rocksdb-native 0.0.0

package/vendor/rocksdb/db/memtable.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,1675 @@
+//  Copyright (c) 2011-present, Facebook, Inc.  All rights reserved.
+//  This source code is licensed under both the GPLv2 (found in the
+//  COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License
+//  (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2011 The LevelDB Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+// found in the LICENSE file. See the AUTHORS file for names of contributors.
+
+#include "db/memtable.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
+#include <limits>
+#include <memory>
+
+#include "db/dbformat.h"
+#include "db/kv_checksum.h"
+#include "db/merge_context.h"
+#include "db/merge_helper.h"
+#include "db/pinned_iterators_manager.h"
+#include "db/range_tombstone_fragmenter.h"
+#include "db/read_callback.h"
+#include "db/wide/wide_column_serialization.h"
+#include "logging/logging.h"
+#include "memory/arena.h"
+#include "memory/memory_usage.h"
+#include "monitoring/perf_context_imp.h"
+#include "monitoring/statistics_impl.h"
+#include "port/lang.h"
+#include "port/port.h"
+#include "rocksdb/comparator.h"
+#include "rocksdb/env.h"
+#include "rocksdb/iterator.h"
+#include "rocksdb/merge_operator.h"
+#include "rocksdb/slice_transform.h"
+#include "rocksdb/types.h"
+#include "rocksdb/write_buffer_manager.h"
+#include "table/internal_iterator.h"
+#include "table/iterator_wrapper.h"
+#include "table/merging_iterator.h"
+#include "util/autovector.h"
+#include "util/coding.h"
+#include "util/mutexlock.h"
+
+namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
+
+ImmutableMemTableOptions::ImmutableMemTableOptions(
+    const ImmutableOptions& ioptions,
+    const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options)
+    : arena_block_size(mutable_cf_options.arena_block_size),
+      memtable_prefix_bloom_bits(
+          static_cast<uint32_t>(
+              static_cast<double>(mutable_cf_options.write_buffer_size) *
+              mutable_cf_options.memtable_prefix_bloom_size_ratio) *
+          8u),
+      memtable_huge_page_size(mutable_cf_options.memtable_huge_page_size),
+      memtable_whole_key_filtering(
+          mutable_cf_options.memtable_whole_key_filtering),
+      inplace_update_support(ioptions.inplace_update_support),
+      inplace_update_num_locks(mutable_cf_options.inplace_update_num_locks),
+      inplace_callback(ioptions.inplace_callback),
+      max_successive_merges(mutable_cf_options.max_successive_merges),
+      statistics(ioptions.stats),
+      merge_operator(ioptions.merge_operator.get()),
+      info_log(ioptions.logger),
+      allow_data_in_errors(ioptions.allow_data_in_errors),
+      protection_bytes_per_key(
+          mutable_cf_options.memtable_protection_bytes_per_key) {}
+
+MemTable::MemTable(const InternalKeyComparator& cmp,
+                   const ImmutableOptions& ioptions,
+                   const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
+                   WriteBufferManager* write_buffer_manager,
+                   SequenceNumber latest_seq, uint32_t column_family_id)
+    : comparator_(cmp),
+      moptions_(ioptions, mutable_cf_options),
+      refs_(0),
+      kArenaBlockSize(Arena::OptimizeBlockSize(moptions_.arena_block_size)),
+      mem_tracker_(write_buffer_manager),
+      arena_(moptions_.arena_block_size,
+             (write_buffer_manager != nullptr &&
+              (write_buffer_manager->enabled() ||
+               write_buffer_manager->cost_to_cache()))
+                 ? &mem_tracker_
+                 : nullptr,
+             mutable_cf_options.memtable_huge_page_size),
+      table_(ioptions.memtable_factory->CreateMemTableRep(
+          comparator_, &arena_, mutable_cf_options.prefix_extractor.get(),
+          ioptions.logger, column_family_id)),
+      range_del_table_(SkipListFactory().CreateMemTableRep(
+          comparator_, &arena_, nullptr /* transform */, ioptions.logger,
+          column_family_id)),
+      is_range_del_table_empty_(true),
+      data_size_(0),
+      num_entries_(0),
+      num_deletes_(0),
+      write_buffer_size_(mutable_cf_options.write_buffer_size),
+      flush_in_progress_(false),
+      flush_completed_(false),
+      file_number_(0),
+      first_seqno_(0),
+      earliest_seqno_(latest_seq),
+      creation_seq_(latest_seq),
+      mem_next_logfile_number_(0),
+      min_prep_log_referenced_(0),
+      locks_(moptions_.inplace_update_support
+                 ? moptions_.inplace_update_num_locks
+                 : 0),
+      prefix_extractor_(mutable_cf_options.prefix_extractor.get()),
+      flush_state_(FLUSH_NOT_REQUESTED),
+      clock_(ioptions.clock),
+      insert_with_hint_prefix_extractor_(
+          ioptions.memtable_insert_with_hint_prefix_extractor.get()),
+      oldest_key_time_(std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max()),
+      atomic_flush_seqno_(kMaxSequenceNumber),
+      approximate_memory_usage_(0) {
+  UpdateFlushState();
+  // something went wrong if we need to flush before inserting anything
+  assert(!ShouldScheduleFlush());
+
+  // use bloom_filter_ for both whole key and prefix bloom filter
+  if ((prefix_extractor_ || moptions_.memtable_whole_key_filtering) &&
+      moptions_.memtable_prefix_bloom_bits > 0) {
+    bloom_filter_.reset(
+        new DynamicBloom(&arena_, moptions_.memtable_prefix_bloom_bits,
+                         6 /* hard coded 6 probes */,
+                         moptions_.memtable_huge_page_size, ioptions.logger));
+  }
+  // Initialize cached_range_tombstone_ here since it could
+  // be read before it is constructed in MemTable::Add(), which could also lead
+  // to a data race on the global mutex table backing atomic shared_ptr.
+  auto new_cache = std::make_shared<FragmentedRangeTombstoneListCache>();
+  size_t size = cached_range_tombstone_.Size();
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+    std::shared_ptr<FragmentedRangeTombstoneListCache>* local_cache_ref_ptr =
+        cached_range_tombstone_.AccessAtCore(i);
+    auto new_local_cache_ref = std::make_shared<
+        const std::shared_ptr<FragmentedRangeTombstoneListCache>>(new_cache);
+    std::atomic_store_explicit(
+        local_cache_ref_ptr,
+        std::shared_ptr<FragmentedRangeTombstoneListCache>(new_local_cache_ref,
+                                                           new_cache.get()),
+        std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  }
+}
+
+MemTable::~MemTable() {
+  mem_tracker_.FreeMem();
+  assert(refs_ == 0);
+}
+
+size_t MemTable::ApproximateMemoryUsage() {
+  autovector<size_t> usages = {
+      arena_.ApproximateMemoryUsage(), table_->ApproximateMemoryUsage(),
+      range_del_table_->ApproximateMemoryUsage(),
+      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ApproximateMemoryUsage(insert_hints_)};
+  size_t total_usage = 0;
+  for (size_t usage : usages) {
+    // If usage + total_usage >= kMaxSizet, return kMaxSizet.
+    // the following variation is to avoid numeric overflow.
+    if (usage >= std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() - total_usage) {
+      return std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max();
+    }
+    total_usage += usage;
+  }
+  approximate_memory_usage_.store(total_usage, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  // otherwise, return the actual usage
+  return total_usage;
+}
+
+bool MemTable::ShouldFlushNow() {
+  size_t write_buffer_size = write_buffer_size_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  // In a lot of times, we cannot allocate arena blocks that exactly matches the
+  // buffer size. Thus we have to decide if we should over-allocate or
+  // under-allocate.
+  // This constant variable can be interpreted as: if we still have more than
+  // "kAllowOverAllocationRatio * kArenaBlockSize" space left, we'd try to over
+  // allocate one more block.
+  const double kAllowOverAllocationRatio = 0.6;
+
+  // If arena still have room for new block allocation, we can safely say it
+  // shouldn't flush.
+  auto allocated_memory = table_->ApproximateMemoryUsage() +
+                          range_del_table_->ApproximateMemoryUsage() +
+                          arena_.MemoryAllocatedBytes();
+
+  approximate_memory_usage_.store(allocated_memory, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+
+  // if we can still allocate one more block without exceeding the
+  // over-allocation ratio, then we should not flush.
+  if (allocated_memory + kArenaBlockSize <
+      write_buffer_size + kArenaBlockSize * kAllowOverAllocationRatio) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // if user keeps adding entries that exceeds write_buffer_size, we need to
+  // flush earlier even though we still have much available memory left.
+  if (allocated_memory >
+      write_buffer_size + kArenaBlockSize * kAllowOverAllocationRatio) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // In this code path, Arena has already allocated its "last block", which
+  // means the total allocatedmemory size is either:
+  //  (1) "moderately" over allocated the memory (no more than `0.6 * arena
+  // block size`. Or,
+  //  (2) the allocated memory is less than write buffer size, but we'll stop
+  // here since if we allocate a new arena block, we'll over allocate too much
+  // more (half of the arena block size) memory.
+  //
+  // In either case, to avoid over-allocate, the last block will stop allocation
+  // when its usage reaches a certain ratio, which we carefully choose "0.75
+  // full" as the stop condition because it addresses the following issue with
+  // great simplicity: What if the next inserted entry's size is
+  // bigger than AllocatedAndUnused()?
+  //
+  // The answer is: if the entry size is also bigger than 0.25 *
+  // kArenaBlockSize, a dedicated block will be allocated for it; otherwise
+  // arena will anyway skip the AllocatedAndUnused() and allocate a new, empty
+  // and regular block. In either case, we *overly* over-allocated.
+  //
+  // Therefore, setting the last block to be at most "0.75 full" avoids both
+  // cases.
+  //
+  // NOTE: the average percentage of waste space of this approach can be counted
+  // as: "arena block size * 0.25 / write buffer size". User who specify a small
+  // write buffer size and/or big arena block size may suffer.
+  return arena_.AllocatedAndUnused() < kArenaBlockSize / 4;
+}
+
+void MemTable::UpdateFlushState() {
+  auto state = flush_state_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  if (state == FLUSH_NOT_REQUESTED && ShouldFlushNow()) {
+    // ignore CAS failure, because that means somebody else requested
+    // a flush
+    flush_state_.compare_exchange_strong(state, FLUSH_REQUESTED,
+                                         std::memory_order_relaxed,
+                                         std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  }
+}
+
+void MemTable::UpdateOldestKeyTime() {
+  uint64_t oldest_key_time = oldest_key_time_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  if (oldest_key_time == std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max()) {
+    int64_t current_time = 0;
+    auto s = clock_->GetCurrentTime(&current_time);
+    if (s.ok()) {
+      assert(current_time >= 0);
+      // If fail, the timestamp is already set.
+      oldest_key_time_.compare_exchange_strong(
+          oldest_key_time, static_cast<uint64_t>(current_time),
+          std::memory_order_relaxed, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+Status MemTable::VerifyEntryChecksum(const char* entry,
+                                     uint32_t protection_bytes_per_key,
+                                     bool allow_data_in_errors) {
+  if (protection_bytes_per_key == 0) {
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+  uint32_t key_length;
+  const char* key_ptr = GetVarint32Ptr(entry, entry + 5, &key_length);
+  if (key_ptr == nullptr) {
+    return Status::Corruption("Unable to parse internal key length");
+  }
+  if (key_length < 8) {
+    return Status::Corruption("Memtable entry internal key length too short.");
+  }
+  Slice user_key = Slice(key_ptr, key_length - 8);
+
+  const uint64_t tag = DecodeFixed64(key_ptr + key_length - 8);
+  ValueType type;
+  SequenceNumber seq;
+  UnPackSequenceAndType(tag, &seq, &type);
+
+  uint32_t value_length = 0;
+  const char* value_ptr = GetVarint32Ptr(
+      key_ptr + key_length, key_ptr + key_length + 5, &value_length);
+  if (value_ptr == nullptr) {
+    return Status::Corruption("Unable to parse internal key value");
+  }
+  Slice value = Slice(value_ptr, value_length);
+
+  const char* checksum_ptr = value_ptr + value_length;
+  bool match =
+      ProtectionInfo64()
+          .ProtectKVO(user_key, value, type)
+          .ProtectS(seq)
+          .Verify(static_cast<uint8_t>(protection_bytes_per_key), checksum_ptr);
+  if (!match) {
+    std::string msg(
+        "Corrupted memtable entry, per key-value checksum verification "
+        "failed.");
+    if (allow_data_in_errors) {
+      msg.append("Unrecognized value type: " +
+                 std::to_string(static_cast<int>(type)) + ". ");
+      msg.append("User key: " + user_key.ToString(/*hex=*/true) + ". ");
+      msg.append("seq: " + std::to_string(seq) + ".");
+    }
+    return Status::Corruption(msg.c_str());
+  }
+  return Status::OK();
+}
+
+int MemTable::KeyComparator::operator()(const char* prefix_len_key1,
+                                        const char* prefix_len_key2) const {
+  // Internal keys are encoded as length-prefixed strings.
+  Slice k1 = GetLengthPrefixedSlice(prefix_len_key1);
+  Slice k2 = GetLengthPrefixedSlice(prefix_len_key2);
+  return comparator.CompareKeySeq(k1, k2);
+}
+
+int MemTable::KeyComparator::operator()(
+    const char* prefix_len_key, const KeyComparator::DecodedType& key) const {
+  // Internal keys are encoded as length-prefixed strings.
+  Slice a = GetLengthPrefixedSlice(prefix_len_key);
+  return comparator.CompareKeySeq(a, key);
+}
+
+void MemTableRep::InsertConcurrently(KeyHandle /*handle*/) {
+  throw std::runtime_error("concurrent insert not supported");
+}
+
+Slice MemTableRep::UserKey(const char* key) const {
+  Slice slice = GetLengthPrefixedSlice(key);
+  return Slice(slice.data(), slice.size() - 8);
+}
+
+KeyHandle MemTableRep::Allocate(const size_t len, char** buf) {
+  *buf = allocator_->Allocate(len);
+  return static_cast<KeyHandle>(*buf);
+}
+
+// Encode a suitable internal key target for "target" and return it.
+// Uses *scratch as scratch space, and the returned pointer will point
+// into this scratch space.
+const char* EncodeKey(std::string* scratch, const Slice& target) {
+  scratch->clear();
+  PutVarint32(scratch, static_cast<uint32_t>(target.size()));
+  scratch->append(target.data(), target.size());
+  return scratch->data();
+}
+
+class MemTableIterator : public InternalIterator {
+ public:
+  MemTableIterator(const MemTable& mem, const ReadOptions& read_options,
+                   Arena* arena, bool use_range_del_table = false)
+      : bloom_(nullptr),
+        prefix_extractor_(mem.prefix_extractor_),
+        comparator_(mem.comparator_),
+        valid_(false),
+        arena_mode_(arena != nullptr),
+        value_pinned_(
+            !mem.GetImmutableMemTableOptions()->inplace_update_support),
+        protection_bytes_per_key_(mem.moptions_.protection_bytes_per_key),
+        status_(Status::OK()),
+        logger_(mem.moptions_.info_log) {
+    if (use_range_del_table) {
+      iter_ = mem.range_del_table_->GetIterator(arena);
+    } else if (prefix_extractor_ != nullptr && !read_options.total_order_seek &&
+               !read_options.auto_prefix_mode) {
+      // Auto prefix mode is not implemented in memtable yet.
+      bloom_ = mem.bloom_filter_.get();
+      iter_ = mem.table_->GetDynamicPrefixIterator(arena);
+    } else {
+      iter_ = mem.table_->GetIterator(arena);
+    }
+    status_.PermitUncheckedError();
+  }
+  // No copying allowed
+  MemTableIterator(const MemTableIterator&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const MemTableIterator&) = delete;
+
+  ~MemTableIterator() override {
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+    // Assert that the MemTableIterator is never deleted while
+    // Pinning is Enabled.
+    assert(!pinned_iters_mgr_ || !pinned_iters_mgr_->PinningEnabled());
+#endif
+    if (arena_mode_) {
+      iter_->~Iterator();
+    } else {
+      delete iter_;
+    }
+  }
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  void SetPinnedItersMgr(PinnedIteratorsManager* pinned_iters_mgr) override {
+    pinned_iters_mgr_ = pinned_iters_mgr;
+  }
+  PinnedIteratorsManager* pinned_iters_mgr_ = nullptr;
+#endif
+
+  bool Valid() const override { return valid_ && status_.ok(); }
+  void Seek(const Slice& k) override {
+    PERF_TIMER_GUARD(seek_on_memtable_time);
+    PERF_COUNTER_ADD(seek_on_memtable_count, 1);
+    if (bloom_) {
+      // iterator should only use prefix bloom filter
+      auto ts_sz = comparator_.comparator.user_comparator()->timestamp_size();
+      Slice user_k_without_ts(ExtractUserKeyAndStripTimestamp(k, ts_sz));
+      if (prefix_extractor_->InDomain(user_k_without_ts)) {
+        if (!bloom_->MayContain(
+                prefix_extractor_->Transform(user_k_without_ts))) {
+          PERF_COUNTER_ADD(bloom_memtable_miss_count, 1);
+          valid_ = false;
+          return;
+        } else {
+          PERF_COUNTER_ADD(bloom_memtable_hit_count, 1);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    iter_->Seek(k, nullptr);
+    valid_ = iter_->Valid();
+    VerifyEntryChecksum();
+  }
+  void SeekForPrev(const Slice& k) override {
+    PERF_TIMER_GUARD(seek_on_memtable_time);
+    PERF_COUNTER_ADD(seek_on_memtable_count, 1);
+    if (bloom_) {
+      auto ts_sz = comparator_.comparator.user_comparator()->timestamp_size();
+      Slice user_k_without_ts(ExtractUserKeyAndStripTimestamp(k, ts_sz));
+      if (prefix_extractor_->InDomain(user_k_without_ts)) {
+        if (!bloom_->MayContain(
+                prefix_extractor_->Transform(user_k_without_ts))) {
+          PERF_COUNTER_ADD(bloom_memtable_miss_count, 1);
+          valid_ = false;
+          return;
+        } else {
+          PERF_COUNTER_ADD(bloom_memtable_hit_count, 1);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    iter_->Seek(k, nullptr);
+    valid_ = iter_->Valid();
+    VerifyEntryChecksum();
+    if (!Valid() && status().ok()) {
+      SeekToLast();
+    }
+    while (Valid() && comparator_.comparator.Compare(k, key()) < 0) {
+      Prev();
+    }
+  }
+  void SeekToFirst() override {
+    iter_->SeekToFirst();
+    valid_ = iter_->Valid();
+    VerifyEntryChecksum();
+  }
+  void SeekToLast() override {
+    iter_->SeekToLast();
+    valid_ = iter_->Valid();
+    VerifyEntryChecksum();
+  }
+  void Next() override {
+    PERF_COUNTER_ADD(next_on_memtable_count, 1);
+    assert(Valid());
+    iter_->Next();
+    TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("MemTableIterator::Next:0", iter_);
+    valid_ = iter_->Valid();
+    VerifyEntryChecksum();
+  }
+  bool NextAndGetResult(IterateResult* result) override {
+    Next();
+    bool is_valid = Valid();
+    if (is_valid) {
+      result->key = key();
+      result->bound_check_result = IterBoundCheck::kUnknown;
+      result->value_prepared = true;
+    }
+    return is_valid;
+  }
+  void Prev() override {
+    PERF_COUNTER_ADD(prev_on_memtable_count, 1);
+    assert(Valid());
+    iter_->Prev();
+    valid_ = iter_->Valid();
+    VerifyEntryChecksum();
+  }
+  Slice key() const override {
+    assert(Valid());
+    return GetLengthPrefixedSlice(iter_->key());
+  }
+  Slice value() const override {
+    assert(Valid());
+    Slice key_slice = GetLengthPrefixedSlice(iter_->key());
+    return GetLengthPrefixedSlice(key_slice.data() + key_slice.size());
+  }
+
+  Status status() const override { return status_; }
+
+  bool IsKeyPinned() const override {
+    // memtable data is always pinned
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool IsValuePinned() const override {
+    // memtable value is always pinned, except if we allow inplace update.
+    return value_pinned_;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  DynamicBloom* bloom_;
+  const SliceTransform* const prefix_extractor_;
+  const MemTable::KeyComparator comparator_;
+  MemTableRep::Iterator* iter_;
+  bool valid_;
+  bool arena_mode_;
+  bool value_pinned_;
+  uint32_t protection_bytes_per_key_;
+  Status status_;
+  Logger* logger_;
+
+  void VerifyEntryChecksum() {
+    if (protection_bytes_per_key_ > 0 && Valid()) {
+      status_ = MemTable::VerifyEntryChecksum(iter_->key(),
+                                              protection_bytes_per_key_);
+      if (!status_.ok()) {
+        ROCKS_LOG_ERROR(logger_, "In MemtableIterator: %s", status_.getState());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+InternalIterator* MemTable::NewIterator(const ReadOptions& read_options,
+                                        Arena* arena) {
+  assert(arena != nullptr);
+  auto mem = arena->AllocateAligned(sizeof(MemTableIterator));
+  return new (mem) MemTableIterator(*this, read_options, arena);
+}
+
+FragmentedRangeTombstoneIterator* MemTable::NewRangeTombstoneIterator(
+    const ReadOptions& read_options, SequenceNumber read_seq,
+    bool immutable_memtable) {
+  if (read_options.ignore_range_deletions ||
+      is_range_del_table_empty_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  return NewRangeTombstoneIteratorInternal(read_options, read_seq,
+                                           immutable_memtable);
+}
+
+FragmentedRangeTombstoneIterator* MemTable::NewRangeTombstoneIteratorInternal(
+    const ReadOptions& read_options, SequenceNumber read_seq,
+    bool immutable_memtable) {
+  if (immutable_memtable) {
+    // Note that caller should already have verified that
+    // !is_range_del_table_empty_
+    assert(IsFragmentedRangeTombstonesConstructed());
+    return new FragmentedRangeTombstoneIterator(
+        fragmented_range_tombstone_list_.get(), comparator_.comparator,
+        read_seq, read_options.timestamp);
+  }
+
+  // takes current cache
+  std::shared_ptr<FragmentedRangeTombstoneListCache> cache =
+      std::atomic_load_explicit(cached_range_tombstone_.Access(),
+                                std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  // construct fragmented tombstone list if necessary
+  if (!cache->initialized.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
+    cache->reader_mutex.lock();
+    if (!cache->tombstones) {
+      auto* unfragmented_iter =
+          new MemTableIterator(*this, read_options, nullptr /* arena */,
+                               true /* use_range_del_table */);
+      cache->tombstones.reset(new FragmentedRangeTombstoneList(
+          std::unique_ptr<InternalIterator>(unfragmented_iter),
+          comparator_.comparator));
+      cache->initialized.store(true, std::memory_order_release);
+    }
+    cache->reader_mutex.unlock();
+  }
+
+  auto* fragmented_iter = new FragmentedRangeTombstoneIterator(
+      cache, comparator_.comparator, read_seq, read_options.timestamp);
+  return fragmented_iter;
+}
+
+void MemTable::ConstructFragmentedRangeTombstones() {
+  assert(!IsFragmentedRangeTombstonesConstructed(false));
+  // There should be no concurrent Construction
+  if (!is_range_del_table_empty_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
+    // TODO: plumb Env::IOActivity
+    auto* unfragmented_iter =
+        new MemTableIterator(*this, ReadOptions(), nullptr /* arena */,
+                             true /* use_range_del_table */);
+
+    fragmented_range_tombstone_list_ =
+        std::make_unique<FragmentedRangeTombstoneList>(
+            std::unique_ptr<InternalIterator>(unfragmented_iter),
+            comparator_.comparator);
+  }
+}
+
+port::RWMutex* MemTable::GetLock(const Slice& key) {
+  return &locks_[GetSliceRangedNPHash(key, locks_.size())];
+}
+
+MemTable::MemTableStats MemTable::ApproximateStats(const Slice& start_ikey,
+                                                   const Slice& end_ikey) {
+  uint64_t entry_count = table_->ApproximateNumEntries(start_ikey, end_ikey);
+  entry_count += range_del_table_->ApproximateNumEntries(start_ikey, end_ikey);
+  if (entry_count == 0) {
+    return {0, 0};
+  }
+  uint64_t n = num_entries_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  if (n == 0) {
+    return {0, 0};
+  }
+  if (entry_count > n) {
+    // (range_del_)table_->ApproximateNumEntries() is just an estimate so it can
+    // be larger than actual entries we have. Cap it to entries we have to limit
+    // the inaccuracy.
+    entry_count = n;
+  }
+  uint64_t data_size = data_size_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  return {entry_count * (data_size / n), entry_count};
+}
+
+Status MemTable::VerifyEncodedEntry(Slice encoded,
+                                    const ProtectionInfoKVOS64& kv_prot_info) {
+  uint32_t ikey_len = 0;
+  if (!GetVarint32(&encoded, &ikey_len)) {
+    return Status::Corruption("Unable to parse internal key length");
+  }
+  size_t ts_sz = GetInternalKeyComparator().user_comparator()->timestamp_size();
+  if (ikey_len < 8 + ts_sz) {
+    return Status::Corruption("Internal key length too short");
+  }
+  if (ikey_len > encoded.size()) {
+    return Status::Corruption("Internal key length too long");
+  }
+  uint32_t value_len = 0;
+  const size_t user_key_len = ikey_len - 8;
+  Slice key(encoded.data(), user_key_len);
+  encoded.remove_prefix(user_key_len);
+
+  uint64_t packed = DecodeFixed64(encoded.data());
+  ValueType value_type = kMaxValue;
+  SequenceNumber sequence_number = kMaxSequenceNumber;
+  UnPackSequenceAndType(packed, &sequence_number, &value_type);
+  encoded.remove_prefix(8);
+
+  if (!GetVarint32(&encoded, &value_len)) {
+    return Status::Corruption("Unable to parse value length");
+  }
+  if (value_len < encoded.size()) {
+    return Status::Corruption("Value length too short");
+  }
+  if (value_len > encoded.size()) {
+    return Status::Corruption("Value length too long");
+  }
+  Slice value(encoded.data(), value_len);
+
+  return kv_prot_info.StripS(sequence_number)
+      .StripKVO(key, value, value_type)
+      .GetStatus();
+}
+
+void MemTable::UpdateEntryChecksum(const ProtectionInfoKVOS64* kv_prot_info,
+                                   const Slice& key, const Slice& value,
+                                   ValueType type, SequenceNumber s,
+                                   char* checksum_ptr) {
+  if (moptions_.protection_bytes_per_key == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (kv_prot_info == nullptr) {
+    ProtectionInfo64()
+        .ProtectKVO(key, value, type)
+        .ProtectS(s)
+        .Encode(static_cast<uint8_t>(moptions_.protection_bytes_per_key),
+                checksum_ptr);
+  } else {
+    kv_prot_info->Encode(
+        static_cast<uint8_t>(moptions_.protection_bytes_per_key), checksum_ptr);
+  }
+}
+
+Status MemTable::Add(SequenceNumber s, ValueType type,
+                     const Slice& key, /* user key */
+                     const Slice& value,
+                     const ProtectionInfoKVOS64* kv_prot_info,
+                     bool allow_concurrent,
+                     MemTablePostProcessInfo* post_process_info, void** hint) {
+  // Format of an entry is concatenation of:
+  //  key_size     : varint32 of internal_key.size()
+  //  key bytes    : char[internal_key.size()]
+  //  value_size   : varint32 of value.size()
+  //  value bytes  : char[value.size()]
+  //  checksum     : char[moptions_.protection_bytes_per_key]
+  uint32_t key_size = static_cast<uint32_t>(key.size());
+  uint32_t val_size = static_cast<uint32_t>(value.size());
+  uint32_t internal_key_size = key_size + 8;
+  const uint32_t encoded_len = VarintLength(internal_key_size) +
+                               internal_key_size + VarintLength(val_size) +
+                               val_size + moptions_.protection_bytes_per_key;
+  char* buf = nullptr;
+  std::unique_ptr<MemTableRep>& table =
+      type == kTypeRangeDeletion ? range_del_table_ : table_;
+  KeyHandle handle = table->Allocate(encoded_len, &buf);
+
+  char* p = EncodeVarint32(buf, internal_key_size);
+  memcpy(p, key.data(), key_size);
+  Slice key_slice(p, key_size);
+  p += key_size;
+  uint64_t packed = PackSequenceAndType(s, type);
+  EncodeFixed64(p, packed);
+  p += 8;
+  p = EncodeVarint32(p, val_size);
+  memcpy(p, value.data(), val_size);
+  assert((unsigned)(p + val_size - buf + moptions_.protection_bytes_per_key) ==
+         (unsigned)encoded_len);
+
+  UpdateEntryChecksum(kv_prot_info, key, value, type, s,
+                      buf + encoded_len - moptions_.protection_bytes_per_key);
+  Slice encoded(buf, encoded_len - moptions_.protection_bytes_per_key);
+  if (kv_prot_info != nullptr) {
+    TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("MemTable::Add:Encoded", &encoded);
+    Status status = VerifyEncodedEntry(encoded, *kv_prot_info);
+    if (!status.ok()) {
+      return status;
+    }
+  }
+
+  size_t ts_sz = GetInternalKeyComparator().user_comparator()->timestamp_size();
+  Slice key_without_ts = StripTimestampFromUserKey(key, ts_sz);
+
+  if (!allow_concurrent) {
+    // Extract prefix for insert with hint.
+    if (insert_with_hint_prefix_extractor_ != nullptr &&
+        insert_with_hint_prefix_extractor_->InDomain(key_slice)) {
+      Slice prefix = insert_with_hint_prefix_extractor_->Transform(key_slice);
+      bool res = table->InsertKeyWithHint(handle, &insert_hints_[prefix]);
+      if (UNLIKELY(!res)) {
+        return Status::TryAgain("key+seq exists");
+      }
+    } else {
+      bool res = table->InsertKey(handle);
+      if (UNLIKELY(!res)) {
+        return Status::TryAgain("key+seq exists");
+      }
+    }
+
+    // this is a bit ugly, but is the way to avoid locked instructions
+    // when incrementing an atomic
+    num_entries_.store(num_entries_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) + 1,
+                       std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    data_size_.store(data_size_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) + encoded_len,
+                     std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    if (type == kTypeDeletion || type == kTypeSingleDeletion ||
+        type == kTypeDeletionWithTimestamp) {
+      num_deletes_.store(num_deletes_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) + 1,
+                         std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    }
+
+    if (bloom_filter_ && prefix_extractor_ &&
+        prefix_extractor_->InDomain(key_without_ts)) {
+      bloom_filter_->Add(prefix_extractor_->Transform(key_without_ts));
+    }
+    if (bloom_filter_ && moptions_.memtable_whole_key_filtering) {
+      bloom_filter_->Add(key_without_ts);
+    }
+
+    // The first sequence number inserted into the memtable
+    assert(first_seqno_ == 0 || s >= first_seqno_);
+    if (first_seqno_ == 0) {
+      first_seqno_.store(s, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+
+      if (earliest_seqno_ == kMaxSequenceNumber) {
+        earliest_seqno_.store(GetFirstSequenceNumber(),
+                              std::memory_order_relaxed);
+      }
+      assert(first_seqno_.load() >= earliest_seqno_.load());
+    }
+    assert(post_process_info == nullptr);
+    UpdateFlushState();
+  } else {
+    bool res = (hint == nullptr)
+                   ? table->InsertKeyConcurrently(handle)
+                   : table->InsertKeyWithHintConcurrently(handle, hint);
+    if (UNLIKELY(!res)) {
+      return Status::TryAgain("key+seq exists");
+    }
+
+    assert(post_process_info != nullptr);
+    post_process_info->num_entries++;
+    post_process_info->data_size += encoded_len;
+    if (type == kTypeDeletion) {
+      post_process_info->num_deletes++;
+    }
+
+    if (bloom_filter_ && prefix_extractor_ &&
+        prefix_extractor_->InDomain(key_without_ts)) {
+      bloom_filter_->AddConcurrently(
+          prefix_extractor_->Transform(key_without_ts));
+    }
+    if (bloom_filter_ && moptions_.memtable_whole_key_filtering) {
+      bloom_filter_->AddConcurrently(key_without_ts);
+    }
+
+    // atomically update first_seqno_ and earliest_seqno_.
+    uint64_t cur_seq_num = first_seqno_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    while ((cur_seq_num == 0 || s < cur_seq_num) &&
+           !first_seqno_.compare_exchange_weak(cur_seq_num, s)) {
+    }
+    uint64_t cur_earliest_seqno =
+        earliest_seqno_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    while (
+        (cur_earliest_seqno == kMaxSequenceNumber || s < cur_earliest_seqno) &&
+        !first_seqno_.compare_exchange_weak(cur_earliest_seqno, s)) {
+    }
+  }
+  if (type == kTypeRangeDeletion) {
+    auto new_cache = std::make_shared<FragmentedRangeTombstoneListCache>();
+    size_t size = cached_range_tombstone_.Size();
+    if (allow_concurrent) {
+      range_del_mutex_.lock();
+    }
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+      std::shared_ptr<FragmentedRangeTombstoneListCache>* local_cache_ref_ptr =
+          cached_range_tombstone_.AccessAtCore(i);
+      auto new_local_cache_ref = std::make_shared<
+          const std::shared_ptr<FragmentedRangeTombstoneListCache>>(new_cache);
+      // It is okay for some reader to load old cache during invalidation as
+      // the new sequence number is not published yet.
+      // Each core will have a shared_ptr to a shared_ptr to the cached
+      // fragmented range tombstones, so that ref count is maintianed locally
+      // per-core using the per-core shared_ptr.
+      std::atomic_store_explicit(
+          local_cache_ref_ptr,
+          std::shared_ptr<FragmentedRangeTombstoneListCache>(
+              new_local_cache_ref, new_cache.get()),
+          std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    }
+    if (allow_concurrent) {
+      range_del_mutex_.unlock();
+    }
+    is_range_del_table_empty_.store(false, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  }
+  UpdateOldestKeyTime();
+
+  TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("MemTable::Add:BeforeReturn:Encoded", &encoded);
+  return Status::OK();
+}
+
+// Callback from MemTable::Get()
+namespace {
+
+struct Saver {
+  Status* status;
+  const LookupKey* key;
+  bool* found_final_value;  // Is value set correctly? Used by KeyMayExist
+  bool* merge_in_progress;
+  std::string* value;
+  PinnableWideColumns* columns;
+  SequenceNumber seq;
+  std::string* timestamp;
+  const MergeOperator* merge_operator;
+  // the merge operations encountered;
+  MergeContext* merge_context;
+  SequenceNumber max_covering_tombstone_seq;
+  MemTable* mem;
+  Logger* logger;
+  Statistics* statistics;
+  bool inplace_update_support;
+  bool do_merge;
+  SystemClock* clock;
+
+  ReadCallback* callback_;
+  bool* is_blob_index;
+  bool allow_data_in_errors;
+  uint32_t protection_bytes_per_key;
+  bool CheckCallback(SequenceNumber _seq) {
+    if (callback_) {
+      return callback_->IsVisible(_seq);
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+};
+}  // anonymous namespace
+
+static bool SaveValue(void* arg, const char* entry) {
+  TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("Memtable::SaveValue:Begin:entry", &entry);
+  Saver* s = reinterpret_cast<Saver*>(arg);
+  assert(s != nullptr);
+  assert(!s->value || !s->columns);
+
+  if (s->protection_bytes_per_key > 0) {
+    *(s->status) = MemTable::VerifyEntryChecksum(
+        entry, s->protection_bytes_per_key, s->allow_data_in_errors);
+    if (!s->status->ok()) {
+      ROCKS_LOG_ERROR(s->logger, "In SaveValue: %s", s->status->getState());
+      // Memtable entry corrupted
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  MergeContext* merge_context = s->merge_context;
+  SequenceNumber max_covering_tombstone_seq = s->max_covering_tombstone_seq;
+  const MergeOperator* merge_operator = s->merge_operator;
+
+  assert(merge_context != nullptr);
+
+  // Refer to comments under MemTable::Add() for entry format.
+  // Check that it belongs to same user key.
+  uint32_t key_length = 0;
+  const char* key_ptr = GetVarint32Ptr(entry, entry + 5, &key_length);
+  assert(key_length >= 8);
+  Slice user_key_slice = Slice(key_ptr, key_length - 8);
+  const Comparator* user_comparator =
+      s->mem->GetInternalKeyComparator().user_comparator();
+  size_t ts_sz = user_comparator->timestamp_size();
+  if (ts_sz && s->timestamp && max_covering_tombstone_seq > 0) {
+    // timestamp should already be set to range tombstone timestamp
+    assert(s->timestamp->size() == ts_sz);
+  }
+  if (user_comparator->EqualWithoutTimestamp(user_key_slice,
+                                             s->key->user_key())) {
+    // Correct user key
+    const uint64_t tag = DecodeFixed64(key_ptr + key_length - 8);
+    ValueType type;
+    SequenceNumber seq;
+    UnPackSequenceAndType(tag, &seq, &type);
+    // If the value is not in the snapshot, skip it
+    if (!s->CheckCallback(seq)) {
+      return true;  // to continue to the next seq
+    }
+
+    if (s->seq == kMaxSequenceNumber) {
+      s->seq = seq;
+      if (s->seq > max_covering_tombstone_seq) {
+        if (ts_sz && s->timestamp != nullptr) {
+          // `timestamp` was set to range tombstone's timestamp before
+          // `SaveValue` is ever called. This key has a higher sequence number
+          // than range tombstone, and is the key with the highest seqno across
+          // all keys with this user_key, so we update timestamp here.
+          Slice ts = ExtractTimestampFromUserKey(user_key_slice, ts_sz);
+          s->timestamp->assign(ts.data(), ts_sz);
+        }
+      } else {
+        s->seq = max_covering_tombstone_seq;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (ts_sz > 0 && s->timestamp != nullptr) {
+      if (!s->timestamp->empty()) {
+        assert(ts_sz == s->timestamp->size());
+      }
+      // TODO optimize for smaller size ts
+      const std::string kMaxTs(ts_sz, '\xff');
+      if (s->timestamp->empty() ||
+          user_comparator->CompareTimestamp(*(s->timestamp), kMaxTs) == 0) {
+        Slice ts = ExtractTimestampFromUserKey(user_key_slice, ts_sz);
+        s->timestamp->assign(ts.data(), ts_sz);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if ((type == kTypeValue || type == kTypeMerge || type == kTypeBlobIndex ||
+         type == kTypeWideColumnEntity || type == kTypeDeletion ||
+         type == kTypeSingleDeletion || type == kTypeDeletionWithTimestamp) &&
+        max_covering_tombstone_seq > seq) {
+      type = kTypeRangeDeletion;
+    }
+    switch (type) {
+      case kTypeBlobIndex: {
+        if (!s->do_merge) {
+          *(s->status) = Status::NotSupported(
+              "GetMergeOperands not supported by stacked BlobDB");
+          *(s->found_final_value) = true;
+          return false;
+        }
+
+        if (*(s->merge_in_progress)) {
+          *(s->status) = Status::NotSupported(
+              "Merge operator not supported by stacked BlobDB");
+          *(s->found_final_value) = true;
+          return false;
+        }
+
+        if (s->is_blob_index == nullptr) {
+          ROCKS_LOG_ERROR(s->logger, "Encountered unexpected blob index.");
+          *(s->status) = Status::NotSupported(
+              "Encountered unexpected blob index. Please open DB with "
+              "ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::blob_db::BlobDB.");
+          *(s->found_final_value) = true;
+          return false;
+        }
+
+        if (s->inplace_update_support) {
+          s->mem->GetLock(s->key->user_key())->ReadLock();
+        }
+
+        Slice v = GetLengthPrefixedSlice(key_ptr + key_length);
+
+        *(s->status) = Status::OK();
+
+        if (s->value) {
+          s->value->assign(v.data(), v.size());
+        } else if (s->columns) {
+          s->columns->SetPlainValue(v);
+        }
+
+        if (s->inplace_update_support) {
+          s->mem->GetLock(s->key->user_key())->ReadUnlock();
+        }
+
+        *(s->found_final_value) = true;
+        *(s->is_blob_index) = true;
+
+        return false;
+      }
+      case kTypeValue: {
+        if (s->inplace_update_support) {
+          s->mem->GetLock(s->key->user_key())->ReadLock();
+        }
+
+        Slice v = GetLengthPrefixedSlice(key_ptr + key_length);
+
+        *(s->status) = Status::OK();
+
+        if (!s->do_merge) {
+          // Preserve the value with the goal of returning it as part of
+          // raw merge operands to the user
+          // TODO(yanqin) update MergeContext so that timestamps information
+          // can also be retained.
+
+          merge_context->PushOperand(
+              v, s->inplace_update_support == false /* operand_pinned */);
+        } else if (*(s->merge_in_progress)) {
+          assert(s->do_merge);
+
+          if (s->value || s->columns) {
+            std::string result;
+            // `op_failure_scope` (an output parameter) is not provided (set to
+            // nullptr) since a failure must be propagated regardless of its
+            // value.
+            *(s->status) = MergeHelper::TimedFullMerge(
+                merge_operator, s->key->user_key(), &v,
+                merge_context->GetOperands(), &result, s->logger, s->statistics,
+                s->clock, /* result_operand */ nullptr,
+                /* update_num_ops_stats */ true,
+                /* op_failure_scope */ nullptr);
+
+            if (s->status->ok()) {
+              if (s->value) {
+                *(s->value) = std::move(result);
+              } else {
+                assert(s->columns);
+                s->columns->SetPlainValue(std::move(result));
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        } else if (s->value) {
+          s->value->assign(v.data(), v.size());
+        } else if (s->columns) {
+          s->columns->SetPlainValue(v);
+        }
+
+        if (s->inplace_update_support) {
+          s->mem->GetLock(s->key->user_key())->ReadUnlock();
+        }
+
+        *(s->found_final_value) = true;
+
+        if (s->is_blob_index != nullptr) {
+          *(s->is_blob_index) = false;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+      }
+      case kTypeWideColumnEntity: {
+        if (s->inplace_update_support) {
+          s->mem->GetLock(s->key->user_key())->ReadLock();
+        }
+
+        Slice v = GetLengthPrefixedSlice(key_ptr + key_length);
+
+        *(s->status) = Status::OK();
+
+        if (!s->do_merge) {
+          // Preserve the value with the goal of returning it as part of
+          // raw merge operands to the user
+
+          Slice value_of_default;
+          *(s->status) = WideColumnSerialization::GetValueOfDefaultColumn(
+              v, value_of_default);
+
+          if (s->status->ok()) {
+            merge_context->PushOperand(
+                value_of_default,
+                s->inplace_update_support == false /* operand_pinned */);
+          }
+        } else if (*(s->merge_in_progress)) {
+          assert(s->do_merge);
+
+          if (s->value) {
+            Slice value_of_default;
+            *(s->status) = WideColumnSerialization::GetValueOfDefaultColumn(
+                v, value_of_default);
+            if (s->status->ok()) {
+              // `op_failure_scope` (an output parameter) is not provided (set
+              // to nullptr) since a failure must be propagated regardless of
+              // its value.
+              *(s->status) = MergeHelper::TimedFullMerge(
+                  merge_operator, s->key->user_key(), &value_of_default,
+                  merge_context->GetOperands(), s->value, s->logger,
+                  s->statistics, s->clock, /* result_operand */ nullptr,
+                  /* update_num_ops_stats */ true,
+                  /* op_failure_scope */ nullptr);
+            }
+          } else if (s->columns) {
+            std::string result;
+            // `op_failure_scope` (an output parameter) is not provided (set to
+            // nullptr) since a failure must be propagated regardless of its
+            // value.
+            *(s->status) = MergeHelper::TimedFullMergeWithEntity(
+                merge_operator, s->key->user_key(), v,
+                merge_context->GetOperands(), &result, s->logger, s->statistics,
+                s->clock, /* update_num_ops_stats */ true,
+                /* op_failure_scope */ nullptr);
+
+            if (s->status->ok()) {
+              *(s->status) = s->columns->SetWideColumnValue(std::move(result));
+            }
+          }
+        } else if (s->value) {
+          Slice value_of_default;
+          *(s->status) = WideColumnSerialization::GetValueOfDefaultColumn(
+              v, value_of_default);
+          if (s->status->ok()) {
+            s->value->assign(value_of_default.data(), value_of_default.size());
+          }
+        } else if (s->columns) {
+          *(s->status) = s->columns->SetWideColumnValue(v);
+        }
+
+        if (s->inplace_update_support) {
+          s->mem->GetLock(s->key->user_key())->ReadUnlock();
+        }
+
+        *(s->found_final_value) = true;
+
+        if (s->is_blob_index != nullptr) {
+          *(s->is_blob_index) = false;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+      }
+      case kTypeDeletion:
+      case kTypeDeletionWithTimestamp:
+      case kTypeSingleDeletion:
+      case kTypeRangeDeletion: {
+        if (*(s->merge_in_progress)) {
+          if (s->value || s->columns) {
+            std::string result;
+            // `op_failure_scope` (an output parameter) is not provided (set to
+            // nullptr) since a failure must be propagated regardless of its
+            // value.
+            *(s->status) = MergeHelper::TimedFullMerge(
+                merge_operator, s->key->user_key(), nullptr,
+                merge_context->GetOperands(), &result, s->logger, s->statistics,
+                s->clock, /* result_operand */ nullptr,
+                /* update_num_ops_stats */ true,
+                /* op_failure_scope */ nullptr);
+
+            if (s->status->ok()) {
+              if (s->value) {
+                *(s->value) = std::move(result);
+              } else {
+                assert(s->columns);
+                s->columns->SetPlainValue(std::move(result));
+              }
+            }
+          } else {
+            // We have found a final value (a base deletion) and have newer
+            // merge operands that we do not intend to merge. Nothing remains
+            // to be done so assign status to OK.
+            *(s->status) = Status::OK();
+          }
+        } else {
+          *(s->status) = Status::NotFound();
+        }
+        *(s->found_final_value) = true;
+        return false;
+      }
+      case kTypeMerge: {
+        if (!merge_operator) {
+          *(s->status) = Status::InvalidArgument(
+              "merge_operator is not properly initialized.");
+          // Normally we continue the loop (return true) when we see a merge
+          // operand.  But in case of an error, we should stop the loop
+          // immediately and pretend we have found the value to stop further
+          // seek.  Otherwise, the later call will override this error status.
+          *(s->found_final_value) = true;
+          return false;
+        }
+        Slice v = GetLengthPrefixedSlice(key_ptr + key_length);
+        *(s->merge_in_progress) = true;
+        merge_context->PushOperand(
+            v, s->inplace_update_support == false /* operand_pinned */);
+        PERF_COUNTER_ADD(internal_merge_point_lookup_count, 1);
+
+        if (s->do_merge && merge_operator->ShouldMerge(
+                               merge_context->GetOperandsDirectionBackward())) {
+          if (s->value || s->columns) {
+            std::string result;
+            // `op_failure_scope` (an output parameter) is not provided (set to
+            // nullptr) since a failure must be propagated regardless of its
+            // value.
+            *(s->status) = MergeHelper::TimedFullMerge(
+                merge_operator, s->key->user_key(), nullptr,
+                merge_context->GetOperands(), &result, s->logger, s->statistics,
+                s->clock, /* result_operand */ nullptr,
+                /* update_num_ops_stats */ true,
+                /* op_failure_scope */ nullptr);
+
+            if (s->status->ok()) {
+              if (s->value) {
+                *(s->value) = std::move(result);
+              } else {
+                assert(s->columns);
+                s->columns->SetPlainValue(std::move(result));
+              }
+            }
+          }
+
+          *(s->found_final_value) = true;
+          return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+      }
+      default: {
+        std::string msg("Corrupted value not expected.");
+        if (s->allow_data_in_errors) {
+          msg.append("Unrecognized value type: " +
+                     std::to_string(static_cast<int>(type)) + ". ");
+          msg.append("User key: " + user_key_slice.ToString(/*hex=*/true) +
+                     ". ");
+          msg.append("seq: " + std::to_string(seq) + ".");
+        }
+        *(s->status) = Status::Corruption(msg.c_str());
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // s->state could be Corrupt, merge or notfound
+  return false;
+}
+
+bool MemTable::Get(const LookupKey& key, std::string* value,
+                   PinnableWideColumns* columns, std::string* timestamp,
+                   Status* s, MergeContext* merge_context,
+                   SequenceNumber* max_covering_tombstone_seq,
+                   SequenceNumber* seq, const ReadOptions& read_opts,
+                   bool immutable_memtable, ReadCallback* callback,
+                   bool* is_blob_index, bool do_merge) {
+  // The sequence number is updated synchronously in version_set.h
+  if (IsEmpty()) {
+    // Avoiding recording stats for speed.
+    return false;
+  }
+  PERF_TIMER_GUARD(get_from_memtable_time);
+
+  std::unique_ptr<FragmentedRangeTombstoneIterator> range_del_iter(
+      NewRangeTombstoneIterator(read_opts,
+                                GetInternalKeySeqno(key.internal_key()),
+                                immutable_memtable));
+  if (range_del_iter != nullptr) {
+    SequenceNumber covering_seq =
+        range_del_iter->MaxCoveringTombstoneSeqnum(key.user_key());
+    if (covering_seq > *max_covering_tombstone_seq) {
+      *max_covering_tombstone_seq = covering_seq;
+      if (timestamp) {
+        // Will be overwritten in SaveValue() if there is a point key with
+        // a higher seqno.
+        timestamp->assign(range_del_iter->timestamp().data(),
+                          range_del_iter->timestamp().size());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  bool found_final_value = false;
+  bool merge_in_progress = s->IsMergeInProgress();
+  bool may_contain = true;
+  size_t ts_sz = GetInternalKeyComparator().user_comparator()->timestamp_size();
+  Slice user_key_without_ts = StripTimestampFromUserKey(key.user_key(), ts_sz);
+  bool bloom_checked = false;
+  if (bloom_filter_) {
+    // when both memtable_whole_key_filtering and prefix_extractor_ are set,
+    // only do whole key filtering for Get() to save CPU
+    if (moptions_.memtable_whole_key_filtering) {
+      may_contain = bloom_filter_->MayContain(user_key_without_ts);
+      bloom_checked = true;
+    } else {
+      assert(prefix_extractor_);
+      if (prefix_extractor_->InDomain(user_key_without_ts)) {
+        may_contain = bloom_filter_->MayContain(
+            prefix_extractor_->Transform(user_key_without_ts));
+        bloom_checked = true;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (bloom_filter_ && !may_contain) {
+    // iter is null if prefix bloom says the key does not exist
+    PERF_COUNTER_ADD(bloom_memtable_miss_count, 1);
+    *seq = kMaxSequenceNumber;
+  } else {
+    if (bloom_checked) {
+      PERF_COUNTER_ADD(bloom_memtable_hit_count, 1);
+    }
+    GetFromTable(key, *max_covering_tombstone_seq, do_merge, callback,
+                 is_blob_index, value, columns, timestamp, s, merge_context,
+                 seq, &found_final_value, &merge_in_progress);
+  }
+
+  // No change to value, since we have not yet found a Put/Delete
+  // Propagate corruption error
+  if (!found_final_value && merge_in_progress && !s->IsCorruption()) {
+    *s = Status::MergeInProgress();
+  }
+  PERF_COUNTER_ADD(get_from_memtable_count, 1);
+  return found_final_value;
+}
+
+void MemTable::GetFromTable(const LookupKey& key,
+                            SequenceNumber max_covering_tombstone_seq,
+                            bool do_merge, ReadCallback* callback,
+                            bool* is_blob_index, std::string* value,
+                            PinnableWideColumns* columns,
+                            std::string* timestamp, Status* s,
+                            MergeContext* merge_context, SequenceNumber* seq,
+                            bool* found_final_value, bool* merge_in_progress) {
+  Saver saver;
+  saver.status = s;
+  saver.found_final_value = found_final_value;
+  saver.merge_in_progress = merge_in_progress;
+  saver.key = &key;
+  saver.value = value;
+  saver.columns = columns;
+  saver.timestamp = timestamp;
+  saver.seq = kMaxSequenceNumber;
+  saver.mem = this;
+  saver.merge_context = merge_context;
+  saver.max_covering_tombstone_seq = max_covering_tombstone_seq;
+  saver.merge_operator = moptions_.merge_operator;
+  saver.logger = moptions_.info_log;
+  saver.inplace_update_support = moptions_.inplace_update_support;
+  saver.statistics = moptions_.statistics;
+  saver.clock = clock_;
+  saver.callback_ = callback;
+  saver.is_blob_index = is_blob_index;
+  saver.do_merge = do_merge;
+  saver.allow_data_in_errors = moptions_.allow_data_in_errors;
+  saver.protection_bytes_per_key = moptions_.protection_bytes_per_key;
+  table_->Get(key, &saver, SaveValue);
+  *seq = saver.seq;
+}
+
+void MemTable::MultiGet(const ReadOptions& read_options, MultiGetRange* range,
+                        ReadCallback* callback, bool immutable_memtable) {
+  // The sequence number is updated synchronously in version_set.h
+  if (IsEmpty()) {
+    // Avoiding recording stats for speed.
+    return;
+  }
+  PERF_TIMER_GUARD(get_from_memtable_time);
+
+  // For now, memtable Bloom filter is effectively disabled if there are any
+  // range tombstones. This is the simplest way to ensure range tombstones are
+  // handled. TODO: allow Bloom checks where max_covering_tombstone_seq==0
+  bool no_range_del = read_options.ignore_range_deletions ||
+                      is_range_del_table_empty_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  MultiGetRange temp_range(*range, range->begin(), range->end());
+  if (bloom_filter_ && no_range_del) {
+    bool whole_key =
+        !prefix_extractor_ || moptions_.memtable_whole_key_filtering;
+    std::array<Slice, MultiGetContext::MAX_BATCH_SIZE> bloom_keys;
+    std::array<bool, MultiGetContext::MAX_BATCH_SIZE> may_match;
+    std::array<size_t, MultiGetContext::MAX_BATCH_SIZE> range_indexes;
+    int num_keys = 0;
+    for (auto iter = temp_range.begin(); iter != temp_range.end(); ++iter) {
+      if (whole_key) {
+        bloom_keys[num_keys] = iter->ukey_without_ts;
+        range_indexes[num_keys++] = iter.index();
+      } else if (prefix_extractor_->InDomain(iter->ukey_without_ts)) {
+        bloom_keys[num_keys] =
+            prefix_extractor_->Transform(iter->ukey_without_ts);
+        range_indexes[num_keys++] = iter.index();
+      }
+    }
+    bloom_filter_->MayContain(num_keys, &bloom_keys[0], &may_match[0]);
+    for (int i = 0; i < num_keys; ++i) {
+      if (!may_match[i]) {
+        temp_range.SkipIndex(range_indexes[i]);
+        PERF_COUNTER_ADD(bloom_memtable_miss_count, 1);
+      } else {
+        PERF_COUNTER_ADD(bloom_memtable_hit_count, 1);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  for (auto iter = temp_range.begin(); iter != temp_range.end(); ++iter) {
+    bool found_final_value{false};
+    bool merge_in_progress = iter->s->IsMergeInProgress();
+    if (!no_range_del) {
+      std::unique_ptr<FragmentedRangeTombstoneIterator> range_del_iter(
+          NewRangeTombstoneIteratorInternal(
+              read_options, GetInternalKeySeqno(iter->lkey->internal_key()),
+              immutable_memtable));
+      SequenceNumber covering_seq =
+          range_del_iter->MaxCoveringTombstoneSeqnum(iter->lkey->user_key());
+      if (covering_seq > iter->max_covering_tombstone_seq) {
+        iter->max_covering_tombstone_seq = covering_seq;
+        if (iter->timestamp) {
+          // Will be overwritten in SaveValue() if there is a point key with
+          // a higher seqno.
+          iter->timestamp->assign(range_del_iter->timestamp().data(),
+                                  range_del_iter->timestamp().size());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    SequenceNumber dummy_seq;
+    GetFromTable(*(iter->lkey), iter->max_covering_tombstone_seq, true,
+                 callback, &iter->is_blob_index,
+                 iter->value ? iter->value->GetSelf() : nullptr, iter->columns,
+                 iter->timestamp, iter->s, &(iter->merge_context), &dummy_seq,
+                 &found_final_value, &merge_in_progress);
+
+    if (!found_final_value && merge_in_progress) {
+      *(iter->s) = Status::MergeInProgress();
+    }
+
+    if (found_final_value) {
+      if (iter->value) {
+        iter->value->PinSelf();
+        range->AddValueSize(iter->value->size());
+      } else {
+        assert(iter->columns);
+        range->AddValueSize(iter->columns->serialized_size());
+      }
+
+      range->MarkKeyDone(iter);
+      RecordTick(moptions_.statistics, MEMTABLE_HIT);
+      if (range->GetValueSize() > read_options.value_size_soft_limit) {
+        // Set all remaining keys in range to Abort
+        for (auto range_iter = range->begin(); range_iter != range->end();
+             ++range_iter) {
+          range->MarkKeyDone(range_iter);
+          *(range_iter->s) = Status::Aborted();
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  PERF_COUNTER_ADD(get_from_memtable_count, 1);
+}
+
+Status MemTable::Update(SequenceNumber seq, ValueType value_type,
+                        const Slice& key, const Slice& value,
+                        const ProtectionInfoKVOS64* kv_prot_info) {
+  LookupKey lkey(key, seq);
+  Slice mem_key = lkey.memtable_key();
+
+  std::unique_ptr<MemTableRep::Iterator> iter(
+      table_->GetDynamicPrefixIterator());
+  iter->Seek(lkey.internal_key(), mem_key.data());
+
+  if (iter->Valid()) {
+    // Refer to comments under MemTable::Add() for entry format.
+    // Check that it belongs to same user key.  We do not check the
+    // sequence number since the Seek() call above should have skipped
+    // all entries with overly large sequence numbers.
+    const char* entry = iter->key();
+    uint32_t key_length = 0;
+    const char* key_ptr = GetVarint32Ptr(entry, entry + 5, &key_length);
+    if (comparator_.comparator.user_comparator()->Equal(
+            Slice(key_ptr, key_length - 8), lkey.user_key())) {
+      // Correct user key
+      const uint64_t tag = DecodeFixed64(key_ptr + key_length - 8);
+      ValueType type;
+      SequenceNumber existing_seq;
+      UnPackSequenceAndType(tag, &existing_seq, &type);
+      assert(existing_seq != seq);
+      if (type == value_type) {
+        Slice prev_value = GetLengthPrefixedSlice(key_ptr + key_length);
+        uint32_t prev_size = static_cast<uint32_t>(prev_value.size());
+        uint32_t new_size = static_cast<uint32_t>(value.size());
+
+        // Update value, if new value size  <= previous value size
+        if (new_size <= prev_size) {
+          char* p =
+              EncodeVarint32(const_cast<char*>(key_ptr) + key_length, new_size);
+          WriteLock wl(GetLock(lkey.user_key()));
+          memcpy(p, value.data(), value.size());
+          assert((unsigned)((p + value.size()) - entry) ==
+                 (unsigned)(VarintLength(key_length) + key_length +
+                            VarintLength(value.size()) + value.size()));
+          RecordTick(moptions_.statistics, NUMBER_KEYS_UPDATED);
+          if (kv_prot_info != nullptr) {
+            ProtectionInfoKVOS64 updated_kv_prot_info(*kv_prot_info);
+            // `seq` is swallowed and `existing_seq` prevails.
+            updated_kv_prot_info.UpdateS(seq, existing_seq);
+            UpdateEntryChecksum(&updated_kv_prot_info, key, value, type,
+                                existing_seq, p + value.size());
+            Slice encoded(entry, p + value.size() - entry);
+            return VerifyEncodedEntry(encoded, updated_kv_prot_info);
+          } else {
+            UpdateEntryChecksum(nullptr, key, value, type, existing_seq,
+                                p + value.size());
+          }
+          return Status::OK();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // The latest value is not value_type or key doesn't exist
+  return Add(seq, value_type, key, value, kv_prot_info);
+}
+
+Status MemTable::UpdateCallback(SequenceNumber seq, const Slice& key,
+                                const Slice& delta,
+                                const ProtectionInfoKVOS64* kv_prot_info) {
+  LookupKey lkey(key, seq);
+  Slice memkey = lkey.memtable_key();
+
+  std::unique_ptr<MemTableRep::Iterator> iter(
+      table_->GetDynamicPrefixIterator());
+  iter->Seek(lkey.internal_key(), memkey.data());
+
+  if (iter->Valid()) {
+    // Refer to comments under MemTable::Add() for entry format.
+    // Check that it belongs to same user key.  We do not check the
+    // sequence number since the Seek() call above should have skipped
+    // all entries with overly large sequence numbers.
+    const char* entry = iter->key();
+    uint32_t key_length = 0;
+    const char* key_ptr = GetVarint32Ptr(entry, entry + 5, &key_length);
+    if (comparator_.comparator.user_comparator()->Equal(
+            Slice(key_ptr, key_length - 8), lkey.user_key())) {
+      // Correct user key
+      const uint64_t tag = DecodeFixed64(key_ptr + key_length - 8);
+      ValueType type;
+      uint64_t existing_seq;
+      UnPackSequenceAndType(tag, &existing_seq, &type);
+      if (type == kTypeValue) {
+        Slice prev_value = GetLengthPrefixedSlice(key_ptr + key_length);
+        uint32_t prev_size = static_cast<uint32_t>(prev_value.size());
+
+        char* prev_buffer = const_cast<char*>(prev_value.data());
+        uint32_t new_prev_size = prev_size;
+
+        std::string str_value;
+        WriteLock wl(GetLock(lkey.user_key()));
+        auto status = moptions_.inplace_callback(prev_buffer, &new_prev_size,
+                                                 delta, &str_value);
+        if (status == UpdateStatus::UPDATED_INPLACE) {
+          // Value already updated by callback.
+          assert(new_prev_size <= prev_size);
+          if (new_prev_size < prev_size) {
+            // overwrite the new prev_size
+            char* p = EncodeVarint32(const_cast<char*>(key_ptr) + key_length,
+                                     new_prev_size);
+            if (VarintLength(new_prev_size) < VarintLength(prev_size)) {
+              // shift the value buffer as well.
+              memcpy(p, prev_buffer, new_prev_size);
+              prev_buffer = p;
+            }
+          }
+          RecordTick(moptions_.statistics, NUMBER_KEYS_UPDATED);
+          UpdateFlushState();
+          Slice new_value(prev_buffer, new_prev_size);
+          if (kv_prot_info != nullptr) {
+            ProtectionInfoKVOS64 updated_kv_prot_info(*kv_prot_info);
+            // `seq` is swallowed and `existing_seq` prevails.
+            updated_kv_prot_info.UpdateS(seq, existing_seq);
+            updated_kv_prot_info.UpdateV(delta, new_value);
+            Slice encoded(entry, prev_buffer + new_prev_size - entry);
+            UpdateEntryChecksum(&updated_kv_prot_info, key, new_value, type,
+                                existing_seq, prev_buffer + new_prev_size);
+            return VerifyEncodedEntry(encoded, updated_kv_prot_info);
+          } else {
+            UpdateEntryChecksum(nullptr, key, new_value, type, existing_seq,
+                                prev_buffer + new_prev_size);
+          }
+          return Status::OK();
+        } else if (status == UpdateStatus::UPDATED) {
+          Status s;
+          if (kv_prot_info != nullptr) {
+            ProtectionInfoKVOS64 updated_kv_prot_info(*kv_prot_info);
+            updated_kv_prot_info.UpdateV(delta, str_value);
+            s = Add(seq, kTypeValue, key, Slice(str_value),
+                    &updated_kv_prot_info);
+          } else {
+            s = Add(seq, kTypeValue, key, Slice(str_value),
+                    nullptr /* kv_prot_info */);
+          }
+          RecordTick(moptions_.statistics, NUMBER_KEYS_WRITTEN);
+          UpdateFlushState();
+          return s;
+        } else if (status == UpdateStatus::UPDATE_FAILED) {
+          // `UPDATE_FAILED` is named incorrectly. It indicates no update
+          // happened. It does not indicate a failure happened.
+          UpdateFlushState();
+          return Status::OK();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  // The latest value is not `kTypeValue` or key doesn't exist
+  return Status::NotFound();
+}
+
+size_t MemTable::CountSuccessiveMergeEntries(const LookupKey& key) {
+  Slice memkey = key.memtable_key();
+
+  // A total ordered iterator is costly for some memtablerep (prefix aware
+  // reps). By passing in the user key, we allow efficient iterator creation.
+  // The iterator only needs to be ordered within the same user key.
+  std::unique_ptr<MemTableRep::Iterator> iter(
+      table_->GetDynamicPrefixIterator());
+  iter->Seek(key.internal_key(), memkey.data());
+
+  size_t num_successive_merges = 0;
+
+  for (; iter->Valid(); iter->Next()) {
+    const char* entry = iter->key();
+    uint32_t key_length = 0;
+    const char* iter_key_ptr = GetVarint32Ptr(entry, entry + 5, &key_length);
+    if (!comparator_.comparator.user_comparator()->Equal(
+            Slice(iter_key_ptr, key_length - 8), key.user_key())) {
+      break;
+    }
+
+    const uint64_t tag = DecodeFixed64(iter_key_ptr + key_length - 8);
+    ValueType type;
+    uint64_t unused;
+    UnPackSequenceAndType(tag, &unused, &type);
+    if (type != kTypeMerge) {
+      break;
+    }
+
+    ++num_successive_merges;
+  }
+
+  return num_successive_merges;
+}
+
+void MemTableRep::Get(const LookupKey& k, void* callback_args,
+                      bool (*callback_func)(void* arg, const char* entry)) {
+  auto iter = GetDynamicPrefixIterator();
+  for (iter->Seek(k.internal_key(), k.memtable_key().data());
+       iter->Valid() && callback_func(callback_args, iter->key());
+       iter->Next()) {
+  }
+}
+
+void MemTable::RefLogContainingPrepSection(uint64_t log) {
+  assert(log > 0);
+  auto cur = min_prep_log_referenced_.load();
+  while ((log < cur || cur == 0) &&
+         !min_prep_log_referenced_.compare_exchange_strong(cur, log)) {
+    cur = min_prep_log_referenced_.load();
+  }
+}
+
+uint64_t MemTable::GetMinLogContainingPrepSection() {
+  return min_prep_log_referenced_.load();
+}
+
+}  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE