rocksdb-native 0.0.0

package/vendor/rocksdb/tools/ldb_cmd.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,4263 @@
+
+//  Copyright (c) 2011-present, Facebook, Inc.  All rights reserved.
+//  This source code is licensed under both the GPLv2 (found in the
+//  COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License
+//  (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).
+//
+#include "rocksdb/utilities/ldb_cmd.h"
+
+#include <cinttypes>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <ctime>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <functional>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <limits>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "db/blob/blob_index.h"
+#include "db/db_impl/db_impl.h"
+#include "db/dbformat.h"
+#include "db/log_reader.h"
+#include "db/version_util.h"
+#include "db/write_batch_internal.h"
+#include "file/filename.h"
+#include "rocksdb/cache.h"
+#include "rocksdb/experimental.h"
+#include "rocksdb/file_checksum.h"
+#include "rocksdb/filter_policy.h"
+#include "rocksdb/options.h"
+#include "rocksdb/table_properties.h"
+#include "rocksdb/utilities/backup_engine.h"
+#include "rocksdb/utilities/checkpoint.h"
+#include "rocksdb/utilities/debug.h"
+#include "rocksdb/utilities/options_util.h"
+#include "rocksdb/write_batch.h"
+#include "rocksdb/write_buffer_manager.h"
+#include "table/scoped_arena_iterator.h"
+#include "table/sst_file_dumper.h"
+#include "tools/ldb_cmd_impl.h"
+#include "util/cast_util.h"
+#include "util/coding.h"
+#include "util/file_checksum_helper.h"
+#include "util/stderr_logger.h"
+#include "util/string_util.h"
+#include "utilities/blob_db/blob_dump_tool.h"
+#include "utilities/merge_operators.h"
+#include "utilities/ttl/db_ttl_impl.h"
+
+namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
+
+class FileChecksumGenCrc32c;
+class FileChecksumGenCrc32cFactory;
+
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_ENV_URI = "env_uri";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_FS_URI = "fs_uri";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_DB = "db";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_PATH = "path";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_SECONDARY_PATH = "secondary_path";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_HEX = "hex";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_KEY_HEX = "key_hex";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_VALUE_HEX = "value_hex";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_CF_NAME = "column_family";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_TTL = "ttl";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_TTL_START = "start_time";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_TTL_END = "end_time";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_TIMESTAMP = "timestamp";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_TRY_LOAD_OPTIONS = "try_load_options";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_DISABLE_CONSISTENCY_CHECKS =
+    "disable_consistency_checks";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_IGNORE_UNKNOWN_OPTIONS =
+    "ignore_unknown_options";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_FROM = "from";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_TO = "to";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_MAX_KEYS = "max_keys";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_BLOOM_BITS = "bloom_bits";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_FIX_PREFIX_LEN = "fix_prefix_len";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_COMPRESSION_TYPE = "compression_type";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_COMPRESSION_MAX_DICT_BYTES =
+    "compression_max_dict_bytes";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_BLOCK_SIZE = "block_size";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_AUTO_COMPACTION = "auto_compaction";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_DB_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE = "db_write_buffer_size";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE = "write_buffer_size";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_FILE_SIZE = "file_size";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_CREATE_IF_MISSING = "create_if_missing";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_NO_VALUE = "no_value";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_ENABLE_BLOB_FILES = "enable_blob_files";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_MIN_BLOB_SIZE = "min_blob_size";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_BLOB_FILE_SIZE = "blob_file_size";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_BLOB_COMPRESSION_TYPE =
+    "blob_compression_type";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_ENABLE_BLOB_GARBAGE_COLLECTION =
+    "enable_blob_garbage_collection";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_BLOB_GARBAGE_COLLECTION_AGE_CUTOFF =
+    "blob_garbage_collection_age_cutoff";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_BLOB_GARBAGE_COLLECTION_FORCE_THRESHOLD =
+    "blob_garbage_collection_force_threshold";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_BLOB_COMPACTION_READAHEAD_SIZE =
+    "blob_compaction_readahead_size";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_BLOB_FILE_STARTING_LEVEL =
+    "blob_file_starting_level";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_PREPOPULATE_BLOB_CACHE =
+    "prepopulate_blob_cache";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_DECODE_BLOB_INDEX = "decode_blob_index";
+const std::string LDBCommand::ARG_DUMP_UNCOMPRESSED_BLOBS =
+    "dump_uncompressed_blobs";
+
+const char* LDBCommand::DELIM = " ==> ";
+
+namespace {
+
+void DumpWalFile(Options options, std::string wal_file, bool print_header,
+                 bool print_values, bool is_write_committed,
+                 LDBCommandExecuteResult* exec_state);
+
+void DumpSstFile(Options options, std::string filename, bool output_hex,
+                 bool show_properties, bool decode_blob_index,
+                 std::string from_key = "", std::string to_key = "");
+
+void DumpBlobFile(const std::string& filename, bool is_key_hex,
+                  bool is_value_hex, bool dump_uncompressed_blobs);
+};  // namespace
+
+LDBCommand* LDBCommand::InitFromCmdLineArgs(
+    int argc, char const* const* argv, const Options& options,
+    const LDBOptions& ldb_options,
+    const std::vector<ColumnFamilyDescriptor>* column_families) {
+  std::vector<std::string> args;
+  for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
+    args.push_back(argv[i]);
+  }
+  return InitFromCmdLineArgs(args, options, ldb_options, column_families,
+                             SelectCommand);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse the command-line arguments and create the appropriate LDBCommand2
+ * instance.
+ * The command line arguments must be in the following format:
+ * ./ldb --db=PATH_TO_DB [--commonOpt1=commonOpt1Val] ..
+ *        COMMAND <PARAM1> <PARAM2> ... [-cmdSpecificOpt1=cmdSpecificOpt1Val] ..
+ * This is similar to the command line format used by HBaseClientTool.
+ * Command name is not included in args.
+ * Returns nullptr if the command-line cannot be parsed.
+ */
+LDBCommand* LDBCommand::InitFromCmdLineArgs(
+    const std::vector<std::string>& args, const Options& options,
+    const LDBOptions& ldb_options,
+    const std::vector<ColumnFamilyDescriptor>* /*column_families*/,
+    const std::function<LDBCommand*(const ParsedParams&)>& selector) {
+  // --x=y command line arguments are added as x->y map entries in
+  // parsed_params.option_map.
+  //
+  // Command-line arguments of the form --hex end up in this array as hex to
+  // parsed_params.flags
+  ParsedParams parsed_params;
+
+  // Everything other than option_map and flags. Represents commands
+  // and their parameters.  For eg: put key1 value1 go into this vector.
+  std::vector<std::string> cmdTokens;
+
+  const std::string OPTION_PREFIX = "--";
+
+  for (const auto& arg : args) {
+    if (arg[0] == '-' && arg[1] == '-') {
+      std::vector<std::string> splits = StringSplit(arg, '=');
+      // --option_name=option_value
+      if (splits.size() == 2) {
+        std::string optionKey = splits[0].substr(OPTION_PREFIX.size());
+        parsed_params.option_map[optionKey] = splits[1];
+      } else if (splits.size() == 1) {
+        // --flag_name
+        std::string optionKey = splits[0].substr(OPTION_PREFIX.size());
+        parsed_params.flags.push_back(optionKey);
+      } else {
+        // --option_name=option_value, option_value contains '='
+        std::string optionKey = splits[0].substr(OPTION_PREFIX.size());
+        parsed_params.option_map[optionKey] =
+            arg.substr(splits[0].length() + 1);
+      }
+    } else {
+      cmdTokens.push_back(arg);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (cmdTokens.size() < 1) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Command not specified!");
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  parsed_params.cmd = cmdTokens[0];
+  parsed_params.cmd_params.assign(cmdTokens.begin() + 1, cmdTokens.end());
+
+  LDBCommand* command = selector(parsed_params);
+
+  if (command) {
+    command->SetDBOptions(options);
+    command->SetLDBOptions(ldb_options);
+  }
+  return command;
+}
+
+LDBCommand* LDBCommand::SelectCommand(const ParsedParams& parsed_params) {
+  if (parsed_params.cmd == GetCommand::Name()) {
+    return new GetCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params, parsed_params.option_map,
+                          parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == PutCommand::Name()) {
+    return new PutCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params, parsed_params.option_map,
+                          parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == BatchPutCommand::Name()) {
+    return new BatchPutCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params,
+                               parsed_params.option_map, parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == ScanCommand::Name()) {
+    return new ScanCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params, parsed_params.option_map,
+                           parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == DeleteCommand::Name()) {
+    return new DeleteCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params, parsed_params.option_map,
+                             parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == SingleDeleteCommand::Name()) {
+    return new SingleDeleteCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params,
+                                   parsed_params.option_map,
+                                   parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == DeleteRangeCommand::Name()) {
+    return new DeleteRangeCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params,
+                                  parsed_params.option_map,
+                                  parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == ApproxSizeCommand::Name()) {
+    return new ApproxSizeCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params,
+                                 parsed_params.option_map, parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == DBQuerierCommand::Name()) {
+    return new DBQuerierCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params,
+                                parsed_params.option_map, parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == CompactorCommand::Name()) {
+    return new CompactorCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params,
+                                parsed_params.option_map, parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == WALDumperCommand::Name()) {
+    return new WALDumperCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params,
+                                parsed_params.option_map, parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == ReduceDBLevelsCommand::Name()) {
+    return new ReduceDBLevelsCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params,
+                                     parsed_params.option_map,
+                                     parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == ChangeCompactionStyleCommand::Name()) {
+    return new ChangeCompactionStyleCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params,
+                                            parsed_params.option_map,
+                                            parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == DBDumperCommand::Name()) {
+    return new DBDumperCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params,
+                               parsed_params.option_map, parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == DBLoaderCommand::Name()) {
+    return new DBLoaderCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params,
+                               parsed_params.option_map, parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == ManifestDumpCommand::Name()) {
+    return new ManifestDumpCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params,
+                                   parsed_params.option_map,
+                                   parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == FileChecksumDumpCommand::Name()) {
+    return new FileChecksumDumpCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params,
+                                       parsed_params.option_map,
+                                       parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == GetPropertyCommand::Name()) {
+    return new GetPropertyCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params,
+                                  parsed_params.option_map,
+                                  parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == ListColumnFamiliesCommand::Name()) {
+    return new ListColumnFamiliesCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params,
+                                         parsed_params.option_map,
+                                         parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == CreateColumnFamilyCommand::Name()) {
+    return new CreateColumnFamilyCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params,
+                                         parsed_params.option_map,
+                                         parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == DropColumnFamilyCommand::Name()) {
+    return new DropColumnFamilyCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params,
+                                       parsed_params.option_map,
+                                       parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == DBFileDumperCommand::Name()) {
+    return new DBFileDumperCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params,
+                                   parsed_params.option_map,
+                                   parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == DBLiveFilesMetadataDumperCommand::Name()) {
+    return new DBLiveFilesMetadataDumperCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params,
+                                                parsed_params.option_map,
+                                                parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == InternalDumpCommand::Name()) {
+    return new InternalDumpCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params,
+                                   parsed_params.option_map,
+                                   parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == CheckConsistencyCommand::Name()) {
+    return new CheckConsistencyCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params,
+                                       parsed_params.option_map,
+                                       parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == CheckPointCommand::Name()) {
+    return new CheckPointCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params,
+                                 parsed_params.option_map, parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == RepairCommand::Name()) {
+    return new RepairCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params, parsed_params.option_map,
+                             parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == BackupCommand::Name()) {
+    return new BackupCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params, parsed_params.option_map,
+                             parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == RestoreCommand::Name()) {
+    return new RestoreCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params,
+                              parsed_params.option_map, parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == WriteExternalSstFilesCommand::Name()) {
+    return new WriteExternalSstFilesCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params,
+                                            parsed_params.option_map,
+                                            parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == IngestExternalSstFilesCommand::Name()) {
+    return new IngestExternalSstFilesCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params,
+                                             parsed_params.option_map,
+                                             parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == ListFileRangeDeletesCommand::Name()) {
+    return new ListFileRangeDeletesCommand(parsed_params.option_map,
+                                           parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == UnsafeRemoveSstFileCommand::Name()) {
+    return new UnsafeRemoveSstFileCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params,
+                                          parsed_params.option_map,
+                                          parsed_params.flags);
+  } else if (parsed_params.cmd == UpdateManifestCommand::Name()) {
+    return new UpdateManifestCommand(parsed_params.cmd_params,
+                                     parsed_params.option_map,
+                                     parsed_params.flags);
+  }
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+/* Run the command, and return the execute result. */
+void LDBCommand::Run() {
+  if (!exec_state_.IsNotStarted()) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (!options_.env || options_.env == Env::Default()) {
+    Env* env = Env::Default();
+    Status s = Env::CreateFromUri(config_options_, env_uri_, fs_uri_, &env,
+                                  &env_guard_);
+    if (!s.ok()) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", s.ToString().c_str());
+      exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(s.ToString());
+      return;
+    }
+    options_.env = env;
+  }
+
+  if (db_ == nullptr && !NoDBOpen()) {
+    OpenDB();
+    if (exec_state_.IsFailed() && try_load_options_) {
+      // We don't always return if there is a failure because a WAL file or
+      // manifest file can be given to "dump" command so we should continue.
+      // --try_load_options is not valid in those cases.
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // We'll intentionally proceed even if the DB can't be opened because users
+  // can also specify a filename, not just a directory.
+  DoCommand();
+
+  if (exec_state_.IsNotStarted()) {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Succeed("");
+  }
+
+  if (db_ != nullptr) {
+    CloseDB();
+  }
+}
+
+LDBCommand::LDBCommand(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+                       const std::vector<std::string>& flags, bool is_read_only,
+                       const std::vector<std::string>& valid_cmd_line_options)
+    : db_(nullptr),
+      db_ttl_(nullptr),
+      is_read_only_(is_read_only),
+      is_key_hex_(false),
+      is_value_hex_(false),
+      is_db_ttl_(false),
+      timestamp_(false),
+      try_load_options_(false),
+      create_if_missing_(false),
+      option_map_(options),
+      flags_(flags),
+      valid_cmd_line_options_(valid_cmd_line_options) {
+  auto itr = options.find(ARG_DB);
+  if (itr != options.end()) {
+    db_path_ = itr->second;
+  }
+
+  itr = options.find(ARG_ENV_URI);
+  if (itr != options.end()) {
+    env_uri_ = itr->second;
+  }
+
+  itr = options.find(ARG_FS_URI);
+  if (itr != options.end()) {
+    fs_uri_ = itr->second;
+  }
+
+  itr = options.find(ARG_CF_NAME);
+  if (itr != options.end()) {
+    column_family_name_ = itr->second;
+  } else {
+    column_family_name_ = kDefaultColumnFamilyName;
+  }
+
+  itr = options.find(ARG_SECONDARY_PATH);
+  secondary_path_ = "";
+  if (itr != options.end()) {
+    secondary_path_ = itr->second;
+  }
+
+  is_key_hex_ = IsKeyHex(options, flags);
+  is_value_hex_ = IsValueHex(options, flags);
+  is_db_ttl_ = IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_TTL);
+  timestamp_ = IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_TIMESTAMP);
+  try_load_options_ = IsTryLoadOptions(options, flags);
+  force_consistency_checks_ =
+      !IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_DISABLE_CONSISTENCY_CHECKS);
+  enable_blob_files_ = IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_ENABLE_BLOB_FILES);
+  enable_blob_garbage_collection_ =
+      IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_ENABLE_BLOB_GARBAGE_COLLECTION);
+  config_options_.ignore_unknown_options =
+      IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_IGNORE_UNKNOWN_OPTIONS);
+}
+
+void LDBCommand::OpenDB() {
+  PrepareOptions();
+  if (!exec_state_.IsNotStarted()) {
+    return;
+  }
+  if (column_families_.empty() && !options_.merge_operator) {
+    // No harm to add a general merge operator if it is not specified.
+    options_.merge_operator = MergeOperators::CreateStringAppendOperator(':');
+  }
+  // Open the DB.
+  Status st;
+  std::vector<ColumnFamilyHandle*> handles_opened;
+  if (is_db_ttl_) {
+    // ldb doesn't yet support TTL DB with multiple column families
+    if (!column_family_name_.empty() || !column_families_.empty()) {
+      exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+          "ldb doesn't support TTL DB with multiple column families");
+    }
+    if (!secondary_path_.empty()) {
+      exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+          "Open as secondary is not supported for TTL DB yet.");
+    }
+    if (is_read_only_) {
+      st = DBWithTTL::Open(options_, db_path_, &db_ttl_, 0, true);
+    } else {
+      st = DBWithTTL::Open(options_, db_path_, &db_ttl_);
+    }
+    db_ = db_ttl_;
+  } else {
+    if (is_read_only_ && secondary_path_.empty()) {
+      if (column_families_.empty()) {
+        st = DB::OpenForReadOnly(options_, db_path_, &db_);
+      } else {
+        st = DB::OpenForReadOnly(options_, db_path_, column_families_,
+                                 &handles_opened, &db_);
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (column_families_.empty()) {
+        if (secondary_path_.empty()) {
+          st = DB::Open(options_, db_path_, &db_);
+        } else {
+          st = DB::OpenAsSecondary(options_, db_path_, secondary_path_, &db_);
+        }
+      } else {
+        if (secondary_path_.empty()) {
+          st = DB::Open(options_, db_path_, column_families_, &handles_opened,
+                        &db_);
+        } else {
+          st = DB::OpenAsSecondary(options_, db_path_, secondary_path_,
+                                   column_families_, &handles_opened, &db_);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if (!st.ok()) {
+    std::string msg = st.ToString();
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(msg);
+  } else if (!handles_opened.empty()) {
+    assert(handles_opened.size() == column_families_.size());
+    bool found_cf_name = false;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < handles_opened.size(); i++) {
+      cf_handles_[column_families_[i].name] = handles_opened[i];
+      if (column_family_name_ == column_families_[i].name) {
+        found_cf_name = true;
+      }
+    }
+    if (!found_cf_name) {
+      exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+          "Non-existing column family " + column_family_name_);
+      CloseDB();
+    }
+  } else {
+    // We successfully opened DB in single column family mode.
+    assert(column_families_.empty());
+    if (column_family_name_ != kDefaultColumnFamilyName) {
+      exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+          "Non-existing column family " + column_family_name_);
+      CloseDB();
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void LDBCommand::CloseDB() {
+  if (db_ != nullptr) {
+    for (auto& pair : cf_handles_) {
+      delete pair.second;
+    }
+    Status s = db_->Close();
+    s.PermitUncheckedError();
+    delete db_;
+    db_ = nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+ColumnFamilyHandle* LDBCommand::GetCfHandle() {
+  if (!cf_handles_.empty()) {
+    auto it = cf_handles_.find(column_family_name_);
+    if (it == cf_handles_.end()) {
+      exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+          "Cannot find column family " + column_family_name_);
+    } else {
+      return it->second;
+    }
+  }
+  return db_->DefaultColumnFamily();
+}
+
+std::vector<std::string> LDBCommand::BuildCmdLineOptions(
+    std::vector<std::string> options) {
+  std::vector<std::string> ret = {ARG_ENV_URI,
+                                  ARG_FS_URI,
+                                  ARG_DB,
+                                  ARG_SECONDARY_PATH,
+                                  ARG_BLOOM_BITS,
+                                  ARG_BLOCK_SIZE,
+                                  ARG_AUTO_COMPACTION,
+                                  ARG_COMPRESSION_TYPE,
+                                  ARG_COMPRESSION_MAX_DICT_BYTES,
+                                  ARG_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE,
+                                  ARG_FILE_SIZE,
+                                  ARG_FIX_PREFIX_LEN,
+                                  ARG_TRY_LOAD_OPTIONS,
+                                  ARG_DISABLE_CONSISTENCY_CHECKS,
+                                  ARG_ENABLE_BLOB_FILES,
+                                  ARG_MIN_BLOB_SIZE,
+                                  ARG_BLOB_FILE_SIZE,
+                                  ARG_BLOB_COMPRESSION_TYPE,
+                                  ARG_ENABLE_BLOB_GARBAGE_COLLECTION,
+                                  ARG_BLOB_GARBAGE_COLLECTION_AGE_CUTOFF,
+                                  ARG_BLOB_GARBAGE_COLLECTION_FORCE_THRESHOLD,
+                                  ARG_BLOB_COMPACTION_READAHEAD_SIZE,
+                                  ARG_BLOB_FILE_STARTING_LEVEL,
+                                  ARG_PREPOPULATE_BLOB_CACHE,
+                                  ARG_IGNORE_UNKNOWN_OPTIONS,
+                                  ARG_CF_NAME};
+  ret.insert(ret.end(), options.begin(), options.end());
+  return ret;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parses the specific double option and fills in the value.
+ * Returns true if the option is found.
+ * Returns false if the option is not found or if there is an error parsing the
+ * value.  If there is an error, the specified exec_state is also
+ * updated.
+ */
+bool LDBCommand::ParseDoubleOption(
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& /*options*/,
+    const std::string& option, double& value,
+    LDBCommandExecuteResult& exec_state) {
+  auto itr = option_map_.find(option);
+  if (itr != option_map_.end()) {
+#if defined(CYGWIN)
+    char* str_end = nullptr;
+    value = std::strtod(itr->second.c_str(), &str_end);
+    if (str_end == itr->second.c_str()) {
+      exec_state =
+          LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(option + " has an invalid value.");
+    } else if (errno == ERANGE) {
+      exec_state = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+          option + " has a value out-of-range.");
+    } else {
+      return true;
+    }
+#else
+    try {
+      value = std::stod(itr->second);
+      return true;
+    } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) {
+      exec_state =
+          LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(option + " has an invalid value.");
+    } catch (const std::out_of_range&) {
+      exec_state = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+          option + " has a value out-of-range.");
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parses the specific integer option and fills in the value.
+ * Returns true if the option is found.
+ * Returns false if the option is not found or if there is an error parsing the
+ * value.  If there is an error, the specified exec_state is also
+ * updated.
+ */
+bool LDBCommand::ParseIntOption(
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& /*options*/,
+    const std::string& option, int& value,
+    LDBCommandExecuteResult& exec_state) {
+  auto itr = option_map_.find(option);
+  if (itr != option_map_.end()) {
+#if defined(CYGWIN)
+    char* str_end = nullptr;
+    value = strtol(itr->second.c_str(), &str_end, 10);
+    if (str_end == itr->second.c_str()) {
+      exec_state =
+          LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(option + " has an invalid value.");
+    } else if (errno == ERANGE) {
+      exec_state = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+          option + " has a value out-of-range.");
+    } else {
+      return true;
+    }
+#else
+    try {
+      value = std::stoi(itr->second);
+      return true;
+    } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) {
+      exec_state =
+          LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(option + " has an invalid value.");
+    } catch (const std::out_of_range&) {
+      exec_state = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+          option + " has a value out-of-range.");
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parses the specified option and fills in the value.
+ * Returns true if the option is found.
+ * Returns false otherwise.
+ */
+bool LDBCommand::ParseStringOption(
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& /*options*/,
+    const std::string& option, std::string* value) {
+  auto itr = option_map_.find(option);
+  if (itr != option_map_.end()) {
+    *value = itr->second;
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parses the specified compression type and fills in the value.
+ * Returns true if the compression type is found.
+ * Returns false otherwise.
+ */
+bool LDBCommand::ParseCompressionTypeOption(
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& /*options*/,
+    const std::string& option, CompressionType& value,
+    LDBCommandExecuteResult& exec_state) {
+  auto itr = option_map_.find(option);
+  if (itr != option_map_.end()) {
+    const std::string& comp = itr->second;
+    if (comp == "no") {
+      value = kNoCompression;
+      return true;
+    } else if (comp == "snappy") {
+      value = kSnappyCompression;
+      return true;
+    } else if (comp == "zlib") {
+      value = kZlibCompression;
+      return true;
+    } else if (comp == "bzip2") {
+      value = kBZip2Compression;
+      return true;
+    } else if (comp == "lz4") {
+      value = kLZ4Compression;
+      return true;
+    } else if (comp == "lz4hc") {
+      value = kLZ4HCCompression;
+      return true;
+    } else if (comp == "xpress") {
+      value = kXpressCompression;
+      return true;
+    } else if (comp == "zstd") {
+      value = kZSTD;
+      return true;
+    } else {
+      // Unknown compression.
+      exec_state = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+          "Unknown compression algorithm: " + comp);
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+void LDBCommand::OverrideBaseOptions() {
+  options_.create_if_missing = false;
+
+  int db_write_buffer_size;
+  if (ParseIntOption(option_map_, ARG_DB_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE,
+                     db_write_buffer_size, exec_state_)) {
+    if (db_write_buffer_size >= 0) {
+      options_.db_write_buffer_size = db_write_buffer_size;
+    } else {
+      exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(ARG_DB_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE +
+                                                    " must be >= 0.");
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (options_.db_paths.size() == 0) {
+    options_.db_paths.emplace_back(db_path_,
+                                   std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max());
+  }
+
+  OverrideBaseCFOptions(static_cast<ColumnFamilyOptions*>(&options_));
+}
+
+void LDBCommand::OverrideBaseCFOptions(ColumnFamilyOptions* cf_opts) {
+  BlockBasedTableOptions table_options;
+  bool use_table_options = false;
+  int bits;
+  if (ParseIntOption(option_map_, ARG_BLOOM_BITS, bits, exec_state_)) {
+    if (bits > 0) {
+      use_table_options = true;
+      table_options.filter_policy.reset(NewBloomFilterPolicy(bits));
+    } else {
+      exec_state_ =
+          LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(ARG_BLOOM_BITS + " must be > 0.");
+    }
+  }
+
+  int block_size;
+  if (ParseIntOption(option_map_, ARG_BLOCK_SIZE, block_size, exec_state_)) {
+    if (block_size > 0) {
+      use_table_options = true;
+      table_options.block_size = block_size;
+    } else {
+      exec_state_ =
+          LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(ARG_BLOCK_SIZE + " must be > 0.");
+    }
+  }
+
+  cf_opts->force_consistency_checks = force_consistency_checks_;
+  if (use_table_options) {
+    cf_opts->table_factory.reset(NewBlockBasedTableFactory(table_options));
+  }
+
+  cf_opts->enable_blob_files = enable_blob_files_;
+
+  int min_blob_size;
+  if (ParseIntOption(option_map_, ARG_MIN_BLOB_SIZE, min_blob_size,
+                     exec_state_)) {
+    if (min_blob_size >= 0) {
+      cf_opts->min_blob_size = min_blob_size;
+    } else {
+      exec_state_ =
+          LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(ARG_MIN_BLOB_SIZE + " must be >= 0.");
+    }
+  }
+
+  int blob_file_size;
+  if (ParseIntOption(option_map_, ARG_BLOB_FILE_SIZE, blob_file_size,
+                     exec_state_)) {
+    if (blob_file_size > 0) {
+      cf_opts->blob_file_size = blob_file_size;
+    } else {
+      exec_state_ =
+          LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(ARG_BLOB_FILE_SIZE + " must be > 0.");
+    }
+  }
+
+  cf_opts->enable_blob_garbage_collection = enable_blob_garbage_collection_;
+
+  double blob_garbage_collection_age_cutoff;
+  if (ParseDoubleOption(option_map_, ARG_BLOB_GARBAGE_COLLECTION_AGE_CUTOFF,
+                        blob_garbage_collection_age_cutoff, exec_state_)) {
+    if (blob_garbage_collection_age_cutoff >= 0 &&
+        blob_garbage_collection_age_cutoff <= 1) {
+      cf_opts->blob_garbage_collection_age_cutoff =
+          blob_garbage_collection_age_cutoff;
+    } else {
+      exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+          ARG_BLOB_GARBAGE_COLLECTION_AGE_CUTOFF + " must be >= 0 and <= 1.");
+    }
+  }
+
+  double blob_garbage_collection_force_threshold;
+  if (ParseDoubleOption(option_map_,
+                        ARG_BLOB_GARBAGE_COLLECTION_FORCE_THRESHOLD,
+                        blob_garbage_collection_force_threshold, exec_state_)) {
+    if (blob_garbage_collection_force_threshold >= 0 &&
+        blob_garbage_collection_force_threshold <= 1) {
+      cf_opts->blob_garbage_collection_force_threshold =
+          blob_garbage_collection_force_threshold;
+    } else {
+      exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+          ARG_BLOB_GARBAGE_COLLECTION_FORCE_THRESHOLD +
+          " must be >= 0 and <= 1.");
+    }
+  }
+
+  int blob_compaction_readahead_size;
+  if (ParseIntOption(option_map_, ARG_BLOB_COMPACTION_READAHEAD_SIZE,
+                     blob_compaction_readahead_size, exec_state_)) {
+    if (blob_compaction_readahead_size > 0) {
+      cf_opts->blob_compaction_readahead_size = blob_compaction_readahead_size;
+    } else {
+      exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+          ARG_BLOB_COMPACTION_READAHEAD_SIZE + " must be > 0.");
+    }
+  }
+
+  int blob_file_starting_level;
+  if (ParseIntOption(option_map_, ARG_BLOB_FILE_STARTING_LEVEL,
+                     blob_file_starting_level, exec_state_)) {
+    if (blob_file_starting_level >= 0) {
+      cf_opts->blob_file_starting_level = blob_file_starting_level;
+    } else {
+      exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+          ARG_BLOB_FILE_STARTING_LEVEL + " must be >= 0.");
+    }
+  }
+
+  int prepopulate_blob_cache;
+  if (ParseIntOption(option_map_, ARG_PREPOPULATE_BLOB_CACHE,
+                     prepopulate_blob_cache, exec_state_)) {
+    switch (prepopulate_blob_cache) {
+      case 0:
+        cf_opts->prepopulate_blob_cache = PrepopulateBlobCache::kDisable;
+        break;
+      case 1:
+        cf_opts->prepopulate_blob_cache = PrepopulateBlobCache::kFlushOnly;
+        break;
+      default:
+        exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+            ARG_PREPOPULATE_BLOB_CACHE +
+            " must be 0 (disable) or 1 (flush only).");
+    }
+  }
+
+  auto itr = option_map_.find(ARG_AUTO_COMPACTION);
+  if (itr != option_map_.end()) {
+    cf_opts->disable_auto_compactions = !StringToBool(itr->second);
+  }
+
+  CompressionType compression_type;
+  if (ParseCompressionTypeOption(option_map_, ARG_COMPRESSION_TYPE,
+                                 compression_type, exec_state_)) {
+    cf_opts->compression = compression_type;
+  }
+
+  CompressionType blob_compression_type;
+  if (ParseCompressionTypeOption(option_map_, ARG_BLOB_COMPRESSION_TYPE,
+                                 blob_compression_type, exec_state_)) {
+    cf_opts->blob_compression_type = blob_compression_type;
+  }
+
+  int compression_max_dict_bytes;
+  if (ParseIntOption(option_map_, ARG_COMPRESSION_MAX_DICT_BYTES,
+                     compression_max_dict_bytes, exec_state_)) {
+    if (compression_max_dict_bytes >= 0) {
+      cf_opts->compression_opts.max_dict_bytes = compression_max_dict_bytes;
+    } else {
+      exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+          ARG_COMPRESSION_MAX_DICT_BYTES + " must be >= 0.");
+    }
+  }
+
+  int write_buffer_size;
+  if (ParseIntOption(option_map_, ARG_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE, write_buffer_size,
+                     exec_state_)) {
+    if (write_buffer_size > 0) {
+      cf_opts->write_buffer_size = write_buffer_size;
+    } else {
+      exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(ARG_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE +
+                                                    " must be > 0.");
+    }
+  }
+
+  int file_size;
+  if (ParseIntOption(option_map_, ARG_FILE_SIZE, file_size, exec_state_)) {
+    if (file_size > 0) {
+      cf_opts->target_file_size_base = file_size;
+    } else {
+      exec_state_ =
+          LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(ARG_FILE_SIZE + " must be > 0.");
+    }
+  }
+
+  int fix_prefix_len;
+  if (ParseIntOption(option_map_, ARG_FIX_PREFIX_LEN, fix_prefix_len,
+                     exec_state_)) {
+    if (fix_prefix_len > 0) {
+      cf_opts->prefix_extractor.reset(
+          NewFixedPrefixTransform(static_cast<size_t>(fix_prefix_len)));
+    } else {
+      exec_state_ =
+          LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(ARG_FIX_PREFIX_LEN + " must be > 0.");
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// First, initializes the options state using the OPTIONS file when enabled.
+// Second, overrides the options according to the CLI arguments and the
+// specific subcommand being run.
+void LDBCommand::PrepareOptions() {
+  if (!create_if_missing_ && try_load_options_) {
+    config_options_.env = options_.env;
+    Status s = LoadLatestOptions(config_options_, db_path_, &options_,
+                                 &column_families_);
+    if (!s.ok() && !s.IsNotFound()) {
+      // Option file exists but load option file error.
+      std::string msg = s.ToString();
+      exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(msg);
+      db_ = nullptr;
+      return;
+    }
+    if (!options_.wal_dir.empty()) {
+      if (options_.env->FileExists(options_.wal_dir).IsNotFound()) {
+        options_.wal_dir = db_path_;
+        fprintf(
+            stderr,
+            "wal_dir loaded from the option file doesn't exist. Ignore it.\n");
+      }
+    }
+
+    // If merge operator is not set, set a string append operator.
+    for (auto& cf_entry : column_families_) {
+      if (!cf_entry.options.merge_operator) {
+        cf_entry.options.merge_operator =
+            MergeOperators::CreateStringAppendOperator(':');
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (options_.env == Env::Default()) {
+    options_.env = config_options_.env;
+  }
+
+  OverrideBaseOptions();
+  if (exec_state_.IsFailed()) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (column_families_.empty()) {
+    // Reads the MANIFEST to figure out what column families exist. In this
+    // case, the option overrides from the CLI argument/specific subcommand
+    // apply to all column families.
+    std::vector<std::string> cf_list;
+    Status st = DB::ListColumnFamilies(options_, db_path_, &cf_list);
+    // It is possible the DB doesn't exist yet, for "create if not
+    // existing" case. The failure is ignored here. We rely on DB::Open()
+    // to give us the correct error message for problem with opening
+    // existing DB.
+    if (st.ok() && cf_list.size() > 1) {
+      // Ignore single column family DB.
+      for (auto cf_name : cf_list) {
+        column_families_.emplace_back(cf_name, options_);
+      }
+    }
+  } else {
+    // We got column families from the OPTIONS file. In this case, the option
+    // overrides from the CLI argument/specific subcommand only apply to the
+    // column family specified by `--column_family_name`.
+    auto column_families_iter =
+        std::find_if(column_families_.begin(), column_families_.end(),
+                     [this](const ColumnFamilyDescriptor& cf_desc) {
+                       return cf_desc.name == column_family_name_;
+                     });
+    if (column_families_iter == column_families_.end()) {
+      exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+          "Non-existing column family " + column_family_name_);
+      return;
+    }
+    OverrideBaseCFOptions(&column_families_iter->options);
+  }
+}
+
+bool LDBCommand::ParseKeyValue(const std::string& line, std::string* key,
+                               std::string* value, bool is_key_hex,
+                               bool is_value_hex) {
+  size_t pos = line.find(DELIM);
+  if (pos != std::string::npos) {
+    *key = line.substr(0, pos);
+    *value = line.substr(pos + strlen(DELIM));
+    if (is_key_hex) {
+      *key = HexToString(*key);
+    }
+    if (is_value_hex) {
+      *value = HexToString(*value);
+    }
+    return true;
+  } else {
+    return false;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Make sure that ONLY the command-line options and flags expected by this
+ * command are specified on the command-line.  Extraneous options are usually
+ * the result of user error.
+ * Returns true if all checks pass.  Else returns false, and prints an
+ * appropriate error msg to stderr.
+ */
+bool LDBCommand::ValidateCmdLineOptions() {
+  for (auto itr = option_map_.begin(); itr != option_map_.end(); ++itr) {
+    if (std::find(valid_cmd_line_options_.begin(),
+                  valid_cmd_line_options_.end(),
+                  itr->first) == valid_cmd_line_options_.end()) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "Invalid command-line option %s\n", itr->first.c_str());
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (std::vector<std::string>::const_iterator itr = flags_.begin();
+       itr != flags_.end(); ++itr) {
+    if (std::find(valid_cmd_line_options_.begin(),
+                  valid_cmd_line_options_.end(),
+                  *itr) == valid_cmd_line_options_.end()) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "Invalid command-line flag %s\n", itr->c_str());
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!NoDBOpen() && option_map_.find(ARG_DB) == option_map_.end() &&
+      option_map_.find(ARG_PATH) == option_map_.end()) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Either %s or %s must be specified.\n", ARG_DB.c_str(),
+            ARG_PATH.c_str());
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+std::string LDBCommand::HexToString(const std::string& str) {
+  std::string result;
+  std::string::size_type len = str.length();
+  if (len < 2 || str[0] != '0' || str[1] != 'x') {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Invalid hex input %s.  Must start with 0x\n", str.c_str());
+    throw "Invalid hex input";
+  }
+  if (!Slice(str.data() + 2, len - 2).DecodeHex(&result)) {
+    throw "Invalid hex input";
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+std::string LDBCommand::StringToHex(const std::string& str) {
+  std::string result("0x");
+  result.append(Slice(str).ToString(true));
+  return result;
+}
+
+std::string LDBCommand::PrintKeyValue(const std::string& key,
+                                      const std::string& value, bool is_key_hex,
+                                      bool is_value_hex) {
+  std::string result;
+  result.append(is_key_hex ? StringToHex(key) : key);
+  result.append(DELIM);
+  result.append(is_value_hex ? StringToHex(value) : value);
+  return result;
+}
+
+std::string LDBCommand::PrintKeyValue(const std::string& key,
+                                      const std::string& value, bool is_hex) {
+  return PrintKeyValue(key, value, is_hex, is_hex);
+}
+
+std::string LDBCommand::HelpRangeCmdArgs() {
+  std::ostringstream str_stream;
+  str_stream << " ";
+  str_stream << "[--" << ARG_FROM << "] ";
+  str_stream << "[--" << ARG_TO << "] ";
+  return str_stream.str();
+}
+
+bool LDBCommand::IsKeyHex(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+                          const std::vector<std::string>& flags) {
+  return (IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_HEX) || IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_KEY_HEX) ||
+          ParseBooleanOption(options, ARG_HEX, false) ||
+          ParseBooleanOption(options, ARG_KEY_HEX, false));
+}
+
+bool LDBCommand::IsValueHex(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+                            const std::vector<std::string>& flags) {
+  return (IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_HEX) ||
+          IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_VALUE_HEX) ||
+          ParseBooleanOption(options, ARG_HEX, false) ||
+          ParseBooleanOption(options, ARG_VALUE_HEX, false));
+}
+
+bool LDBCommand::IsTryLoadOptions(
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+    const std::vector<std::string>& flags) {
+  if (IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_TRY_LOAD_OPTIONS)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  // if `DB` is specified and not explicitly to create a new db, default
+  // `try_load_options` to true. The user could still disable that by set
+  // `try_load_options=false`.
+  // Note: Opening as TTL DB doesn't support `try_load_options`, so it's default
+  // to false. TODO: TTL_DB may need to fix that, otherwise it's unable to open
+  // DB which has incompatible setting with default options.
+  bool default_val = (options.find(ARG_DB) != options.end()) &&
+                     !IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_CREATE_IF_MISSING) &&
+                     !IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_TTL);
+  return ParseBooleanOption(options, ARG_TRY_LOAD_OPTIONS, default_val);
+}
+
+bool LDBCommand::ParseBooleanOption(
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+    const std::string& option, bool default_val) {
+  auto itr = options.find(option);
+  if (itr != options.end()) {
+    std::string option_val = itr->second;
+    return StringToBool(itr->second);
+  }
+  return default_val;
+}
+
+bool LDBCommand::StringToBool(std::string val) {
+  std::transform(val.begin(), val.end(), val.begin(),
+                 [](char ch) -> char { return (char)::tolower(ch); });
+
+  if (val == "true") {
+    return true;
+  } else if (val == "false") {
+    return false;
+  } else {
+    throw "Invalid value for boolean argument";
+  }
+}
+
+CompactorCommand::CompactorCommand(
+    const std::vector<std::string>& /*params*/,
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+    const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(options, flags, false,
+                 BuildCmdLineOptions({ARG_FROM, ARG_TO, ARG_HEX, ARG_KEY_HEX,
+                                      ARG_VALUE_HEX, ARG_TTL})),
+      null_from_(true),
+      null_to_(true) {
+  auto itr = options.find(ARG_FROM);
+  if (itr != options.end()) {
+    null_from_ = false;
+    from_ = itr->second;
+  }
+
+  itr = options.find(ARG_TO);
+  if (itr != options.end()) {
+    null_to_ = false;
+    to_ = itr->second;
+  }
+
+  if (is_key_hex_) {
+    if (!null_from_) {
+      from_ = HexToString(from_);
+    }
+    if (!null_to_) {
+      to_ = HexToString(to_);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void CompactorCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(CompactorCommand::Name());
+  ret.append(HelpRangeCmdArgs());
+  ret.append("\n");
+}
+
+void CompactorCommand::DoCommand() {
+  if (!db_) {
+    assert(GetExecuteState().IsFailed());
+    return;
+  }
+
+  Slice* begin = nullptr;
+  Slice* end = nullptr;
+  if (!null_from_) {
+    begin = new Slice(from_);
+  }
+  if (!null_to_) {
+    end = new Slice(to_);
+  }
+
+  CompactRangeOptions cro;
+  cro.bottommost_level_compaction = BottommostLevelCompaction::kForceOptimized;
+
+  Status s = db_->CompactRange(cro, GetCfHandle(), begin, end);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    std::stringstream oss;
+    oss << "Compaction failed: " << s.ToString();
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(oss.str());
+  } else {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Succeed("");
+  }
+
+  delete begin;
+  delete end;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+const std::string DBLoaderCommand::ARG_DISABLE_WAL = "disable_wal";
+const std::string DBLoaderCommand::ARG_BULK_LOAD = "bulk_load";
+const std::string DBLoaderCommand::ARG_COMPACT = "compact";
+
+DBLoaderCommand::DBLoaderCommand(
+    const std::vector<std::string>& /*params*/,
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+    const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(
+          options, flags, false,
+          BuildCmdLineOptions({ARG_HEX, ARG_KEY_HEX, ARG_VALUE_HEX, ARG_FROM,
+                               ARG_TO, ARG_CREATE_IF_MISSING, ARG_DISABLE_WAL,
+                               ARG_BULK_LOAD, ARG_COMPACT})),
+      disable_wal_(false),
+      bulk_load_(false),
+      compact_(false) {
+  create_if_missing_ = IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_CREATE_IF_MISSING);
+  disable_wal_ = IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_DISABLE_WAL);
+  bulk_load_ = IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_BULK_LOAD);
+  compact_ = IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_COMPACT);
+}
+
+void DBLoaderCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(DBLoaderCommand::Name());
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_CREATE_IF_MISSING + "]");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_DISABLE_WAL + "]");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_BULK_LOAD + "]");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_COMPACT + "]");
+  ret.append("\n");
+}
+
+void DBLoaderCommand::OverrideBaseOptions() {
+  LDBCommand::OverrideBaseOptions();
+  options_.create_if_missing = create_if_missing_;
+  if (bulk_load_) {
+    options_.PrepareForBulkLoad();
+  }
+}
+
+void DBLoaderCommand::DoCommand() {
+  if (!db_) {
+    assert(GetExecuteState().IsFailed());
+    return;
+  }
+
+  WriteOptions write_options;
+  if (disable_wal_) {
+    write_options.disableWAL = true;
+  }
+
+  int bad_lines = 0;
+  std::string line;
+  // prefer ifstream getline performance vs that from std::cin istream
+  std::ifstream ifs_stdin("/dev/stdin");
+  std::istream* istream_p = ifs_stdin.is_open() ? &ifs_stdin : &std::cin;
+  Status s;
+  while (s.ok() && getline(*istream_p, line, '\n')) {
+    std::string key;
+    std::string value;
+    if (ParseKeyValue(line, &key, &value, is_key_hex_, is_value_hex_)) {
+      s = db_->Put(write_options, GetCfHandle(), Slice(key), Slice(value));
+    } else if (0 == line.find("Keys in range:")) {
+      // ignore this line
+    } else if (0 == line.find("Created bg thread 0x")) {
+      // ignore this line
+    } else {
+      bad_lines++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (bad_lines > 0) {
+    std::cout << "Warning: " << bad_lines << " bad lines ignored." << std::endl;
+  }
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    std::stringstream oss;
+    oss << "Load failed: " << s.ToString();
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(oss.str());
+  }
+  if (compact_ && s.ok()) {
+    s = db_->CompactRange(CompactRangeOptions(), GetCfHandle(), nullptr,
+                          nullptr);
+  }
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    std::stringstream oss;
+    oss << "Compaction failed: " << s.ToString();
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(oss.str());
+  }
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+namespace {
+
+void DumpManifestFile(Options options, std::string file, bool verbose, bool hex,
+                      bool json) {
+  EnvOptions sopt;
+  std::string dbname("dummy");
+  std::shared_ptr<Cache> tc(NewLRUCache(options.max_open_files - 10,
+                                        options.table_cache_numshardbits));
+  // Notice we are using the default options not through SanitizeOptions(),
+  // if VersionSet::DumpManifest() depends on any option done by
+  // SanitizeOptions(), we need to initialize it manually.
+  options.db_paths.emplace_back("dummy", 0);
+  options.num_levels = 64;
+  WriteController wc(options.delayed_write_rate);
+  WriteBufferManager wb(options.db_write_buffer_size);
+  ImmutableDBOptions immutable_db_options(options);
+  VersionSet versions(dbname, &immutable_db_options, sopt, tc.get(), &wb, &wc,
+                      /*block_cache_tracer=*/nullptr, /*io_tracer=*/nullptr,
+                      /*db_id*/ "", /*db_session_id*/ "");
+  Status s = versions.DumpManifest(options, file, verbose, hex, json);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Error in processing file %s %s\n", file.c_str(),
+            s.ToString().c_str());
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+const std::string ManifestDumpCommand::ARG_VERBOSE = "verbose";
+const std::string ManifestDumpCommand::ARG_JSON = "json";
+const std::string ManifestDumpCommand::ARG_PATH = "path";
+
+void ManifestDumpCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(ManifestDumpCommand::Name());
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_VERBOSE + "]");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_JSON + "]");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_PATH + "=<path_to_manifest_file>]");
+  ret.append("\n");
+}
+
+ManifestDumpCommand::ManifestDumpCommand(
+    const std::vector<std::string>& /*params*/,
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+    const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(
+          options, flags, false,
+          BuildCmdLineOptions({ARG_VERBOSE, ARG_PATH, ARG_HEX, ARG_JSON})),
+      verbose_(false),
+      json_(false),
+      path_("") {
+  verbose_ = IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_VERBOSE);
+  json_ = IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_JSON);
+
+  auto itr = options.find(ARG_PATH);
+  if (itr != options.end()) {
+    path_ = itr->second;
+    if (path_.empty()) {
+      exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed("--path: missing pathname");
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void ManifestDumpCommand::DoCommand() {
+  std::string manifestfile;
+
+  if (!path_.empty()) {
+    manifestfile = path_;
+  } else {
+    // We need to find the manifest file by searching the directory
+    // containing the db for files of the form MANIFEST_[0-9]+
+
+    std::vector<std::string> files;
+    Status s = options_.env->GetChildren(db_path_, &files);
+    if (!s.ok()) {
+      std::string err_msg = s.ToString();
+      err_msg.append(": Failed to list the content of ");
+      err_msg.append(db_path_);
+      exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(err_msg);
+      return;
+    }
+    const std::string kManifestNamePrefix = "MANIFEST-";
+    std::string matched_file;
+#ifdef OS_WIN
+    const char kPathDelim = '\\';
+#else
+    const char kPathDelim = '/';
+#endif
+    for (const auto& file_path : files) {
+      // Some Env::GetChildren() return absolute paths. Some directories' path
+      // end with path delim, e.g. '/' or '\\'.
+      size_t pos = file_path.find_last_of(kPathDelim);
+      if (pos == file_path.size() - 1) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      std::string fname;
+      if (pos != std::string::npos) {
+        // Absolute path.
+        fname.assign(file_path, pos + 1, file_path.size() - pos - 1);
+      } else {
+        fname = file_path;
+      }
+      uint64_t file_num = 0;
+      FileType file_type = kWalFile;  // Just for initialization
+      if (ParseFileName(fname, &file_num, &file_type) &&
+          file_type == kDescriptorFile) {
+        if (!matched_file.empty()) {
+          exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+              "Multiple MANIFEST files found; use --path to select one");
+          return;
+        } else {
+          matched_file.swap(fname);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (matched_file.empty()) {
+      std::string err_msg("No MANIFEST found in ");
+      err_msg.append(db_path_);
+      exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(err_msg);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (db_path_.back() != '/') {
+      db_path_.append("/");
+    }
+    manifestfile = db_path_ + matched_file;
+  }
+
+  if (verbose_) {
+    fprintf(stdout, "Processing Manifest file %s\n", manifestfile.c_str());
+  }
+
+  DumpManifestFile(options_, manifestfile, verbose_, is_key_hex_, json_);
+
+  if (verbose_) {
+    fprintf(stdout, "Processing Manifest file %s done\n", manifestfile.c_str());
+  }
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+namespace {
+
+Status GetLiveFilesChecksumInfoFromVersionSet(Options options,
+                                              const std::string& db_path,
+                                              FileChecksumList* checksum_list) {
+  EnvOptions sopt;
+  Status s;
+  std::string dbname(db_path);
+  std::shared_ptr<Cache> tc(NewLRUCache(options.max_open_files - 10,
+                                        options.table_cache_numshardbits));
+  // Notice we are using the default options not through SanitizeOptions(),
+  // if VersionSet::GetLiveFilesChecksumInfo depends on any option done by
+  // SanitizeOptions(), we need to initialize it manually.
+  options.db_paths.emplace_back(db_path, 0);
+  options.num_levels = 64;
+  WriteController wc(options.delayed_write_rate);
+  WriteBufferManager wb(options.db_write_buffer_size);
+  ImmutableDBOptions immutable_db_options(options);
+  VersionSet versions(dbname, &immutable_db_options, sopt, tc.get(), &wb, &wc,
+                      /*block_cache_tracer=*/nullptr, /*io_tracer=*/nullptr,
+                      /*db_id*/ "", /*db_session_id*/ "");
+  std::vector<std::string> cf_name_list;
+  s = versions.ListColumnFamilies(&cf_name_list, db_path,
+                                  immutable_db_options.fs.get());
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    std::vector<ColumnFamilyDescriptor> cf_list;
+    for (const auto& name : cf_name_list) {
+      cf_list.emplace_back(name, ColumnFamilyOptions(options));
+    }
+    s = versions.Recover(cf_list, true);
+  }
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    s = versions.GetLiveFilesChecksumInfo(checksum_list);
+  }
+  return s;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+const std::string FileChecksumDumpCommand::ARG_PATH = "path";
+
+void FileChecksumDumpCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(FileChecksumDumpCommand::Name());
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_PATH + "=<path_to_manifest_file>]");
+  ret.append("\n");
+}
+
+FileChecksumDumpCommand::FileChecksumDumpCommand(
+    const std::vector<std::string>& /*params*/,
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+    const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(options, flags, false,
+                 BuildCmdLineOptions({ARG_PATH, ARG_HEX})),
+      path_("") {
+  auto itr = options.find(ARG_PATH);
+  if (itr != options.end()) {
+    path_ = itr->second;
+    if (path_.empty()) {
+      exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed("--path: missing pathname");
+    }
+  }
+  is_checksum_hex_ = IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_HEX);
+}
+
+void FileChecksumDumpCommand::DoCommand() {
+  // print out the checksum information in the following format:
+  //  sst file number, checksum function name, checksum value
+  //  sst file number, checksum function name, checksum value
+  //  ......
+
+  std::unique_ptr<FileChecksumList> checksum_list(NewFileChecksumList());
+  Status s = GetLiveFilesChecksumInfoFromVersionSet(options_, db_path_,
+                                                    checksum_list.get());
+  if (s.ok() && checksum_list != nullptr) {
+    std::vector<uint64_t> file_numbers;
+    std::vector<std::string> checksums;
+    std::vector<std::string> checksum_func_names;
+    s = checksum_list->GetAllFileChecksums(&file_numbers, &checksums,
+                                           &checksum_func_names);
+    if (s.ok()) {
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < file_numbers.size(); i++) {
+        assert(i < file_numbers.size());
+        assert(i < checksums.size());
+        assert(i < checksum_func_names.size());
+        std::string checksum;
+        if (is_checksum_hex_) {
+          checksum = StringToHex(checksums[i]);
+        } else {
+          checksum = std::move(checksums[i]);
+        }
+        fprintf(stdout, "%" PRId64 ", %s, %s\n", file_numbers[i],
+                checksum_func_names[i].c_str(), checksum.c_str());
+      }
+      fprintf(stdout, "Print SST file checksum information finished \n");
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(s.ToString());
+  }
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+void GetPropertyCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(GetPropertyCommand::Name());
+  ret.append(" <property_name>");
+  ret.append("\n");
+}
+
+GetPropertyCommand::GetPropertyCommand(
+    const std::vector<std::string>& params,
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+    const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(options, flags, true, BuildCmdLineOptions({})) {
+  if (params.size() != 1) {
+    exec_state_ =
+        LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed("property name must be specified");
+  } else {
+    property_ = params[0];
+  }
+}
+
+void GetPropertyCommand::DoCommand() {
+  if (!db_) {
+    assert(GetExecuteState().IsFailed());
+    return;
+  }
+
+  std::map<std::string, std::string> value_map;
+  std::string value;
+
+  // Rather than having different ldb command for map properties vs. string
+  // properties, we simply try Map property first. (This order only chosen
+  // because I prefer the map-style output for
+  // "rocksdb.aggregated-table-properties".)
+  if (db_->GetMapProperty(GetCfHandle(), property_, &value_map)) {
+    if (value_map.empty()) {
+      fprintf(stdout, "%s: <empty map>\n", property_.c_str());
+    } else {
+      for (auto& e : value_map) {
+        fprintf(stdout, "%s.%s: %s\n", property_.c_str(), e.first.c_str(),
+                e.second.c_str());
+      }
+    }
+  } else if (db_->GetProperty(GetCfHandle(), property_, &value)) {
+    fprintf(stdout, "%s: %s\n", property_.c_str(), value.c_str());
+  } else {
+    exec_state_ =
+        LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed("failed to get property: " + property_);
+  }
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+void ListColumnFamiliesCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(ListColumnFamiliesCommand::Name());
+  ret.append("\n");
+}
+
+ListColumnFamiliesCommand::ListColumnFamiliesCommand(
+    const std::vector<std::string>& /*params*/,
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+    const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(options, flags, false, BuildCmdLineOptions({})) {}
+
+void ListColumnFamiliesCommand::DoCommand() {
+  std::vector<std::string> column_families;
+  Status s = DB::ListColumnFamilies(options_, db_path_, &column_families);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Error in processing db %s %s\n", db_path_.c_str(),
+            s.ToString().c_str());
+  } else {
+    fprintf(stdout, "Column families in %s: \n{", db_path_.c_str());
+    bool first = true;
+    for (auto cf : column_families) {
+      if (!first) {
+        fprintf(stdout, ", ");
+      }
+      first = false;
+      fprintf(stdout, "%s", cf.c_str());
+    }
+    fprintf(stdout, "}\n");
+  }
+}
+
+void CreateColumnFamilyCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(CreateColumnFamilyCommand::Name());
+  ret.append(" --db=<db_path> <new_column_family_name>");
+  ret.append("\n");
+}
+
+CreateColumnFamilyCommand::CreateColumnFamilyCommand(
+    const std::vector<std::string>& params,
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+    const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(options, flags, true, {ARG_DB}) {
+  if (params.size() != 1) {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+        "new column family name must be specified");
+  } else {
+    new_cf_name_ = params[0];
+  }
+}
+
+void CreateColumnFamilyCommand::DoCommand() {
+  if (!db_) {
+    assert(GetExecuteState().IsFailed());
+    return;
+  }
+  ColumnFamilyHandle* new_cf_handle = nullptr;
+  Status st = db_->CreateColumnFamily(options_, new_cf_name_, &new_cf_handle);
+  if (st.ok()) {
+    fprintf(stdout, "OK\n");
+  } else {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+        "Fail to create new column family: " + st.ToString());
+  }
+  delete new_cf_handle;
+  CloseDB();
+}
+
+void DropColumnFamilyCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(DropColumnFamilyCommand::Name());
+  ret.append(" --db=<db_path> <column_family_name_to_drop>");
+  ret.append("\n");
+}
+
+DropColumnFamilyCommand::DropColumnFamilyCommand(
+    const std::vector<std::string>& params,
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+    const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(options, flags, true, {ARG_DB}) {
+  if (params.size() != 1) {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+        "The name of column family to drop must be specified");
+  } else {
+    cf_name_to_drop_ = params[0];
+  }
+}
+
+void DropColumnFamilyCommand::DoCommand() {
+  if (!db_) {
+    assert(GetExecuteState().IsFailed());
+    return;
+  }
+  auto iter = cf_handles_.find(cf_name_to_drop_);
+  if (iter == cf_handles_.end()) {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+        "Column family: " + cf_name_to_drop_ + " doesn't exist in db.");
+    return;
+  }
+  ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle_to_drop = iter->second;
+  Status st = db_->DropColumnFamily(cf_handle_to_drop);
+  if (st.ok()) {
+    fprintf(stdout, "OK\n");
+  } else {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+        "Fail to drop column family: " + st.ToString());
+  }
+  CloseDB();
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+namespace {
+
+// This function only called when it's the sane case of >1 buckets in time-range
+// Also called only when timekv falls between ttl_start and ttl_end provided
+void IncBucketCounts(std::vector<uint64_t>& bucket_counts, int ttl_start,
+                     int time_range, int bucket_size, int timekv,
+                     int num_buckets) {
+#ifdef NDEBUG
+  (void)time_range;
+  (void)num_buckets;
+#endif
+  assert(time_range > 0 && timekv >= ttl_start && bucket_size > 0 &&
+         timekv < (ttl_start + time_range) && num_buckets > 1);
+  int bucket = (timekv - ttl_start) / bucket_size;
+  bucket_counts[bucket]++;
+}
+
+void PrintBucketCounts(const std::vector<uint64_t>& bucket_counts,
+                       int ttl_start, int ttl_end, int bucket_size,
+                       int num_buckets) {
+  int time_point = ttl_start;
+  for (int i = 0; i < num_buckets - 1; i++, time_point += bucket_size) {
+    fprintf(stdout, "Keys in range %s to %s : %lu\n",
+            TimeToHumanString(time_point).c_str(),
+            TimeToHumanString(time_point + bucket_size).c_str(),
+            (unsigned long)bucket_counts[i]);
+  }
+  fprintf(stdout, "Keys in range %s to %s : %lu\n",
+          TimeToHumanString(time_point).c_str(),
+          TimeToHumanString(ttl_end).c_str(),
+          (unsigned long)bucket_counts[num_buckets - 1]);
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+const std::string InternalDumpCommand::ARG_COUNT_ONLY = "count_only";
+const std::string InternalDumpCommand::ARG_COUNT_DELIM = "count_delim";
+const std::string InternalDumpCommand::ARG_STATS = "stats";
+const std::string InternalDumpCommand::ARG_INPUT_KEY_HEX = "input_key_hex";
+
+InternalDumpCommand::InternalDumpCommand(
+    const std::vector<std::string>& /*params*/,
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+    const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(options, flags, true,
+                 BuildCmdLineOptions(
+                     {ARG_HEX, ARG_KEY_HEX, ARG_VALUE_HEX, ARG_FROM, ARG_TO,
+                      ARG_MAX_KEYS, ARG_COUNT_ONLY, ARG_COUNT_DELIM, ARG_STATS,
+                      ARG_INPUT_KEY_HEX, ARG_DECODE_BLOB_INDEX})),
+      has_from_(false),
+      has_to_(false),
+      max_keys_(-1),
+      delim_("."),
+      count_only_(false),
+      count_delim_(false),
+      print_stats_(false),
+      is_input_key_hex_(false),
+      decode_blob_index_(false) {
+  has_from_ = ParseStringOption(options, ARG_FROM, &from_);
+  has_to_ = ParseStringOption(options, ARG_TO, &to_);
+
+  ParseIntOption(options, ARG_MAX_KEYS, max_keys_, exec_state_);
+  auto itr = options.find(ARG_COUNT_DELIM);
+  if (itr != options.end()) {
+    delim_ = itr->second;
+    count_delim_ = true;
+    // fprintf(stdout,"delim = %c\n",delim_[0]);
+  } else {
+    count_delim_ = IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_COUNT_DELIM);
+    delim_ = ".";
+  }
+
+  print_stats_ = IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_STATS);
+  count_only_ = IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_COUNT_ONLY);
+  is_input_key_hex_ = IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_INPUT_KEY_HEX);
+  decode_blob_index_ = IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_DECODE_BLOB_INDEX);
+
+  if (is_input_key_hex_) {
+    if (has_from_) {
+      from_ = HexToString(from_);
+    }
+    if (has_to_) {
+      to_ = HexToString(to_);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void InternalDumpCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(InternalDumpCommand::Name());
+  ret.append(HelpRangeCmdArgs());
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_INPUT_KEY_HEX + "]");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_MAX_KEYS + "=<N>]");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_COUNT_ONLY + "]");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_COUNT_DELIM + "=<char>]");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_STATS + "]");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_DECODE_BLOB_INDEX + "]");
+  ret.append("\n");
+}
+
+void InternalDumpCommand::DoCommand() {
+  if (!db_) {
+    assert(GetExecuteState().IsFailed());
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (print_stats_) {
+    std::string stats;
+    if (db_->GetProperty(GetCfHandle(), "rocksdb.stats", &stats)) {
+      fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", stats.c_str());
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Cast as DBImpl to get internal iterator
+  std::vector<KeyVersion> key_versions;
+  Status st = GetAllKeyVersions(db_, GetCfHandle(), from_, to_, max_keys_,
+                                &key_versions);
+  if (!st.ok()) {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(st.ToString());
+    return;
+  }
+  std::string rtype1, rtype2, row, val;
+  rtype2 = "";
+  uint64_t c = 0;
+  uint64_t s1 = 0, s2 = 0;
+
+  long long count = 0;
+  for (auto& key_version : key_versions) {
+    ValueType value_type = static_cast<ValueType>(key_version.type);
+    InternalKey ikey(key_version.user_key, key_version.sequence, value_type);
+    if (has_to_ && ikey.user_key() == to_) {
+      // GetAllKeyVersions() includes keys with user key `to_`, but idump has
+      // traditionally excluded such keys.
+      break;
+    }
+    ++count;
+    int k;
+    if (count_delim_) {
+      rtype1 = "";
+      s1 = 0;
+      row = ikey.Encode().ToString();
+      val = key_version.value;
+      for (k = 0; row[k] != '\x01' && row[k] != '\0'; k++) s1++;
+      for (k = 0; val[k] != '\x01' && val[k] != '\0'; k++) s1++;
+      for (int j = 0; row[j] != delim_[0] && row[j] != '\0' && row[j] != '\x01';
+           j++)
+        rtype1 += row[j];
+      if (rtype2.compare("") && rtype2.compare(rtype1) != 0) {
+        fprintf(stdout, "%s => count:%" PRIu64 "\tsize:%" PRIu64 "\n",
+                rtype2.c_str(), c, s2);
+        c = 1;
+        s2 = s1;
+        rtype2 = rtype1;
+      } else {
+        c++;
+        s2 += s1;
+        rtype2 = rtype1;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (!count_only_ && !count_delim_) {
+      std::string key = ikey.DebugString(is_key_hex_);
+      Slice value(key_version.value);
+      if (!decode_blob_index_ || value_type != kTypeBlobIndex) {
+        fprintf(stdout, "%s => %s\n", key.c_str(),
+                value.ToString(is_value_hex_).c_str());
+      } else {
+        BlobIndex blob_index;
+
+        const Status s = blob_index.DecodeFrom(value);
+        if (!s.ok()) {
+          fprintf(stderr, "%s => error decoding blob index =>\n", key.c_str());
+        } else {
+          fprintf(stdout, "%s => %s\n", key.c_str(),
+                  blob_index.DebugString(is_value_hex_).c_str());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Terminate if maximum number of keys have been dumped
+    if (max_keys_ > 0 && count >= max_keys_) break;
+  }
+  if (count_delim_) {
+    fprintf(stdout, "%s => count:%" PRIu64 "\tsize:%" PRIu64 "\n",
+            rtype2.c_str(), c, s2);
+  } else {
+    fprintf(stdout, "Internal keys in range: %lld\n", count);
+  }
+}
+
+const std::string DBDumperCommand::ARG_COUNT_ONLY = "count_only";
+const std::string DBDumperCommand::ARG_COUNT_DELIM = "count_delim";
+const std::string DBDumperCommand::ARG_STATS = "stats";
+const std::string DBDumperCommand::ARG_TTL_BUCKET = "bucket";
+
+DBDumperCommand::DBDumperCommand(
+    const std::vector<std::string>& /*params*/,
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+    const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(
+          options, flags, true,
+          BuildCmdLineOptions(
+              {ARG_TTL, ARG_HEX, ARG_KEY_HEX, ARG_VALUE_HEX, ARG_FROM, ARG_TO,
+               ARG_MAX_KEYS, ARG_COUNT_ONLY, ARG_COUNT_DELIM, ARG_STATS,
+               ARG_TTL_START, ARG_TTL_END, ARG_TTL_BUCKET, ARG_TIMESTAMP,
+               ARG_PATH, ARG_DECODE_BLOB_INDEX, ARG_DUMP_UNCOMPRESSED_BLOBS})),
+      null_from_(true),
+      null_to_(true),
+      max_keys_(-1),
+      count_only_(false),
+      count_delim_(false),
+      print_stats_(false),
+      decode_blob_index_(false) {
+  auto itr = options.find(ARG_FROM);
+  if (itr != options.end()) {
+    null_from_ = false;
+    from_ = itr->second;
+  }
+
+  itr = options.find(ARG_TO);
+  if (itr != options.end()) {
+    null_to_ = false;
+    to_ = itr->second;
+  }
+
+  itr = options.find(ARG_MAX_KEYS);
+  if (itr != options.end()) {
+    try {
+#if defined(CYGWIN)
+      max_keys_ = strtol(itr->second.c_str(), 0, 10);
+#else
+      max_keys_ = std::stoi(itr->second);
+#endif
+    } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) {
+      exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(ARG_MAX_KEYS +
+                                                    " has an invalid value");
+    } catch (const std::out_of_range&) {
+      exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+          ARG_MAX_KEYS + " has a value out-of-range");
+    }
+  }
+  itr = options.find(ARG_COUNT_DELIM);
+  if (itr != options.end()) {
+    delim_ = itr->second;
+    count_delim_ = true;
+  } else {
+    count_delim_ = IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_COUNT_DELIM);
+    delim_ = ".";
+  }
+
+  print_stats_ = IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_STATS);
+  count_only_ = IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_COUNT_ONLY);
+  decode_blob_index_ = IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_DECODE_BLOB_INDEX);
+  dump_uncompressed_blobs_ = IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_DUMP_UNCOMPRESSED_BLOBS);
+
+  if (is_key_hex_) {
+    if (!null_from_) {
+      from_ = HexToString(from_);
+    }
+    if (!null_to_) {
+      to_ = HexToString(to_);
+    }
+  }
+
+  itr = options.find(ARG_PATH);
+  if (itr != options.end()) {
+    path_ = itr->second;
+    if (db_path_.empty()) {
+      db_path_ = path_;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void DBDumperCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(DBDumperCommand::Name());
+  ret.append(HelpRangeCmdArgs());
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_TTL + "]");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_MAX_KEYS + "=<N>]");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_TIMESTAMP + "]");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_COUNT_ONLY + "]");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_COUNT_DELIM + "=<char>]");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_STATS + "]");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_TTL_BUCKET + "=<N>]");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_TTL_START + "=<N>:- is inclusive]");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_TTL_END + "=<N>:- is exclusive]");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_PATH + "=<path_to_a_file>]");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_DECODE_BLOB_INDEX + "]");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_DUMP_UNCOMPRESSED_BLOBS + "]");
+  ret.append("\n");
+}
+
+/**
+ * Handles two separate cases:
+ *
+ * 1) --db is specified - just dump the database.
+ *
+ * 2) --path is specified - determine based on file extension what dumping
+ *    function to call. Please note that we intentionally use the extension
+ *    and avoid probing the file contents under the assumption that renaming
+ *    the files is not a supported scenario.
+ *
+ */
+void DBDumperCommand::DoCommand() {
+  if (!db_) {
+    assert(!path_.empty());
+    std::string fileName = GetFileNameFromPath(path_);
+    uint64_t number;
+    FileType type;
+
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Succeed("");
+
+    if (!ParseFileName(fileName, &number, &type)) {
+      exec_state_ =
+          LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed("Can't parse file type: " + path_);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    switch (type) {
+      case kWalFile:
+        // TODO(myabandeh): allow configuring is_write_commited
+        DumpWalFile(options_, path_, /* print_header_ */ true,
+                    /* print_values_ */ true, true /* is_write_commited */,
+                    &exec_state_);
+        break;
+      case kTableFile:
+        DumpSstFile(options_, path_, is_key_hex_, /* show_properties */ true,
+                    decode_blob_index_, from_, to_);
+        break;
+      case kDescriptorFile:
+        DumpManifestFile(options_, path_, /* verbose_ */ false, is_key_hex_,
+                         /*  json_ */ false);
+        break;
+      case kBlobFile:
+        DumpBlobFile(path_, is_key_hex_, is_value_hex_,
+                     dump_uncompressed_blobs_);
+        break;
+      default:
+        exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+            "File type not supported: " + path_);
+        break;
+    }
+
+  } else {
+    DoDumpCommand();
+  }
+}
+
+void DBDumperCommand::DoDumpCommand() {
+  assert(nullptr != db_);
+  assert(path_.empty());
+
+  // Parse command line args
+  uint64_t count = 0;
+  if (print_stats_) {
+    std::string stats;
+    if (db_->GetProperty("rocksdb.stats", &stats)) {
+      fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", stats.c_str());
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Setup key iterator
+  ReadOptions scan_read_opts;
+  scan_read_opts.total_order_seek = true;
+  Iterator* iter = db_->NewIterator(scan_read_opts, GetCfHandle());
+  Status st = iter->status();
+  if (!st.ok()) {
+    exec_state_ =
+        LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed("Iterator error." + st.ToString());
+  }
+
+  if (!null_from_) {
+    iter->Seek(from_);
+  } else {
+    iter->SeekToFirst();
+  }
+
+  int max_keys = max_keys_;
+  int ttl_start;
+  if (!ParseIntOption(option_map_, ARG_TTL_START, ttl_start, exec_state_)) {
+    ttl_start = DBWithTTLImpl::kMinTimestamp;  // TTL introduction time
+  }
+  int ttl_end;
+  if (!ParseIntOption(option_map_, ARG_TTL_END, ttl_end, exec_state_)) {
+    ttl_end = DBWithTTLImpl::kMaxTimestamp;  // Max time allowed by TTL feature
+  }
+  if (ttl_end < ttl_start) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Error: End time can't be less than start time\n");
+    delete iter;
+    return;
+  }
+  int time_range = ttl_end - ttl_start;
+  int bucket_size;
+  if (!ParseIntOption(option_map_, ARG_TTL_BUCKET, bucket_size, exec_state_) ||
+      bucket_size <= 0) {
+    bucket_size = time_range;  // Will have just 1 bucket by default
+  }
+  // cretaing variables for row count of each type
+  std::string rtype1, rtype2, row, val;
+  rtype2 = "";
+  uint64_t c = 0;
+  uint64_t s1 = 0, s2 = 0;
+
+  // At this point, bucket_size=0 => time_range=0
+  int num_buckets = (bucket_size >= time_range)
+                        ? 1
+                        : ((time_range + bucket_size - 1) / bucket_size);
+  std::vector<uint64_t> bucket_counts(num_buckets, 0);
+  if (is_db_ttl_ && !count_only_ && timestamp_ && !count_delim_) {
+    fprintf(stdout, "Dumping key-values from %s to %s\n",
+            TimeToHumanString(ttl_start).c_str(),
+            TimeToHumanString(ttl_end).c_str());
+  }
+
+  HistogramImpl vsize_hist;
+
+  for (; iter->Valid(); iter->Next()) {
+    int rawtime = 0;
+    // If end marker was specified, we stop before it
+    if (!null_to_ && (iter->key().ToString() >= to_)) break;
+    // Terminate if maximum number of keys have been dumped
+    if (max_keys == 0) break;
+    if (is_db_ttl_) {
+      TtlIterator* it_ttl = static_cast_with_check<TtlIterator>(iter);
+      rawtime = it_ttl->ttl_timestamp();
+      if (rawtime < ttl_start || rawtime >= ttl_end) {
+        continue;
+      }
+    }
+    if (max_keys > 0) {
+      --max_keys;
+    }
+    if (is_db_ttl_ && num_buckets > 1) {
+      IncBucketCounts(bucket_counts, ttl_start, time_range, bucket_size,
+                      rawtime, num_buckets);
+    }
+    ++count;
+    if (count_delim_) {
+      rtype1 = "";
+      row = iter->key().ToString();
+      val = iter->value().ToString();
+      s1 = row.size() + val.size();
+      for (int j = 0; row[j] != delim_[0] && row[j] != '\0'; j++)
+        rtype1 += row[j];
+      if (rtype2.compare("") && rtype2.compare(rtype1) != 0) {
+        fprintf(stdout, "%s => count:%" PRIu64 "\tsize:%" PRIu64 "\n",
+                rtype2.c_str(), c, s2);
+        c = 1;
+        s2 = s1;
+        rtype2 = rtype1;
+      } else {
+        c++;
+        s2 += s1;
+        rtype2 = rtype1;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (count_only_) {
+      vsize_hist.Add(iter->value().size());
+    }
+
+    if (!count_only_ && !count_delim_) {
+      if (is_db_ttl_ && timestamp_) {
+        fprintf(stdout, "%s ", TimeToHumanString(rawtime).c_str());
+      }
+      std::string str =
+          PrintKeyValue(iter->key().ToString(), iter->value().ToString(),
+                        is_key_hex_, is_value_hex_);
+      fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", str.c_str());
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (num_buckets > 1 && is_db_ttl_) {
+    PrintBucketCounts(bucket_counts, ttl_start, ttl_end, bucket_size,
+                      num_buckets);
+  } else if (count_delim_) {
+    fprintf(stdout, "%s => count:%" PRIu64 "\tsize:%" PRIu64 "\n",
+            rtype2.c_str(), c, s2);
+  } else {
+    fprintf(stdout, "Keys in range: %" PRIu64 "\n", count);
+  }
+
+  if (count_only_) {
+    fprintf(stdout, "Value size distribution: \n");
+    fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", vsize_hist.ToString().c_str());
+  }
+  // Clean up
+  delete iter;
+}
+
+const std::string ReduceDBLevelsCommand::ARG_NEW_LEVELS = "new_levels";
+const std::string ReduceDBLevelsCommand::ARG_PRINT_OLD_LEVELS =
+    "print_old_levels";
+
+ReduceDBLevelsCommand::ReduceDBLevelsCommand(
+    const std::vector<std::string>& /*params*/,
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+    const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(options, flags, false,
+                 BuildCmdLineOptions({ARG_NEW_LEVELS, ARG_PRINT_OLD_LEVELS})),
+      old_levels_(1 << 7),
+      new_levels_(-1),
+      print_old_levels_(false) {
+  ParseIntOption(option_map_, ARG_NEW_LEVELS, new_levels_, exec_state_);
+  print_old_levels_ = IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_PRINT_OLD_LEVELS);
+
+  if (new_levels_ <= 0) {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+        " Use --" + ARG_NEW_LEVELS + " to specify a new level number\n");
+  }
+}
+
+std::vector<std::string> ReduceDBLevelsCommand::PrepareArgs(
+    const std::string& db_path, int new_levels, bool print_old_level) {
+  std::vector<std::string> ret;
+  ret.push_back("reduce_levels");
+  ret.push_back("--" + ARG_DB + "=" + db_path);
+  ret.push_back("--" + ARG_NEW_LEVELS + "=" + std::to_string(new_levels));
+  if (print_old_level) {
+    ret.push_back("--" + ARG_PRINT_OLD_LEVELS);
+  }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+void ReduceDBLevelsCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(ReduceDBLevelsCommand::Name());
+  ret.append(" --" + ARG_NEW_LEVELS + "=<New number of levels>");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_PRINT_OLD_LEVELS + "]");
+  ret.append("\n");
+}
+
+void ReduceDBLevelsCommand::OverrideBaseCFOptions(
+    ColumnFamilyOptions* cf_opts) {
+  LDBCommand::OverrideBaseCFOptions(cf_opts);
+  cf_opts->num_levels = old_levels_;
+  cf_opts->max_bytes_for_level_multiplier_additional.resize(cf_opts->num_levels,
+                                                            1);
+  // Disable size compaction
+  cf_opts->max_bytes_for_level_base = 1ULL << 50;
+  cf_opts->max_bytes_for_level_multiplier = 1;
+}
+
+Status ReduceDBLevelsCommand::GetOldNumOfLevels(Options& opt, int* levels) {
+  ImmutableDBOptions db_options(opt);
+  EnvOptions soptions;
+  std::shared_ptr<Cache> tc(
+      NewLRUCache(opt.max_open_files - 10, opt.table_cache_numshardbits));
+  const InternalKeyComparator cmp(opt.comparator);
+  WriteController wc(opt.delayed_write_rate);
+  WriteBufferManager wb(opt.db_write_buffer_size);
+  VersionSet versions(db_path_, &db_options, soptions, tc.get(), &wb, &wc,
+                      /*block_cache_tracer=*/nullptr, /*io_tracer=*/nullptr,
+                      /*db_id*/ "", /*db_session_id*/ "");
+  std::vector<ColumnFamilyDescriptor> dummy;
+  ColumnFamilyDescriptor dummy_descriptor(kDefaultColumnFamilyName,
+                                          ColumnFamilyOptions(opt));
+  dummy.push_back(dummy_descriptor);
+  // We rely the VersionSet::Recover to tell us the internal data structures
+  // in the db. And the Recover() should never do any change
+  // (like LogAndApply) to the manifest file.
+  Status st = versions.Recover(dummy);
+  if (!st.ok()) {
+    return st;
+  }
+  int max = -1;
+  auto default_cfd = versions.GetColumnFamilySet()->GetDefault();
+  for (int i = 0; i < default_cfd->NumberLevels(); i++) {
+    if (default_cfd->current()->storage_info()->NumLevelFiles(i)) {
+      max = i;
+    }
+  }
+
+  *levels = max + 1;
+  return st;
+}
+
+void ReduceDBLevelsCommand::DoCommand() {
+  if (new_levels_ <= 1) {
+    exec_state_ =
+        LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed("Invalid number of levels.\n");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  Status st;
+  PrepareOptions();
+  int old_level_num = -1;
+  st = GetOldNumOfLevels(options_, &old_level_num);
+  if (!st.ok()) {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(st.ToString());
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (print_old_levels_) {
+    fprintf(stdout, "The old number of levels in use is %d\n", old_level_num);
+  }
+
+  if (old_level_num <= new_levels_) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  old_levels_ = old_level_num;
+
+  OpenDB();
+  if (exec_state_.IsFailed()) {
+    return;
+  }
+  assert(db_ != nullptr);
+  // Compact the whole DB to put all files to the highest level.
+  fprintf(stdout, "Compacting the db...\n");
+  st =
+      db_->CompactRange(CompactRangeOptions(), GetCfHandle(), nullptr, nullptr);
+
+  CloseDB();
+
+  if (st.ok()) {
+    EnvOptions soptions;
+    st = VersionSet::ReduceNumberOfLevels(db_path_, &options_, soptions,
+                                          new_levels_);
+  }
+  if (!st.ok()) {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(st.ToString());
+    return;
+  }
+}
+
+const std::string ChangeCompactionStyleCommand::ARG_OLD_COMPACTION_STYLE =
+    "old_compaction_style";
+const std::string ChangeCompactionStyleCommand::ARG_NEW_COMPACTION_STYLE =
+    "new_compaction_style";
+
+ChangeCompactionStyleCommand::ChangeCompactionStyleCommand(
+    const std::vector<std::string>& /*params*/,
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+    const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(options, flags, false,
+                 BuildCmdLineOptions(
+                     {ARG_OLD_COMPACTION_STYLE, ARG_NEW_COMPACTION_STYLE})),
+      old_compaction_style_(-1),
+      new_compaction_style_(-1) {
+  ParseIntOption(option_map_, ARG_OLD_COMPACTION_STYLE, old_compaction_style_,
+                 exec_state_);
+  if (old_compaction_style_ != kCompactionStyleLevel &&
+      old_compaction_style_ != kCompactionStyleUniversal) {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+        "Use --" + ARG_OLD_COMPACTION_STYLE + " to specify old compaction " +
+        "style. Check ldb help for proper compaction style value.\n");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  ParseIntOption(option_map_, ARG_NEW_COMPACTION_STYLE, new_compaction_style_,
+                 exec_state_);
+  if (new_compaction_style_ != kCompactionStyleLevel &&
+      new_compaction_style_ != kCompactionStyleUniversal) {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+        "Use --" + ARG_NEW_COMPACTION_STYLE + " to specify new compaction " +
+        "style. Check ldb help for proper compaction style value.\n");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (new_compaction_style_ == old_compaction_style_) {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+        "Old compaction style is the same as new compaction style. "
+        "Nothing to do.\n");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (old_compaction_style_ == kCompactionStyleUniversal &&
+      new_compaction_style_ == kCompactionStyleLevel) {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+        "Convert from universal compaction to level compaction. "
+        "Nothing to do.\n");
+    return;
+  }
+}
+
+void ChangeCompactionStyleCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(ChangeCompactionStyleCommand::Name());
+  ret.append(" --" + ARG_OLD_COMPACTION_STYLE + "=<Old compaction style: 0 " +
+             "for level compaction, 1 for universal compaction>");
+  ret.append(" --" + ARG_NEW_COMPACTION_STYLE + "=<New compaction style: 0 " +
+             "for level compaction, 1 for universal compaction>");
+  ret.append("\n");
+}
+
+void ChangeCompactionStyleCommand::OverrideBaseCFOptions(
+    ColumnFamilyOptions* cf_opts) {
+  LDBCommand::OverrideBaseCFOptions(cf_opts);
+  if (old_compaction_style_ == kCompactionStyleLevel &&
+      new_compaction_style_ == kCompactionStyleUniversal) {
+    // In order to convert from level compaction to universal compaction, we
+    // need to compact all data into a single file and move it to level 0.
+    cf_opts->disable_auto_compactions = true;
+    cf_opts->target_file_size_base = INT_MAX;
+    cf_opts->target_file_size_multiplier = 1;
+    cf_opts->max_bytes_for_level_base = INT_MAX;
+    cf_opts->max_bytes_for_level_multiplier = 1;
+  }
+}
+
+void ChangeCompactionStyleCommand::DoCommand() {
+  if (!db_) {
+    assert(GetExecuteState().IsFailed());
+    return;
+  }
+  // print db stats before we have made any change
+  std::string property;
+  std::string files_per_level;
+  for (int i = 0; i < db_->NumberLevels(GetCfHandle()); i++) {
+    db_->GetProperty(GetCfHandle(),
+                     "rocksdb.num-files-at-level" + std::to_string(i),
+                     &property);
+
+    // format print string
+    char buf[100];
+    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s%s", (i ? "," : ""), property.c_str());
+    files_per_level += buf;
+  }
+  fprintf(stdout, "files per level before compaction: %s\n",
+          files_per_level.c_str());
+
+  // manual compact into a single file and move the file to level 0
+  CompactRangeOptions compact_options;
+  compact_options.change_level = true;
+  compact_options.target_level = 0;
+  Status s =
+      db_->CompactRange(compact_options, GetCfHandle(), nullptr, nullptr);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    std::stringstream oss;
+    oss << "Compaction failed: " << s.ToString();
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(oss.str());
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // verify compaction result
+  files_per_level = "";
+  int num_files = 0;
+  for (int i = 0; i < db_->NumberLevels(GetCfHandle()); i++) {
+    db_->GetProperty(GetCfHandle(),
+                     "rocksdb.num-files-at-level" + std::to_string(i),
+                     &property);
+
+    // format print string
+    char buf[100];
+    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s%s", (i ? "," : ""), property.c_str());
+    files_per_level += buf;
+
+    num_files = atoi(property.c_str());
+
+    // level 0 should have only 1 file
+    if (i == 0 && num_files != 1) {
+      exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+          "Number of db files at "
+          "level 0 after compaction is " +
+          std::to_string(num_files) + ", not 1.\n");
+      return;
+    }
+    // other levels should have no file
+    if (i > 0 && num_files != 0) {
+      exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+          "Number of db files at "
+          "level " +
+          std::to_string(i) + " after compaction is " +
+          std::to_string(num_files) + ", not 0.\n");
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  fprintf(stdout, "files per level after compaction: %s\n",
+          files_per_level.c_str());
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+namespace {
+
+struct StdErrReporter : public log::Reader::Reporter {
+  void Corruption(size_t /*bytes*/, const Status& s) override {
+    std::cerr << "Corruption detected in log file " << s.ToString() << "\n";
+  }
+};
+
+class InMemoryHandler : public WriteBatch::Handler {
+ public:
+  InMemoryHandler(std::stringstream& row, bool print_values,
+                  bool write_after_commit = false)
+      : Handler(),
+        row_(row),
+        print_values_(print_values),
+        write_after_commit_(write_after_commit) {}
+
+  void commonPutMerge(const Slice& key, const Slice& value) {
+    std::string k = LDBCommand::StringToHex(key.ToString());
+    if (print_values_) {
+      std::string v = LDBCommand::StringToHex(value.ToString());
+      row_ << k << " : ";
+      row_ << v << " ";
+    } else {
+      row_ << k << " ";
+    }
+  }
+
+  Status PutCF(uint32_t cf, const Slice& key, const Slice& value) override {
+    row_ << "PUT(" << cf << ") : ";
+    commonPutMerge(key, value);
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  Status MergeCF(uint32_t cf, const Slice& key, const Slice& value) override {
+    row_ << "MERGE(" << cf << ") : ";
+    commonPutMerge(key, value);
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  Status MarkNoop(bool) override {
+    row_ << "NOOP ";
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  Status DeleteCF(uint32_t cf, const Slice& key) override {
+    row_ << "DELETE(" << cf << ") : ";
+    row_ << LDBCommand::StringToHex(key.ToString()) << " ";
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  Status SingleDeleteCF(uint32_t cf, const Slice& key) override {
+    row_ << "SINGLE_DELETE(" << cf << ") : ";
+    row_ << LDBCommand::StringToHex(key.ToString()) << " ";
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  Status DeleteRangeCF(uint32_t cf, const Slice& begin_key,
+                       const Slice& end_key) override {
+    row_ << "DELETE_RANGE(" << cf << ") : ";
+    row_ << LDBCommand::StringToHex(begin_key.ToString()) << " ";
+    row_ << LDBCommand::StringToHex(end_key.ToString()) << " ";
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  Status MarkBeginPrepare(bool unprepare) override {
+    row_ << "BEGIN_PREPARE(";
+    row_ << (unprepare ? "true" : "false") << ") ";
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  Status MarkEndPrepare(const Slice& xid) override {
+    row_ << "END_PREPARE(";
+    row_ << LDBCommand::StringToHex(xid.ToString()) << ") ";
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  Status MarkRollback(const Slice& xid) override {
+    row_ << "ROLLBACK(";
+    row_ << LDBCommand::StringToHex(xid.ToString()) << ") ";
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  Status MarkCommit(const Slice& xid) override {
+    row_ << "COMMIT(";
+    row_ << LDBCommand::StringToHex(xid.ToString()) << ") ";
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  Status MarkCommitWithTimestamp(const Slice& xid,
+                                 const Slice& commit_ts) override {
+    row_ << "COMMIT_WITH_TIMESTAMP(";
+    row_ << LDBCommand::StringToHex(xid.ToString()) << ", ";
+    row_ << LDBCommand::StringToHex(commit_ts.ToString()) << ") ";
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
+  ~InMemoryHandler() override {}
+
+ protected:
+  Handler::OptionState WriteAfterCommit() const override {
+    return write_after_commit_ ? Handler::OptionState::kEnabled
+                               : Handler::OptionState::kDisabled;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  std::stringstream& row_;
+  bool print_values_;
+  bool write_after_commit_;
+};
+
+void DumpWalFile(Options options, std::string wal_file, bool print_header,
+                 bool print_values, bool is_write_committed,
+                 LDBCommandExecuteResult* exec_state) {
+  const auto& fs = options.env->GetFileSystem();
+  FileOptions soptions(options);
+  std::unique_ptr<SequentialFileReader> wal_file_reader;
+  Status status = SequentialFileReader::Create(
+      fs, wal_file, soptions, &wal_file_reader, nullptr /* dbg */,
+      nullptr /* rate_limiter */);
+  if (!status.ok()) {
+    if (exec_state) {
+      *exec_state = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed("Failed to open WAL file " +
+                                                    status.ToString());
+    } else {
+      std::cerr << "Error: Failed to open WAL file " << status.ToString()
+                << std::endl;
+    }
+  } else {
+    StdErrReporter reporter;
+    uint64_t log_number;
+    FileType type;
+
+    // we need the log number, but ParseFilename expects dbname/NNN.log.
+    std::string sanitized = wal_file;
+    size_t lastslash = sanitized.rfind('/');
+    if (lastslash != std::string::npos)
+      sanitized = sanitized.substr(lastslash + 1);
+    if (!ParseFileName(sanitized, &log_number, &type)) {
+      // bogus input, carry on as best we can
+      log_number = 0;
+    }
+    log::Reader reader(options.info_log, std::move(wal_file_reader), &reporter,
+                       true /* checksum */, log_number);
+    std::string scratch;
+    WriteBatch batch;
+    Slice record;
+    std::stringstream row;
+    if (print_header) {
+      std::cout << "Sequence,Count,ByteSize,Physical Offset,Key(s)";
+      if (print_values) {
+        std::cout << " : value ";
+      }
+      std::cout << "\n";
+    }
+    while (status.ok() && reader.ReadRecord(&record, &scratch)) {
+      row.str("");
+      if (record.size() < WriteBatchInternal::kHeader) {
+        reporter.Corruption(record.size(),
+                            Status::Corruption("log record too small"));
+      } else {
+        status = WriteBatchInternal::SetContents(&batch, record);
+        if (!status.ok()) {
+          std::stringstream oss;
+          oss << "Parsing write batch failed: " << status.ToString();
+          if (exec_state) {
+            *exec_state = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(oss.str());
+          } else {
+            std::cerr << oss.str() << std::endl;
+          }
+          break;
+        }
+        row << WriteBatchInternal::Sequence(&batch) << ",";
+        row << WriteBatchInternal::Count(&batch) << ",";
+        row << WriteBatchInternal::ByteSize(&batch) << ",";
+        row << reader.LastRecordOffset() << ",";
+        InMemoryHandler handler(row, print_values, is_write_committed);
+        status = batch.Iterate(&handler);
+        if (!status.ok()) {
+          if (exec_state) {
+            std::stringstream oss;
+            oss << "Print write batch error: " << status.ToString();
+            *exec_state = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(oss.str());
+          }
+          row << "error: " << status.ToString();
+          break;
+        }
+        row << "\n";
+      }
+      std::cout << row.str();
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+const std::string WALDumperCommand::ARG_WAL_FILE = "walfile";
+const std::string WALDumperCommand::ARG_WRITE_COMMITTED = "write_committed";
+const std::string WALDumperCommand::ARG_PRINT_VALUE = "print_value";
+const std::string WALDumperCommand::ARG_PRINT_HEADER = "header";
+
+WALDumperCommand::WALDumperCommand(
+    const std::vector<std::string>& /*params*/,
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+    const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(options, flags, true,
+                 BuildCmdLineOptions({ARG_WAL_FILE, ARG_WRITE_COMMITTED,
+                                      ARG_PRINT_HEADER, ARG_PRINT_VALUE})),
+      print_header_(false),
+      print_values_(false),
+      is_write_committed_(false) {
+  wal_file_.clear();
+
+  auto itr = options.find(ARG_WAL_FILE);
+  if (itr != options.end()) {
+    wal_file_ = itr->second;
+  }
+
+  print_header_ = IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_PRINT_HEADER);
+  print_values_ = IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_PRINT_VALUE);
+  is_write_committed_ = ParseBooleanOption(options, ARG_WRITE_COMMITTED, true);
+
+  if (wal_file_.empty()) {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed("Argument " + ARG_WAL_FILE +
+                                                  " must be specified.");
+  }
+}
+
+void WALDumperCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(WALDumperCommand::Name());
+  ret.append(" --" + ARG_WAL_FILE + "=<write_ahead_log_file_path>");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_PRINT_HEADER + "] ");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_PRINT_VALUE + "] ");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_WRITE_COMMITTED + "=true|false] ");
+  ret.append("\n");
+}
+
+void WALDumperCommand::DoCommand() {
+  DumpWalFile(options_, wal_file_, print_header_, print_values_,
+              is_write_committed_, &exec_state_);
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+GetCommand::GetCommand(const std::vector<std::string>& params,
+                       const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+                       const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(
+          options, flags, true,
+          BuildCmdLineOptions({ARG_TTL, ARG_HEX, ARG_KEY_HEX, ARG_VALUE_HEX})) {
+  if (params.size() != 1) {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+        "<key> must be specified for the get command");
+  } else {
+    key_ = params.at(0);
+  }
+
+  if (is_key_hex_) {
+    key_ = HexToString(key_);
+  }
+}
+
+void GetCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(GetCommand::Name());
+  ret.append(" <key>");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_TTL + "]");
+  ret.append("\n");
+}
+
+void GetCommand::DoCommand() {
+  if (!db_) {
+    assert(GetExecuteState().IsFailed());
+    return;
+  }
+  std::string value;
+  Status st = db_->Get(ReadOptions(), GetCfHandle(), key_, &value);
+  if (st.ok()) {
+    fprintf(stdout, "%s\n",
+            (is_value_hex_ ? StringToHex(value) : value).c_str());
+  } else {
+    std::stringstream oss;
+    oss << "Get failed: " << st.ToString();
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(oss.str());
+  }
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ApproxSizeCommand::ApproxSizeCommand(
+    const std::vector<std::string>& /*params*/,
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+    const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(options, flags, true,
+                 BuildCmdLineOptions(
+                     {ARG_HEX, ARG_KEY_HEX, ARG_VALUE_HEX, ARG_FROM, ARG_TO})) {
+  if (options.find(ARG_FROM) != options.end()) {
+    start_key_ = options.find(ARG_FROM)->second;
+  } else {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+        ARG_FROM + " must be specified for approxsize command");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (options.find(ARG_TO) != options.end()) {
+    end_key_ = options.find(ARG_TO)->second;
+  } else {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+        ARG_TO + " must be specified for approxsize command");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (is_key_hex_) {
+    start_key_ = HexToString(start_key_);
+    end_key_ = HexToString(end_key_);
+  }
+}
+
+void ApproxSizeCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(ApproxSizeCommand::Name());
+  ret.append(HelpRangeCmdArgs());
+  ret.append("\n");
+}
+
+void ApproxSizeCommand::DoCommand() {
+  if (!db_) {
+    assert(GetExecuteState().IsFailed());
+    return;
+  }
+  Range ranges[1];
+  ranges[0] = Range(start_key_, end_key_);
+  uint64_t sizes[1];
+  Status s = db_->GetApproximateSizes(GetCfHandle(), ranges, 1, sizes);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    std::stringstream oss;
+    oss << "ApproximateSize failed: " << s.ToString();
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(oss.str());
+  } else {
+    fprintf(stdout, "%lu\n", (unsigned long)sizes[0]);
+  }
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+BatchPutCommand::BatchPutCommand(
+    const std::vector<std::string>& params,
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+    const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(options, flags, false,
+                 BuildCmdLineOptions({ARG_TTL, ARG_HEX, ARG_KEY_HEX,
+                                      ARG_VALUE_HEX, ARG_CREATE_IF_MISSING})) {
+  if (params.size() < 2) {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+        "At least one <key> <value> pair must be specified batchput.");
+  } else if (params.size() % 2 != 0) {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+        "Equal number of <key>s and <value>s must be specified for batchput.");
+  } else {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < params.size(); i += 2) {
+      std::string key = params.at(i);
+      std::string value = params.at(i + 1);
+      key_values_.push_back(std::pair<std::string, std::string>(
+          is_key_hex_ ? HexToString(key) : key,
+          is_value_hex_ ? HexToString(value) : value));
+    }
+  }
+  create_if_missing_ = IsFlagPresent(flags_, ARG_CREATE_IF_MISSING);
+}
+
+void BatchPutCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(BatchPutCommand::Name());
+  ret.append(" <key> <value> [<key> <value>] [..]");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_CREATE_IF_MISSING + "]");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_TTL + "]");
+  ret.append("\n");
+}
+
+void BatchPutCommand::DoCommand() {
+  if (!db_) {
+    assert(GetExecuteState().IsFailed());
+    return;
+  }
+  WriteBatch batch;
+
+  Status st;
+  std::stringstream oss;
+  for (std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>>::const_iterator itr =
+           key_values_.begin();
+       itr != key_values_.end(); ++itr) {
+    st = batch.Put(GetCfHandle(), itr->first, itr->second);
+    if (!st.ok()) {
+      oss << "Put to write batch failed: " << itr->first << "=>" << itr->second
+          << " error: " << st.ToString();
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  if (st.ok()) {
+    st = db_->Write(WriteOptions(), &batch);
+    if (!st.ok()) {
+      oss << "Write failed: " << st.ToString();
+    }
+  }
+  if (st.ok()) {
+    fprintf(stdout, "OK\n");
+  } else {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(oss.str());
+  }
+}
+
+void BatchPutCommand::OverrideBaseOptions() {
+  LDBCommand::OverrideBaseOptions();
+  options_.create_if_missing = create_if_missing_;
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ScanCommand::ScanCommand(const std::vector<std::string>& /*params*/,
+                         const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+                         const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(
+          options, flags, true,
+          BuildCmdLineOptions({ARG_TTL, ARG_NO_VALUE, ARG_HEX, ARG_KEY_HEX,
+                               ARG_TO, ARG_VALUE_HEX, ARG_FROM, ARG_TIMESTAMP,
+                               ARG_MAX_KEYS, ARG_TTL_START, ARG_TTL_END})),
+      start_key_specified_(false),
+      end_key_specified_(false),
+      max_keys_scanned_(-1),
+      no_value_(false) {
+  auto itr = options.find(ARG_FROM);
+  if (itr != options.end()) {
+    start_key_ = itr->second;
+    if (is_key_hex_) {
+      start_key_ = HexToString(start_key_);
+    }
+    start_key_specified_ = true;
+  }
+  itr = options.find(ARG_TO);
+  if (itr != options.end()) {
+    end_key_ = itr->second;
+    if (is_key_hex_) {
+      end_key_ = HexToString(end_key_);
+    }
+    end_key_specified_ = true;
+  }
+
+  std::vector<std::string>::const_iterator vitr =
+      std::find(flags.begin(), flags.end(), ARG_NO_VALUE);
+  if (vitr != flags.end()) {
+    no_value_ = true;
+  }
+
+  itr = options.find(ARG_MAX_KEYS);
+  if (itr != options.end()) {
+    try {
+#if defined(CYGWIN)
+      max_keys_scanned_ = strtol(itr->second.c_str(), 0, 10);
+#else
+      max_keys_scanned_ = std::stoi(itr->second);
+#endif
+    } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) {
+      exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(ARG_MAX_KEYS +
+                                                    " has an invalid value");
+    } catch (const std::out_of_range&) {
+      exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+          ARG_MAX_KEYS + " has a value out-of-range");
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void ScanCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(ScanCommand::Name());
+  ret.append(HelpRangeCmdArgs());
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_TTL + "]");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_TIMESTAMP + "]");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_MAX_KEYS + "=<N>q] ");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_TTL_START + "=<N>:- is inclusive]");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_TTL_END + "=<N>:- is exclusive]");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_NO_VALUE + "]");
+  ret.append("\n");
+}
+
+void ScanCommand::DoCommand() {
+  if (!db_) {
+    assert(GetExecuteState().IsFailed());
+    return;
+  }
+
+  int num_keys_scanned = 0;
+  ReadOptions scan_read_opts;
+  scan_read_opts.total_order_seek = true;
+  Iterator* it = db_->NewIterator(scan_read_opts, GetCfHandle());
+  if (start_key_specified_) {
+    it->Seek(start_key_);
+  } else {
+    it->SeekToFirst();
+  }
+  int ttl_start;
+  if (!ParseIntOption(option_map_, ARG_TTL_START, ttl_start, exec_state_)) {
+    ttl_start = DBWithTTLImpl::kMinTimestamp;  // TTL introduction time
+  }
+  int ttl_end;
+  if (!ParseIntOption(option_map_, ARG_TTL_END, ttl_end, exec_state_)) {
+    ttl_end = DBWithTTLImpl::kMaxTimestamp;  // Max time allowed by TTL feature
+  }
+  if (ttl_end < ttl_start) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Error: End time can't be less than start time\n");
+    delete it;
+    return;
+  }
+  if (is_db_ttl_ && timestamp_) {
+    fprintf(stdout, "Scanning key-values from %s to %s\n",
+            TimeToHumanString(ttl_start).c_str(),
+            TimeToHumanString(ttl_end).c_str());
+  }
+  for (;
+       it->Valid() && (!end_key_specified_ || it->key().ToString() < end_key_);
+       it->Next()) {
+    if (is_db_ttl_) {
+      TtlIterator* it_ttl = static_cast_with_check<TtlIterator>(it);
+      int rawtime = it_ttl->ttl_timestamp();
+      if (rawtime < ttl_start || rawtime >= ttl_end) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (timestamp_) {
+        fprintf(stdout, "%s ", TimeToHumanString(rawtime).c_str());
+      }
+    }
+
+    Slice key_slice = it->key();
+
+    std::string formatted_key;
+    if (is_key_hex_) {
+      formatted_key = "0x" + key_slice.ToString(true /* hex */);
+      key_slice = formatted_key;
+    } else if (ldb_options_.key_formatter) {
+      formatted_key = ldb_options_.key_formatter->Format(key_slice);
+      key_slice = formatted_key;
+    }
+
+    if (no_value_) {
+      fprintf(stdout, "%.*s\n", static_cast<int>(key_slice.size()),
+              key_slice.data());
+    } else {
+      Slice val_slice = it->value();
+      std::string formatted_value;
+      if (is_value_hex_) {
+        formatted_value = "0x" + val_slice.ToString(true /* hex */);
+        val_slice = formatted_value;
+      }
+      fprintf(stdout, "%.*s : %.*s\n", static_cast<int>(key_slice.size()),
+              key_slice.data(), static_cast<int>(val_slice.size()),
+              val_slice.data());
+    }
+
+    num_keys_scanned++;
+    if (max_keys_scanned_ >= 0 && num_keys_scanned >= max_keys_scanned_) {
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  if (!it->status().ok()) {  // Check for any errors found during the scan
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(it->status().ToString());
+  }
+  delete it;
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+DeleteCommand::DeleteCommand(const std::vector<std::string>& params,
+                             const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+                             const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(options, flags, false,
+                 BuildCmdLineOptions({ARG_HEX, ARG_KEY_HEX, ARG_VALUE_HEX})) {
+  if (params.size() != 1) {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+        "KEY must be specified for the delete command");
+  } else {
+    key_ = params.at(0);
+    if (is_key_hex_) {
+      key_ = HexToString(key_);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void DeleteCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(DeleteCommand::Name() + " <key>");
+  ret.append("\n");
+}
+
+void DeleteCommand::DoCommand() {
+  if (!db_) {
+    assert(GetExecuteState().IsFailed());
+    return;
+  }
+  Status st = db_->Delete(WriteOptions(), GetCfHandle(), key_);
+  if (st.ok()) {
+    fprintf(stdout, "OK\n");
+  } else {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(st.ToString());
+  }
+}
+
+SingleDeleteCommand::SingleDeleteCommand(
+    const std::vector<std::string>& params,
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+    const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(options, flags, false,
+                 BuildCmdLineOptions({ARG_HEX, ARG_KEY_HEX, ARG_VALUE_HEX})) {
+  if (params.size() != 1) {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+        "KEY must be specified for the single delete command");
+  } else {
+    key_ = params.at(0);
+    if (is_key_hex_) {
+      key_ = HexToString(key_);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void SingleDeleteCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(SingleDeleteCommand::Name() + " <key>");
+  ret.append("\n");
+}
+
+void SingleDeleteCommand::DoCommand() {
+  if (!db_) {
+    assert(GetExecuteState().IsFailed());
+    return;
+  }
+  Status st = db_->SingleDelete(WriteOptions(), GetCfHandle(), key_);
+  if (st.ok()) {
+    fprintf(stdout, "OK\n");
+  } else {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(st.ToString());
+  }
+}
+
+DeleteRangeCommand::DeleteRangeCommand(
+    const std::vector<std::string>& params,
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+    const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(options, flags, false,
+                 BuildCmdLineOptions({ARG_HEX, ARG_KEY_HEX, ARG_VALUE_HEX})) {
+  if (params.size() != 2) {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+        "begin and end keys must be specified for the delete command");
+  } else {
+    begin_key_ = params.at(0);
+    end_key_ = params.at(1);
+    if (is_key_hex_) {
+      begin_key_ = HexToString(begin_key_);
+      end_key_ = HexToString(end_key_);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void DeleteRangeCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(DeleteRangeCommand::Name() + " <begin key> <end key>");
+  ret.append("\n");
+}
+
+void DeleteRangeCommand::DoCommand() {
+  if (!db_) {
+    assert(GetExecuteState().IsFailed());
+    return;
+  }
+  Status st =
+      db_->DeleteRange(WriteOptions(), GetCfHandle(), begin_key_, end_key_);
+  if (st.ok()) {
+    fprintf(stdout, "OK\n");
+  } else {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(st.ToString());
+  }
+}
+
+PutCommand::PutCommand(const std::vector<std::string>& params,
+                       const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+                       const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(options, flags, false,
+                 BuildCmdLineOptions({ARG_TTL, ARG_HEX, ARG_KEY_HEX,
+                                      ARG_VALUE_HEX, ARG_CREATE_IF_MISSING})) {
+  if (params.size() != 2) {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+        "<key> and <value> must be specified for the put command");
+  } else {
+    key_ = params.at(0);
+    value_ = params.at(1);
+  }
+
+  if (is_key_hex_) {
+    key_ = HexToString(key_);
+  }
+
+  if (is_value_hex_) {
+    value_ = HexToString(value_);
+  }
+  create_if_missing_ = IsFlagPresent(flags_, ARG_CREATE_IF_MISSING);
+}
+
+void PutCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(PutCommand::Name());
+  ret.append(" <key> <value>");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_CREATE_IF_MISSING + "]");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_TTL + "]");
+  ret.append("\n");
+}
+
+void PutCommand::DoCommand() {
+  if (!db_) {
+    assert(GetExecuteState().IsFailed());
+    return;
+  }
+  Status st = db_->Put(WriteOptions(), GetCfHandle(), key_, value_);
+  if (st.ok()) {
+    fprintf(stdout, "OK\n");
+  } else {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(st.ToString());
+  }
+}
+
+void PutCommand::OverrideBaseOptions() {
+  LDBCommand::OverrideBaseOptions();
+  options_.create_if_missing = create_if_missing_;
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const char* DBQuerierCommand::HELP_CMD = "help";
+const char* DBQuerierCommand::GET_CMD = "get";
+const char* DBQuerierCommand::PUT_CMD = "put";
+const char* DBQuerierCommand::DELETE_CMD = "delete";
+
+DBQuerierCommand::DBQuerierCommand(
+    const std::vector<std::string>& /*params*/,
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+    const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(
+          options, flags, false,
+          BuildCmdLineOptions({ARG_TTL, ARG_HEX, ARG_KEY_HEX, ARG_VALUE_HEX})) {
+
+}
+
+void DBQuerierCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(DBQuerierCommand::Name());
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_TTL + "]");
+  ret.append("\n");
+  ret.append(
+      "    Starts a REPL shell.  Type help for list of available "
+      "commands.");
+  ret.append("\n");
+}
+
+void DBQuerierCommand::DoCommand() {
+  if (!db_) {
+    assert(GetExecuteState().IsFailed());
+    return;
+  }
+
+  ReadOptions read_options;
+  WriteOptions write_options;
+
+  std::string line;
+  std::string key;
+  std::string value;
+  Status s;
+  std::stringstream oss;
+  while (s.ok() && getline(std::cin, line, '\n')) {
+    // Parse line into std::vector<std::string>
+    std::vector<std::string> tokens;
+    size_t pos = 0;
+    while (true) {
+      size_t pos2 = line.find(' ', pos);
+      if (pos2 == std::string::npos) {
+        break;
+      }
+      tokens.push_back(line.substr(pos, pos2 - pos));
+      pos = pos2 + 1;
+    }
+    tokens.push_back(line.substr(pos));
+
+    const std::string& cmd = tokens[0];
+
+    if (cmd == HELP_CMD) {
+      fprintf(stdout,
+              "get <key>\n"
+              "put <key> <value>\n"
+              "delete <key>\n");
+    } else if (cmd == DELETE_CMD && tokens.size() == 2) {
+      key = (is_key_hex_ ? HexToString(tokens[1]) : tokens[1]);
+      s = db_->Delete(write_options, GetCfHandle(), Slice(key));
+      if (s.ok()) {
+        fprintf(stdout, "Successfully deleted %s\n", tokens[1].c_str());
+      } else {
+        oss << "delete " << key << " failed: " << s.ToString();
+      }
+    } else if (cmd == PUT_CMD && tokens.size() == 3) {
+      key = (is_key_hex_ ? HexToString(tokens[1]) : tokens[1]);
+      value = (is_value_hex_ ? HexToString(tokens[2]) : tokens[2]);
+      s = db_->Put(write_options, GetCfHandle(), Slice(key), Slice(value));
+      if (s.ok()) {
+        fprintf(stdout, "Successfully put %s %s\n", tokens[1].c_str(),
+                tokens[2].c_str());
+      } else {
+        oss << "put " << key << "=>" << value << " failed: " << s.ToString();
+      }
+    } else if (cmd == GET_CMD && tokens.size() == 2) {
+      key = (is_key_hex_ ? HexToString(tokens[1]) : tokens[1]);
+      s = db_->Get(read_options, GetCfHandle(), Slice(key), &value);
+      if (s.ok()) {
+        fprintf(stdout, "%s\n",
+                PrintKeyValue(key, value, is_key_hex_, is_value_hex_).c_str());
+      } else {
+        if (s.IsNotFound()) {
+          fprintf(stdout, "Not found %s\n", tokens[1].c_str());
+        } else {
+          oss << "get " << key << " error: " << s.ToString();
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      fprintf(stdout, "Unknown command %s\n", line.c_str());
+    }
+  }
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(oss.str());
+  }
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+CheckConsistencyCommand::CheckConsistencyCommand(
+    const std::vector<std::string>& /*params*/,
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+    const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(options, flags, true, BuildCmdLineOptions({})) {}
+
+void CheckConsistencyCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(CheckConsistencyCommand::Name());
+  ret.append("\n");
+}
+
+void CheckConsistencyCommand::DoCommand() {
+  options_.paranoid_checks = true;
+  options_.num_levels = 64;
+  OpenDB();
+  if (exec_state_.IsSucceed() || exec_state_.IsNotStarted()) {
+    fprintf(stdout, "OK\n");
+  }
+  CloseDB();
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const std::string CheckPointCommand::ARG_CHECKPOINT_DIR = "checkpoint_dir";
+
+CheckPointCommand::CheckPointCommand(
+    const std::vector<std::string>& /*params*/,
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+    const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(options, flags, false /* is_read_only */,
+                 BuildCmdLineOptions({ARG_CHECKPOINT_DIR})) {
+  auto itr = options.find(ARG_CHECKPOINT_DIR);
+  if (itr != options.end()) {
+    checkpoint_dir_ = itr->second;
+  }
+}
+
+void CheckPointCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(CheckPointCommand::Name());
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_CHECKPOINT_DIR + "] ");
+  ret.append("\n");
+}
+
+void CheckPointCommand::DoCommand() {
+  if (!db_) {
+    assert(GetExecuteState().IsFailed());
+    return;
+  }
+  Checkpoint* checkpoint;
+  Status status = Checkpoint::Create(db_, &checkpoint);
+  status = checkpoint->CreateCheckpoint(checkpoint_dir_);
+  if (status.ok()) {
+    fprintf(stdout, "OK\n");
+  } else {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(status.ToString());
+  }
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const std::string RepairCommand::ARG_VERBOSE = "verbose";
+
+RepairCommand::RepairCommand(const std::vector<std::string>& /*params*/,
+                             const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+                             const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(options, flags, false, BuildCmdLineOptions({ARG_VERBOSE})) {
+  verbose_ = IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_VERBOSE);
+}
+
+void RepairCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(RepairCommand::Name());
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_VERBOSE + "]");
+  ret.append("\n");
+}
+
+void RepairCommand::OverrideBaseOptions() {
+  LDBCommand::OverrideBaseOptions();
+  auto level = verbose_ ? InfoLogLevel::INFO_LEVEL : InfoLogLevel::WARN_LEVEL;
+  options_.info_log.reset(new StderrLogger(level));
+}
+
+void RepairCommand::DoCommand() {
+  PrepareOptions();
+  Status status = RepairDB(db_path_, options_);
+  if (status.ok()) {
+    fprintf(stdout, "OK\n");
+  } else {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(status.ToString());
+  }
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const std::string BackupEngineCommand::ARG_NUM_THREADS = "num_threads";
+const std::string BackupEngineCommand::ARG_BACKUP_ENV_URI = "backup_env_uri";
+const std::string BackupEngineCommand::ARG_BACKUP_FS_URI = "backup_fs_uri";
+const std::string BackupEngineCommand::ARG_BACKUP_DIR = "backup_dir";
+const std::string BackupEngineCommand::ARG_STDERR_LOG_LEVEL =
+    "stderr_log_level";
+
+BackupEngineCommand::BackupEngineCommand(
+    const std::vector<std::string>& /*params*/,
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+    const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(options, flags, false /* is_read_only */,
+                 BuildCmdLineOptions({ARG_BACKUP_ENV_URI, ARG_BACKUP_FS_URI,
+                                      ARG_BACKUP_DIR, ARG_NUM_THREADS,
+                                      ARG_STDERR_LOG_LEVEL})),
+      num_threads_(1) {
+  auto itr = options.find(ARG_NUM_THREADS);
+  if (itr != options.end()) {
+    num_threads_ = std::stoi(itr->second);
+  }
+  itr = options.find(ARG_BACKUP_ENV_URI);
+  if (itr != options.end()) {
+    backup_env_uri_ = itr->second;
+  }
+  itr = options.find(ARG_BACKUP_FS_URI);
+  if (itr != options.end()) {
+    backup_fs_uri_ = itr->second;
+  }
+  if (!backup_env_uri_.empty() && !backup_fs_uri_.empty()) {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+        "you may not specity both --" + ARG_BACKUP_ENV_URI + " and --" +
+        ARG_BACKUP_FS_URI);
+  }
+  itr = options.find(ARG_BACKUP_DIR);
+  if (itr == options.end()) {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed("--" + ARG_BACKUP_DIR +
+                                                  ": missing backup directory");
+  } else {
+    backup_dir_ = itr->second;
+  }
+
+  itr = options.find(ARG_STDERR_LOG_LEVEL);
+  if (itr != options.end()) {
+    int stderr_log_level = std::stoi(itr->second);
+    if (stderr_log_level < 0 ||
+        stderr_log_level >= InfoLogLevel::NUM_INFO_LOG_LEVELS) {
+      exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+          ARG_STDERR_LOG_LEVEL + " must be >= 0 and < " +
+          std::to_string(InfoLogLevel::NUM_INFO_LOG_LEVELS) + ".");
+    } else {
+      logger_.reset(
+          new StderrLogger(static_cast<InfoLogLevel>(stderr_log_level)));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void BackupEngineCommand::Help(const std::string& name, std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(name);
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_BACKUP_ENV_URI + " | --" + ARG_BACKUP_FS_URI + "] ");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_BACKUP_DIR + "] ");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_NUM_THREADS + "] ");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_STDERR_LOG_LEVEL + "=<int (InfoLogLevel)>] ");
+  ret.append("\n");
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+BackupCommand::BackupCommand(const std::vector<std::string>& params,
+                             const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+                             const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : BackupEngineCommand(params, options, flags) {}
+
+void BackupCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  BackupEngineCommand::Help(Name(), ret);
+}
+
+void BackupCommand::DoCommand() {
+  BackupEngine* backup_engine;
+  Status status;
+  if (!db_) {
+    assert(GetExecuteState().IsFailed());
+    return;
+  }
+  fprintf(stdout, "open db OK\n");
+
+  Env* custom_env = backup_env_guard_.get();
+  if (custom_env == nullptr) {
+    Status s =
+        Env::CreateFromUri(config_options_, backup_env_uri_, backup_fs_uri_,
+                           &custom_env, &backup_env_guard_);
+    if (!s.ok()) {
+      exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(s.ToString());
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  assert(custom_env != nullptr);
+
+  BackupEngineOptions backup_options =
+      BackupEngineOptions(backup_dir_, custom_env);
+  backup_options.info_log = logger_.get();
+  backup_options.max_background_operations = num_threads_;
+  status = BackupEngine::Open(options_.env, backup_options, &backup_engine);
+  if (status.ok()) {
+    fprintf(stdout, "open backup engine OK\n");
+  } else {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(status.ToString());
+    return;
+  }
+  status = backup_engine->CreateNewBackup(db_);
+  if (status.ok()) {
+    fprintf(stdout, "create new backup OK\n");
+  } else {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(status.ToString());
+    return;
+  }
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+RestoreCommand::RestoreCommand(
+    const std::vector<std::string>& params,
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+    const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : BackupEngineCommand(params, options, flags) {}
+
+void RestoreCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  BackupEngineCommand::Help(Name(), ret);
+}
+
+void RestoreCommand::DoCommand() {
+  Env* custom_env = backup_env_guard_.get();
+  if (custom_env == nullptr) {
+    Status s =
+        Env::CreateFromUri(config_options_, backup_env_uri_, backup_fs_uri_,
+                           &custom_env, &backup_env_guard_);
+    if (!s.ok()) {
+      exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(s.ToString());
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  assert(custom_env != nullptr);
+
+  std::unique_ptr<BackupEngineReadOnly> restore_engine;
+  Status status;
+  {
+    BackupEngineOptions opts(backup_dir_, custom_env);
+    opts.info_log = logger_.get();
+    opts.max_background_operations = num_threads_;
+    BackupEngineReadOnly* raw_restore_engine_ptr;
+    status =
+        BackupEngineReadOnly::Open(options_.env, opts, &raw_restore_engine_ptr);
+    if (status.ok()) {
+      restore_engine.reset(raw_restore_engine_ptr);
+    }
+  }
+  if (status.ok()) {
+    fprintf(stdout, "open restore engine OK\n");
+    status = restore_engine->RestoreDBFromLatestBackup(db_path_, db_path_);
+  }
+  if (status.ok()) {
+    fprintf(stdout, "restore from backup OK\n");
+  } else {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(status.ToString());
+  }
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+namespace {
+
+void DumpSstFile(Options options, std::string filename, bool output_hex,
+                 bool show_properties, bool decode_blob_index,
+                 std::string from_key, std::string to_key) {
+  if (filename.length() <= 4 ||
+      filename.rfind(".sst") != filename.length() - 4) {
+    std::cout << "Invalid sst file name." << std::endl;
+    return;
+  }
+  // no verification
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::SstFileDumper dumper(
+      options, filename, Temperature::kUnknown,
+      2 * 1024 * 1024 /* readahead_size */,
+      /* verify_checksum */ false, output_hex, decode_blob_index);
+  Status st = dumper.ReadSequential(true, std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(),
+                                    !from_key.empty(), from_key,
+                                    !to_key.empty(), to_key);
+  if (!st.ok()) {
+    std::cerr << "Error in reading SST file " << filename << st.ToString()
+              << std::endl;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (show_properties) {
+    const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::TableProperties* table_properties;
+
+    std::shared_ptr<const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::TableProperties>
+        table_properties_from_reader;
+    st = dumper.ReadTableProperties(&table_properties_from_reader);
+    if (!st.ok()) {
+      std::cerr << filename << ": " << st.ToString()
+                << ". Try to use initial table properties" << std::endl;
+      table_properties = dumper.GetInitTableProperties();
+    } else {
+      table_properties = table_properties_from_reader.get();
+    }
+    if (table_properties != nullptr) {
+      std::cout << std::endl << "Table Properties:" << std::endl;
+      std::cout << table_properties->ToString("\n") << std::endl;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void DumpBlobFile(const std::string& filename, bool is_key_hex,
+                  bool is_value_hex, bool dump_uncompressed_blobs) {
+  using ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::blob_db::BlobDumpTool;
+  BlobDumpTool tool;
+  BlobDumpTool::DisplayType blob_type = is_value_hex
+                                            ? BlobDumpTool::DisplayType::kHex
+                                            : BlobDumpTool::DisplayType::kRaw;
+  BlobDumpTool::DisplayType show_uncompressed_blob =
+      dump_uncompressed_blobs ? blob_type : BlobDumpTool::DisplayType::kNone;
+  BlobDumpTool::DisplayType show_blob =
+      dump_uncompressed_blobs ? BlobDumpTool::DisplayType::kNone : blob_type;
+
+  BlobDumpTool::DisplayType show_key = is_key_hex
+                                           ? BlobDumpTool::DisplayType::kHex
+                                           : BlobDumpTool::DisplayType::kRaw;
+  Status s = tool.Run(filename, show_key, show_blob, show_uncompressed_blob,
+                      /* show_summary */ true);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Failed: %s\n", s.ToString().c_str());
+  }
+}
+}  // namespace
+
+DBFileDumperCommand::DBFileDumperCommand(
+    const std::vector<std::string>& /*params*/,
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+    const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(options, flags, true,
+                 BuildCmdLineOptions(
+                     {ARG_DECODE_BLOB_INDEX, ARG_DUMP_UNCOMPRESSED_BLOBS})),
+      decode_blob_index_(IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_DECODE_BLOB_INDEX)),
+      dump_uncompressed_blobs_(
+          IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_DUMP_UNCOMPRESSED_BLOBS)) {}
+
+void DBFileDumperCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(DBFileDumperCommand::Name());
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_DECODE_BLOB_INDEX + "] ");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_DUMP_UNCOMPRESSED_BLOBS + "] ");
+  ret.append("\n");
+}
+
+void DBFileDumperCommand::DoCommand() {
+  if (!db_) {
+    assert(GetExecuteState().IsFailed());
+    return;
+  }
+  Status s;
+
+  // TODO: Use --hex, --key_hex, --value_hex flags consistently for
+  // dumping manifest file, sst files and blob files.
+  std::cout << "Manifest File" << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "==============================" << std::endl;
+  std::string manifest_filename;
+  s = ReadFileToString(db_->GetEnv(), CurrentFileName(db_->GetName()),
+                       &manifest_filename);
+  if (!s.ok() || manifest_filename.empty() ||
+      manifest_filename.back() != '\n') {
+    std::cerr << "Error when reading CURRENT file "
+              << CurrentFileName(db_->GetName()) << std::endl;
+  }
+  // remove the trailing '\n'
+  manifest_filename.resize(manifest_filename.size() - 1);
+  std::string manifest_filepath = db_->GetName() + "/" + manifest_filename;
+  // Correct concatenation of filepath and filename:
+  // Check that there is no double slashes (or more!) when concatenation
+  // happens.
+  manifest_filepath = NormalizePath(manifest_filepath);
+
+  std::cout << manifest_filepath << std::endl;
+  DumpManifestFile(options_, manifest_filepath, false, false, false);
+  std::cout << std::endl;
+
+  std::vector<ColumnFamilyMetaData> column_families;
+  db_->GetAllColumnFamilyMetaData(&column_families);
+  for (const auto& column_family : column_families) {
+    std::cout << "Column family name: " << column_family.name << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "==============================" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "SST Files" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "==============================" << std::endl;
+    for (const LevelMetaData& level : column_family.levels) {
+      for (const SstFileMetaData& sst_file : level.files) {
+        std::string filename = sst_file.db_path + "/" + sst_file.name;
+        // Correct concatenation of filepath and filename:
+        // Check that there is no double slashes (or more!) when concatenation
+        // happens.
+        filename = NormalizePath(filename);
+        std::cout << filename << " level:" << level.level << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "------------------------------" << std::endl;
+        DumpSstFile(options_, filename, false, true, decode_blob_index_);
+        std::cout << std::endl;
+      }
+    }
+    std::cout << "Blob Files" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "==============================" << std::endl;
+    for (const BlobMetaData& blob_file : column_family.blob_files) {
+      std::string filename =
+          blob_file.blob_file_path + "/" + blob_file.blob_file_name;
+      // Correct concatenation of filepath and filename:
+      // Check that there is no double slashes (or more!) when concatenation
+      // happens.
+      filename = NormalizePath(filename);
+      std::cout << filename << std::endl;
+      std::cout << "------------------------------" << std::endl;
+      DumpBlobFile(filename, /* is_key_hex */ false, /* is_value_hex */ false,
+                   dump_uncompressed_blobs_);
+      std::cout << std::endl;
+    }
+  }
+  std::cout << std::endl;
+
+  std::cout << "Write Ahead Log Files" << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "==============================" << std::endl;
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::VectorLogPtr wal_files;
+  s = db_->GetSortedWalFiles(wal_files);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    std::cerr << "Error when getting WAL files" << std::endl;
+  } else {
+    std::string wal_dir;
+    if (options_.wal_dir.empty()) {
+      wal_dir = db_->GetName();
+    } else {
+      wal_dir = NormalizePath(options_.wal_dir + "/");
+    }
+    for (auto& wal : wal_files) {
+      // TODO(qyang): option.wal_dir should be passed into ldb command
+      std::string filename = wal_dir + wal->PathName();
+      std::cout << filename << std::endl;
+      // TODO(myabandeh): allow configuring is_write_commited
+      DumpWalFile(options_, filename, true, true, true /* is_write_commited */,
+                  &exec_state_);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+const std::string DBLiveFilesMetadataDumperCommand::ARG_SORT_BY_FILENAME =
+    "sort_by_filename";
+
+DBLiveFilesMetadataDumperCommand::DBLiveFilesMetadataDumperCommand(
+    const std::vector<std::string>& /*params*/,
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+    const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(options, flags, true,
+                 BuildCmdLineOptions({ARG_SORT_BY_FILENAME})) {
+  sort_by_filename_ = IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_SORT_BY_FILENAME);
+}
+
+void DBLiveFilesMetadataDumperCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(DBLiveFilesMetadataDumperCommand::Name());
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_SORT_BY_FILENAME + "] ");
+  ret.append("\n");
+}
+
+void DBLiveFilesMetadataDumperCommand::DoCommand() {
+  if (!db_) {
+    assert(GetExecuteState().IsFailed());
+    return;
+  }
+  Status s;
+
+  std::vector<ColumnFamilyMetaData> metadata;
+  db_->GetAllColumnFamilyMetaData(&metadata);
+  if (sort_by_filename_) {
+    std::cout << "Live SST and Blob Files:" << std::endl;
+    // tuple of <file path, level, column family name>
+    std::vector<std::tuple<std::string, int, std::string>> all_files;
+
+    for (const auto& column_metadata : metadata) {
+      // Iterate Levels
+      const auto& levels = column_metadata.levels;
+      const std::string& cf = column_metadata.name;
+      for (const auto& level_metadata : levels) {
+        // Iterate SST files
+        const auto& sst_files = level_metadata.files;
+        int level = level_metadata.level;
+        for (const auto& sst_metadata : sst_files) {
+          // The SstFileMetaData.name always starts with "/",
+          // however SstFileMetaData.db_path is the string provided by
+          // the user as an input. Therefore we check if we can
+          // concantenate the two strings directly or if we need to
+          // drop a possible extra "/" at the end of SstFileMetaData.db_path.
+          std::string filename =
+              NormalizePath(sst_metadata.db_path + "/" + sst_metadata.name);
+          all_files.emplace_back(filename, level, cf);
+        }  // End of for-loop over sst files
+      }    // End of for-loop over levels
+
+      const auto& blob_files = column_metadata.blob_files;
+      for (const auto& blob_metadata : blob_files) {
+        // The BlobMetaData.blob_file_name always starts with "/",
+        // however BlobMetaData.blob_file_path is the string provided by
+        // the user as an input. Therefore we check if we can
+        // concantenate the two strings directly or if we need to
+        // drop a possible extra "/" at the end of BlobMetaData.blob_file_path.
+        std::string filename = NormalizePath(
+            blob_metadata.blob_file_path + "/" + blob_metadata.blob_file_name);
+        // Level for blob files is encoded as -1
+        all_files.emplace_back(filename, -1, cf);
+      }  // End of for-loop over blob files
+    }    // End of for-loop over column metadata
+
+    // Sort by filename (i.e. first entry in tuple)
+    std::sort(all_files.begin(), all_files.end());
+
+    for (const auto& item : all_files) {
+      const std::string& filename = std::get<0>(item);
+      int level = std::get<1>(item);
+      const std::string& cf = std::get<2>(item);
+      if (level == -1) {  // Blob File
+        std::cout << filename << ", column family '" << cf << "'" << std::endl;
+      } else {  // SST file
+        std::cout << filename << " : level " << level << ", column family '"
+                  << cf << "'" << std::endl;
+      }
+    }
+  } else {
+    for (const auto& column_metadata : metadata) {
+      std::cout << "===== Column Family: " << column_metadata.name
+                << " =====" << std::endl;
+
+      std::cout << "Live SST Files:" << std::endl;
+      // Iterate levels
+      const auto& levels = column_metadata.levels;
+      for (const auto& level_metadata : levels) {
+        std::cout << "---------- level " << level_metadata.level
+                  << " ----------" << std::endl;
+        // Iterate SST files
+        const auto& sst_files = level_metadata.files;
+        for (const auto& sst_metadata : sst_files) {
+          // The SstFileMetaData.name always starts with "/",
+          // however SstFileMetaData.db_path is the string provided by
+          // the user as an input. Therefore we check if we can
+          // concantenate the two strings directly or if we need to
+          // drop a possible extra "/" at the end of SstFileMetaData.db_path.
+          std::string filename =
+              NormalizePath(sst_metadata.db_path + "/" + sst_metadata.name);
+          std::cout << filename << std::endl;
+        }  // End of for-loop over sst files
+      }    // End of for-loop over levels
+
+      std::cout << "Live Blob Files:" << std::endl;
+      const auto& blob_files = column_metadata.blob_files;
+      for (const auto& blob_metadata : blob_files) {
+        // The BlobMetaData.blob_file_name always starts with "/",
+        // however BlobMetaData.blob_file_path is the string provided by
+        // the user as an input. Therefore we check if we can
+        // concantenate the two strings directly or if we need to
+        // drop a possible extra "/" at the end of BlobMetaData.blob_file_path.
+        std::string filename = NormalizePath(
+            blob_metadata.blob_file_path + "/" + blob_metadata.blob_file_name);
+        std::cout << filename << std::endl;
+      }  // End of for-loop over blob files
+    }    // End of for-loop over column metadata
+  }      // End of else ("not sort_by_filename")
+  std::cout << "------------------------------" << std::endl;
+}
+
+void WriteExternalSstFilesCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(WriteExternalSstFilesCommand::Name());
+  ret.append(" <output_sst_path>");
+  ret.append("\n");
+}
+
+WriteExternalSstFilesCommand::WriteExternalSstFilesCommand(
+    const std::vector<std::string>& params,
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+    const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(
+          options, flags, false /* is_read_only */,
+          BuildCmdLineOptions({ARG_HEX, ARG_KEY_HEX, ARG_VALUE_HEX, ARG_FROM,
+                               ARG_TO, ARG_CREATE_IF_MISSING})) {
+  create_if_missing_ =
+      IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_CREATE_IF_MISSING) ||
+      ParseBooleanOption(options, ARG_CREATE_IF_MISSING, false);
+  if (params.size() != 1) {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+        "output SST file path must be specified");
+  } else {
+    output_sst_path_ = params.at(0);
+  }
+}
+
+void WriteExternalSstFilesCommand::DoCommand() {
+  if (!db_) {
+    assert(GetExecuteState().IsFailed());
+    return;
+  }
+  ColumnFamilyHandle* cfh = GetCfHandle();
+  SstFileWriter sst_file_writer(EnvOptions(), db_->GetOptions(), cfh);
+  Status status = sst_file_writer.Open(output_sst_path_);
+  if (!status.ok()) {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed("failed to open SST file: " +
+                                                  status.ToString());
+    return;
+  }
+
+  int bad_lines = 0;
+  std::string line;
+  std::ifstream ifs_stdin("/dev/stdin");
+  std::istream* istream_p = ifs_stdin.is_open() ? &ifs_stdin : &std::cin;
+  while (getline(*istream_p, line, '\n')) {
+    std::string key;
+    std::string value;
+    if (ParseKeyValue(line, &key, &value, is_key_hex_, is_value_hex_)) {
+      status = sst_file_writer.Put(key, value);
+      if (!status.ok()) {
+        exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+            "failed to write record to file: " + status.ToString());
+        return;
+      }
+    } else if (0 == line.find("Keys in range:")) {
+      // ignore this line
+    } else if (0 == line.find("Created bg thread 0x")) {
+      // ignore this line
+    } else {
+      bad_lines++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  status = sst_file_writer.Finish();
+  if (!status.ok()) {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+        "Failed to finish writing to file: " + status.ToString());
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (bad_lines > 0) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Warning: %d bad lines ignored.\n", bad_lines);
+  }
+  exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Succeed(
+      "external SST file written to " + output_sst_path_);
+}
+
+void WriteExternalSstFilesCommand::OverrideBaseOptions() {
+  LDBCommand::OverrideBaseOptions();
+  options_.create_if_missing = create_if_missing_;
+}
+
+const std::string IngestExternalSstFilesCommand::ARG_MOVE_FILES = "move_files";
+const std::string IngestExternalSstFilesCommand::ARG_SNAPSHOT_CONSISTENCY =
+    "snapshot_consistency";
+const std::string IngestExternalSstFilesCommand::ARG_ALLOW_GLOBAL_SEQNO =
+    "allow_global_seqno";
+const std::string IngestExternalSstFilesCommand::ARG_ALLOW_BLOCKING_FLUSH =
+    "allow_blocking_flush";
+const std::string IngestExternalSstFilesCommand::ARG_INGEST_BEHIND =
+    "ingest_behind";
+const std::string IngestExternalSstFilesCommand::ARG_WRITE_GLOBAL_SEQNO =
+    "write_global_seqno";
+
+void IngestExternalSstFilesCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(IngestExternalSstFilesCommand::Name());
+  ret.append(" <input_sst_path>");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_MOVE_FILES + "] ");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_SNAPSHOT_CONSISTENCY + "] ");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_ALLOW_GLOBAL_SEQNO + "] ");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_ALLOW_BLOCKING_FLUSH + "] ");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_INGEST_BEHIND + "] ");
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_WRITE_GLOBAL_SEQNO + "] ");
+  ret.append("\n");
+}
+
+IngestExternalSstFilesCommand::IngestExternalSstFilesCommand(
+    const std::vector<std::string>& params,
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+    const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(
+          options, flags, false /* is_read_only */,
+          BuildCmdLineOptions({ARG_MOVE_FILES, ARG_SNAPSHOT_CONSISTENCY,
+                               ARG_ALLOW_GLOBAL_SEQNO, ARG_CREATE_IF_MISSING,
+                               ARG_ALLOW_BLOCKING_FLUSH, ARG_INGEST_BEHIND,
+                               ARG_WRITE_GLOBAL_SEQNO})),
+      move_files_(false),
+      snapshot_consistency_(true),
+      allow_global_seqno_(true),
+      allow_blocking_flush_(true),
+      ingest_behind_(false),
+      write_global_seqno_(true) {
+  create_if_missing_ =
+      IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_CREATE_IF_MISSING) ||
+      ParseBooleanOption(options, ARG_CREATE_IF_MISSING, false);
+  move_files_ = IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_MOVE_FILES) ||
+                ParseBooleanOption(options, ARG_MOVE_FILES, false);
+  snapshot_consistency_ =
+      IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_SNAPSHOT_CONSISTENCY) ||
+      ParseBooleanOption(options, ARG_SNAPSHOT_CONSISTENCY, true);
+  allow_global_seqno_ =
+      IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_ALLOW_GLOBAL_SEQNO) ||
+      ParseBooleanOption(options, ARG_ALLOW_GLOBAL_SEQNO, true);
+  allow_blocking_flush_ =
+      IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_ALLOW_BLOCKING_FLUSH) ||
+      ParseBooleanOption(options, ARG_ALLOW_BLOCKING_FLUSH, true);
+  ingest_behind_ = IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_INGEST_BEHIND) ||
+                   ParseBooleanOption(options, ARG_INGEST_BEHIND, false);
+  write_global_seqno_ =
+      IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_WRITE_GLOBAL_SEQNO) ||
+      ParseBooleanOption(options, ARG_WRITE_GLOBAL_SEQNO, true);
+
+  if (allow_global_seqno_) {
+    if (!write_global_seqno_) {
+      fprintf(stderr,
+              "Warning: not writing global_seqno to the ingested SST can\n"
+              "prevent older versions of RocksDB from being able to open it\n");
+    }
+  } else {
+    if (write_global_seqno_) {
+      exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+          "ldb cannot write global_seqno to the ingested SST when global_seqno "
+          "is not allowed");
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (params.size() != 1) {
+    exec_state_ =
+        LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed("input SST path must be specified");
+  } else {
+    input_sst_path_ = params.at(0);
+  }
+}
+
+void IngestExternalSstFilesCommand::DoCommand() {
+  if (!db_) {
+    assert(GetExecuteState().IsFailed());
+    return;
+  }
+  if (GetExecuteState().IsFailed()) {
+    return;
+  }
+  ColumnFamilyHandle* cfh = GetCfHandle();
+  IngestExternalFileOptions ifo;
+  ifo.move_files = move_files_;
+  ifo.snapshot_consistency = snapshot_consistency_;
+  ifo.allow_global_seqno = allow_global_seqno_;
+  ifo.allow_blocking_flush = allow_blocking_flush_;
+  ifo.ingest_behind = ingest_behind_;
+  ifo.write_global_seqno = write_global_seqno_;
+  Status status = db_->IngestExternalFile(cfh, {input_sst_path_}, ifo);
+  if (!status.ok()) {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+        "failed to ingest external SST: " + status.ToString());
+  } else {
+    exec_state_ =
+        LDBCommandExecuteResult::Succeed("external SST files ingested");
+  }
+}
+
+void IngestExternalSstFilesCommand::OverrideBaseOptions() {
+  LDBCommand::OverrideBaseOptions();
+  options_.create_if_missing = create_if_missing_;
+}
+
+ListFileRangeDeletesCommand::ListFileRangeDeletesCommand(
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+    const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(options, flags, true, BuildCmdLineOptions({ARG_MAX_KEYS})) {
+  auto itr = options.find(ARG_MAX_KEYS);
+  if (itr != options.end()) {
+    try {
+#if defined(CYGWIN)
+      max_keys_ = strtol(itr->second.c_str(), 0, 10);
+#else
+      max_keys_ = std::stoi(itr->second);
+#endif
+    } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) {
+      exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(ARG_MAX_KEYS +
+                                                    " has an invalid value");
+    } catch (const std::out_of_range&) {
+      exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+          ARG_MAX_KEYS + " has a value out-of-range");
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void ListFileRangeDeletesCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(ListFileRangeDeletesCommand::Name());
+  ret.append(" [--" + ARG_MAX_KEYS + "=<N>]");
+  ret.append(" : print tombstones in SST files.\n");
+}
+
+void ListFileRangeDeletesCommand::DoCommand() {
+  if (!db_) {
+    assert(GetExecuteState().IsFailed());
+    return;
+  }
+
+  DBImpl* db_impl = static_cast_with_check<DBImpl>(db_->GetRootDB());
+
+  std::string out_str;
+
+  Status st =
+      db_impl->TablesRangeTombstoneSummary(GetCfHandle(), max_keys_, &out_str);
+  if (st.ok()) {
+    TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK(
+        "ListFileRangeDeletesCommand::DoCommand:BeforePrint", &out_str);
+    fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", out_str.c_str());
+  }
+}
+
+void UnsafeRemoveSstFileCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(UnsafeRemoveSstFileCommand::Name());
+  ret.append(" <SST file number>");
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append("    MUST NOT be used on a live DB.");
+  ret.append("\n");
+}
+
+UnsafeRemoveSstFileCommand::UnsafeRemoveSstFileCommand(
+    const std::vector<std::string>& params,
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+    const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(options, flags, false /* is_read_only */,
+                 BuildCmdLineOptions({})) {
+  if (params.size() != 1) {
+    exec_state_ =
+        LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed("SST file number must be specified");
+  } else {
+    char* endptr = nullptr;
+    sst_file_number_ = strtoull(params.at(0).c_str(), &endptr, 10 /* base */);
+    if (endptr == nullptr || *endptr != '\0') {
+      exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+          "Failed to parse SST file number " + params.at(0));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void UnsafeRemoveSstFileCommand::DoCommand() {
+  // TODO: plumb Env::IOActivity
+  const ReadOptions read_options;
+  PrepareOptions();
+
+  OfflineManifestWriter w(options_, db_path_);
+  if (column_families_.empty()) {
+    column_families_.emplace_back(kDefaultColumnFamilyName, options_);
+  }
+  Status s = w.Recover(column_families_);
+
+  ColumnFamilyData* cfd = nullptr;
+  int level = -1;
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    FileMetaData* metadata = nullptr;
+    s = w.Versions().GetMetadataForFile(sst_file_number_, &level, &metadata,
+                                        &cfd);
+  }
+
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    VersionEdit edit;
+    edit.SetColumnFamily(cfd->GetID());
+    edit.DeleteFile(level, sst_file_number_);
+    std::unique_ptr<FSDirectory> db_dir;
+    s = options_.env->GetFileSystem()->NewDirectory(db_path_, IOOptions(),
+                                                    &db_dir, nullptr);
+    if (s.ok()) {
+      s = w.LogAndApply(read_options, cfd, &edit, db_dir.get());
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+        "failed to unsafely remove SST file: " + s.ToString());
+  } else {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Succeed("unsafely removed SST file");
+  }
+}
+
+const std::string UpdateManifestCommand::ARG_VERBOSE = "verbose";
+const std::string UpdateManifestCommand::ARG_UPDATE_TEMPERATURES =
+    "update_temperatures";
+
+void UpdateManifestCommand::Help(std::string& ret) {
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append(UpdateManifestCommand::Name());
+  ret.append(" [--update_temperatures]");
+  ret.append("  ");
+  ret.append("    MUST NOT be used on a live DB.");
+  ret.append("\n");
+}
+
+UpdateManifestCommand::UpdateManifestCommand(
+    const std::vector<std::string>& /*params*/,
+    const std::map<std::string, std::string>& options,
+    const std::vector<std::string>& flags)
+    : LDBCommand(options, flags, false /* is_read_only */,
+                 BuildCmdLineOptions({ARG_VERBOSE, ARG_UPDATE_TEMPERATURES})) {
+  verbose_ = IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_VERBOSE) ||
+             ParseBooleanOption(options, ARG_VERBOSE, false);
+  update_temperatures_ =
+      IsFlagPresent(flags, ARG_UPDATE_TEMPERATURES) ||
+      ParseBooleanOption(options, ARG_UPDATE_TEMPERATURES, false);
+
+  if (!update_temperatures_) {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+        "No action like --update_temperatures specified for update_manifest");
+  }
+}
+
+void UpdateManifestCommand::DoCommand() {
+  PrepareOptions();
+
+  auto level = verbose_ ? InfoLogLevel::INFO_LEVEL : InfoLogLevel::WARN_LEVEL;
+  options_.info_log.reset(new StderrLogger(level));
+
+  experimental::UpdateManifestForFilesStateOptions opts;
+  opts.update_temperatures = update_temperatures_;
+  if (column_families_.empty()) {
+    column_families_.emplace_back(kDefaultColumnFamilyName, options_);
+  }
+  Status s = experimental::UpdateManifestForFilesState(options_, db_path_,
+                                                       column_families_);
+
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    exec_state_ = LDBCommandExecuteResult::Failed(
+        "failed to update manifest: " + s.ToString());
+  } else {
+    exec_state_ =
+        LDBCommandExecuteResult::Succeed("Manifest updates successful");
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE