rocksdb-native 0.0.0

package/vendor/rocksdb/java/rocksjni/rocksjni.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,3957 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2011-present, Facebook, Inc.  All rights reserved.
+//  This source code is licensed under both the GPLv2 (found in the
+//  COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License
+//  (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).
+//
+// This file implements the "bridge" between Java and C++ and enables
+// calling c++ ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB methods from Java side.
+
+#include <jni.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <functional>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "include/org_rocksdb_RocksDB.h"
+#include "rocksdb/cache.h"
+#include "rocksdb/convenience.h"
+#include "rocksdb/db.h"
+#include "rocksdb/options.h"
+#include "rocksdb/types.h"
+#include "rocksdb/version.h"
+#include "rocksjni/cplusplus_to_java_convert.h"
+#include "rocksjni/portal.h"
+
+#ifdef min
+#undef min
+#endif
+
+jlong rocksdb_open_helper(JNIEnv* env, jlong jopt_handle, jstring jdb_path,
+                          std::function<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status(
+                              const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options&,
+                              const std::string&, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB**)>
+                              open_fn) {
+  const char* db_path = env->GetStringUTFChars(jdb_path, nullptr);
+  if (db_path == nullptr) {
+    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  auto* opt = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options*>(jopt_handle);
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB* db = nullptr;
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s = open_fn(*opt, db_path, &db);
+
+  env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(jdb_path, db_path);
+
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    return GET_CPLUSPLUS_POINTER(db);
+  } else {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+    return 0;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    open
+ * Signature: (JLjava/lang/String;)J
+ */
+jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_open__JLjava_lang_String_2(JNIEnv* env, jclass,
+                                                          jlong jopt_handle,
+                                                          jstring jdb_path) {
+  return rocksdb_open_helper(env, jopt_handle, jdb_path,
+                             (ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status(*)(
+                                 const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options&,
+                                 const std::string&, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB**)) &
+                                 ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB::Open);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    openROnly
+ * Signature: (JLjava/lang/String;Z)J
+ */
+jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_openROnly__JLjava_lang_String_2Z(
+    JNIEnv* env, jclass, jlong jopt_handle, jstring jdb_path,
+    jboolean jerror_if_wal_file_exists) {
+  const bool error_if_wal_file_exists = jerror_if_wal_file_exists == JNI_TRUE;
+  return rocksdb_open_helper(
+      env, jopt_handle, jdb_path,
+      [error_if_wal_file_exists](const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options& options,
+                                 const std::string& db_path,
+                                 ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB** db) {
+        return ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB::OpenForReadOnly(options, db_path, db,
+                                                      error_if_wal_file_exists);
+      });
+}
+
+jlongArray rocksdb_open_helper(
+    JNIEnv* env, jlong jopt_handle, jstring jdb_path,
+    jobjectArray jcolumn_names, jlongArray jcolumn_options,
+    std::function<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status(
+        const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DBOptions&, const std::string&,
+        const std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyDescriptor>&,
+        std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>*,
+        ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB**)>
+        open_fn) {
+  const char* db_path = env->GetStringUTFChars(jdb_path, nullptr);
+  if (db_path == nullptr) {
+    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  const jsize len_cols = env->GetArrayLength(jcolumn_names);
+  jlong* jco = env->GetLongArrayElements(jcolumn_options, nullptr);
+  if (jco == nullptr) {
+    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
+    env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(jdb_path, db_path);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyDescriptor> column_families;
+  jboolean has_exception = JNI_FALSE;
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::byteStrings<std::string>(
+      env, jcolumn_names,
+      [](const char* str_data, const size_t str_len) {
+        return std::string(str_data, str_len);
+      },
+      [&jco, &column_families](size_t idx, std::string cf_name) {
+        ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyOptions* cf_options =
+            reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyOptions*>(jco[idx]);
+        column_families.push_back(
+            ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyDescriptor(cf_name, *cf_options));
+      },
+      &has_exception);
+
+  env->ReleaseLongArrayElements(jcolumn_options, jco, JNI_ABORT);
+
+  if (has_exception == JNI_TRUE) {
+    // exception occurred
+    env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(jdb_path, db_path);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  auto* opt = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DBOptions*>(jopt_handle);
+  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*> cf_handles;
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB* db = nullptr;
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s =
+      open_fn(*opt, db_path, column_families, &cf_handles, &db);
+
+  // we have now finished with db_path
+  env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(jdb_path, db_path);
+
+  // check if open operation was successful
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  const jsize resultsLen = 1 + len_cols;  // db handle + column family handles
+  std::unique_ptr<jlong[]> results =
+      std::unique_ptr<jlong[]>(new jlong[resultsLen]);
+  results[0] = GET_CPLUSPLUS_POINTER(db);
+  for (int i = 1; i <= len_cols; i++) {
+    results[i] = GET_CPLUSPLUS_POINTER(cf_handles[i - 1]);
+  }
+
+  jlongArray jresults = env->NewLongArray(resultsLen);
+  if (jresults == nullptr) {
+    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  env->SetLongArrayRegion(jresults, 0, resultsLen, results.get());
+  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+    env->DeleteLocalRef(jresults);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  return jresults;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    openROnly
+ * Signature: (JLjava/lang/String;[[B[JZ)[J
+ */
+jlongArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_openROnly__JLjava_lang_String_2_3_3B_3JZ(
+    JNIEnv* env, jclass, jlong jopt_handle, jstring jdb_path,
+    jobjectArray jcolumn_names, jlongArray jcolumn_options,
+    jboolean jerror_if_wal_file_exists) {
+  const bool error_if_wal_file_exists = jerror_if_wal_file_exists == JNI_TRUE;
+  return rocksdb_open_helper(
+      env, jopt_handle, jdb_path, jcolumn_names, jcolumn_options,
+      [error_if_wal_file_exists](
+          const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DBOptions& options,
+          const std::string& db_path,
+          const std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyDescriptor>&
+              column_families,
+          std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>* handles,
+          ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB** db) {
+        return ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB::OpenForReadOnly(
+            options, db_path, column_families, handles, db,
+            error_if_wal_file_exists);
+      });
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    open
+ * Signature: (JLjava/lang/String;[[B[J)[J
+ */
+jlongArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_open__JLjava_lang_String_2_3_3B_3J(
+    JNIEnv* env, jclass, jlong jopt_handle, jstring jdb_path,
+    jobjectArray jcolumn_names, jlongArray jcolumn_options) {
+  return rocksdb_open_helper(
+      env, jopt_handle, jdb_path, jcolumn_names, jcolumn_options,
+      (ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status(*)(
+          const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DBOptions&, const std::string&,
+          const std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyDescriptor>&,
+          std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>*,
+          ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB**)) &
+          ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB::Open);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    openAsSecondary
+ * Signature: (JLjava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;)J
+ */
+jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_openAsSecondary__JLjava_lang_String_2Ljava_lang_String_2(
+    JNIEnv* env, jclass, jlong jopt_handle, jstring jdb_path,
+    jstring jsecondary_db_path) {
+  const char* secondary_db_path =
+      env->GetStringUTFChars(jsecondary_db_path, nullptr);
+  if (secondary_db_path == nullptr) {
+    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  jlong db_handle = rocksdb_open_helper(
+      env, jopt_handle, jdb_path,
+      [secondary_db_path](const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options& options,
+                          const std::string& db_path,
+                          ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB** db) {
+        return ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB::OpenAsSecondary(options, db_path,
+                                                      secondary_db_path, db);
+      });
+
+  // we have now finished with secondary_db_path
+  env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(jsecondary_db_path, secondary_db_path);
+
+  return db_handle;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    openAsSecondary
+ * Signature: (JLjava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;[[B[J)[J
+ */
+jlongArray
+Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_openAsSecondary__JLjava_lang_String_2Ljava_lang_String_2_3_3B_3J(
+    JNIEnv* env, jclass, jlong jopt_handle, jstring jdb_path,
+    jstring jsecondary_db_path, jobjectArray jcolumn_names,
+    jlongArray jcolumn_options) {
+  const char* secondary_db_path =
+      env->GetStringUTFChars(jsecondary_db_path, nullptr);
+  if (secondary_db_path == nullptr) {
+    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  jlongArray jhandles = rocksdb_open_helper(
+      env, jopt_handle, jdb_path, jcolumn_names, jcolumn_options,
+      [secondary_db_path](
+          const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DBOptions& options,
+          const std::string& db_path,
+          const std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyDescriptor>&
+              column_families,
+          std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>* handles,
+          ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB** db) {
+        return ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB::OpenAsSecondary(
+            options, db_path, secondary_db_path, column_families, handles, db);
+      });
+
+  // we have now finished with secondary_db_path
+  env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(jsecondary_db_path, secondary_db_path);
+
+  return jhandles;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    disposeInternal
+ * Signature: (J)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_disposeInternal(JNIEnv*, jobject, jlong jhandle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jhandle);
+  assert(db != nullptr);
+  delete db;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    closeDatabase
+ * Signature: (J)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_closeDatabase(JNIEnv* env, jclass,
+                                            jlong jhandle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jhandle);
+  assert(db != nullptr);
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s = db->Close();
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    listColumnFamilies
+ * Signature: (JLjava/lang/String;)[[B
+ */
+jobjectArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_listColumnFamilies(JNIEnv* env, jclass,
+                                                         jlong jopt_handle,
+                                                         jstring jdb_path) {
+  std::vector<std::string> column_family_names;
+  const char* db_path = env->GetStringUTFChars(jdb_path, nullptr);
+  if (db_path == nullptr) {
+    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  auto* opt = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options*>(jopt_handle);
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB::ListColumnFamilies(
+      *opt, db_path, &column_family_names);
+
+  env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(jdb_path, db_path);
+
+  jobjectArray jcolumn_family_names =
+      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::stringsBytes(env, column_family_names);
+
+  return jcolumn_family_names;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    createColumnFamily
+ * Signature: (J[BIJ)J
+ */
+jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_createColumnFamily(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                                  jlong jhandle,
+                                                  jbyteArray jcf_name,
+                                                  jint jcf_name_len,
+                                                  jlong jcf_options_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jhandle);
+  jboolean has_exception = JNI_FALSE;
+  const std::string cf_name =
+      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::byteString<std::string>(
+          env, jcf_name, jcf_name_len,
+          [](const char* str, const size_t len) {
+            return std::string(str, len);
+          },
+          &has_exception);
+  if (has_exception == JNI_TRUE) {
+    // exception occurred
+    return 0;
+  }
+  auto* cf_options = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyOptions*>(
+      jcf_options_handle);
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s =
+      db->CreateColumnFamily(*cf_options, cf_name, &cf_handle);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    // error occurred
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return GET_CPLUSPLUS_POINTER(cf_handle);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    createColumnFamilies
+ * Signature: (JJ[[B)[J
+ */
+jlongArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_createColumnFamilies__JJ_3_3B(
+    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jhandle, jlong jcf_options_handle,
+    jobjectArray jcf_names) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jhandle);
+  auto* cf_options = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyOptions*>(
+      jcf_options_handle);
+  jboolean has_exception = JNI_FALSE;
+  std::vector<std::string> cf_names;
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::byteStrings<std::string>(
+      env, jcf_names,
+      [](const char* str, const size_t len) { return std::string(str, len); },
+      [&cf_names](const size_t, std::string str) { cf_names.push_back(str); },
+      &has_exception);
+  if (has_exception == JNI_TRUE) {
+    // exception occurred
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*> cf_handles;
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s =
+      db->CreateColumnFamilies(*cf_options, cf_names, &cf_handles);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    // error occurred
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  jlongArray jcf_handles = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::toJPointers<
+      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle>(env, cf_handles, &has_exception);
+  if (has_exception == JNI_TRUE) {
+    // exception occurred
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  return jcf_handles;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    createColumnFamilies
+ * Signature: (J[J[[B)[J
+ */
+jlongArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_createColumnFamilies__J_3J_3_3B(
+    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jhandle, jlongArray jcf_options_handles,
+    jobjectArray jcf_names) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jhandle);
+  const jsize jlen = env->GetArrayLength(jcf_options_handles);
+  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyDescriptor> cf_descriptors;
+  cf_descriptors.reserve(jlen);
+
+  jlong* jcf_options_handles_elems =
+      env->GetLongArrayElements(jcf_options_handles, nullptr);
+  if (jcf_options_handles_elems == nullptr) {
+    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  // extract the column family descriptors
+  jboolean has_exception = JNI_FALSE;
+  for (jsize i = 0; i < jlen; i++) {
+    auto* cf_options =
+        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyOptions*>(
+            jcf_options_handles_elems[i]);
+    jbyteArray jcf_name =
+        static_cast<jbyteArray>(env->GetObjectArrayElement(jcf_names, i));
+    if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+      // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+      env->ReleaseLongArrayElements(jcf_options_handles,
+                                    jcf_options_handles_elems, JNI_ABORT);
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+    const std::string cf_name =
+        ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::byteString<std::string>(
+            env, jcf_name,
+            [](const char* str, const size_t len) {
+              return std::string(str, len);
+            },
+            &has_exception);
+    if (has_exception == JNI_TRUE) {
+      // exception occurred
+      env->DeleteLocalRef(jcf_name);
+      env->ReleaseLongArrayElements(jcf_options_handles,
+                                    jcf_options_handles_elems, JNI_ABORT);
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    cf_descriptors.push_back(
+        ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyDescriptor(cf_name, *cf_options));
+
+    env->DeleteLocalRef(jcf_name);
+  }
+
+  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*> cf_handles;
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s =
+      db->CreateColumnFamilies(cf_descriptors, &cf_handles);
+
+  env->ReleaseLongArrayElements(jcf_options_handles, jcf_options_handles_elems,
+                                JNI_ABORT);
+
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    // error occurred
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  jlongArray jcf_handles = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::toJPointers<
+      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle>(env, cf_handles, &has_exception);
+  if (has_exception == JNI_TRUE) {
+    // exception occurred
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  return jcf_handles;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    dropColumnFamily
+ * Signature: (JJ)V;
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_dropColumnFamily(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                               jlong jdb_handle,
+                                               jlong jcf_handle) {
+  auto* db_handle = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto* cf_handle =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s = db_handle->DropColumnFamily(cf_handle);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    dropColumnFamilies
+ * Signature: (J[J)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_dropColumnFamilies(
+    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlongArray jcolumn_family_handles) {
+  auto* db_handle = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+
+  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*> cf_handles;
+  if (jcolumn_family_handles != nullptr) {
+    const jsize len_cols = env->GetArrayLength(jcolumn_family_handles);
+
+    jlong* jcfh = env->GetLongArrayElements(jcolumn_family_handles, nullptr);
+    if (jcfh == nullptr) {
+      // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
+      return;
+    }
+
+    for (jsize i = 0; i < len_cols; i++) {
+      auto* cf_handle =
+          reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcfh[i]);
+      cf_handles.push_back(cf_handle);
+    }
+    env->ReleaseLongArrayElements(jcolumn_family_handles, jcfh, JNI_ABORT);
+  }
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s = db_handle->DropColumnFamilies(cf_handles);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+  }
+}
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB::Put
+
+/**
+ * @return true if the put succeeded, false if a Java Exception was thrown
+ */
+bool rocksdb_put_helper(JNIEnv* env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB* db,
+                        const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions& write_options,
+                        ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle,
+                        jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len,
+                        jbyteArray jval, jint jval_off, jint jval_len) {
+  jbyte* key = new jbyte[jkey_len];
+  env->GetByteArrayRegion(jkey, jkey_off, jkey_len, key);
+  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+    delete[] key;
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  jbyte* value = new jbyte[jval_len];
+  env->GetByteArrayRegion(jval, jval_off, jval_len, value);
+  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+    delete[] value;
+    delete[] key;
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice key_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(key), jkey_len);
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice value_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(value),
+                                       jval_len);
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s;
+  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
+    s = db->Put(write_options, cf_handle, key_slice, value_slice);
+  } else {
+    // backwards compatibility
+    s = db->Put(write_options, key_slice, value_slice);
+  }
+
+  // cleanup
+  delete[] value;
+  delete[] key;
+
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    return true;
+  } else {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+    return false;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    put
+ * Signature: (J[BII[BII)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_put__J_3BII_3BII(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                               jlong jdb_handle,
+                                               jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off,
+                                               jint jkey_len, jbyteArray jval,
+                                               jint jval_off, jint jval_len) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  static const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions default_write_options =
+      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions();
+  rocksdb_put_helper(env, db, default_write_options, nullptr, jkey, jkey_off,
+                     jkey_len, jval, jval_off, jval_len);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    put
+ * Signature: (J[BII[BIIJ)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_put__J_3BII_3BIIJ(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                                jlong jdb_handle,
+                                                jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off,
+                                                jint jkey_len, jbyteArray jval,
+                                                jint jval_off, jint jval_len,
+                                                jlong jcf_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  static const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions default_write_options =
+      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions();
+  auto* cf_handle =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
+    rocksdb_put_helper(env, db, default_write_options, cf_handle, jkey,
+                       jkey_off, jkey_len, jval, jval_off, jval_len);
+  } else {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
+        env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::InvalidArgument(
+                 "Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    put
+ * Signature: (JJ[BII[BII)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_put__JJ_3BII_3BII(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                                jlong jdb_handle,
+                                                jlong jwrite_options_handle,
+                                                jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off,
+                                                jint jkey_len, jbyteArray jval,
+                                                jint jval_off, jint jval_len) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto* write_options =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions*>(jwrite_options_handle);
+  rocksdb_put_helper(env, db, *write_options, nullptr, jkey, jkey_off, jkey_len,
+                     jval, jval_off, jval_len);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    put
+ * Signature: (JJ[BII[BIIJ)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_put__JJ_3BII_3BIIJ(
+    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jwrite_options_handle,
+    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len, jbyteArray jval,
+    jint jval_off, jint jval_len, jlong jcf_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto* write_options =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions*>(jwrite_options_handle);
+  auto* cf_handle =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
+    rocksdb_put_helper(env, db, *write_options, cf_handle, jkey, jkey_off,
+                       jkey_len, jval, jval_off, jval_len);
+  } else {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
+        env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::InvalidArgument(
+                 "Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    putDirect
+ * Signature: (JJLjava/nio/ByteBuffer;IILjava/nio/ByteBuffer;IIJ)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_putDirect(
+    JNIEnv* env, jobject /*jdb*/, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jwrite_options_handle,
+    jobject jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len, jobject jval, jint jval_off,
+    jint jval_len, jlong jcf_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto* write_options =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions*>(jwrite_options_handle);
+  auto* cf_handle =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  auto put = [&env, &db, &cf_handle, &write_options](
+                 ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice& key,
+                 ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice& value) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s;
+    if (cf_handle == nullptr) {
+      s = db->Put(*write_options, key, value);
+    } else {
+      s = db->Put(*write_options, cf_handle, key, value);
+    }
+    if (s.ok()) {
+      return;
+    }
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+  };
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::kv_op_direct(put, env, jkey, jkey_off, jkey_len,
+                                           jval, jval_off, jval_len);
+}
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB::Delete()
+
+/**
+ * @return true if the delete succeeded, false if a Java Exception was thrown
+ */
+bool rocksdb_delete_helper(JNIEnv* env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB* db,
+                           const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions& write_options,
+                           ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle,
+                           jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len) {
+  jbyte* key = new jbyte[jkey_len];
+  env->GetByteArrayRegion(jkey, jkey_off, jkey_len, key);
+  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+    delete[] key;
+    return false;
+  }
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice key_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(key), jkey_len);
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s;
+  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
+    s = db->Delete(write_options, cf_handle, key_slice);
+  } else {
+    // backwards compatibility
+    s = db->Delete(write_options, key_slice);
+  }
+
+  // cleanup
+  delete[] key;
+
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+  return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    delete
+ * Signature: (J[BII)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_delete__J_3BII(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                             jlong jdb_handle, jbyteArray jkey,
+                                             jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  static const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions default_write_options =
+      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions();
+  rocksdb_delete_helper(env, db, default_write_options, nullptr, jkey, jkey_off,
+                        jkey_len);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    delete
+ * Signature: (J[BIIJ)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_delete__J_3BIIJ(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                              jlong jdb_handle, jbyteArray jkey,
+                                              jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len,
+                                              jlong jcf_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  static const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions default_write_options =
+      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions();
+  auto* cf_handle =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
+    rocksdb_delete_helper(env, db, default_write_options, cf_handle, jkey,
+                          jkey_off, jkey_len);
+  } else {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
+        env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::InvalidArgument(
+                 "Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    delete
+ * Signature: (JJ[BII)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_delete__JJ_3BII(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                              jlong jdb_handle,
+                                              jlong jwrite_options,
+                                              jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off,
+                                              jint jkey_len) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto* write_options =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions*>(jwrite_options);
+  rocksdb_delete_helper(env, db, *write_options, nullptr, jkey, jkey_off,
+                        jkey_len);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    delete
+ * Signature: (JJ[BIIJ)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_delete__JJ_3BIIJ(
+    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jwrite_options,
+    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len, jlong jcf_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto* write_options =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions*>(jwrite_options);
+  auto* cf_handle =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
+    rocksdb_delete_helper(env, db, *write_options, cf_handle, jkey, jkey_off,
+                          jkey_len);
+  } else {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
+        env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::InvalidArgument(
+                 "Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
+  }
+}
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB::SingleDelete()
+/**
+ * @return true if the single delete succeeded, false if a Java Exception
+ *     was thrown
+ */
+bool rocksdb_single_delete_helper(
+    JNIEnv* env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB* db,
+    const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions& write_options,
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle, jbyteArray jkey,
+    jint jkey_len) {
+  jbyte* key = new jbyte[jkey_len];
+  env->GetByteArrayRegion(jkey, 0, jkey_len, key);
+  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+    delete[] key;
+    return false;
+  }
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice key_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(key), jkey_len);
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s;
+  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
+    s = db->SingleDelete(write_options, cf_handle, key_slice);
+  } else {
+    // backwards compatibility
+    s = db->SingleDelete(write_options, key_slice);
+  }
+
+  delete[] key;
+
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+  return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    singleDelete
+ * Signature: (J[BI)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_singleDelete__J_3BI(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                                  jlong jdb_handle,
+                                                  jbyteArray jkey,
+                                                  jint jkey_len) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  static const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions default_write_options =
+      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions();
+  rocksdb_single_delete_helper(env, db, default_write_options, nullptr, jkey,
+                               jkey_len);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    singleDelete
+ * Signature: (J[BIJ)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_singleDelete__J_3BIJ(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                                   jlong jdb_handle,
+                                                   jbyteArray jkey,
+                                                   jint jkey_len,
+                                                   jlong jcf_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  static const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions default_write_options =
+      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions();
+  auto* cf_handle =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
+    rocksdb_single_delete_helper(env, db, default_write_options, cf_handle,
+                                 jkey, jkey_len);
+  } else {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
+        env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::InvalidArgument(
+                 "Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    singleDelete
+ * Signature: (JJ[BIJ)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_singleDelete__JJ_3BI(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                                   jlong jdb_handle,
+                                                   jlong jwrite_options,
+                                                   jbyteArray jkey,
+                                                   jint jkey_len) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto* write_options =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions*>(jwrite_options);
+  rocksdb_single_delete_helper(env, db, *write_options, nullptr, jkey,
+                               jkey_len);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    singleDelete
+ * Signature: (JJ[BIJ)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_singleDelete__JJ_3BIJ(
+    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jwrite_options,
+    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_len, jlong jcf_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto* write_options =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions*>(jwrite_options);
+  auto* cf_handle =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
+    rocksdb_single_delete_helper(env, db, *write_options, cf_handle, jkey,
+                                 jkey_len);
+  } else {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
+        env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::InvalidArgument(
+                 "Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
+  }
+}
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB::DeleteRange()
+/**
+ * @return true if the delete range succeeded, false if a Java Exception
+ *     was thrown
+ */
+bool rocksdb_delete_range_helper(
+    JNIEnv* env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB* db,
+    const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions& write_options,
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle, jbyteArray jbegin_key,
+    jint jbegin_key_off, jint jbegin_key_len, jbyteArray jend_key,
+    jint jend_key_off, jint jend_key_len) {
+  jbyte* begin_key = new jbyte[jbegin_key_len];
+  env->GetByteArrayRegion(jbegin_key, jbegin_key_off, jbegin_key_len,
+                          begin_key);
+  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+    delete[] begin_key;
+    return false;
+  }
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice begin_key_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(begin_key),
+                                           jbegin_key_len);
+
+  jbyte* end_key = new jbyte[jend_key_len];
+  env->GetByteArrayRegion(jend_key, jend_key_off, jend_key_len, end_key);
+  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+    delete[] begin_key;
+    delete[] end_key;
+    return false;
+  }
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice end_key_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(end_key),
+                                         jend_key_len);
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s =
+      db->DeleteRange(write_options, cf_handle, begin_key_slice, end_key_slice);
+
+  // cleanup
+  delete[] begin_key;
+  delete[] end_key;
+
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+  return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    deleteRange
+ * Signature: (J[BII[BII)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_deleteRange__J_3BII_3BII(
+    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jbyteArray jbegin_key,
+    jint jbegin_key_off, jint jbegin_key_len, jbyteArray jend_key,
+    jint jend_key_off, jint jend_key_len) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  static const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions default_write_options =
+      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions();
+  rocksdb_delete_range_helper(env, db, default_write_options, nullptr,
+                              jbegin_key, jbegin_key_off, jbegin_key_len,
+                              jend_key, jend_key_off, jend_key_len);
+}
+
+jint rocksdb_get_helper_direct(
+    JNIEnv* env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB* db,
+    const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions& read_options,
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family_handle, jobject jkey,
+    jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len, jobject jval, jint jval_off, jint jval_len,
+    bool* has_exception) {
+  static const int kNotFound = -1;
+  static const int kStatusError = -2;
+  static const int kArgumentError = -3;
+
+  char* key = reinterpret_cast<char*>(env->GetDirectBufferAddress(jkey));
+  if (key == nullptr) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
+        env,
+        "Invalid key argument (argument is not a valid direct ByteBuffer)");
+    *has_exception = true;
+    return kArgumentError;
+  }
+  if (env->GetDirectBufferCapacity(jkey) < (jkey_off + jkey_len)) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
+        env,
+        "Invalid key argument. Capacity is less than requested region (offset "
+        "+ length).");
+    *has_exception = true;
+    return kArgumentError;
+  }
+
+  char* value = reinterpret_cast<char*>(env->GetDirectBufferAddress(jval));
+  if (value == nullptr) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
+        env,
+        "Invalid value argument (argument is not a valid direct ByteBuffer)");
+    *has_exception = true;
+    return kArgumentError;
+  }
+
+  if (env->GetDirectBufferCapacity(jval) < (jval_off + jval_len)) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
+        env,
+        "Invalid value argument. Capacity is less than requested region "
+        "(offset + length).");
+    *has_exception = true;
+    return kArgumentError;
+  }
+
+  key += jkey_off;
+  value += jval_off;
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice key_slice(key, jkey_len);
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::PinnableSlice pinnable_value;
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s;
+  if (column_family_handle != nullptr) {
+    s = db->Get(read_options, column_family_handle, key_slice, &pinnable_value);
+  } else {
+    // backwards compatibility
+    s = db->Get(read_options, db->DefaultColumnFamily(), key_slice,
+                &pinnable_value);
+  }
+
+  if (s.IsNotFound()) {
+    *has_exception = false;
+    return kNotFound;
+  } else if (!s.ok()) {
+    *has_exception = true;
+    // Here since we are throwing a Java exception from c++ side.
+    // As a result, c++ does not know calling this function will in fact
+    // throwing an exception.  As a result, the execution flow will
+    // not stop here, and codes after this throw will still be
+    // executed.
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+
+    // Return a dummy const value to avoid compilation error, although
+    // java side might not have a chance to get the return value :)
+    return kStatusError;
+  }
+
+  const jint pinnable_value_len = static_cast<jint>(pinnable_value.size());
+  const jint length = std::min(jval_len, pinnable_value_len);
+
+  memcpy(value, pinnable_value.data(), length);
+  pinnable_value.Reset();
+
+  *has_exception = false;
+  return pinnable_value_len;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    deleteRange
+ * Signature: (J[BII[BIIJ)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_deleteRange__J_3BII_3BIIJ(
+    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jbyteArray jbegin_key,
+    jint jbegin_key_off, jint jbegin_key_len, jbyteArray jend_key,
+    jint jend_key_off, jint jend_key_len, jlong jcf_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  static const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions default_write_options =
+      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions();
+  auto* cf_handle =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
+    rocksdb_delete_range_helper(env, db, default_write_options, cf_handle,
+                                jbegin_key, jbegin_key_off, jbegin_key_len,
+                                jend_key, jend_key_off, jend_key_len);
+  } else {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
+        env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::InvalidArgument(
+                 "Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    deleteRange
+ * Signature: (JJ[BII[BII)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_deleteRange__JJ_3BII_3BII(
+    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jwrite_options,
+    jbyteArray jbegin_key, jint jbegin_key_off, jint jbegin_key_len,
+    jbyteArray jend_key, jint jend_key_off, jint jend_key_len) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto* write_options =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions*>(jwrite_options);
+  rocksdb_delete_range_helper(env, db, *write_options, nullptr, jbegin_key,
+                              jbegin_key_off, jbegin_key_len, jend_key,
+                              jend_key_off, jend_key_len);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    deleteRange
+ * Signature: (JJ[BII[BIIJ)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_deleteRange__JJ_3BII_3BIIJ(
+    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jwrite_options,
+    jbyteArray jbegin_key, jint jbegin_key_off, jint jbegin_key_len,
+    jbyteArray jend_key, jint jend_key_off, jint jend_key_len,
+    jlong jcf_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto* write_options =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions*>(jwrite_options);
+  auto* cf_handle =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
+    rocksdb_delete_range_helper(env, db, *write_options, cf_handle, jbegin_key,
+                                jbegin_key_off, jbegin_key_len, jend_key,
+                                jend_key_off, jend_key_len);
+  } else {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
+        env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::InvalidArgument(
+                 "Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    getDirect
+ * Signature: (JJLjava/nio/ByteBuffer;IILjava/nio/ByteBuffer;IIJ)I
+ */
+jint Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getDirect(JNIEnv* env, jobject /*jdb*/,
+                                        jlong jdb_handle, jlong jropt_handle,
+                                        jobject jkey, jint jkey_off,
+                                        jint jkey_len, jobject jval,
+                                        jint jval_off, jint jval_len,
+                                        jlong jcf_handle) {
+  auto* db_handle = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto* ro_opt =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions*>(jropt_handle);
+  auto* cf_handle =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  bool has_exception = false;
+  return rocksdb_get_helper_direct(
+      env, db_handle,
+      ro_opt == nullptr ? ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions() : *ro_opt, cf_handle,
+      jkey, jkey_off, jkey_len, jval, jval_off, jval_len, &has_exception);
+}
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB::Merge
+
+/**
+ * @return true if the merge succeeded, false if a Java Exception was thrown
+ */
+bool rocksdb_merge_helper(JNIEnv* env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB* db,
+                          const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions& write_options,
+                          ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle,
+                          jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len,
+                          jbyteArray jval, jint jval_off, jint jval_len) {
+  jbyte* key = new jbyte[jkey_len];
+  env->GetByteArrayRegion(jkey, jkey_off, jkey_len, key);
+  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+    delete[] key;
+    return false;
+  }
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice key_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(key), jkey_len);
+
+  jbyte* value = new jbyte[jval_len];
+  env->GetByteArrayRegion(jval, jval_off, jval_len, value);
+  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+    delete[] value;
+    delete[] key;
+    return false;
+  }
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice value_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(value),
+                                       jval_len);
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s;
+  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
+    s = db->Merge(write_options, cf_handle, key_slice, value_slice);
+  } else {
+    s = db->Merge(write_options, key_slice, value_slice);
+  }
+
+  // cleanup
+  delete[] value;
+  delete[] key;
+
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+  return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    merge
+ * Signature: (J[BII[BII)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_merge__J_3BII_3BII(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                                 jlong jdb_handle,
+                                                 jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off,
+                                                 jint jkey_len, jbyteArray jval,
+                                                 jint jval_off, jint jval_len) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  static const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions default_write_options =
+      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions();
+  rocksdb_merge_helper(env, db, default_write_options, nullptr, jkey, jkey_off,
+                       jkey_len, jval, jval_off, jval_len);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    merge
+ * Signature: (J[BII[BIIJ)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_merge__J_3BII_3BIIJ(
+    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off,
+    jint jkey_len, jbyteArray jval, jint jval_off, jint jval_len,
+    jlong jcf_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  static const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions default_write_options =
+      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions();
+  auto* cf_handle =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
+    rocksdb_merge_helper(env, db, default_write_options, cf_handle, jkey,
+                         jkey_off, jkey_len, jval, jval_off, jval_len);
+  } else {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
+        env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::InvalidArgument(
+                 "Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    merge
+ * Signature: (JJ[BII[BII)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_merge__JJ_3BII_3BII(
+    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jwrite_options_handle,
+    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len, jbyteArray jval,
+    jint jval_off, jint jval_len) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto* write_options =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions*>(jwrite_options_handle);
+  rocksdb_merge_helper(env, db, *write_options, nullptr, jkey, jkey_off,
+                       jkey_len, jval, jval_off, jval_len);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    merge
+ * Signature: (JJ[BII[BIIJ)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_merge__JJ_3BII_3BIIJ(
+    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jwrite_options_handle,
+    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len, jbyteArray jval,
+    jint jval_off, jint jval_len, jlong jcf_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto* write_options =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions*>(jwrite_options_handle);
+  auto* cf_handle =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
+    rocksdb_merge_helper(env, db, *write_options, cf_handle, jkey, jkey_off,
+                         jkey_len, jval, jval_off, jval_len);
+  } else {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
+        env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::InvalidArgument(
+                 "Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
+  }
+}
+
+jlong rocksdb_iterator_helper(
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB* db, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions read_options,
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle) {
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Iterator* iterator = nullptr;
+  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
+    iterator = db->NewIterator(read_options, cf_handle);
+  } else {
+    iterator = db->NewIterator(read_options);
+  }
+  return GET_CPLUSPLUS_POINTER(iterator);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    deleteDirect
+ * Signature: (JJLjava/nio/ByteBuffer;IIJ)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_deleteDirect(JNIEnv* env, jobject /*jdb*/,
+                                           jlong jdb_handle,
+                                           jlong jwrite_options, jobject jkey,
+                                           jint jkey_offset, jint jkey_len,
+                                           jlong jcf_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto* write_options =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions*>(jwrite_options);
+  auto* cf_handle =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  auto remove = [&env, &db, &write_options,
+                 &cf_handle](ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice& key) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s;
+    if (cf_handle == nullptr) {
+      s = db->Delete(*write_options, key);
+    } else {
+      s = db->Delete(*write_options, cf_handle, key);
+    }
+    if (s.ok()) {
+      return;
+    }
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+  };
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::k_op_direct(remove, env, jkey, jkey_offset,
+                                          jkey_len);
+}
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB::Write
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    write0
+ * Signature: (JJJ)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_write0(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle,
+                                     jlong jwrite_options_handle,
+                                     jlong jwb_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto* write_options =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions*>(jwrite_options_handle);
+  auto* wb = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteBatch*>(jwb_handle);
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s = db->Write(*write_options, wb);
+
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    write1
+ * Signature: (JJJ)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_write1(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle,
+                                     jlong jwrite_options_handle,
+                                     jlong jwbwi_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto* write_options =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteOptions*>(jwrite_options_handle);
+  auto* wbwi =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::WriteBatchWithIndex*>(jwbwi_handle);
+  auto* wb = wbwi->GetWriteBatch();
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s = db->Write(*write_options, wb);
+
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+  }
+}
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB::Get
+
+jbyteArray rocksdb_get_helper(
+    JNIEnv* env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB* db,
+    const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions& read_opt,
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family_handle,
+    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len) {
+  jbyte* key = new jbyte[jkey_len];
+  env->GetByteArrayRegion(jkey, jkey_off, jkey_len, key);
+  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+    delete[] key;
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice key_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(key), jkey_len);
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::PinnableSlice pinnable_value;
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s;
+  if (column_family_handle != nullptr) {
+    s = db->Get(read_opt, column_family_handle, key_slice, &pinnable_value);
+  } else {
+    s = db->Get(read_opt, db->DefaultColumnFamily(), key_slice,
+                &pinnable_value);
+  }
+
+  // cleanup
+  delete[] key;
+
+  if (s.IsNotFound()) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    jbyteArray jret_value =
+        ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::copyBytes(env, pinnable_value);
+    pinnable_value.Reset();
+    if (jret_value == nullptr) {
+      // exception occurred
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+    return jret_value;
+  }
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    get
+ * Signature: (J[BII)[B
+ */
+jbyteArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_get__J_3BII(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                                jlong jdb_handle,
+                                                jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off,
+                                                jint jkey_len) {
+  return rocksdb_get_helper(
+      env, reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle),
+      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions(), nullptr, jkey, jkey_off, jkey_len);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    get
+ * Signature: (J[BIIJ)[B
+ */
+jbyteArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_get__J_3BIIJ(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                                 jlong jdb_handle,
+                                                 jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off,
+                                                 jint jkey_len,
+                                                 jlong jcf_handle) {
+  auto db_handle = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto cf_handle =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
+    return rocksdb_get_helper(env, db_handle, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions(),
+                              cf_handle, jkey, jkey_off, jkey_len);
+  } else {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
+        env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::InvalidArgument(
+                 "Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    get
+ * Signature: (JJ[BII)[B
+ */
+jbyteArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_get__JJ_3BII(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                                 jlong jdb_handle,
+                                                 jlong jropt_handle,
+                                                 jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off,
+                                                 jint jkey_len) {
+  return rocksdb_get_helper(
+      env, reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle),
+      *reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions*>(jropt_handle), nullptr,
+      jkey, jkey_off, jkey_len);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    get
+ * Signature: (JJ[BIIJ)[B
+ */
+jbyteArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_get__JJ_3BIIJ(
+    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jropt_handle, jbyteArray jkey,
+    jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len, jlong jcf_handle) {
+  auto* db_handle = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto& ro_opt =
+      *reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions*>(jropt_handle);
+  auto* cf_handle =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
+    return rocksdb_get_helper(env, db_handle, ro_opt, cf_handle, jkey, jkey_off,
+                              jkey_len);
+  } else {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
+        env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::InvalidArgument(
+                 "Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+jint rocksdb_get_helper(
+    JNIEnv* env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB* db,
+    const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions& read_options,
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family_handle,
+    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len, jbyteArray jval,
+    jint jval_off, jint jval_len, bool* has_exception) {
+  static const int kNotFound = -1;
+  static const int kStatusError = -2;
+
+  jbyte* key = new jbyte[jkey_len];
+  env->GetByteArrayRegion(jkey, jkey_off, jkey_len, key);
+  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
+    delete[] key;
+    *has_exception = true;
+    return kStatusError;
+  }
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice key_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(key), jkey_len);
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::PinnableSlice pinnable_value;
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s;
+  if (column_family_handle != nullptr) {
+    s = db->Get(read_options, column_family_handle, key_slice, &pinnable_value);
+  } else {
+    s = db->Get(read_options, db->DefaultColumnFamily(), key_slice,
+                &pinnable_value);
+  }
+
+  // cleanup
+  delete[] key;
+
+  if (s.IsNotFound()) {
+    *has_exception = false;
+    return kNotFound;
+  } else if (!s.ok()) {
+    *has_exception = true;
+    // Here since we are throwing a Java exception from c++ side.
+    // As a result, c++ does not know calling this function will in fact
+    // throwing an exception.  As a result, the execution flow will
+    // not stop here, and codes after this throw will still be
+    // executed.
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+
+    // Return a dummy const value to avoid compilation error, although
+    // java side might not have a chance to get the return value :)
+    return kStatusError;
+  }
+
+  const jint pinnable_value_len = static_cast<jint>(pinnable_value.size());
+  const jint length = std::min(jval_len, pinnable_value_len);
+
+  env->SetByteArrayRegion(jval, jval_off, length,
+                          const_cast<jbyte*>(reinterpret_cast<const jbyte*>(
+                              pinnable_value.data())));
+  pinnable_value.Reset();
+  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
+    *has_exception = true;
+    return kStatusError;
+  }
+
+  *has_exception = false;
+  return pinnable_value_len;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    get
+ * Signature: (J[BII[BII)I
+ */
+jint Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_get__J_3BII_3BII(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                               jlong jdb_handle,
+                                               jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off,
+                                               jint jkey_len, jbyteArray jval,
+                                               jint jval_off, jint jval_len) {
+  bool has_exception = false;
+  return rocksdb_get_helper(
+      env, reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle),
+      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions(), nullptr, jkey, jkey_off, jkey_len, jval,
+      jval_off, jval_len, &has_exception);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    get
+ * Signature: (J[BII[BIIJ)I
+ */
+jint Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_get__J_3BII_3BIIJ(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                                jlong jdb_handle,
+                                                jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off,
+                                                jint jkey_len, jbyteArray jval,
+                                                jint jval_off, jint jval_len,
+                                                jlong jcf_handle) {
+  auto* db_handle = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto* cf_handle =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
+    bool has_exception = false;
+    return rocksdb_get_helper(env, db_handle, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions(),
+                              cf_handle, jkey, jkey_off, jkey_len, jval,
+                              jval_off, jval_len, &has_exception);
+  } else {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
+        env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::InvalidArgument(
+                 "Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
+    // will never be evaluated
+    return 0;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    get
+ * Signature: (JJ[BII[BII)I
+ */
+jint Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_get__JJ_3BII_3BII(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                                jlong jdb_handle,
+                                                jlong jropt_handle,
+                                                jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_off,
+                                                jint jkey_len, jbyteArray jval,
+                                                jint jval_off, jint jval_len) {
+  bool has_exception = false;
+  return rocksdb_get_helper(
+      env, reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle),
+      *reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions*>(jropt_handle), nullptr,
+      jkey, jkey_off, jkey_len, jval, jval_off, jval_len, &has_exception);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    get
+ * Signature: (JJ[BII[BIIJ)I
+ */
+jint Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_get__JJ_3BII_3BIIJ(
+    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jropt_handle, jbyteArray jkey,
+    jint jkey_off, jint jkey_len, jbyteArray jval, jint jval_off, jint jval_len,
+    jlong jcf_handle) {
+  auto* db_handle = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto& ro_opt =
+      *reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions*>(jropt_handle);
+  auto* cf_handle =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
+    bool has_exception = false;
+    return rocksdb_get_helper(env, db_handle, ro_opt, cf_handle, jkey, jkey_off,
+                              jkey_len, jval, jval_off, jval_len,
+                              &has_exception);
+  } else {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
+        env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::InvalidArgument(
+                 "Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
+    // will never be evaluated
+    return 0;
+  }
+}
+
+inline void multi_get_helper_release_keys(std::vector<jbyte*>& keys_to_free) {
+  auto end = keys_to_free.end();
+  for (auto it = keys_to_free.begin(); it != end; ++it) {
+    delete[] * it;
+  }
+  keys_to_free.clear();
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief fill a native array of cf handles from java handles
+ *
+ * @param env
+ * @param cf_handles to fill from the java variants
+ * @param jcolumn_family_handles
+ * @return true if the copy succeeds
+ * @return false if a JNI exception is generated
+ */
+inline bool cf_handles_from_jcf_handles(
+    JNIEnv* env,
+    std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>& cf_handles,
+    jlongArray jcolumn_family_handles) {
+  if (jcolumn_family_handles != nullptr) {
+    const jsize len_cols = env->GetArrayLength(jcolumn_family_handles);
+
+    jlong* jcfh = env->GetLongArrayElements(jcolumn_family_handles, nullptr);
+    if (jcfh == nullptr) {
+      // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
+      jclass exception_cls = (env)->FindClass("java/lang/OutOfMemoryError");
+      (env)->ThrowNew(exception_cls,
+                      "Insufficient Memory for CF handle array.");
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    for (jsize i = 0; i < len_cols; i++) {
+      auto* cf_handle =
+          reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcfh[i]);
+      cf_handles.push_back(cf_handle);
+    }
+    env->ReleaseLongArrayElements(jcolumn_family_handles, jcfh, JNI_ABORT);
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief copy keys from JNI into vector of slices for Rocks API
+ *
+ * @param keys to instantiate
+ * @param jkeys
+ * @param jkey_offs
+ * @param jkey_lens
+ * @return true if the copy succeeds
+ * @return false if a JNI exception is raised
+ */
+inline bool keys_from_jkeys(JNIEnv* env,
+                            std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice>& keys,
+                            std::vector<jbyte*>& keys_to_free,
+                            jobjectArray jkeys, jintArray jkey_offs,
+                            jintArray jkey_lens) {
+  jint* jkey_off = env->GetIntArrayElements(jkey_offs, nullptr);
+  if (jkey_off == nullptr) {
+    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
+    jclass exception_cls = (env)->FindClass("java/lang/OutOfMemoryError");
+    (env)->ThrowNew(exception_cls, "Insufficient Memory for key offset array.");
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  jint* jkey_len = env->GetIntArrayElements(jkey_lens, nullptr);
+  if (jkey_len == nullptr) {
+    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
+    env->ReleaseIntArrayElements(jkey_offs, jkey_off, JNI_ABORT);
+    jclass exception_cls = (env)->FindClass("java/lang/OutOfMemoryError");
+    (env)->ThrowNew(exception_cls, "Insufficient Memory for key length array.");
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const jsize len_keys = env->GetArrayLength(jkeys);
+  for (jsize i = 0; i < len_keys; i++) {
+    jobject jkey = env->GetObjectArrayElement(jkeys, i);
+    if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+      // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+      env->ReleaseIntArrayElements(jkey_lens, jkey_len, JNI_ABORT);
+      env->ReleaseIntArrayElements(jkey_offs, jkey_off, JNI_ABORT);
+      multi_get_helper_release_keys(keys_to_free);
+      jclass exception_cls = (env)->FindClass("java/lang/OutOfMemoryError");
+      (env)->ThrowNew(exception_cls,
+                      "Insufficient Memory for key object array.");
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    jbyteArray jkey_ba = reinterpret_cast<jbyteArray>(jkey);
+
+    const jint len_key = jkey_len[i];
+    jbyte* key = new jbyte[len_key];
+    env->GetByteArrayRegion(jkey_ba, jkey_off[i], len_key, key);
+    if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+      // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+      delete[] key;
+      env->DeleteLocalRef(jkey);
+      env->ReleaseIntArrayElements(jkey_lens, jkey_len, JNI_ABORT);
+      env->ReleaseIntArrayElements(jkey_offs, jkey_off, JNI_ABORT);
+      multi_get_helper_release_keys(keys_to_free);
+      jclass exception_cls =
+          (env)->FindClass("java/lang/ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException");
+      (env)->ThrowNew(exception_cls, "Invalid byte array region index.");
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice key_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(key), len_key);
+    keys.push_back(key_slice);
+
+    env->DeleteLocalRef(jkey);
+    keys_to_free.push_back(key);
+  }
+
+  // cleanup jkey_off and jken_len
+  env->ReleaseIntArrayElements(jkey_lens, jkey_len, JNI_ABORT);
+  env->ReleaseIntArrayElements(jkey_offs, jkey_off, JNI_ABORT);
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+inline bool keys_from_bytebuffers(JNIEnv* env,
+                                  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice>& keys,
+                                  jobjectArray jkeys, jintArray jkey_offs,
+                                  jintArray jkey_lens) {
+  jint* jkey_off = env->GetIntArrayElements(jkey_offs, nullptr);
+  if (jkey_off == nullptr) {
+    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
+    jclass exception_cls = (env)->FindClass("java/lang/OutOfMemoryError");
+    (env)->ThrowNew(exception_cls, "Insufficient Memory for key offset array.");
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  jint* jkey_len = env->GetIntArrayElements(jkey_lens, nullptr);
+  if (jkey_len == nullptr) {
+    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
+    env->ReleaseIntArrayElements(jkey_offs, jkey_off, JNI_ABORT);
+    jclass exception_cls = (env)->FindClass("java/lang/OutOfMemoryError");
+    (env)->ThrowNew(exception_cls, "Insufficient Memory for key length array.");
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const jsize len_keys = env->GetArrayLength(jkeys);
+  for (jsize i = 0; i < len_keys; i++) {
+    jobject jkey = env->GetObjectArrayElement(jkeys, i);
+    if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+      // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+      // cleanup jkey_off and jkey_len
+      env->ReleaseIntArrayElements(jkey_lens, jkey_len, JNI_ABORT);
+      env->ReleaseIntArrayElements(jkey_offs, jkey_off, JNI_ABORT);
+
+      return false;
+    }
+    char* key = reinterpret_cast<char*>(env->GetDirectBufferAddress(jkey));
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice key_slice(key + jkey_off[i], jkey_len[i]);
+    keys.push_back(key_slice);
+
+    env->DeleteLocalRef(jkey);
+  }
+
+  // cleanup jkey_off and jkey_len
+  env->ReleaseIntArrayElements(jkey_lens, jkey_len, JNI_ABORT);
+  env->ReleaseIntArrayElements(jkey_offs, jkey_off, JNI_ABORT);
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * cf multi get
+ *
+ * @return byte[][] of values or nullptr if an
+ * exception occurs
+ */
+jobjectArray multi_get_helper(JNIEnv* env, jobject, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB* db,
+                              const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions& rOpt,
+                              jobjectArray jkeys, jintArray jkey_offs,
+                              jintArray jkey_lens,
+                              jlongArray jcolumn_family_handles) {
+  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*> cf_handles;
+  if (!cf_handles_from_jcf_handles(env, cf_handles, jcolumn_family_handles)) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice> keys;
+  std::vector<jbyte*> keys_to_free;
+  if (!keys_from_jkeys(env, keys, keys_to_free, jkeys, jkey_offs, jkey_lens)) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  std::vector<std::string> values;
+  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status> s;
+  if (cf_handles.size() == 0) {
+    s = db->MultiGet(rOpt, keys, &values);
+  } else {
+    s = db->MultiGet(rOpt, cf_handles, keys, &values);
+  }
+
+  // free up allocated byte arrays
+  multi_get_helper_release_keys(keys_to_free);
+
+  // prepare the results
+  jobjectArray jresults = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ByteJni::new2dByteArray(
+      env, static_cast<jsize>(s.size()));
+  if (jresults == nullptr) {
+    // exception occurred
+    jclass exception_cls = (env)->FindClass("java/lang/OutOfMemoryError");
+    (env)->ThrowNew(exception_cls, "Insufficient Memory for results.");
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  // add to the jresults
+  for (std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status>::size_type i = 0; i != s.size();
+       i++) {
+    if (s[i].ok()) {
+      std::string* value = &values[i];
+      const jsize jvalue_len = static_cast<jsize>(value->size());
+      jbyteArray jentry_value = env->NewByteArray(jvalue_len);
+      if (jentry_value == nullptr) {
+        // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
+        return nullptr;
+      }
+
+      env->SetByteArrayRegion(
+          jentry_value, 0, static_cast<jsize>(jvalue_len),
+          const_cast<jbyte*>(reinterpret_cast<const jbyte*>(value->c_str())));
+      if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+        // exception thrown:
+        // ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+        env->DeleteLocalRef(jentry_value);
+        return nullptr;
+      }
+
+      env->SetObjectArrayElement(jresults, static_cast<jsize>(i), jentry_value);
+      if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+        // exception thrown:
+        // ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+        env->DeleteLocalRef(jentry_value);
+        return nullptr;
+      }
+
+      env->DeleteLocalRef(jentry_value);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return jresults;
+}
+
+/**
+ * cf multi get
+ *
+ * fill supplied native buffers, or raise JNI
+ * exception on a problem
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @brief multi_get_helper_direct for fast-path multiget (io_uring) on Linux
+ *
+ * @param env
+ * @param db
+ * @param rOpt read options
+ * @param jcolumn_family_handles 0, 1, or n column family handles
+ * @param jkeys
+ * @param jkey_offsets
+ * @param jkey_lengths
+ * @param jvalues byte buffers to receive values
+ * @param jvalue_sizes returned actual sizes of data values for keys
+ * @param jstatuses returned java RocksDB status values for per key
+ */
+void multi_get_helper_direct(JNIEnv* env, jobject, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB* db,
+                             const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions& rOpt,
+                             jlongArray jcolumn_family_handles,
+                             jobjectArray jkeys, jintArray jkey_offsets,
+                             jintArray jkey_lengths, jobjectArray jvalues,
+                             jintArray jvalue_sizes, jobjectArray jstatuses) {
+  const jsize num_keys = env->GetArrayLength(jkeys);
+
+  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice> keys;
+  if (!keys_from_bytebuffers(env, keys, jkeys, jkey_offsets, jkey_lengths)) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::PinnableSlice> values(num_keys);
+
+  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*> cf_handles;
+  if (!cf_handles_from_jcf_handles(env, cf_handles, jcolumn_family_handles)) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status> s(num_keys);
+  if (cf_handles.size() == 0) {
+    // we can use the more efficient call here
+    auto cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
+    db->MultiGet(rOpt, cf_handle, num_keys, keys.data(), values.data(),
+                 s.data());
+  } else if (cf_handles.size() == 1) {
+    // we can use the more efficient call here
+    auto cf_handle = cf_handles[0];
+    db->MultiGet(rOpt, cf_handle, num_keys, keys.data(), values.data(),
+                 s.data());
+  } else {
+    // multiple CFs version
+    db->MultiGet(rOpt, num_keys, cf_handles.data(), keys.data(), values.data(),
+                 s.data());
+  }
+
+  // prepare the results
+  jobjectArray jresults = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ByteJni::new2dByteArray(
+      env, static_cast<jsize>(s.size()));
+  if (jresults == nullptr) {
+    // exception occurred
+    jclass exception_cls = (env)->FindClass("java/lang/OutOfMemoryError");
+    (env)->ThrowNew(exception_cls, "Insufficient Memory for results.");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  std::vector<jint> value_size;
+  for (int i = 0; i < num_keys; i++) {
+    auto jstatus = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::StatusJni::construct(env, s[i]);
+    if (jstatus == nullptr) {
+      // exception in context
+      return;
+    }
+    env->SetObjectArrayElement(jstatuses, i, jstatus);
+
+    if (s[i].ok()) {
+      jobject jvalue_bytebuf = env->GetObjectArrayElement(jvalues, i);
+      if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+        // ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException is thrown
+        return;
+      }
+      jlong jvalue_capacity = env->GetDirectBufferCapacity(jvalue_bytebuf);
+      if (jvalue_capacity == -1) {
+        ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
+            env,
+            "Invalid value(s) argument (argument is not a valid direct "
+            "ByteBuffer)");
+        return;
+      }
+      void* jvalue_address = env->GetDirectBufferAddress(jvalue_bytebuf);
+      if (jvalue_address == nullptr) {
+        ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
+            env,
+            "Invalid value(s) argument (argument is not a valid direct "
+            "ByteBuffer)");
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // record num returned, push back that number, which may be bigger then
+      // the ByteBuffer supplied. then copy as much as fits in the ByteBuffer.
+      value_size.push_back(static_cast<jint>(values[i].size()));
+      auto copy_bytes =
+          std::min(static_cast<jlong>(values[i].size()), jvalue_capacity);
+      memcpy(jvalue_address, values[i].data(), copy_bytes);
+    } else {
+      // bad status for this
+      value_size.push_back(0);
+    }
+  }
+
+  env->SetIntArrayRegion(jvalue_sizes, 0, num_keys, value_size.data());
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    multiGet
+ * Signature: (J[[B[I[I)[[B
+ */
+jobjectArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_multiGet__J_3_3B_3I_3I(
+    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle, jobjectArray jkeys,
+    jintArray jkey_offs, jintArray jkey_lens) {
+  return multi_get_helper(
+      env, jdb, reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle),
+      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions(), jkeys, jkey_offs, jkey_lens, nullptr);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    multiGet
+ * Signature: (J[[B[I[I[J)[[B
+ */
+jobjectArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_multiGet__J_3_3B_3I_3I_3J(
+    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle, jobjectArray jkeys,
+    jintArray jkey_offs, jintArray jkey_lens,
+    jlongArray jcolumn_family_handles) {
+  return multi_get_helper(env, jdb,
+                          reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle),
+                          ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions(), jkeys, jkey_offs,
+                          jkey_lens, jcolumn_family_handles);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    multiGet
+ * Signature: (JJ[[B[I[I)[[B
+ */
+jobjectArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_multiGet__JJ_3_3B_3I_3I(
+    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jropt_handle,
+    jobjectArray jkeys, jintArray jkey_offs, jintArray jkey_lens) {
+  return multi_get_helper(
+      env, jdb, reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle),
+      *reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions*>(jropt_handle), jkeys,
+      jkey_offs, jkey_lens, nullptr);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    multiGet
+ * Signature: (JJ[[B[I[I[J)[[B
+ */
+jobjectArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_multiGet__JJ_3_3B_3I_3I_3J(
+    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jropt_handle,
+    jobjectArray jkeys, jintArray jkey_offs, jintArray jkey_lens,
+    jlongArray jcolumn_family_handles) {
+  return multi_get_helper(
+      env, jdb, reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle),
+      *reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions*>(jropt_handle), jkeys,
+      jkey_offs, jkey_lens, jcolumn_family_handles);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    multiGet
+ * Signature:
+ * (JJ[J[Ljava/nio/ByteBuffer;[I[I[Ljava/nio/ByteBuffer;[I[Lorg/rocksdb/Status;)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_multiGet__JJ_3J_3Ljava_nio_ByteBuffer_2_3I_3I_3Ljava_nio_ByteBuffer_2_3I_3Lorg_rocksdb_Status_2(
+    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jropt_handle,
+    jlongArray jcolumn_family_handles, jobjectArray jkeys,
+    jintArray jkey_offsets, jintArray jkey_lengths, jobjectArray jvalues,
+    jintArray jvalues_sizes, jobjectArray jstatus_objects) {
+  return multi_get_helper_direct(
+      env, jdb, reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle),
+      *reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions*>(jropt_handle),
+      jcolumn_family_handles, jkeys, jkey_offsets, jkey_lengths, jvalues,
+      jvalues_sizes, jstatus_objects);
+}
+// private native void
+// multiGet(final long dbHandle, final long rOptHandle,
+//        final long[] columnFamilyHandles, final ByteBuffer[] keysArray,
+//        final ByteBuffer[] valuesArray);
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB::KeyMayExist
+bool key_may_exist_helper(JNIEnv* env, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jcf_handle,
+                          jlong jread_opts_handle, jbyteArray jkey,
+                          jint jkey_offset, jint jkey_len, bool* has_exception,
+                          std::string* value, bool* value_found) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
+  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
+    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
+  } else {
+    cf_handle =
+        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  }
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions read_opts =
+      jread_opts_handle == 0
+          ? ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions()
+          : *(reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions*>(
+                jread_opts_handle));
+
+  jbyte* key = new jbyte[jkey_len];
+  env->GetByteArrayRegion(jkey, jkey_offset, jkey_len, key);
+  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+    delete[] key;
+    *has_exception = true;
+    return false;
+  }
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice key_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(key), jkey_len);
+
+  const bool exists =
+      db->KeyMayExist(read_opts, cf_handle, key_slice, value, value_found);
+
+  // cleanup
+  delete[] key;
+
+  return exists;
+}
+
+bool key_may_exist_direct_helper(JNIEnv* env, jlong jdb_handle,
+                                 jlong jcf_handle, jlong jread_opts_handle,
+                                 jobject jkey, jint jkey_offset, jint jkey_len,
+                                 bool* has_exception, std::string* value,
+                                 bool* value_found) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
+  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
+    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
+  } else {
+    cf_handle =
+        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  }
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions read_opts =
+      jread_opts_handle == 0
+          ? ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions()
+          : *(reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions*>(
+                jread_opts_handle));
+
+  char* key = reinterpret_cast<char*>(env->GetDirectBufferAddress(jkey));
+  if (key == nullptr) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
+        env,
+        "Invalid key argument (argument is not a valid direct ByteBuffer)");
+    *has_exception = true;
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (env->GetDirectBufferCapacity(jkey) < (jkey_offset + jkey_len)) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
+        env,
+        "Invalid key argument. Capacity is less than requested region (offset "
+        "+ length).");
+    *has_exception = true;
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice key_slice(key, jkey_len);
+
+  const bool exists =
+      db->KeyMayExist(read_opts, cf_handle, key_slice, value, value_found);
+
+  return exists;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    keyMayExist
+ * Signature: (JJJ[BII)Z
+ */
+jboolean Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_keyMayExist(
+    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jcf_handle,
+    jlong jread_opts_handle, jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_offset, jint jkey_len) {
+  bool has_exception = false;
+  std::string value;
+  bool value_found = false;
+
+  const bool exists = key_may_exist_helper(
+      env, jdb_handle, jcf_handle, jread_opts_handle, jkey, jkey_offset,
+      jkey_len, &has_exception, &value, &value_found);
+
+  if (has_exception) {
+    // java exception already raised
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return static_cast<jboolean>(exists);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    keyMayExistDirect
+ * Signature: (JJJLjava/nio/ByteBuffer;II)Z
+ */
+jboolean Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_keyMayExistDirect(
+    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jcf_handle,
+    jlong jread_opts_handle, jobject jkey, jint jkey_offset, jint jkey_len) {
+  bool has_exception = false;
+  std::string value;
+  bool value_found = false;
+
+  const bool exists = key_may_exist_direct_helper(
+      env, jdb_handle, jcf_handle, jread_opts_handle, jkey, jkey_offset,
+      jkey_len, &has_exception, &value, &value_found);
+  if (has_exception) {
+    // java exception already raised
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return static_cast<jboolean>(exists);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    keyMayExistDirectFoundValue
+ * Signature:
+ * (JJJLjava/nio/ByteBuffer;IILjava/nio/ByteBuffer;II)[J
+ */
+jintArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_keyMayExistDirectFoundValue(
+    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jcf_handle,
+    jlong jread_opts_handle, jobject jkey, jint jkey_offset, jint jkey_len,
+    jobject jval, jint jval_offset, jint jval_len) {
+  char* val_buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(env->GetDirectBufferAddress(jval));
+  if (val_buffer == nullptr) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
+        env,
+        "Invalid value argument (argument is not a valid direct ByteBuffer)");
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  if (env->GetDirectBufferCapacity(jval) < (jval_offset + jval_len)) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
+        env,
+        "Invalid value argument. Capacity is less than requested region "
+        "(offset + length).");
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  bool has_exception = false;
+  std::string cvalue;
+  bool value_found = false;
+
+  const bool exists = key_may_exist_direct_helper(
+      env, jdb_handle, jcf_handle, jread_opts_handle, jkey, jkey_offset,
+      jkey_len, &has_exception, &cvalue, &value_found);
+
+  if (has_exception) {
+    // java exception already raised
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  const jint cvalue_len = static_cast<jint>(cvalue.size());
+  const jint length = std::min(jval_len, cvalue_len);
+  memcpy(val_buffer + jval_offset, cvalue.c_str(), length);
+
+  // keep consistent with java KeyMayExistEnum.values()
+  const int kNotExist = 0;
+  const int kExistsWithoutValue = 1;
+  const int kExistsWithValue = 2;
+
+  // TODO fix return value/type
+  // exists/value_found/neither
+  // cvalue_len
+  jintArray jresult = env->NewIntArray(2);
+  const jint jexists =
+      exists ? (value_found ? kExistsWithValue : kExistsWithoutValue)
+             : kNotExist;
+
+  env->SetIntArrayRegion(jresult, 0, 1, &jexists);
+  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+    env->DeleteLocalRef(jresult);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  env->SetIntArrayRegion(jresult, 1, 1, &cvalue_len);
+  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+    env->DeleteLocalRef(jresult);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  return jresult;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    keyMayExistFoundValue
+ * Signature: (JJJ[BII)[[B
+ */
+jobjectArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_keyMayExistFoundValue(
+    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jcf_handle,
+    jlong jread_opts_handle, jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_offset, jint jkey_len) {
+  bool has_exception = false;
+  std::string value;
+  bool value_found = false;
+
+  const bool exists = key_may_exist_helper(
+      env, jdb_handle, jcf_handle, jread_opts_handle, jkey, jkey_offset,
+      jkey_len, &has_exception, &value, &value_found);
+
+  if (has_exception) {
+    // java exception already raised
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  jbyte result_flags[1];
+  if (!exists) {
+    result_flags[0] = 0;
+  } else if (!value_found) {
+    result_flags[0] = 1;
+  } else {
+    // found
+    result_flags[0] = 2;
+  }
+
+  jobjectArray jresults = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ByteJni::new2dByteArray(env, 2);
+  if (jresults == nullptr) {
+    // exception occurred
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  // prepare the result flag
+  jbyteArray jresult_flags = env->NewByteArray(1);
+  if (jresult_flags == nullptr) {
+    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  env->SetByteArrayRegion(jresult_flags, 0, 1, result_flags);
+  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+    env->DeleteLocalRef(jresult_flags);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  env->SetObjectArrayElement(jresults, 0, jresult_flags);
+  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+    env->DeleteLocalRef(jresult_flags);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  env->DeleteLocalRef(jresult_flags);
+
+  if (result_flags[0] == 2) {
+    // set the value
+    const jsize jvalue_len = static_cast<jsize>(value.size());
+    jbyteArray jresult_value = env->NewByteArray(jvalue_len);
+    if (jresult_value == nullptr) {
+      // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+    env->SetByteArrayRegion(
+        jresult_value, 0, jvalue_len,
+        const_cast<jbyte*>(reinterpret_cast<const jbyte*>(value.data())));
+    if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+      // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+      env->DeleteLocalRef(jresult_value);
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+    env->SetObjectArrayElement(jresults, 1, jresult_value);
+    if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+      // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+      env->DeleteLocalRef(jresult_value);
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    env->DeleteLocalRef(jresult_value);
+  }
+
+  return jresults;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    iterator
+ * Signature: (J)J
+ */
+jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_iterator__J(JNIEnv*, jobject, jlong db_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(db_handle);
+  return rocksdb_iterator_helper(db, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions(), nullptr);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    iterator
+ * Signature: (JJ)J
+ */
+jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_iterator__JJ(JNIEnv*, jobject, jlong db_handle,
+                                            jlong jread_options_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(db_handle);
+  auto& read_options =
+      *reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions*>(jread_options_handle);
+  return rocksdb_iterator_helper(db, read_options, nullptr);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    iteratorCF
+ * Signature: (JJ)J
+ */
+jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_iteratorCF__JJ(JNIEnv*, jobject, jlong db_handle,
+                                              jlong jcf_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(db_handle);
+  auto* cf_handle =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  return rocksdb_iterator_helper(db, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions(),
+                                 cf_handle);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    iteratorCF
+ * Signature: (JJJ)J
+ */
+jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_iteratorCF__JJJ(JNIEnv*, jobject,
+                                               jlong db_handle,
+                                               jlong jcf_handle,
+                                               jlong jread_options_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(db_handle);
+  auto* cf_handle =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  auto& read_options =
+      *reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions*>(jread_options_handle);
+  return rocksdb_iterator_helper(db, read_options, cf_handle);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    iterators
+ * Signature: (J[JJ)[J
+ */
+jlongArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_iterators(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                              jlong db_handle,
+                                              jlongArray jcolumn_family_handles,
+                                              jlong jread_options_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(db_handle);
+  auto& read_options =
+      *reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions*>(jread_options_handle);
+
+  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*> cf_handles;
+  if (jcolumn_family_handles != nullptr) {
+    const jsize len_cols = env->GetArrayLength(jcolumn_family_handles);
+    jlong* jcfh = env->GetLongArrayElements(jcolumn_family_handles, nullptr);
+    if (jcfh == nullptr) {
+      // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    for (jsize i = 0; i < len_cols; i++) {
+      auto* cf_handle =
+          reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcfh[i]);
+      cf_handles.push_back(cf_handle);
+    }
+
+    env->ReleaseLongArrayElements(jcolumn_family_handles, jcfh, JNI_ABORT);
+  }
+
+  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Iterator*> iterators;
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s =
+      db->NewIterators(read_options, cf_handles, &iterators);
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    jlongArray jLongArray =
+        env->NewLongArray(static_cast<jsize>(iterators.size()));
+    if (jLongArray == nullptr) {
+      // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    for (std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Iterator*>::size_type i = 0;
+         i < iterators.size(); i++) {
+      env->SetLongArrayRegion(
+          jLongArray, static_cast<jsize>(i), 1,
+          const_cast<jlong*>(reinterpret_cast<const jlong*>(&iterators[i])));
+      if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+        // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+        env->DeleteLocalRef(jLongArray);
+        return nullptr;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return jLongArray;
+  } else {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Method:    getSnapshot
+ * Signature: (J)J
+ */
+jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getSnapshot(JNIEnv*, jobject, jlong db_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(db_handle);
+  const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Snapshot* snapshot = db->GetSnapshot();
+  return GET_CPLUSPLUS_POINTER(snapshot);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Method:    releaseSnapshot
+ * Signature: (JJ)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_releaseSnapshot(JNIEnv*, jobject, jlong db_handle,
+                                              jlong snapshot_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(db_handle);
+  auto* snapshot =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Snapshot*>(snapshot_handle);
+  db->ReleaseSnapshot(snapshot);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    getProperty
+ * Signature: (JJLjava/lang/String;I)Ljava/lang/String;
+ */
+jstring Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getProperty(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                             jlong jdb_handle, jlong jcf_handle,
+                                             jstring jproperty,
+                                             jint jproperty_len) {
+  const char* property = env->GetStringUTFChars(jproperty, nullptr);
+  if (property == nullptr) {
+    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice property_name(property, jproperty_len);
+
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
+  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
+    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
+  } else {
+    cf_handle =
+        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  }
+
+  std::string property_value;
+  bool retCode = db->GetProperty(cf_handle, property_name, &property_value);
+  env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(jproperty, property);
+
+  if (retCode) {
+    return env->NewStringUTF(property_value.c_str());
+  }
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
+      env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::NotFound());
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    getMapProperty
+ * Signature: (JJLjava/lang/String;I)Ljava/util/Map;
+ */
+jobject Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getMapProperty(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                                jlong jdb_handle,
+                                                jlong jcf_handle,
+                                                jstring jproperty,
+                                                jint jproperty_len) {
+  const char* property = env->GetStringUTFChars(jproperty, nullptr);
+  if (property == nullptr) {
+    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice property_name(property, jproperty_len);
+
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
+  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
+    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
+  } else {
+    cf_handle =
+        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  }
+
+  std::map<std::string, std::string> property_value;
+  bool retCode = db->GetMapProperty(cf_handle, property_name, &property_value);
+  env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(jproperty, property);
+
+  if (retCode) {
+    return ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::HashMapJni::fromCppMap(env, &property_value);
+  }
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
+      env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::NotFound());
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    getLongProperty
+ * Signature: (JJLjava/lang/String;I)J
+ */
+jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getLongProperty(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                               jlong jdb_handle,
+                                               jlong jcf_handle,
+                                               jstring jproperty,
+                                               jint jproperty_len) {
+  const char* property = env->GetStringUTFChars(jproperty, nullptr);
+  if (property == nullptr) {
+    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
+    return 0;
+  }
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice property_name(property, jproperty_len);
+
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
+  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
+    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
+  } else {
+    cf_handle =
+        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  }
+
+  uint64_t property_value;
+  bool retCode = db->GetIntProperty(cf_handle, property_name, &property_value);
+  env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(jproperty, property);
+
+  if (retCode) {
+    return property_value;
+  }
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
+      env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::NotFound());
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    resetStats
+ * Signature: (J)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_resetStats(JNIEnv*, jobject, jlong jdb_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  db->ResetStats();
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    getAggregatedLongProperty
+ * Signature: (JLjava/lang/String;I)J
+ */
+jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getAggregatedLongProperty(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                                         jlong db_handle,
+                                                         jstring jproperty,
+                                                         jint jproperty_len) {
+  const char* property = env->GetStringUTFChars(jproperty, nullptr);
+  if (property == nullptr) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice property_name(property, jproperty_len);
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(db_handle);
+  uint64_t property_value = 0;
+  bool retCode = db->GetAggregatedIntProperty(property_name, &property_value);
+  env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(jproperty, property);
+
+  if (retCode) {
+    return property_value;
+  }
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
+      env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::NotFound());
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    getApproximateSizes
+ * Signature: (JJ[JB)[J
+ */
+jlongArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getApproximateSizes(
+    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jcf_handle,
+    jlongArray jrange_slice_handles, jbyte jinclude_flags) {
+  const jsize jlen = env->GetArrayLength(jrange_slice_handles);
+  const size_t range_count = jlen / 2;
+
+  jlong* jranges = env->GetLongArrayElements(jrange_slice_handles, nullptr);
+  if (jranges == nullptr) {
+    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  auto ranges = std::unique_ptr<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Range[]>(
+      new ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Range[range_count]);
+  size_t range_offset = 0;
+  for (jsize i = 0; i < jlen; ++i) {
+    auto* start = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice*>(jranges[i]);
+    auto* limit = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice*>(jranges[++i]);
+    ranges.get()[range_offset++] = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Range(*start, *limit);
+  }
+
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
+  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
+    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
+  } else {
+    cf_handle =
+        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  }
+
+  auto sizes = std::unique_ptr<uint64_t[]>(new uint64_t[range_count]);
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB::SizeApproximationFlags include_flags =
+      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB::SizeApproximationFlags::NONE;
+  if (jinclude_flags & 1) {
+    include_flags =
+        ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB::SizeApproximationFlags::INCLUDE_MEMTABLES;
+  }
+  if (jinclude_flags & 2) {
+    include_flags =
+        (include_flags |
+         ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB::SizeApproximationFlags::INCLUDE_FILES);
+  }
+
+  db->GetApproximateSizes(cf_handle, ranges.get(),
+                          static_cast<int>(range_count), sizes.get(),
+                          include_flags);
+
+  // release LongArrayElements
+  env->ReleaseLongArrayElements(jrange_slice_handles, jranges, JNI_ABORT);
+
+  // prepare results
+  auto results = std::unique_ptr<jlong[]>(new jlong[range_count]);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < range_count; ++i) {
+    results.get()[i] = static_cast<jlong>(sizes.get()[i]);
+  }
+
+  const jsize jrange_count = jlen / 2;
+  jlongArray jresults = env->NewLongArray(jrange_count);
+  if (jresults == nullptr) {
+    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  env->SetLongArrayRegion(jresults, 0, jrange_count, results.get());
+  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+    env->DeleteLocalRef(jresults);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  return jresults;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    getApproximateMemTableStats
+ * Signature: (JJJJ)[J
+ */
+jlongArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getApproximateMemTableStats(
+    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jcf_handle,
+    jlong jstartHandle, jlong jlimitHandle) {
+  auto* start = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice*>(jstartHandle);
+  auto* limit = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice*>(jlimitHandle);
+  const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Range range(*start, *limit);
+
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
+  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
+    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
+  } else {
+    cf_handle =
+        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  }
+
+  uint64_t count = 0;
+  uint64_t sizes = 0;
+  db->GetApproximateMemTableStats(cf_handle, range, &count, &sizes);
+
+  // prepare results
+  jlong results[2] = {static_cast<jlong>(count), static_cast<jlong>(sizes)};
+
+  jlongArray jsizes = env->NewLongArray(2);
+  if (jsizes == nullptr) {
+    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  env->SetLongArrayRegion(jsizes, 0, 2, results);
+  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+    env->DeleteLocalRef(jsizes);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  return jsizes;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    compactRange
+ * Signature: (J[BI[BIJJ)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_compactRange(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                           jlong jdb_handle, jbyteArray jbegin,
+                                           jint jbegin_len, jbyteArray jend,
+                                           jint jend_len,
+                                           jlong jcompact_range_opts_handle,
+                                           jlong jcf_handle) {
+  jboolean has_exception = JNI_FALSE;
+
+  std::string str_begin;
+  if (jbegin_len > 0) {
+    str_begin = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::byteString<std::string>(
+        env, jbegin, jbegin_len,
+        [](const char* str, const size_t len) { return std::string(str, len); },
+        &has_exception);
+    if (has_exception == JNI_TRUE) {
+      // exception occurred
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  std::string str_end;
+  if (jend_len > 0) {
+    str_end = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::byteString<std::string>(
+        env, jend, jend_len,
+        [](const char* str, const size_t len) { return std::string(str, len); },
+        &has_exception);
+    if (has_exception == JNI_TRUE) {
+      // exception occurred
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::CompactRangeOptions* compact_range_opts = nullptr;
+  if (jcompact_range_opts_handle == 0) {
+    // NOTE: we DO own the pointer!
+    compact_range_opts = new ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::CompactRangeOptions();
+  } else {
+    // NOTE: we do NOT own the pointer!
+    compact_range_opts =
+        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::CompactRangeOptions*>(
+            jcompact_range_opts_handle);
+  }
+
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
+  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
+    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
+  } else {
+    cf_handle =
+        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  }
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s;
+  if (jbegin_len > 0 || jend_len > 0) {
+    const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice begin(str_begin);
+    const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice end(str_end);
+    s = db->CompactRange(*compact_range_opts, cf_handle, &begin, &end);
+  } else {
+    s = db->CompactRange(*compact_range_opts, cf_handle, nullptr, nullptr);
+  }
+
+  if (jcompact_range_opts_handle == 0) {
+    delete compact_range_opts;
+  }
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    setOptions
+ * Signature: (JJ[Ljava/lang/String;[Ljava/lang/String;)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_setOptions(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle,
+                                         jlong jcf_handle, jobjectArray jkeys,
+                                         jobjectArray jvalues) {
+  const jsize len = env->GetArrayLength(jkeys);
+  assert(len == env->GetArrayLength(jvalues));
+
+  std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> options_map;
+  for (jsize i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+    jobject jobj_key = env->GetObjectArrayElement(jkeys, i);
+    if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+      // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+      return;
+    }
+
+    jobject jobj_value = env->GetObjectArrayElement(jvalues, i);
+    if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+      // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+      env->DeleteLocalRef(jobj_key);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    jboolean has_exception = JNI_FALSE;
+    std::string s_key = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::copyStdString(
+        env, reinterpret_cast<jstring>(jobj_key), &has_exception);
+    if (has_exception == JNI_TRUE) {
+      // exception occurred
+      env->DeleteLocalRef(jobj_value);
+      env->DeleteLocalRef(jobj_key);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    std::string s_value = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::copyStdString(
+        env, reinterpret_cast<jstring>(jobj_value), &has_exception);
+    if (has_exception == JNI_TRUE) {
+      // exception occurred
+      env->DeleteLocalRef(jobj_value);
+      env->DeleteLocalRef(jobj_key);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    options_map[s_key] = s_value;
+
+    env->DeleteLocalRef(jobj_key);
+    env->DeleteLocalRef(jobj_value);
+  }
+
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto* cf_handle =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  if (cf_handle == nullptr) {
+    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
+  }
+  auto s = db->SetOptions(cf_handle, options_map);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    setDBOptions
+ * Signature: (J[Ljava/lang/String;[Ljava/lang/String;)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_setDBOptions(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                           jlong jdb_handle, jobjectArray jkeys,
+                                           jobjectArray jvalues) {
+  const jsize len = env->GetArrayLength(jkeys);
+  assert(len == env->GetArrayLength(jvalues));
+
+  std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> options_map;
+  for (jsize i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+    jobject jobj_key = env->GetObjectArrayElement(jkeys, i);
+    if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+      // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+      return;
+    }
+
+    jobject jobj_value = env->GetObjectArrayElement(jvalues, i);
+    if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+      // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+      env->DeleteLocalRef(jobj_key);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    jboolean has_exception = JNI_FALSE;
+    std::string s_key = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::copyStdString(
+        env, reinterpret_cast<jstring>(jobj_key), &has_exception);
+    if (has_exception == JNI_TRUE) {
+      // exception occurred
+      env->DeleteLocalRef(jobj_value);
+      env->DeleteLocalRef(jobj_key);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    std::string s_value = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::copyStdString(
+        env, reinterpret_cast<jstring>(jobj_value), &has_exception);
+    if (has_exception == JNI_TRUE) {
+      // exception occurred
+      env->DeleteLocalRef(jobj_value);
+      env->DeleteLocalRef(jobj_key);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    options_map[s_key] = s_value;
+
+    env->DeleteLocalRef(jobj_key);
+    env->DeleteLocalRef(jobj_value);
+  }
+
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto s = db->SetDBOptions(options_map);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    getOptions
+ * Signature: (JJ)Ljava/lang/String;
+ */
+jstring Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getOptions(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                            jlong jdb_handle,
+                                            jlong jcf_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
+  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
+    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
+  } else {
+    cf_handle =
+        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  }
+
+  auto options = db->GetOptions(cf_handle);
+  std::string options_as_string;
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s =
+      GetStringFromColumnFamilyOptions(&options_as_string, options);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  return env->NewStringUTF(options_as_string.c_str());
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    getDBOptions
+ * Signature: (J)Ljava/lang/String;
+ */
+jstring Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getDBOptions(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                              jlong jdb_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+
+  auto options = db->GetDBOptions();
+  std::string options_as_string;
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s =
+      GetStringFromDBOptions(&options_as_string, options);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  return env->NewStringUTF(options_as_string.c_str());
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    compactFiles
+ * Signature: (JJJ[Ljava/lang/String;IIJ)[Ljava/lang/String;
+ */
+jobjectArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_compactFiles(
+    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jcompaction_opts_handle,
+    jlong jcf_handle, jobjectArray jinput_file_names, jint joutput_level,
+    jint joutput_path_id, jlong jcompaction_job_info_handle) {
+  jboolean has_exception = JNI_FALSE;
+  const std::vector<std::string> input_file_names =
+      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::copyStrings(env, jinput_file_names,
+                                              &has_exception);
+  if (has_exception == JNI_TRUE) {
+    // exception occurred
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  auto* compaction_opts =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::CompactionOptions*>(
+          jcompaction_opts_handle);
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
+  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
+    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
+  } else {
+    cf_handle =
+        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  }
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::CompactionJobInfo* compaction_job_info = nullptr;
+  if (jcompaction_job_info_handle != 0) {
+    compaction_job_info =
+        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::CompactionJobInfo*>(
+            jcompaction_job_info_handle);
+  }
+
+  std::vector<std::string> output_file_names;
+  auto s = db->CompactFiles(*compaction_opts, cf_handle, input_file_names,
+                            static_cast<int>(joutput_level),
+                            static_cast<int>(joutput_path_id),
+                            &output_file_names, compaction_job_info);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  return ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::toJavaStrings(env, &output_file_names);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    cancelAllBackgroundWork
+ * Signature: (JZ)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_cancelAllBackgroundWork(JNIEnv*, jobject,
+                                                      jlong jdb_handle,
+                                                      jboolean jwait) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::CancelAllBackgroundWork(db, jwait);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    pauseBackgroundWork
+ * Signature: (J)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_pauseBackgroundWork(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                                  jlong jdb_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto s = db->PauseBackgroundWork();
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    continueBackgroundWork
+ * Signature: (J)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_continueBackgroundWork(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                                     jlong jdb_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto s = db->ContinueBackgroundWork();
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    enableAutoCompaction
+ * Signature: (J[J)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_enableAutoCompaction(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                                   jlong jdb_handle,
+                                                   jlongArray jcf_handles) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  jboolean has_exception = JNI_FALSE;
+  const std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*> cf_handles =
+      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::fromJPointers<
+          ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle>(env, jcf_handles,
+                                                 &has_exception);
+  if (has_exception == JNI_TRUE) {
+    // exception occurred
+    return;
+  }
+  db->EnableAutoCompaction(cf_handles);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    numberLevels
+ * Signature: (JJ)I
+ */
+jint Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_numberLevels(JNIEnv*, jobject, jlong jdb_handle,
+                                           jlong jcf_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
+  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
+    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
+  } else {
+    cf_handle =
+        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  }
+  return static_cast<jint>(db->NumberLevels(cf_handle));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    maxMemCompactionLevel
+ * Signature: (JJ)I
+ */
+jint Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_maxMemCompactionLevel(JNIEnv*, jobject,
+                                                    jlong jdb_handle,
+                                                    jlong jcf_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
+  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
+    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
+  } else {
+    cf_handle =
+        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  }
+  return static_cast<jint>(db->MaxMemCompactionLevel(cf_handle));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    level0StopWriteTrigger
+ * Signature: (JJ)I
+ */
+jint Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_level0StopWriteTrigger(JNIEnv*, jobject,
+                                                     jlong jdb_handle,
+                                                     jlong jcf_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
+  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
+    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
+  } else {
+    cf_handle =
+        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  }
+  return static_cast<jint>(db->Level0StopWriteTrigger(cf_handle));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    getName
+ * Signature: (J)Ljava/lang/String;
+ */
+jstring Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getName(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                         jlong jdb_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  std::string name = db->GetName();
+  return ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::toJavaString(env, &name, false);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    getEnv
+ * Signature: (J)J
+ */
+jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getEnv(JNIEnv*, jobject, jlong jdb_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  return GET_CPLUSPLUS_POINTER(db->GetEnv());
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    flush
+ * Signature: (JJ[J)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_flush(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle,
+                                    jlong jflush_opts_handle,
+                                    jlongArray jcf_handles) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto* flush_opts =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::FlushOptions*>(jflush_opts_handle);
+  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*> cf_handles;
+  if (jcf_handles == nullptr) {
+    cf_handles.push_back(db->DefaultColumnFamily());
+  } else {
+    jboolean has_exception = JNI_FALSE;
+    cf_handles = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::fromJPointers<
+        ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle>(env, jcf_handles,
+                                               &has_exception);
+    if (has_exception) {
+      // exception occurred
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  auto s = db->Flush(*flush_opts, cf_handles);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    flushWal
+ * Signature: (JZ)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_flushWal(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle,
+                                       jboolean jsync) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto s = db->FlushWAL(jsync == JNI_TRUE);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    syncWal
+ * Signature: (J)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_syncWal(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto s = db->SyncWAL();
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    getLatestSequenceNumber
+ * Signature: (J)V
+ */
+jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getLatestSequenceNumber(JNIEnv*, jobject,
+                                                       jlong jdb_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  return db->GetLatestSequenceNumber();
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    disableFileDeletions
+ * Signature: (J)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_disableFileDeletions(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                                   jlong jdb_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s = db->DisableFileDeletions();
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    enableFileDeletions
+ * Signature: (JZ)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_enableFileDeletions(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                                  jlong jdb_handle,
+                                                  jboolean jforce) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s = db->EnableFileDeletions(jforce);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    getLiveFiles
+ * Signature: (JZ)[Ljava/lang/String;
+ */
+jobjectArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getLiveFiles(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                                   jlong jdb_handle,
+                                                   jboolean jflush_memtable) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  std::vector<std::string> live_files;
+  uint64_t manifest_file_size = 0;
+  auto s = db->GetLiveFiles(live_files, &manifest_file_size,
+                            jflush_memtable == JNI_TRUE);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  // append the manifest_file_size to the vector
+  // for passing back to java
+  live_files.push_back(std::to_string(manifest_file_size));
+
+  return ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::toJavaStrings(env, &live_files);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    getSortedWalFiles
+ * Signature: (J)[Lorg/rocksdb/LogFile;
+ */
+jobjectArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getSortedWalFiles(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                                        jlong jdb_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::LogFile>> sorted_wal_files;
+  auto s = db->GetSortedWalFiles(sorted_wal_files);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  // convert to Java type
+  const jsize jlen = static_cast<jsize>(sorted_wal_files.size());
+  jobjectArray jsorted_wal_files = env->NewObjectArray(
+      jlen, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::LogFileJni::getJClass(env), nullptr);
+  if (jsorted_wal_files == nullptr) {
+    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  jsize i = 0;
+  for (auto it = sorted_wal_files.begin(); it != sorted_wal_files.end(); ++it) {
+    jobject jlog_file =
+        ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::LogFileJni::fromCppLogFile(env, it->get());
+    if (jlog_file == nullptr) {
+      // exception occurred
+      env->DeleteLocalRef(jsorted_wal_files);
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    env->SetObjectArrayElement(jsorted_wal_files, i++, jlog_file);
+    if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+      // exception occurred
+      env->DeleteLocalRef(jlog_file);
+      env->DeleteLocalRef(jsorted_wal_files);
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    env->DeleteLocalRef(jlog_file);
+  }
+
+  return jsorted_wal_files;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    getUpdatesSince
+ * Signature: (JJ)J
+ */
+jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getUpdatesSince(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                               jlong jdb_handle,
+                                               jlong jsequence_number) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::SequenceNumber sequence_number =
+      static_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::SequenceNumber>(jsequence_number);
+  std::unique_ptr<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::TransactionLogIterator> iter;
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s = db->GetUpdatesSince(sequence_number, &iter);
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    return GET_CPLUSPLUS_POINTER(iter.release());
+  }
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    deleteFile
+ * Signature: (JLjava/lang/String;)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_deleteFile(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle,
+                                         jstring jname) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  jboolean has_exception = JNI_FALSE;
+  std::string name =
+      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::copyStdString(env, jname, &has_exception);
+  if (has_exception == JNI_TRUE) {
+    // exception occurred
+    return;
+  }
+  db->DeleteFile(name);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    getLiveFilesMetaData
+ * Signature: (J)[Lorg/rocksdb/LiveFileMetaData;
+ */
+jobjectArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getLiveFilesMetaData(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                                           jlong jdb_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::LiveFileMetaData> live_files_meta_data;
+  db->GetLiveFilesMetaData(&live_files_meta_data);
+
+  // convert to Java type
+  const jsize jlen = static_cast<jsize>(live_files_meta_data.size());
+  jobjectArray jlive_files_meta_data = env->NewObjectArray(
+      jlen, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::LiveFileMetaDataJni::getJClass(env), nullptr);
+  if (jlive_files_meta_data == nullptr) {
+    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  jsize i = 0;
+  for (auto it = live_files_meta_data.begin(); it != live_files_meta_data.end();
+       ++it) {
+    jobject jlive_file_meta_data =
+        ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::LiveFileMetaDataJni::fromCppLiveFileMetaData(env,
+                                                                        &(*it));
+    if (jlive_file_meta_data == nullptr) {
+      // exception occurred
+      env->DeleteLocalRef(jlive_files_meta_data);
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    env->SetObjectArrayElement(jlive_files_meta_data, i++,
+                               jlive_file_meta_data);
+    if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+      // exception occurred
+      env->DeleteLocalRef(jlive_file_meta_data);
+      env->DeleteLocalRef(jlive_files_meta_data);
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    env->DeleteLocalRef(jlive_file_meta_data);
+  }
+
+  return jlive_files_meta_data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    getColumnFamilyMetaData
+ * Signature: (JJ)Lorg/rocksdb/ColumnFamilyMetaData;
+ */
+jobject Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getColumnFamilyMetaData(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                                         jlong jdb_handle,
+                                                         jlong jcf_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
+  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
+    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
+  } else {
+    cf_handle =
+        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  }
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyMetaData cf_metadata;
+  db->GetColumnFamilyMetaData(cf_handle, &cf_metadata);
+  return ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyMetaDataJni::
+      fromCppColumnFamilyMetaData(env, &cf_metadata);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    ingestExternalFile
+ * Signature: (JJ[Ljava/lang/String;IJ)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_ingestExternalFile(
+    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jcf_handle,
+    jobjectArray jfile_path_list, jint jfile_path_list_len,
+    jlong jingest_external_file_options_handle) {
+  jboolean has_exception = JNI_FALSE;
+  std::vector<std::string> file_path_list =
+      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::copyStrings(
+          env, jfile_path_list, jfile_path_list_len, &has_exception);
+  if (has_exception == JNI_TRUE) {
+    // exception occurred
+    return;
+  }
+
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto* column_family =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  auto* ifo = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::IngestExternalFileOptions*>(
+      jingest_external_file_options_handle);
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s =
+      db->IngestExternalFile(column_family, file_path_list, *ifo);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    verifyChecksum
+ * Signature: (J)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_verifyChecksum(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                             jlong jdb_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto s = db->VerifyChecksum();
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    getDefaultColumnFamily
+ * Signature: (J)J
+ */
+jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getDefaultColumnFamily(JNIEnv*, jobject,
+                                                      jlong jdb_handle) {
+  auto* db_handle = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto* cf_handle = db_handle->DefaultColumnFamily();
+  return GET_CPLUSPLUS_POINTER(cf_handle);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    getPropertiesOfAllTables
+ * Signature: (JJ)Ljava/util/Map;
+ */
+jobject Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getPropertiesOfAllTables(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                                          jlong jdb_handle,
+                                                          jlong jcf_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
+  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
+    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
+  } else {
+    cf_handle =
+        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  }
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::TablePropertiesCollection table_properties_collection;
+  auto s =
+      db->GetPropertiesOfAllTables(cf_handle, &table_properties_collection);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+  }
+
+  // convert to Java type
+  jobject jhash_map = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::HashMapJni::construct(
+      env, static_cast<uint32_t>(table_properties_collection.size()));
+  if (jhash_map == nullptr) {
+    // exception occurred
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::HashMapJni::FnMapKV<
+      const std::string,
+      const std::shared_ptr<const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::TableProperties>, jobject,
+      jobject>
+      fn_map_kv =
+          [env](const std::pair<const std::string,
+                                const std::shared_ptr<
+                                    const ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::TableProperties>>&
+                    kv) {
+            jstring jkey = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::JniUtil::toJavaString(
+                env, &(kv.first), false);
+            if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+              // an error occurred
+              return std::unique_ptr<std::pair<jobject, jobject>>(nullptr);
+            }
+
+            jobject jtable_properties =
+                ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::TablePropertiesJni::fromCppTableProperties(
+                    env, *(kv.second.get()));
+            if (jtable_properties == nullptr) {
+              // an error occurred
+              env->DeleteLocalRef(jkey);
+              return std::unique_ptr<std::pair<jobject, jobject>>(nullptr);
+            }
+
+            return std::unique_ptr<std::pair<jobject, jobject>>(
+                new std::pair<jobject, jobject>(
+                    static_cast<jobject>(jkey),
+                    static_cast<jobject>(jtable_properties)));
+          };
+
+  if (!ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::HashMapJni::putAll(
+          env, jhash_map, table_properties_collection.begin(),
+          table_properties_collection.end(), fn_map_kv)) {
+    // exception occurred
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  return jhash_map;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    getPropertiesOfTablesInRange
+ * Signature: (JJ[J)Ljava/util/Map;
+ */
+jobject Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getPropertiesOfTablesInRange(
+    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jcf_handle,
+    jlongArray jrange_slice_handles) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
+  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
+    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
+  } else {
+    cf_handle =
+        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  }
+  const jsize jlen = env->GetArrayLength(jrange_slice_handles);
+  jlong* jrange_slice_handle =
+      env->GetLongArrayElements(jrange_slice_handles, nullptr);
+  if (jrange_slice_handle == nullptr) {
+    // exception occurred
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  const size_t ranges_len = static_cast<size_t>(jlen / 2);
+  auto ranges = std::unique_ptr<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Range[]>(
+      new ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Range[ranges_len]);
+  for (jsize i = 0, j = 0; i < jlen; ++i) {
+    auto* start =
+        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice*>(jrange_slice_handle[i]);
+    auto* limit =
+        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice*>(jrange_slice_handle[++i]);
+    ranges[j++] = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Range(*start, *limit);
+  }
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::TablePropertiesCollection table_properties_collection;
+  auto s = db->GetPropertiesOfTablesInRange(cf_handle, ranges.get(), ranges_len,
+                                            &table_properties_collection);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    // error occurred
+    env->ReleaseLongArrayElements(jrange_slice_handles, jrange_slice_handle,
+                                  JNI_ABORT);
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  // cleanup
+  env->ReleaseLongArrayElements(jrange_slice_handles, jrange_slice_handle,
+                                JNI_ABORT);
+
+  return jrange_slice_handles;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    suggestCompactRange
+ * Signature: (JJ)[J
+ */
+jlongArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_suggestCompactRange(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                                        jlong jdb_handle,
+                                                        jlong jcf_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
+  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
+    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
+  } else {
+    cf_handle =
+        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  }
+  auto* begin = new ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice();
+  auto* end = new ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice();
+  auto s = db->SuggestCompactRange(cf_handle, begin, end);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    // error occurred
+    delete begin;
+    delete end;
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  jlongArray jslice_handles = env->NewLongArray(2);
+  if (jslice_handles == nullptr) {
+    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
+    delete begin;
+    delete end;
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  jlong slice_handles[2];
+  slice_handles[0] = GET_CPLUSPLUS_POINTER(begin);
+  slice_handles[1] = GET_CPLUSPLUS_POINTER(end);
+  env->SetLongArrayRegion(jslice_handles, 0, 2, slice_handles);
+  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+    delete begin;
+    delete end;
+    env->DeleteLocalRef(jslice_handles);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  return jslice_handles;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    promoteL0
+ * Signature: (JJI)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_promoteL0(JNIEnv*, jobject, jlong jdb_handle,
+                                        jlong jcf_handle, jint jtarget_level) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle;
+  if (jcf_handle == 0) {
+    cf_handle = db->DefaultColumnFamily();
+  } else {
+    cf_handle =
+        reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+  }
+  db->PromoteL0(cf_handle, static_cast<int>(jtarget_level));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    startTrace
+ * Signature: (JJJ)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_startTrace(
+    JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jmax_trace_file_size,
+    jlong jtrace_writer_jnicallback_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::TraceOptions trace_options;
+  trace_options.max_trace_file_size =
+      static_cast<uint64_t>(jmax_trace_file_size);
+  // transfer ownership of trace writer from Java to C++
+  auto trace_writer =
+      std::unique_ptr<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::TraceWriterJniCallback>(
+          reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::TraceWriterJniCallback*>(
+              jtrace_writer_jnicallback_handle));
+  auto s = db->StartTrace(trace_options, std::move(trace_writer));
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    endTrace
+ * Signature: (J)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_endTrace(JNIEnv* env, jobject, jlong jdb_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto s = db->EndTrace();
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    tryCatchUpWithPrimary
+ * Signature: (J)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_tryCatchUpWithPrimary(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
+                                                    jlong jdb_handle) {
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto s = db->TryCatchUpWithPrimary();
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    destroyDB
+ * Signature: (Ljava/lang/String;J)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_destroyDB(JNIEnv* env, jclass, jstring jdb_path,
+                                        jlong joptions_handle) {
+  const char* db_path = env->GetStringUTFChars(jdb_path, nullptr);
+  if (db_path == nullptr) {
+    // exception thrown: OutOfMemoryError
+    return;
+  }
+
+  auto* options =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options*>(joptions_handle);
+  if (options == nullptr) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(
+        env, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status::InvalidArgument("Invalid Options."));
+  }
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DestroyDB(db_path, *options);
+  env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(jdb_path, db_path);
+
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+  }
+}
+
+bool get_slice_helper(JNIEnv* env, jobjectArray ranges, jsize index,
+                      std::unique_ptr<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice>& slice,
+                      std::vector<std::unique_ptr<jbyte[]>>& ranges_to_free) {
+  jobject jArray = env->GetObjectArrayElement(ranges, index);
+  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (jArray == nullptr) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  jbyteArray jba = reinterpret_cast<jbyteArray>(jArray);
+  jsize len_ba = env->GetArrayLength(jba);
+  ranges_to_free.push_back(std::unique_ptr<jbyte[]>(new jbyte[len_ba]));
+  env->GetByteArrayRegion(jba, 0, len_ba, ranges_to_free.back().get());
+  if (env->ExceptionCheck()) {
+    // exception thrown: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+    env->DeleteLocalRef(jArray);
+    return false;
+  }
+  env->DeleteLocalRef(jArray);
+  slice.reset(new ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice(
+      reinterpret_cast<char*>(ranges_to_free.back().get()), len_ba));
+  return true;
+}
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    deleteFilesInRanges
+ * Signature: (JJLjava/util/List;Z)V
+ */
+void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_deleteFilesInRanges(JNIEnv* env, jobject /*jdb*/,
+                                                  jlong jdb_handle,
+                                                  jlong jcf_handle,
+                                                  jobjectArray ranges,
+                                                  jboolean include_end) {
+  jsize length = env->GetArrayLength(ranges);
+
+  std::vector<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RangePtr> rangesVector;
+  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice>> slices;
+  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<jbyte[]>> ranges_to_free;
+  for (jsize i = 0; (i + 1) < length; i += 2) {
+    slices.push_back(std::unique_ptr<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice>());
+    if (!get_slice_helper(env, ranges, i, slices.back(), ranges_to_free)) {
+      // exception thrown
+      return;
+    }
+
+    slices.push_back(std::unique_ptr<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice>());
+    if (!get_slice_helper(env, ranges, i + 1, slices.back(), ranges_to_free)) {
+      // exception thrown
+      return;
+    }
+
+    rangesVector.push_back(ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RangePtr(
+        slices[slices.size() - 2].get(), slices[slices.size() - 1].get()));
+  }
+
+  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DB*>(jdb_handle);
+  auto* column_family =
+      reinterpret_cast<ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status s = ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::DeleteFilesInRanges(
+      db, column_family == nullptr ? db->DefaultColumnFamily() : column_family,
+      rangesVector.data(), rangesVector.size(), include_end);
+
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
+ * Method:    version
+ * Signature: ()I
+ */
+jint Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_version(JNIEnv*, jclass) {
+  uint32_t encodedVersion = (ROCKSDB_MAJOR & 0xff) << 16;
+  encodedVersion |= (ROCKSDB_MINOR & 0xff) << 8;
+  encodedVersion |= (ROCKSDB_PATCH & 0xff);
+  return static_cast<jint>(encodedVersion);
+}