storage<sizeof(DuplicateDetector)>::type;
+  DupDetector duplicate_detector_;
+  bool dup_dectector_on_;
+
+  bool hint_per_batch_;
+  bool hint_created_;
+  // Hints for this batch
+  using HintMap = std::unordered_map<MemTable*, void*>;
+  using HintMapType = std::aligned_storage<sizeof(HintMap)>::type;
+  HintMapType hint_;
+
+  HintMap& GetHintMap() {
+    assert(hint_per_batch_);
+    if (!hint_created_) {
+      new (&hint_) HintMap();
+      hint_created_ = true;
+    }
+    return *reinterpret_cast<HintMap*>(&hint_);
+  }
+
+  MemPostInfoMap& GetPostMap() {
+    assert(concurrent_memtable_writes_);
+    if (!post_info_created_) {
+      new (&mem_post_info_map_) MemPostInfoMap();
+      post_info_created_ = true;
+    }
+    return *reinterpret_cast<MemPostInfoMap*>(&mem_post_info_map_);
+  }
+
+  bool IsDuplicateKeySeq(uint32_t column_family_id, const Slice& key) {
+    assert(!write_after_commit_);
+    assert(rebuilding_trx_ != nullptr);
+    if (!dup_dectector_on_) {
+      new (&duplicate_detector_) DuplicateDetector(db_);
+      dup_dectector_on_ = true;
+    }
+    return reinterpret_cast<DuplicateDetector*>(&duplicate_detector_)
+        ->IsDuplicateKeySeq(column_family_id, key, sequence_);
+  }
+
+  const ProtectionInfoKVOC64* NextProtectionInfo() {
+    const ProtectionInfoKVOC64* res = nullptr;
+    if (prot_info_ != nullptr) {
+      assert(prot_info_idx_ < prot_info_->entries_.size());
+      res = &prot_info_->entries_[prot_info_idx_];
+      ++prot_info_idx_;
+    }
+    return res;
+  }
+
+  void DecrementProtectionInfoIdxForTryAgain() {
+    if (prot_info_ != nullptr) --prot_info_idx_;
+  }
+
+  void ResetProtectionInfo() {
+    prot_info_idx_ = 0;
+    prot_info_ = nullptr;
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  Handler::OptionState WriteBeforePrepare() const override {
+    return write_before_prepare_ ? Handler::OptionState::kEnabled
+                                 : Handler::OptionState::kDisabled;
+  }
+  Handler::OptionState WriteAfterCommit() const override {
+    return write_after_commit_ ? Handler::OptionState::kEnabled
+                               : Handler::OptionState::kDisabled;
+  }
+
+ public:
+  // cf_mems should not be shared with concurrent inserters
+  MemTableInserter(SequenceNumber _sequence, ColumnFamilyMemTables* cf_mems,
+                   FlushScheduler* flush_scheduler,
+                   TrimHistoryScheduler* trim_history_scheduler,
+                   bool ignore_missing_column_families,
+                   uint64_t recovering_log_number, DB* db,
+                   bool concurrent_memtable_writes,
+                   const WriteBatch::ProtectionInfo* prot_info,
+                   bool* has_valid_writes = nullptr, bool seq_per_batch = false,
+                   bool batch_per_txn = true, bool hint_per_batch = false)
+      : sequence_(_sequence),
+        cf_mems_(cf_mems),
+        flush_scheduler_(flush_scheduler),
+        trim_history_scheduler_(trim_history_scheduler),
+        ignore_missing_column_families_(ignore_missing_column_families),
+        recovering_log_number_(recovering_log_number),
+        log_number_ref_(0),
+        db_(static_cast_with_check<DBImpl>(db)),
+        concurrent_memtable_writes_(concurrent_memtable_writes),
+        post_info_created_(false),
+        prot_info_(prot_info),
+        prot_info_idx_(0),
+        has_valid_writes_(has_valid_writes),
+        rebuilding_trx_(nullptr),
+        rebuilding_trx_seq_(0),
+        seq_per_batch_(seq_per_batch),
+        // Write after commit currently uses one seq per key (instead of per
+        // batch). So seq_per_batch being false indicates write_after_commit
+        // approach.
+        write_after_commit_(!seq_per_batch),
+        // WriteUnprepared can write WriteBatches per transaction, so
+        // batch_per_txn being false indicates write_before_prepare.
+        write_before_prepare_(!batch_per_txn),
+        unprepared_batch_(false),
+        duplicate_detector_(),
+        dup_dectector_on_(false),
+        hint_per_batch_(hint_per_batch),
+        hint_created_(false) {
+    assert(cf_mems_);
+  }
+
+  ~MemTableInserter() override {
+    if (dup_dectector_on_) {
+      reinterpret_cast<DuplicateDetector*>(&duplicate_detector_)
+          ->~DuplicateDetector();
+    }
+    if (post_info_created_) {
+      reinterpret_cast<MemPostInfoMap*>(&mem_post_info_map_)->~MemPostInfoMap();
+    }
+    if (hint_created_) {
+      for (auto iter : GetHintMap()) {
+        delete[] reinterpret_cast<char*>(iter.second);
+      }
+      reinterpret_cast<HintMap*>(&hint_)->~HintMap();
+    }
+    delete rebuilding_trx_;
+  }
+
+  MemTableInserter(const MemTableInserter&) = delete;
+  MemTableInserter& operator=(const MemTableInserter&) = delete;
+
+  // The batch seq is regularly restarted; In normal mode it is set when
+  // MemTableInserter is constructed in the write thread and in recovery mode it
+  // is set when a batch, which is tagged with seq, is read from the WAL.
+  // Within a sequenced batch, which could be a merge of multiple batches, we
+  // have two policies to advance the seq: i) seq_per_key (default) and ii)
+  // seq_per_batch. To implement the latter we need to mark the boundary between
+  // the individual batches. The approach is this: 1) Use the terminating
+  // markers to indicate the boundary (kTypeEndPrepareXID, kTypeCommitXID,
+  // kTypeRollbackXID) 2) Terminate a batch with kTypeNoop in the absence of a
+  // natural boundary marker.
+  void MaybeAdvanceSeq(bool batch_boundry = false) {
+    if (batch_boundry == seq_per_batch_) {
+      sequence_++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  void set_log_number_ref(uint64_t log) { log_number_ref_ = log; }
+  void set_prot_info(const WriteBatch::ProtectionInfo* prot_info) {
+    prot_info_ = prot_info;
+    prot_info_idx_ = 0;
+  }
+
+  SequenceNumber sequence() const { return sequence_; }
+
+  void PostProcess() {
+    assert(concurrent_memtable_writes_);
+    // If post info was not created there is nothing
+    // to process and no need to create on demand
+    if (post_info_created_) {
+      for (auto& pair : GetPostMap()) {
+        pair.first->BatchPostProcess(pair.second);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  bool SeekToColumnFamily(uint32_t column_family_id, Status* s) {
+    // If we are in a concurrent mode, it is the caller's responsibility
+    // to clone the original ColumnFamilyMemTables so that each thread
+    // has its own instance.  Otherwise, it must be guaranteed that there
+    // is no concurrent access
+    bool found = cf_mems_->Seek(column_family_id);
+    if (!found) {
+      if (ignore_missing_column_families_) {
+        *s = Status::OK();
+      } else {
+        *s = Status::InvalidArgument(
+            "Invalid column family specified in write batch");
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
+    if (recovering_log_number_ != 0 &&
+        recovering_log_number_ < cf_mems_->GetLogNumber()) {
+      // This is true only in recovery environment (recovering_log_number_ is
+      // always 0 in
+      // non-recovery, regular write code-path)
+      // * If recovering_log_number_ < cf_mems_->GetLogNumber(), this means that
+      // column family already contains updates from this log. We can't apply
+      // updates twice because of update-in-place or merge workloads -- ignore
+      // the update
+      *s = Status::OK();
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    if (has_valid_writes_ != nullptr) {
+      *has_valid_writes_ = true;
+    }
+
+    if (log_number_ref_ > 0) {
+      cf_mems_->GetMemTable()->RefLogContainingPrepSection(log_number_ref_);
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  Status PutCFImpl(uint32_t column_family_id, const Slice& key,
+                   const Slice& value, ValueType value_type,
+                   const ProtectionInfoKVOS64* kv_prot_info) {
+    // optimize for non-recovery mode
+    if (UNLIKELY(write_after_commit_ && rebuilding_trx_ != nullptr)) {
+      // TODO(ajkr): propagate `ProtectionInfoKVOS64`.
+      return WriteBatchInternal::Put(rebuilding_trx_, column_family_id, key,
+                                     value);
+      // else insert the values to the memtable right away
+    }
+
+    Status ret_status;
+    if (UNLIKELY(!SeekToColumnFamily(column_family_id, &ret_status))) {
+      if (ret_status.ok() && rebuilding_trx_ != nullptr) {
+        assert(!write_after_commit_);
+        // The CF is probably flushed and hence no need for insert but we still
+        // need to keep track of the keys for upcoming rollback/commit.
+        // TODO(ajkr): propagate `ProtectionInfoKVOS64`.
+        ret_status = WriteBatchInternal::Put(rebuilding_trx_, column_family_id,
+                                             key, value);
+        if (ret_status.ok()) {
+          MaybeAdvanceSeq(IsDuplicateKeySeq(column_family_id, key));
+        }
+      } else if (ret_status.ok()) {
+        MaybeAdvanceSeq(false /* batch_boundary */);
+      }
+      return ret_status;
+    }
+    assert(ret_status.ok());
+
+    MemTable* mem = cf_mems_->GetMemTable();
+    auto* moptions = mem->GetImmutableMemTableOptions();
+    // inplace_update_support is inconsistent with snapshots, and therefore with
+    // any kind of transactions including the ones that use seq_per_batch
+    assert(!seq_per_batch_ || !moptions->inplace_update_support);
+    if (!moptions->inplace_update_support) {
+      ret_status =
+          mem->Add(sequence_, value_type, key, value, kv_prot_info,
+                   concurrent_memtable_writes_, get_post_process_info(mem),
+                   hint_per_batch_ ? &GetHintMap()[mem] : nullptr);
+    } else if (moptions->inplace_callback == nullptr ||
+               value_type != kTypeValue) {
+      assert(!concurrent_memtable_writes_);
+      ret_status = mem->Update(sequence_, value_type, key, value, kv_prot_info);
+    } else {
+      assert(!concurrent_memtable_writes_);
+      assert(value_type == kTypeValue);
+      ret_status = mem->UpdateCallback(sequence_, key, value, kv_prot_info);
+      if (ret_status.IsNotFound()) {
+        // key not found in memtable. Do sst get, update, add
+        SnapshotImpl read_from_snapshot;
+        read_from_snapshot.number_ = sequence_;
+        // TODO: plumb Env::IOActivity
+        ReadOptions ropts;
+        // it's going to be overwritten for sure, so no point caching data block
+        // containing the old version
+        ropts.fill_cache = false;
+        ropts.snapshot = &read_from_snapshot;
+
+        std::string prev_value;
+        std::string merged_value;
+
+        auto cf_handle = cf_mems_->GetColumnFamilyHandle();
+        Status get_status = Status::NotSupported();
+        if (db_ != nullptr && recovering_log_number_ == 0) {
+          if (cf_handle == nullptr) {
+            cf_handle = db_->DefaultColumnFamily();
+          }
+          // TODO (yanqin): fix when user-defined timestamp is enabled.
+          get_status = db_->Get(ropts, cf_handle, key, &prev_value);
+        }
+        // Intentionally overwrites the `NotFound` in `ret_status`.
+        if (!get_status.ok() && !get_status.IsNotFound()) {
+          ret_status = get_status;
+        } else {
+          ret_status = Status::OK();
+        }
+        if (ret_status.ok()) {
+          UpdateStatus update_status;
+          char* prev_buffer = const_cast<char*>(prev_value.c_str());
+          uint32_t prev_size = static_cast<uint32_t>(prev_value.size());
+          if (get_status.ok()) {
+            update_status = moptions->inplace_callback(prev_buffer, &prev_size,
+                                                       value, &merged_value);
+          } else {
+            update_status = moptions->inplace_callback(
+                nullptr /* existing_value */, nullptr /* existing_value_size */,
+                value, &merged_value);
+          }
+          if (update_status == UpdateStatus::UPDATED_INPLACE) {
+            assert(get_status.ok());
+            if (kv_prot_info != nullptr) {
+              ProtectionInfoKVOS64 updated_kv_prot_info(*kv_prot_info);
+              updated_kv_prot_info.UpdateV(value,
+                                           Slice(prev_buffer, prev_size));
+              // prev_value is updated in-place with final value.
+              ret_status = mem->Add(sequence_, value_type, key,
+                                    Slice(prev_buffer, prev_size),
+                                    &updated_kv_prot_info);
+            } else {
+              ret_status = mem->Add(sequence_, value_type, key,
+                                    Slice(prev_buffer, prev_size),
+                                    nullptr /* kv_prot_info */);
+            }
+            if (ret_status.ok()) {
+              RecordTick(moptions->statistics, NUMBER_KEYS_WRITTEN);
+            }
+          } else if (update_status == UpdateStatus::UPDATED) {
+            if (kv_prot_info != nullptr) {
+              ProtectionInfoKVOS64 updated_kv_prot_info(*kv_prot_info);
+              updated_kv_prot_info.UpdateV(value, merged_value);
+              // merged_value contains the final value.
+              ret_status = mem->Add(sequence_, value_type, key,
+                                    Slice(merged_value), &updated_kv_prot_info);
+            } else {
+              // merged_value contains the final value.
+              ret_status =
+                  mem->Add(sequence_, value_type, key, Slice(merged_value),
+                           nullptr /* kv_prot_info */);
+            }
+            if (ret_status.ok()) {
+              RecordTick(moptions->statistics, NUMBER_KEYS_WRITTEN);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (UNLIKELY(ret_status.IsTryAgain())) {
+      assert(seq_per_batch_);
+      const bool kBatchBoundary = true;
+      MaybeAdvanceSeq(kBatchBoundary);
+    } else if (ret_status.ok()) {
+      MaybeAdvanceSeq();
+      CheckMemtableFull();
+    }
+    // optimize for non-recovery mode
+    // If `ret_status` is `TryAgain` then the next (successful) try will add
+    // the key to the rebuilding transaction object. If `ret_status` is
+    // another non-OK `Status`, then the `rebuilding_trx_` will be thrown
+    // away. So we only need to add to it when `ret_status.ok()`.
+    if (UNLIKELY(ret_status.ok() && rebuilding_trx_ != nullptr)) {
+      assert(!write_after_commit_);
+      // TODO(ajkr): propagate `ProtectionInfoKVOS64`.
+      ret_status = WriteBatchInternal::Put(rebuilding_trx_, column_family_id,
+                                           key, value);
+    }
+    return ret_status;
+  }
+
+  Status PutCF(uint32_t column_family_id, const Slice& key,
+               const Slice& value) override {
+    const auto* kv_prot_info = NextProtectionInfo();
+    Status ret_status;
+    if (kv_prot_info != nullptr) {
+      // Memtable needs seqno, doesn't need CF ID
+      auto mem_kv_prot_info =
+          kv_prot_info->StripC(column_family_id).ProtectS(sequence_);
+      ret_status = PutCFImpl(column_family_id, key, value, kTypeValue,
+                             &mem_kv_prot_info);
+    } else {
+      ret_status = PutCFImpl(column_family_id, key, value, kTypeValue,
+                             nullptr /* kv_prot_info */);
+    }
+    // TODO: this assumes that if TryAgain status is returned to the caller,
+    // the operation is actually tried again. The proper way to do this is to
+    // pass a `try_again` parameter to the operation itself and decrement
+    // prot_info_idx_ based on that
+    if (UNLIKELY(ret_status.IsTryAgain())) {
+      DecrementProtectionInfoIdxForTryAgain();
+    }
+    return ret_status;
+  }
+
+  Status PutEntityCF(uint32_t column_family_id, const Slice& key,
+                     const Slice& value) override {
+    const auto* kv_prot_info = NextProtectionInfo();
+
+    Status s;
+    if (kv_prot_info) {
+      // Memtable needs seqno, doesn't need CF ID
+      auto mem_kv_prot_info =
+          kv_prot_info->StripC(column_family_id).ProtectS(sequence_);
+      s = PutCFImpl(column_family_id, key, value, kTypeWideColumnEntity,
+                    &mem_kv_prot_info);
+    } else {
+      s = PutCFImpl(column_family_id, key, value, kTypeWideColumnEntity,
+                    /* kv_prot_info */ nullptr);
+    }
+
+    if (UNLIKELY(s.IsTryAgain())) {
+      DecrementProtectionInfoIdxForTryAgain();
+    }
+
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  Status DeleteImpl(uint32_t /*column_family_id*/, const Slice& key,
+                    const Slice& value, ValueType delete_type,
+                    const ProtectionInfoKVOS64* kv_prot_info) {
+    Status ret_status;
+    MemTable* mem = cf_mems_->GetMemTable();
+    ret_status =
+        mem->Add(sequence_, delete_type, key, value, kv_prot_info,
+                 concurrent_memtable_writes_, get_post_process_info(mem),
+                 hint_per_batch_ ? &GetHintMap()[mem] : nullptr);
+    if (UNLIKELY(ret_status.IsTryAgain())) {
+      assert(seq_per_batch_);
+      const bool kBatchBoundary = true;
+      MaybeAdvanceSeq(kBatchBoundary);
+    } else if (ret_status.ok()) {
+      MaybeAdvanceSeq();
+      CheckMemtableFull();
+    }
+    return ret_status;
+  }
+
+  Status DeleteCF(uint32_t column_family_id, const Slice& key) override {
+    const auto* kv_prot_info = NextProtectionInfo();
+    // optimize for non-recovery mode
+    if (UNLIKELY(write_after_commit_ && rebuilding_trx_ != nullptr)) {
+      // TODO(ajkr): propagate `ProtectionInfoKVOS64`.
+      return WriteBatchInternal::Delete(rebuilding_trx_, column_family_id, key);
+      // else insert the values to the memtable right away
+    }
+
+    Status ret_status;
+    if (UNLIKELY(!SeekToColumnFamily(column_family_id, &ret_status))) {
+      if (ret_status.ok() && rebuilding_trx_ != nullptr) {
+        assert(!write_after_commit_);
+        // The CF is probably flushed and hence no need for insert but we still
+        // need to keep track of the keys for upcoming rollback/commit.
+        // TODO(ajkr): propagate `ProtectionInfoKVOS64`.
+        ret_status =
+            WriteBatchInternal::Delete(rebuilding_trx_, column_family_id, key);
+        if (ret_status.ok()) {
+          MaybeAdvanceSeq(IsDuplicateKeySeq(column_family_id, key));
+        }
+      } else if (ret_status.ok()) {
+        MaybeAdvanceSeq(false /* batch_boundary */);
+      }
+      if (UNLIKELY(ret_status.IsTryAgain())) {
+        DecrementProtectionInfoIdxForTryAgain();
+      }
+      return ret_status;
+    }
+
+    ColumnFamilyData* cfd = cf_mems_->current();
+    assert(!cfd || cfd->user_comparator());
+    const size_t ts_sz = (cfd && cfd->user_comparator())
+                             ? cfd->user_comparator()->timestamp_size()
+                             : 0;
+    const ValueType delete_type =
+        (0 == ts_sz) ? kTypeDeletion : kTypeDeletionWithTimestamp;
+    if (kv_prot_info != nullptr) {
+      auto mem_kv_prot_info =
+          kv_prot_info->StripC(column_family_id).ProtectS(sequence_);
+      mem_kv_prot_info.UpdateO(kTypeDeletion, delete_type);
+      ret_status = DeleteImpl(column_family_id, key, Slice(), delete_type,
+                              &mem_kv_prot_info);
+    } else {
+      ret_status = DeleteImpl(column_family_id, key, Slice(), delete_type,
+                              nullptr /* kv_prot_info */);
+    }
+    // optimize for non-recovery mode
+    // If `ret_status` is `TryAgain` then the next (successful) try will add
+    // the key to the rebuilding transaction object. If `ret_status` is
+    // another non-OK `Status`, then the `rebuilding_trx_` will be thrown
+    // away. So we only need to add to it when `ret_status.ok()`.
+    if (UNLIKELY(ret_status.ok() && rebuilding_trx_ != nullptr)) {
+      assert(!write_after_commit_);
+      // TODO(ajkr): propagate `ProtectionInfoKVOS64`.
+      ret_status =
+          WriteBatchInternal::Delete(rebuilding_trx_, column_family_id, key);
+    }
+    if (UNLIKELY(ret_status.IsTryAgain())) {
+      DecrementProtectionInfoIdxForTryAgain();
+    }
+    return ret_status;
+  }
+
+  Status SingleDeleteCF(uint32_t column_family_id, const Slice& key) override {
+    const auto* kv_prot_info = NextProtectionInfo();
+    // optimize for non-recovery mode
+    if (UNLIKELY(write_after_commit_ && rebuilding_trx_ != nullptr)) {
+      // TODO(ajkr): propagate `ProtectionInfoKVOS64`.
+      return WriteBatchInternal::SingleDelete(rebuilding_trx_, column_family_id,
+                                              key);
+      // else insert the values to the memtable right away
+    }
+
+    Status ret_status;
+    if (UNLIKELY(!SeekToColumnFamily(column_family_id, &ret_status))) {
+      if (ret_status.ok() && rebuilding_trx_ != nullptr) {
+        assert(!write_after_commit_);
+        // The CF is probably flushed and hence no need for insert but we still
+        // need to keep track of the keys for upcoming rollback/commit.
+        // TODO(ajkr): propagate `ProtectionInfoKVOS64`.
+        ret_status = WriteBatchInternal::SingleDelete(rebuilding_trx_,
+                                                      column_family_id, key);
+        if (ret_status.ok()) {
+          MaybeAdvanceSeq(IsDuplicateKeySeq(column_family_id, key));
+        }
+      } else if (ret_status.ok()) {
+        MaybeAdvanceSeq(false /* batch_boundary */);
+      }
+      if (UNLIKELY(ret_status.IsTryAgain())) {
+        DecrementProtectionInfoIdxForTryAgain();
+      }
+      return ret_status;
+    }
+    assert(ret_status.ok());
+
+    if (kv_prot_info != nullptr) {
+      auto mem_kv_prot_info =
+          kv_prot_info->StripC(column_family_id).ProtectS(sequence_);
+      ret_status = DeleteImpl(column_family_id, key, Slice(),
+                              kTypeSingleDeletion, &mem_kv_prot_info);
+    } else {
+      ret_status = DeleteImpl(column_family_id, key, Slice(),
+                              kTypeSingleDeletion, nullptr /* kv_prot_info */);
+    }
+    // optimize for non-recovery mode
+    // If `ret_status` is `TryAgain` then the next (successful) try will add
+    // the key to the rebuilding transaction object. If `ret_status` is
+    // another non-OK `Status`, then the `rebuilding_trx_` will be thrown
+    // away. So we only need to add to it when `ret_status.ok()`.
+    if (UNLIKELY(ret_status.ok() && rebuilding_trx_ != nullptr)) {
+      assert(!write_after_commit_);
+      // TODO(ajkr): propagate `ProtectionInfoKVOS64`.
+      ret_status = WriteBatchInternal::SingleDelete(rebuilding_trx_,
+                                                    column_family_id, key);
+    }
+    if (UNLIKELY(ret_status.IsTryAgain())) {
+      DecrementProtectionInfoIdxForTryAgain();
+    }
+    return ret_status;
+  }
+
+  Status DeleteRangeCF(uint32_t column_family_id, const Slice& begin_key,
+                       const Slice& end_key) override {
+    const auto* kv_prot_info = NextProtectionInfo();
+    // optimize for non-recovery mode
+    if (UNLIKELY(write_after_commit_ && rebuilding_trx_ != nullptr)) {
+      // TODO(ajkr): propagate `ProtectionInfoKVOS64`.
+      return WriteBatchInternal::DeleteRange(rebuilding_trx_, column_family_id,
+                                             begin_key, end_key);
+      // else insert the values to the memtable right away
+    }
+
+    Status ret_status;
+    if (UNLIKELY(!SeekToColumnFamily(column_family_id, &ret_status))) {
+      if (ret_status.ok() && rebuilding_trx_ != nullptr) {
+        assert(!write_after_commit_);
+        // The CF is probably flushed and hence no need for insert but we still
+        // need to keep track of the keys for upcoming rollback/commit.
+        // TODO(ajkr): propagate `ProtectionInfoKVOS64`.
+        ret_status = WriteBatchInternal::DeleteRange(
+            rebuilding_trx_, column_family_id, begin_key, end_key);
+        if (ret_status.ok()) {
+          MaybeAdvanceSeq(IsDuplicateKeySeq(column_family_id, begin_key));
+        }
+      } else if (ret_status.ok()) {
+        MaybeAdvanceSeq(false /* batch_boundary */);
+      }
+      if (UNLIKELY(ret_status.IsTryAgain())) {
+        DecrementProtectionInfoIdxForTryAgain();
+      }
+      return ret_status;
+    }
+    assert(ret_status.ok());
+
+    if (db_ != nullptr) {
+      auto cf_handle = cf_mems_->GetColumnFamilyHandle();
+      if (cf_handle == nullptr) {
+        cf_handle = db_->DefaultColumnFamily();
+      }
+      auto* cfd =
+          static_cast_with_check<ColumnFamilyHandleImpl>(cf_handle)->cfd();
+      if (!cfd->is_delete_range_supported()) {
+        // TODO(ajkr): refactor `SeekToColumnFamily()` so it returns a `Status`.
+        ret_status.PermitUncheckedError();
+        return Status::NotSupported(
+            std::string("DeleteRange not supported for table type ") +
+            cfd->ioptions()->table_factory->Name() + " in CF " +
+            cfd->GetName());
+      }
+      int cmp =
+          cfd->user_comparator()->CompareWithoutTimestamp(begin_key, end_key);
+      if (cmp > 0) {
+        // TODO(ajkr): refactor `SeekToColumnFamily()` so it returns a `Status`.
+        ret_status.PermitUncheckedError();
+        // It's an empty range where endpoints appear mistaken. Don't bother
+        // applying it to the DB, and return an error to the user.
+        return Status::InvalidArgument("end key comes before start key");
+      } else if (cmp == 0) {
+        // TODO(ajkr): refactor `SeekToColumnFamily()` so it returns a `Status`.
+        ret_status.PermitUncheckedError();
+        // It's an empty range. Don't bother applying it to the DB.
+        return Status::OK();
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (kv_prot_info != nullptr) {
+      auto mem_kv_prot_info =
+          kv_prot_info->StripC(column_family_id).ProtectS(sequence_);
+      ret_status = DeleteImpl(column_family_id, begin_key, end_key,
+                              kTypeRangeDeletion, &mem_kv_prot_info);
+    } else {
+      ret_status = DeleteImpl(column_family_id, begin_key, end_key,
+                              kTypeRangeDeletion, nullptr /* kv_prot_info */);
+    }
+    // optimize for non-recovery mode
+    // If `ret_status` is `TryAgain` then the next (successful) try will add
+    // the key to the rebuilding transaction object. If `ret_status` is
+    // another non-OK `Status`, then the `rebuilding_trx_` will be thrown
+    // away. So we only need to add to it when `ret_status.ok()`.
+    if (UNLIKELY(!ret_status.IsTryAgain() && rebuilding_trx_ != nullptr)) {
+      assert(!write_after_commit_);
+      // TODO(ajkr): propagate `ProtectionInfoKVOS64`.
+      ret_status = WriteBatchInternal::DeleteRange(
+          rebuilding_trx_, column_family_id, begin_key, end_key);
+    }
+    if (UNLIKELY(ret_status.IsTryAgain())) {
+      DecrementProtectionInfoIdxForTryAgain();
+    }
+    return ret_status;
+  }
+
+  Status MergeCF(uint32_t column_family_id, const Slice& key,
+                 const Slice& value) override {
+    const auto* kv_prot_info = NextProtectionInfo();
+    // optimize for non-recovery mode
+    if (UNLIKELY(write_after_commit_ && rebuilding_trx_ != nullptr)) {
+      // TODO(ajkr): propagate `ProtectionInfoKVOS64`.
+      return WriteBatchInternal::Merge(rebuilding_trx_, column_family_id, key,
+                                       value);
+      // else insert the values to the memtable right away
+    }
+
+    Status ret_status;
+    if (UNLIKELY(!SeekToColumnFamily(column_family_id, &ret_status))) {
+      if (ret_status.ok() && rebuilding_trx_ != nullptr) {
+        assert(!write_after_commit_);
+        // The CF is probably flushed and hence no need for insert but we still
+        // need to keep track of the keys for upcoming rollback/commit.
+        // TODO(ajkr): propagate `ProtectionInfoKVOS64`.
+        ret_status = WriteBatchInternal::Merge(rebuilding_trx_,
+                                               column_family_id, key, value);
+        if (ret_status.ok()) {
+          MaybeAdvanceSeq(IsDuplicateKeySeq(column_family_id, key));
+        }
+      } else if (ret_status.ok()) {
+        MaybeAdvanceSeq(false /* batch_boundary */);
+      }
+      if (UNLIKELY(ret_status.IsTryAgain())) {
+        DecrementProtectionInfoIdxForTryAgain();
+      }
+      return ret_status;
+    }
+    assert(ret_status.ok());
+
+    MemTable* mem = cf_mems_->GetMemTable();
+    auto* moptions = mem->GetImmutableMemTableOptions();
+    if (moptions->merge_operator == nullptr) {
+      return Status::InvalidArgument(
+          "Merge requires `ColumnFamilyOptions::merge_operator != nullptr`");
+    }
+    bool perform_merge = false;
+    assert(!concurrent_memtable_writes_ ||
+           moptions->max_successive_merges == 0);
+
+    // If we pass DB through and options.max_successive_merges is hit
+    // during recovery, Get() will be issued which will try to acquire
+    // DB mutex and cause deadlock, as DB mutex is already held.
+    // So we disable merge in recovery
+    if (moptions->max_successive_merges > 0 && db_ != nullptr &&
+        recovering_log_number_ == 0) {
+      assert(!concurrent_memtable_writes_);
+      LookupKey lkey(key, sequence_);
+
+      // Count the number of successive merges at the head
+      // of the key in the memtable
+      size_t num_merges = mem->CountSuccessiveMergeEntries(lkey);
+
+      if (num_merges >= moptions->max_successive_merges) {
+        perform_merge = true;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (perform_merge) {
+      // 1) Get the existing value
+      std::string get_value;
+
+      // Pass in the sequence number so that we also include previous merge
+      // operations in the same batch.
+      SnapshotImpl read_from_snapshot;
+      read_from_snapshot.number_ = sequence_;
+      // TODO: plumb Env::IOActivity
+      ReadOptions read_options;
+      read_options.snapshot = &read_from_snapshot;
+
+      auto cf_handle = cf_mems_->GetColumnFamilyHandle();
+      if (cf_handle == nullptr) {
+        cf_handle = db_->DefaultColumnFamily();
+      }
+      Status get_status = db_->Get(read_options, cf_handle, key, &get_value);
+      if (!get_status.ok()) {
+        // Failed to read a key we know exists. Store the delta in memtable.
+        perform_merge = false;
+      } else {
+        Slice get_value_slice = Slice(get_value);
+
+        // 2) Apply this merge
+        auto merge_operator = moptions->merge_operator;
+        assert(merge_operator);
+
+        std::string new_value;
+        // `op_failure_scope` (an output parameter) is not provided (set to
+        // nullptr) since a failure must be propagated regardless of its value.
+        Status merge_status = MergeHelper::TimedFullMerge(
+            merge_operator, key, &get_value_slice, {value}, &new_value,
+            moptions->info_log, moptions->statistics,
+            SystemClock::Default().get(), /* result_operand */ nullptr,
+            /* update_num_ops_stats */ false,
+            /* op_failure_scope */ nullptr);
+
+        if (!merge_status.ok()) {
+          // Failed to merge!
+          // Store the delta in memtable
+          perform_merge = false;
+        } else {
+          // 3) Add value to memtable
+          assert(!concurrent_memtable_writes_);
+          if (kv_prot_info != nullptr) {
+            auto merged_kv_prot_info =
+                kv_prot_info->StripC(column_family_id).ProtectS(sequence_);
+            merged_kv_prot_info.UpdateV(value, new_value);
+            merged_kv_prot_info.UpdateO(kTypeMerge, kTypeValue);
+            ret_status = mem->Add(sequence_, kTypeValue, key, new_value,
+                                  &merged_kv_prot_info);
+          } else {
+            ret_status = mem->Add(sequence_, kTypeValue, key, new_value,
+                                  nullptr /* kv_prot_info */);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (!perform_merge) {
+      assert(ret_status.ok());
+      // Add merge operand to memtable
+      if (kv_prot_info != nullptr) {
+        auto mem_kv_prot_info =
+            kv_prot_info->StripC(column_family_id).ProtectS(sequence_);
+        ret_status =
+            mem->Add(sequence_, kTypeMerge, key, value, &mem_kv_prot_info,
+                     concurrent_memtable_writes_, get_post_process_info(mem));
+      } else {
+        ret_status = mem->Add(
+            sequence_, kTypeMerge, key, value, nullptr /* kv_prot_info */,
+            concurrent_memtable_writes_, get_post_process_info(mem));
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (UNLIKELY(ret_status.IsTryAgain())) {
+      assert(seq_per_batch_);
+      const bool kBatchBoundary = true;
+      MaybeAdvanceSeq(kBatchBoundary);
+    } else if (ret_status.ok()) {
+      MaybeAdvanceSeq();
+      CheckMemtableFull();
+    }
+    // optimize for non-recovery mode
+    // If `ret_status` is `TryAgain` then the next (successful) try will add
+    // the key to the rebuilding transaction object. If `ret_status` is
+    // another non-OK `Status`, then the `rebuilding_trx_` will be thrown
+    // away. So we only need to add to it when `ret_status.ok()`.
+    if (UNLIKELY(ret_status.ok() && rebuilding_trx_ != nullptr)) {
+      assert(!write_after_commit_);
+      // TODO(ajkr): propagate `ProtectionInfoKVOS64`.
+      ret_status = WriteBatchInternal::Merge(rebuilding_trx_, column_family_id,
+                                             key, value);
+    }
+    if (UNLIKELY(ret_status.IsTryAgain())) {
+      DecrementProtectionInfoIdxForTryAgain();
+    }
+    return ret_status;
+  }
+
+  Status PutBlobIndexCF(uint32_t column_family_id, const Slice& key,
+                        const Slice& value) override {
+    const auto* kv_prot_info = NextProtectionInfo();
+    Status ret_status;
+    if (kv_prot_info != nullptr) {
+      // Memtable needs seqno, doesn't need CF ID
+      auto mem_kv_prot_info =
+          kv_prot_info->StripC(column_family_id).ProtectS(sequence_);
+      // Same as PutCF except for value type.
+      ret_status = PutCFImpl(column_family_id, key, value, kTypeBlobIndex,
+                             &mem_kv_prot_info);
+    } else {
+      ret_status = PutCFImpl(column_family_id, key, value, kTypeBlobIndex,
+                             nullptr /* kv_prot_info */);
+    }
+    if (UNLIKELY(ret_status.IsTryAgain())) {
+      DecrementProtectionInfoIdxForTryAgain();
+    }
+    return ret_status;
+  }
+
+  void CheckMemtableFull() {
+    if (flush_scheduler_ != nullptr) {
+      auto* cfd = cf_mems_->current();
+      assert(cfd != nullptr);
+      if (cfd->mem()->ShouldScheduleFlush() &&
+          cfd->mem()->MarkFlushScheduled()) {
+        // MarkFlushScheduled only returns true if we are the one that
+        // should take action, so no need to dedup further
+        flush_scheduler_->ScheduleWork(cfd);
+      }
+    }
+    // check if memtable_list size exceeds max_write_buffer_size_to_maintain
+    if (trim_history_scheduler_ != nullptr) {
+      auto* cfd = cf_mems_->current();
+
+      assert(cfd);
+      assert(cfd->ioptions());
+
+      const size_t size_to_maintain = static_cast<size_t>(
+          cfd->ioptions()->max_write_buffer_size_to_maintain);
+
+      if (size_to_maintain > 0) {
+        MemTableList* const imm = cfd->imm();
+        assert(imm);
+
+        if (imm->HasHistory()) {
+          const MemTable* const mem = cfd->mem();
+          assert(mem);
+
+          if (mem->MemoryAllocatedBytes() +
+                      imm->MemoryAllocatedBytesExcludingLast() >=
+                  size_to_maintain &&
+              imm->MarkTrimHistoryNeeded()) {
+            trim_history_scheduler_->ScheduleWork(cfd);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // The write batch handler calls MarkBeginPrepare with unprepare set to true
+  // if it encounters the kTypeBeginUnprepareXID marker.
+  Status MarkBeginPrepare(bool unprepare) override {
+    assert(rebuilding_trx_ == nullptr);
+    assert(db_);
+
+    if (recovering_log_number_ != 0) {
+      db_->mutex()->AssertHeld();
+      // during recovery we rebuild a hollow transaction
+      // from all encountered prepare sections of the wal
+      if (db_->allow_2pc() == false) {
+        return Status::NotSupported(
+            "WAL contains prepared transactions. Open with "
+            "TransactionDB::Open().");
+      }
+
+      // we are now iterating through a prepared section
+      rebuilding_trx_ = new WriteBatch();
+      rebuilding_trx_seq_ = sequence_;
+      // Verify that we have matching MarkBeginPrepare/MarkEndPrepare markers.
+      // unprepared_batch_ should be false because it is false by default, and
+      // gets reset to false in MarkEndPrepare.
+      assert(!unprepared_batch_);
+      unprepared_batch_ = unprepare;
+
+      if (has_valid_writes_ != nullptr) {
+        *has_valid_writes_ = true;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  Status MarkEndPrepare(const Slice& name) override {
+    assert(db_);
+    assert((rebuilding_trx_ != nullptr) == (recovering_log_number_ != 0));
+
+    if (recovering_log_number_ != 0) {
+      db_->mutex()->AssertHeld();
+      assert(db_->allow_2pc());
+      size_t batch_cnt =
+          write_after_commit_
+              ? 0  // 0 will disable further checks
+              : static_cast<size_t>(sequence_ - rebuilding_trx_seq_ + 1);
+      db_->InsertRecoveredTransaction(recovering_log_number_, name.ToString(),
+                                      rebuilding_trx_, rebuilding_trx_seq_,
+                                      batch_cnt, unprepared_batch_);
+      unprepared_batch_ = false;
+      rebuilding_trx_ = nullptr;
+    } else {
+      assert(rebuilding_trx_ == nullptr);
+    }
+    const bool batch_boundry = true;
+    MaybeAdvanceSeq(batch_boundry);
+
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  Status MarkNoop(bool empty_batch) override {
+    if (recovering_log_number_ != 0) {
+      db_->mutex()->AssertHeld();
+    }
+    // A hack in pessimistic transaction could result into a noop at the start
+    // of the write batch, that should be ignored.
+    if (!empty_batch) {
+      // In the absence of Prepare markers, a kTypeNoop tag indicates the end of
+      // a batch. This happens when write batch commits skipping the prepare
+      // phase.
+      const bool batch_boundry = true;
+      MaybeAdvanceSeq(batch_boundry);
+    }
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  Status MarkCommit(const Slice& name) override {
+    assert(db_);
+
+    Status s;
+
+    if (recovering_log_number_ != 0) {
+      // We must hold db mutex in recovery.
+      db_->mutex()->AssertHeld();
+      // in recovery when we encounter a commit marker
+      // we lookup this transaction in our set of rebuilt transactions
+      // and commit.
+      auto trx = db_->GetRecoveredTransaction(name.ToString());
+
+      // the log containing the prepared section may have
+      // been released in the last incarnation because the
+      // data was flushed to L0
+      if (trx != nullptr) {
+        // at this point individual CF lognumbers will prevent
+        // duplicate re-insertion of values.
+        assert(log_number_ref_ == 0);
+        if (write_after_commit_) {
+          // write_after_commit_ can only have one batch in trx.
+          assert(trx->batches_.size() == 1);
+          const auto& batch_info = trx->batches_.begin()->second;
+          // all inserts must reference this trx log number
+          log_number_ref_ = batch_info.log_number_;
+          ResetProtectionInfo();
+          s = batch_info.batch_->Iterate(this);
+          log_number_ref_ = 0;
+        }
+        // else the values are already inserted before the commit
+
+        if (s.ok()) {
+          db_->DeleteRecoveredTransaction(name.ToString());
+        }
+        if (has_valid_writes_ != nullptr) {
+          *has_valid_writes_ = true;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      // When writes are not delayed until commit, there is no disconnect
+      // between a memtable write and the WAL that supports it. So the commit
+      // need not reference any log as the only log to which it depends.
+      assert(!write_after_commit_ || log_number_ref_ > 0);
+    }
+    const bool batch_boundry = true;
+    MaybeAdvanceSeq(batch_boundry);
+
+    if (UNLIKELY(s.IsTryAgain())) {
+      DecrementProtectionInfoIdxForTryAgain();
+    }
+
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  Status MarkCommitWithTimestamp(const Slice& name,
+                                 const Slice& commit_ts) override {
+    assert(db_);
+
+    Status s;
+
+    if (recovering_log_number_ != 0) {
+      // In recovery, db mutex must be held.
+      db_->mutex()->AssertHeld();
+      // in recovery when we encounter a commit marker
+      // we lookup this transaction in our set of rebuilt transactions
+      // and commit.
+      auto trx = db_->GetRecoveredTransaction(name.ToString());
+      // the log containing the prepared section may have
+      // been released in the last incarnation because the
+      // data was flushed to L0
+      if (trx) {
+        // at this point individual CF lognumbers will prevent
+        // duplicate re-insertion of values.
+        assert(0 == log_number_ref_);
+        if (write_after_commit_) {
+          // write_after_commit_ can only have one batch in trx.
+          assert(trx->batches_.size() == 1);
+          const auto& batch_info = trx->batches_.begin()->second;
+          // all inserts must reference this trx log number
+          log_number_ref_ = batch_info.log_number_;
+
+          s = batch_info.batch_->UpdateTimestamps(
+              commit_ts, [this](uint32_t cf) {
+                assert(db_);
+                VersionSet* const vset = db_->GetVersionSet();
+                assert(vset);
+                ColumnFamilySet* const cf_set = vset->GetColumnFamilySet();
+                assert(cf_set);
+                ColumnFamilyData* cfd = cf_set->GetColumnFamily(cf);
+                assert(cfd);
+                const auto* const ucmp = cfd->user_comparator();
+                assert(ucmp);
+                return ucmp->timestamp_size();
+              });
+          if (s.ok()) {
+            ResetProtectionInfo();
+            s = batch_info.batch_->Iterate(this);
+            log_number_ref_ = 0;
+          }
+        }
+        // else the values are already inserted before the commit
+
+        if (s.ok()) {
+          db_->DeleteRecoveredTransaction(name.ToString());
+        }
+        if (has_valid_writes_) {
+          *has_valid_writes_ = true;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      // When writes are not delayed until commit, there is no connection
+      // between a memtable write and the WAL that supports it. So the commit
+      // need not reference any log as the only log to which it depends.
+      assert(!write_after_commit_ || log_number_ref_ > 0);
+    }
+    constexpr bool batch_boundary = true;
+    MaybeAdvanceSeq(batch_boundary);
+
+    if (UNLIKELY(s.IsTryAgain())) {
+      DecrementProtectionInfoIdxForTryAgain();
+    }
+
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  Status MarkRollback(const Slice& name) override {
+    assert(db_);
+
+    if (recovering_log_number_ != 0) {
+      auto trx = db_->GetRecoveredTransaction(name.ToString());
+
+      // the log containing the transactions prep section
+      // may have been released in the previous incarnation
+      // because we knew it had been rolled back
+      if (trx != nullptr) {
+        db_->DeleteRecoveredTransaction(name.ToString());
+      }
+    } else {
+      // in non recovery we simply ignore this tag
+    }
+
+    const bool batch_boundry = true;
+    MaybeAdvanceSeq(batch_boundry);
+
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+ private:
+  MemTablePostProcessInfo* get_post_process_info(MemTable* mem) {
+    if (!concurrent_memtable_writes_) {
+      // No need to batch counters locally if we don't use concurrent mode.
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+    return &GetPostMap()[mem];
+  }
+};
+
+}  // anonymous namespace
+
+// This function can only be called in these conditions:
+// 1) During Recovery()
+// 2) During Write(), in a single-threaded write thread
+// 3) During Write(), in a concurrent context where memtables has been cloned
+// The reason is that it calls memtables->Seek(), which has a stateful cache
+Status WriteBatchInternal::InsertInto(
+    WriteThread::WriteGroup& write_group, SequenceNumber sequence,
+    ColumnFamilyMemTables* memtables, FlushScheduler* flush_scheduler,
+    TrimHistoryScheduler* trim_history_scheduler,
+    bool ignore_missing_column_families, uint64_t recovery_log_number, DB* db,
+    bool concurrent_memtable_writes, bool seq_per_batch, bool batch_per_txn) {
+  MemTableInserter inserter(
+      sequence, memtables, flush_scheduler, trim_history_scheduler,
+      ignore_missing_column_families, recovery_log_number, db,
+      concurrent_memtable_writes, nullptr /* prot_info */,
+      nullptr /*has_valid_writes*/, seq_per_batch, batch_per_txn);
+  for (auto w : write_group) {
+    if (w->CallbackFailed()) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    w->sequence = inserter.sequence();
+    if (!w->ShouldWriteToMemtable()) {
+      // In seq_per_batch_ mode this advances the seq by one.
+      inserter.MaybeAdvanceSeq(true);
+      continue;
+    }
+    SetSequence(w->batch, inserter.sequence());
+    inserter.set_log_number_ref(w->log_ref);
+    inserter.set_prot_info(w->batch->prot_info_.get());
+    w->status = w->batch->Iterate(&inserter);
+    if (!w->status.ok()) {
+      return w->status;
+    }
+    assert(!seq_per_batch || w->batch_cnt != 0);
+    assert(!seq_per_batch || inserter.sequence() - w->sequence == w->batch_cnt);
+  }
+  return Status::OK();
+}
+
+Status WriteBatchInternal::InsertInto(
+    WriteThread::Writer* writer, SequenceNumber sequence,
+    ColumnFamilyMemTables* memtables, FlushScheduler* flush_scheduler,
+    TrimHistoryScheduler* trim_history_scheduler,
+    bool ignore_missing_column_families, uint64_t log_number, DB* db,
+    bool concurrent_memtable_writes, bool seq_per_batch, size_t batch_cnt,
+    bool batch_per_txn, bool hint_per_batch) {
+#ifdef NDEBUG
+  (void)batch_cnt;
+#endif
+  assert(writer->ShouldWriteToMemtable());
+  MemTableInserter inserter(sequence, memtables, flush_scheduler,
+                            trim_history_scheduler,
+                            ignore_missing_column_families, log_number, db,
+                            concurrent_memtable_writes, nullptr /* prot_info */,
+                            nullptr /*has_valid_writes*/, seq_per_batch,
+                            batch_per_txn, hint_per_batch);
+  SetSequence(writer->batch, sequence);
+  inserter.set_log_number_ref(writer->log_ref);
+  inserter.set_prot_info(writer->batch->prot_info_.get());
+  Status s = writer->batch->Iterate(&inserter);
+  assert(!seq_per_batch || batch_cnt != 0);
+  assert(!seq_per_batch || inserter.sequence() - sequence == batch_cnt);
+  if (concurrent_memtable_writes) {
+    inserter.PostProcess();
+  }
+  return s;
+}
+
+Status WriteBatchInternal::InsertInto(
+    const WriteBatch* batch, ColumnFamilyMemTables* memtables,
+    FlushScheduler* flush_scheduler,
+    TrimHistoryScheduler* trim_history_scheduler,
+    bool ignore_missing_column_families, uint64_t log_number, DB* db,
+    bool concurrent_memtable_writes, SequenceNumber* next_seq,
+    bool* has_valid_writes, bool seq_per_batch, bool batch_per_txn) {
+  MemTableInserter inserter(Sequence(batch), memtables, flush_scheduler,
+                            trim_history_scheduler,
+                            ignore_missing_column_families, log_number, db,
+                            concurrent_memtable_writes, batch->prot_info_.get(),
+                            has_valid_writes, seq_per_batch, batch_per_txn);
+  Status s = batch->Iterate(&inserter);
+  if (next_seq != nullptr) {
+    *next_seq = inserter.sequence();
+  }
+  if (concurrent_memtable_writes) {
+    inserter.PostProcess();
+  }
+  return s;
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+// This class updates protection info for a WriteBatch.
+class ProtectionInfoUpdater : public WriteBatch::Handler {
+ public:
+  explicit ProtectionInfoUpdater(WriteBatch::ProtectionInfo* prot_info)
+      : prot_info_(prot_info) {}
+
+  ~ProtectionInfoUpdater() override {}
+
+  Status PutCF(uint32_t cf, const Slice& key, const Slice& val) override {
+    return UpdateProtInfo(cf, key, val, kTypeValue);
+  }
+
+  Status PutEntityCF(uint32_t cf, const Slice& key,
+                     const Slice& entity) override {
+    return UpdateProtInfo(cf, key, entity, kTypeWideColumnEntity);
+  }
+
+  Status DeleteCF(uint32_t cf, const Slice& key) override {
+    return UpdateProtInfo(cf, key, "", kTypeDeletion);
+  }
+
+  Status SingleDeleteCF(uint32_t cf, const Slice& key) override {
+    return UpdateProtInfo(cf, key, "", kTypeSingleDeletion);
+  }
+
+  Status DeleteRangeCF(uint32_t cf, const Slice& begin_key,
+                       const Slice& end_key) override {
+    return UpdateProtInfo(cf, begin_key, end_key, kTypeRangeDeletion);
+  }
+
+  Status MergeCF(uint32_t cf, const Slice& key, const Slice& val) override {
+    return UpdateProtInfo(cf, key, val, kTypeMerge);
+  }
+
+  Status PutBlobIndexCF(uint32_t cf, const Slice& key,
+                        const Slice& val) override {
+    return UpdateProtInfo(cf, key, val, kTypeBlobIndex);
+  }
+
+  Status MarkBeginPrepare(bool /* unprepare */) override {
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  Status MarkEndPrepare(const Slice& /* xid */) override {
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  Status MarkCommit(const Slice& /* xid */) override { return Status::OK(); }
+
+  Status MarkCommitWithTimestamp(const Slice& /* xid */,
+                                 const Slice& /* ts */) override {
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  Status MarkRollback(const Slice& /* xid */) override { return Status::OK(); }
+
+  Status MarkNoop(bool /* empty_batch */) override { return Status::OK(); }
+
+ private:
+  Status UpdateProtInfo(uint32_t cf, const Slice& key, const Slice& val,
+                        const ValueType op_type) {
+    if (prot_info_) {
+      prot_info_->entries_.emplace_back(
+          ProtectionInfo64().ProtectKVO(key, val, op_type).ProtectC(cf));
+    }
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  // No copy or move.
+  ProtectionInfoUpdater(const ProtectionInfoUpdater&) = delete;
+  ProtectionInfoUpdater(ProtectionInfoUpdater&&) = delete;
+  ProtectionInfoUpdater& operator=(const ProtectionInfoUpdater&) = delete;
+  ProtectionInfoUpdater& operator=(ProtectionInfoUpdater&&) = delete;
+
+  WriteBatch::ProtectionInfo* const prot_info_ = nullptr;
+};
+
+}  // anonymous namespace
+
+Status WriteBatchInternal::SetContents(WriteBatch* b, const Slice& contents) {
+  assert(contents.size() >= WriteBatchInternal::kHeader);
+  assert(b->prot_info_ == nullptr);
+
+  b->rep_.assign(contents.data(), contents.size());
+  b->content_flags_.store(ContentFlags::DEFERRED, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  return Status::OK();
+}
+
+Status WriteBatchInternal::Append(WriteBatch* dst, const WriteBatch* src,
+                                  const bool wal_only) {
+  assert(dst->Count() == 0 ||
+         (dst->prot_info_ == nullptr) == (src->prot_info_ == nullptr));
+  if ((src->prot_info_ != nullptr &&
+       src->prot_info_->entries_.size() != src->Count()) ||
+      (dst->prot_info_ != nullptr &&
+       dst->prot_info_->entries_.size() != dst->Count())) {
+    return Status::Corruption(
+        "Write batch has inconsistent count and number of checksums");
+  }
+
+  size_t src_len;
+  int src_count;
+  uint32_t src_flags;
+
+  const SavePoint& batch_end = src->GetWalTerminationPoint();
+
+  if (wal_only && !batch_end.is_cleared()) {
+    src_len = batch_end.size - WriteBatchInternal::kHeader;
+    src_count = batch_end.count;
+    src_flags = batch_end.content_flags;
+  } else {
+    src_len = src->rep_.size() - WriteBatchInternal::kHeader;
+    src_count = Count(src);
+    src_flags = src->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  }
+
+  if (src->prot_info_ != nullptr) {
+    if (dst->prot_info_ == nullptr) {
+      dst->prot_info_.reset(new WriteBatch::ProtectionInfo());
+    }
+    std::copy(src->prot_info_->entries_.begin(),
+              src->prot_info_->entries_.begin() + src_count,
+              std::back_inserter(dst->prot_info_->entries_));
+  } else if (dst->prot_info_ != nullptr) {
+    // dst has empty prot_info->entries
+    // In this special case, we allow write batch without prot_info to
+    // be appende to write batch with empty prot_info
+    dst->prot_info_ = nullptr;
+  }
+  SetCount(dst, Count(dst) + src_count);
+  assert(src->rep_.size() >= WriteBatchInternal::kHeader);
+  dst->rep_.append(src->rep_.data() + WriteBatchInternal::kHeader, src_len);
+  dst->content_flags_.store(
+      dst->content_flags_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) | src_flags,
+      std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  return Status::OK();
+}
+
+size_t WriteBatchInternal::AppendedByteSize(size_t leftByteSize,
+                                            size_t rightByteSize) {
+  if (leftByteSize == 0 || rightByteSize == 0) {
+    return leftByteSize + rightByteSize;
+  } else {
+    return leftByteSize + rightByteSize - WriteBatchInternal::kHeader;
+  }
+}
+
+Status WriteBatchInternal::UpdateProtectionInfo(WriteBatch* wb,
+                                                size_t bytes_per_key,
+                                                uint64_t* checksum) {
+  if (bytes_per_key == 0) {
+    if (wb->prot_info_ != nullptr) {
+      wb->prot_info_.reset();
+      return Status::OK();
+    } else {
+      // Already not protected.
+      return Status::OK();
+    }
+  } else if (bytes_per_key == 8) {
+    if (wb->prot_info_ == nullptr) {
+      wb->prot_info_.reset(new WriteBatch::ProtectionInfo());
+      ProtectionInfoUpdater prot_info_updater(wb->prot_info_.get());
+      Status s = wb->Iterate(&prot_info_updater);
+      if (s.ok() && checksum != nullptr) {
+        uint64_t expected_hash = XXH3_64bits(wb->rep_.data(), wb->rep_.size());
+        if (expected_hash != *checksum) {
+          return Status::Corruption("Write batch content corrupted.");
+        }
+      }
+      return s;
+    } else {
+      // Already protected.
+      return Status::OK();
+    }
+  }
+  return Status::NotSupported(
+      "WriteBatch protection info must be zero or eight bytes/key");
+}
+
+}  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE