rocksdb-native 0.0.0

package/vendor/rocksdb/db/db_impl/db_impl_open.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,2202 @@
+//  Copyright (c) 2011-present, Facebook, Inc.  All rights reserved.
+//  This source code is licensed under both the GPLv2 (found in the
+//  COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License
+//  (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2011 The LevelDB Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+// found in the LICENSE file. See the AUTHORS file for names of contributors.
+#include <cinttypes>
+
+#include "db/builder.h"
+#include "db/db_impl/db_impl.h"
+#include "db/error_handler.h"
+#include "db/periodic_task_scheduler.h"
+#include "env/composite_env_wrapper.h"
+#include "file/filename.h"
+#include "file/read_write_util.h"
+#include "file/sst_file_manager_impl.h"
+#include "file/writable_file_writer.h"
+#include "logging/logging.h"
+#include "monitoring/persistent_stats_history.h"
+#include "monitoring/thread_status_util.h"
+#include "options/options_helper.h"
+#include "rocksdb/table.h"
+#include "rocksdb/wal_filter.h"
+#include "test_util/sync_point.h"
+#include "util/rate_limiter_impl.h"
+
+namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
+Options SanitizeOptions(const std::string& dbname, const Options& src,
+                        bool read_only, Status* logger_creation_s) {
+  auto db_options =
+      SanitizeOptions(dbname, DBOptions(src), read_only, logger_creation_s);
+  ImmutableDBOptions immutable_db_options(db_options);
+  auto cf_options =
+      SanitizeOptions(immutable_db_options, ColumnFamilyOptions(src));
+  return Options(db_options, cf_options);
+}
+
+DBOptions SanitizeOptions(const std::string& dbname, const DBOptions& src,
+                          bool read_only, Status* logger_creation_s) {
+  DBOptions result(src);
+
+  if (result.env == nullptr) {
+    result.env = Env::Default();
+  }
+
+  // result.max_open_files means an "infinite" open files.
+  if (result.max_open_files != -1) {
+    int max_max_open_files = port::GetMaxOpenFiles();
+    if (max_max_open_files == -1) {
+      max_max_open_files = 0x400000;
+    }
+    ClipToRange(&result.max_open_files, 20, max_max_open_files);
+    TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("SanitizeOptions::AfterChangeMaxOpenFiles",
+                             &result.max_open_files);
+  }
+
+  if (result.info_log == nullptr && !read_only) {
+    Status s = CreateLoggerFromOptions(dbname, result, &result.info_log);
+    if (!s.ok()) {
+      // No place suitable for logging
+      result.info_log = nullptr;
+      if (logger_creation_s) {
+        *logger_creation_s = s;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!result.write_buffer_manager) {
+    result.write_buffer_manager.reset(
+        new WriteBufferManager(result.db_write_buffer_size));
+  }
+  auto bg_job_limits = DBImpl::GetBGJobLimits(
+      result.max_background_flushes, result.max_background_compactions,
+      result.max_background_jobs, true /* parallelize_compactions */);
+  result.env->IncBackgroundThreadsIfNeeded(bg_job_limits.max_compactions,
+                                           Env::Priority::LOW);
+  result.env->IncBackgroundThreadsIfNeeded(bg_job_limits.max_flushes,
+                                           Env::Priority::HIGH);
+
+  if (result.rate_limiter.get() != nullptr) {
+    if (result.bytes_per_sync == 0) {
+      result.bytes_per_sync = 1024 * 1024;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (result.delayed_write_rate == 0) {
+    if (result.rate_limiter.get() != nullptr) {
+      result.delayed_write_rate = result.rate_limiter->GetBytesPerSecond();
+    }
+    if (result.delayed_write_rate == 0) {
+      result.delayed_write_rate = 16 * 1024 * 1024;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (result.WAL_ttl_seconds > 0 || result.WAL_size_limit_MB > 0) {
+    result.recycle_log_file_num = false;
+  }
+
+  if (result.recycle_log_file_num &&
+      (result.wal_recovery_mode ==
+           WALRecoveryMode::kTolerateCorruptedTailRecords ||
+       result.wal_recovery_mode == WALRecoveryMode::kPointInTimeRecovery ||
+       result.wal_recovery_mode == WALRecoveryMode::kAbsoluteConsistency)) {
+    // - kTolerateCorruptedTailRecords is inconsistent with recycle log file
+    //   feature. WAL recycling expects recovery success upon encountering a
+    //   corrupt record at the point where new data ends and recycled data
+    //   remains at the tail. However, `kTolerateCorruptedTailRecords` must fail
+    //   upon encountering any such corrupt record, as it cannot differentiate
+    //   between this and a real corruption, which would cause committed updates
+    //   to be truncated -- a violation of the recovery guarantee.
+    // - kPointInTimeRecovery and kAbsoluteConsistency are incompatible with
+    //   recycle log file feature temporarily due to a bug found introducing a
+    //   hole in the recovered data
+    //   (https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/7252#issuecomment-673766236).
+    //   Besides this bug, we believe the features are fundamentally compatible.
+    result.recycle_log_file_num = 0;
+  }
+
+  if (result.db_paths.size() == 0) {
+    result.db_paths.emplace_back(dbname, std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max());
+  } else if (result.wal_dir.empty()) {
+    // Use dbname as default
+    result.wal_dir = dbname;
+  }
+  if (!result.wal_dir.empty()) {
+    // If there is a wal_dir already set, check to see if the wal_dir is the
+    // same as the dbname AND the same as the db_path[0] (which must exist from
+    // a few lines ago). If the wal_dir matches both of these values, then clear
+    // the wal_dir value, which will make wal_dir == dbname.  Most likely this
+    // condition was the result of reading an old options file where we forced
+    // wal_dir to be set (to dbname).
+    auto npath = NormalizePath(dbname + "/");
+    if (npath == NormalizePath(result.wal_dir + "/") &&
+        npath == NormalizePath(result.db_paths[0].path + "/")) {
+      result.wal_dir.clear();
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!result.wal_dir.empty() && result.wal_dir.back() == '/') {
+    result.wal_dir = result.wal_dir.substr(0, result.wal_dir.size() - 1);
+  }
+
+  if (result.use_direct_reads && result.compaction_readahead_size == 0) {
+    TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("SanitizeOptions:direct_io", nullptr);
+    result.compaction_readahead_size = 1024 * 1024 * 2;
+  }
+
+  // Force flush on DB open if 2PC is enabled, since with 2PC we have no
+  // guarantee that consecutive log files have consecutive sequence id, which
+  // make recovery complicated.
+  if (result.allow_2pc) {
+    result.avoid_flush_during_recovery = false;
+  }
+
+  ImmutableDBOptions immutable_db_options(result);
+  if (!immutable_db_options.IsWalDirSameAsDBPath()) {
+    // Either the WAL dir and db_paths[0]/db_name are not the same, or we
+    // cannot tell for sure. In either case, assume they're different and
+    // explicitly cleanup the trash log files (bypass DeleteScheduler)
+    // Do this first so even if we end up calling
+    // DeleteScheduler::CleanupDirectory on the same dir later, it will be
+    // safe
+    std::vector<std::string> filenames;
+    IOOptions io_opts;
+    io_opts.do_not_recurse = true;
+    auto wal_dir = immutable_db_options.GetWalDir();
+    Status s = immutable_db_options.fs->GetChildren(
+        wal_dir, io_opts, &filenames, /*IODebugContext*=*/nullptr);
+    s.PermitUncheckedError();  //**TODO: What to do on error?
+    for (std::string& filename : filenames) {
+      if (filename.find(".log.trash", filename.length() -
+                                          std::string(".log.trash").length()) !=
+          std::string::npos) {
+        std::string trash_file = wal_dir + "/" + filename;
+        result.env->DeleteFile(trash_file).PermitUncheckedError();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  // When the DB is stopped, it's possible that there are some .trash files that
+  // were not deleted yet, when we open the DB we will find these .trash files
+  // and schedule them to be deleted (or delete immediately if SstFileManager
+  // was not used)
+  auto sfm = static_cast<SstFileManagerImpl*>(result.sst_file_manager.get());
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < result.db_paths.size(); i++) {
+    DeleteScheduler::CleanupDirectory(result.env, sfm, result.db_paths[i].path)
+        .PermitUncheckedError();
+  }
+
+  // Create a default SstFileManager for purposes of tracking compaction size
+  // and facilitating recovery from out of space errors.
+  if (result.sst_file_manager.get() == nullptr) {
+    std::shared_ptr<SstFileManager> sst_file_manager(
+        NewSstFileManager(result.env, result.info_log));
+    result.sst_file_manager = sst_file_manager;
+  }
+
+  // Supported wal compression types
+  if (!StreamingCompressionTypeSupported(result.wal_compression)) {
+    result.wal_compression = kNoCompression;
+    ROCKS_LOG_WARN(result.info_log,
+                   "wal_compression is disabled since only zstd is supported");
+  }
+
+  if (!result.paranoid_checks) {
+    result.skip_checking_sst_file_sizes_on_db_open = true;
+    ROCKS_LOG_INFO(result.info_log,
+                   "file size check will be skipped during open.");
+  }
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+namespace {
+Status ValidateOptionsByTable(
+    const DBOptions& db_opts,
+    const std::vector<ColumnFamilyDescriptor>& column_families) {
+  Status s;
+  for (auto& cf : column_families) {
+    s = ValidateOptions(db_opts, cf.options);
+    if (!s.ok()) {
+      return s;
+    }
+  }
+  return Status::OK();
+}
+}  // namespace
+
+Status DBImpl::ValidateOptions(
+    const DBOptions& db_options,
+    const std::vector<ColumnFamilyDescriptor>& column_families) {
+  Status s;
+  for (auto& cfd : column_families) {
+    s = ColumnFamilyData::ValidateOptions(db_options, cfd.options);
+    if (!s.ok()) {
+      return s;
+    }
+  }
+  s = ValidateOptions(db_options);
+  return s;
+}
+
+Status DBImpl::ValidateOptions(const DBOptions& db_options) {
+  if (db_options.db_paths.size() > 4) {
+    return Status::NotSupported(
+        "More than four DB paths are not supported yet. ");
+  }
+
+  if (db_options.allow_mmap_reads && db_options.use_direct_reads) {
+    // Protect against assert in PosixMMapReadableFile constructor
+    return Status::NotSupported(
+        "If memory mapped reads (allow_mmap_reads) are enabled "
+        "then direct I/O reads (use_direct_reads) must be disabled. ");
+  }
+
+  if (db_options.allow_mmap_writes &&
+      db_options.use_direct_io_for_flush_and_compaction) {
+    return Status::NotSupported(
+        "If memory mapped writes (allow_mmap_writes) are enabled "
+        "then direct I/O writes (use_direct_io_for_flush_and_compaction) must "
+        "be disabled. ");
+  }
+
+  if (db_options.keep_log_file_num == 0) {
+    return Status::InvalidArgument("keep_log_file_num must be greater than 0");
+  }
+
+  if (db_options.unordered_write &&
+      !db_options.allow_concurrent_memtable_write) {
+    return Status::InvalidArgument(
+        "unordered_write is incompatible with "
+        "!allow_concurrent_memtable_write");
+  }
+
+  if (db_options.unordered_write && db_options.enable_pipelined_write) {
+    return Status::InvalidArgument(
+        "unordered_write is incompatible with enable_pipelined_write");
+  }
+
+  if (db_options.atomic_flush && db_options.enable_pipelined_write) {
+    return Status::InvalidArgument(
+        "atomic_flush is incompatible with enable_pipelined_write");
+  }
+
+  // TODO remove this restriction
+  if (db_options.atomic_flush && db_options.best_efforts_recovery) {
+    return Status::InvalidArgument(
+        "atomic_flush is currently incompatible with best-efforts recovery");
+  }
+
+  if (db_options.use_direct_io_for_flush_and_compaction &&
+      0 == db_options.writable_file_max_buffer_size) {
+    return Status::InvalidArgument(
+        "writes in direct IO require writable_file_max_buffer_size > 0");
+  }
+
+  return Status::OK();
+}
+
+Status DBImpl::NewDB(std::vector<std::string>* new_filenames) {
+  VersionEdit new_db;
+  Status s = SetIdentityFile(env_, dbname_);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+  if (immutable_db_options_.write_dbid_to_manifest) {
+    std::string temp_db_id;
+    GetDbIdentityFromIdentityFile(&temp_db_id);
+    new_db.SetDBId(temp_db_id);
+  }
+  new_db.SetLogNumber(0);
+  new_db.SetNextFile(2);
+  new_db.SetLastSequence(0);
+
+  ROCKS_LOG_INFO(immutable_db_options_.info_log, "Creating manifest 1 \n");
+  const std::string manifest = DescriptorFileName(dbname_, 1);
+  {
+    if (fs_->FileExists(manifest, IOOptions(), nullptr).ok()) {
+      fs_->DeleteFile(manifest, IOOptions(), nullptr).PermitUncheckedError();
+    }
+    std::unique_ptr<FSWritableFile> file;
+    FileOptions file_options = fs_->OptimizeForManifestWrite(file_options_);
+    s = NewWritableFile(fs_.get(), manifest, &file, file_options);
+    if (!s.ok()) {
+      return s;
+    }
+    FileTypeSet tmp_set = immutable_db_options_.checksum_handoff_file_types;
+    file->SetPreallocationBlockSize(
+        immutable_db_options_.manifest_preallocation_size);
+    std::unique_ptr<WritableFileWriter> file_writer(new WritableFileWriter(
+        std::move(file), manifest, file_options, immutable_db_options_.clock,
+        io_tracer_, nullptr /* stats */, immutable_db_options_.listeners,
+        nullptr, tmp_set.Contains(FileType::kDescriptorFile),
+        tmp_set.Contains(FileType::kDescriptorFile)));
+    log::Writer log(std::move(file_writer), 0, false);
+    std::string record;
+    new_db.EncodeTo(&record);
+    s = log.AddRecord(record);
+    if (s.ok()) {
+      s = SyncManifest(&immutable_db_options_, log.file());
+    }
+  }
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    // Make "CURRENT" file that points to the new manifest file.
+    s = SetCurrentFile(fs_.get(), dbname_, 1, directories_.GetDbDir());
+    if (new_filenames) {
+      new_filenames->emplace_back(
+          manifest.substr(manifest.find_last_of("/\\") + 1));
+    }
+  } else {
+    fs_->DeleteFile(manifest, IOOptions(), nullptr).PermitUncheckedError();
+  }
+  return s;
+}
+
+IOStatus DBImpl::CreateAndNewDirectory(
+    FileSystem* fs, const std::string& dirname,
+    std::unique_ptr<FSDirectory>* directory) {
+  // We call CreateDirIfMissing() as the directory may already exist (if we
+  // are reopening a DB), when this happens we don't want creating the
+  // directory to cause an error. However, we need to check if creating the
+  // directory fails or else we may get an obscure message about the lock
+  // file not existing. One real-world example of this occurring is if
+  // env->CreateDirIfMissing() doesn't create intermediate directories, e.g.
+  // when dbname_ is "dir/db" but when "dir" doesn't exist.
+  IOStatus io_s = fs->CreateDirIfMissing(dirname, IOOptions(), nullptr);
+  if (!io_s.ok()) {
+    return io_s;
+  }
+  return fs->NewDirectory(dirname, IOOptions(), directory, nullptr);
+}
+
+IOStatus Directories::SetDirectories(FileSystem* fs, const std::string& dbname,
+                                     const std::string& wal_dir,
+                                     const std::vector<DbPath>& data_paths) {
+  IOStatus io_s = DBImpl::CreateAndNewDirectory(fs, dbname, &db_dir_);
+  if (!io_s.ok()) {
+    return io_s;
+  }
+  if (!wal_dir.empty() && dbname != wal_dir) {
+    io_s = DBImpl::CreateAndNewDirectory(fs, wal_dir, &wal_dir_);
+    if (!io_s.ok()) {
+      return io_s;
+    }
+  }
+
+  data_dirs_.clear();
+  for (auto& p : data_paths) {
+    const std::string db_path = p.path;
+    if (db_path == dbname) {
+      data_dirs_.emplace_back(nullptr);
+    } else {
+      std::unique_ptr<FSDirectory> path_directory;
+      io_s = DBImpl::CreateAndNewDirectory(fs, db_path, &path_directory);
+      if (!io_s.ok()) {
+        return io_s;
+      }
+      data_dirs_.emplace_back(path_directory.release());
+    }
+  }
+  assert(data_dirs_.size() == data_paths.size());
+  return IOStatus::OK();
+}
+
+Status DBImpl::Recover(
+    const std::vector<ColumnFamilyDescriptor>& column_families, bool read_only,
+    bool error_if_wal_file_exists, bool error_if_data_exists_in_wals,
+    uint64_t* recovered_seq, RecoveryContext* recovery_ctx) {
+  mutex_.AssertHeld();
+
+  bool is_new_db = false;
+  assert(db_lock_ == nullptr);
+  std::vector<std::string> files_in_dbname;
+  if (!read_only) {
+    Status s = directories_.SetDirectories(fs_.get(), dbname_,
+                                           immutable_db_options_.wal_dir,
+                                           immutable_db_options_.db_paths);
+    if (!s.ok()) {
+      return s;
+    }
+
+    s = env_->LockFile(LockFileName(dbname_), &db_lock_);
+    if (!s.ok()) {
+      return s;
+    }
+
+    std::string current_fname = CurrentFileName(dbname_);
+    // Path to any MANIFEST file in the db dir. It does not matter which one.
+    // Since best-efforts recovery ignores CURRENT file, existence of a
+    // MANIFEST indicates the recovery to recover existing db. If no MANIFEST
+    // can be found, a new db will be created.
+    std::string manifest_path;
+    if (!immutable_db_options_.best_efforts_recovery) {
+      s = env_->FileExists(current_fname);
+    } else {
+      s = Status::NotFound();
+      IOOptions io_opts;
+      io_opts.do_not_recurse = true;
+      Status io_s = immutable_db_options_.fs->GetChildren(
+          dbname_, io_opts, &files_in_dbname, /*IODebugContext*=*/nullptr);
+      if (!io_s.ok()) {
+        s = io_s;
+        files_in_dbname.clear();
+      }
+      for (const std::string& file : files_in_dbname) {
+        uint64_t number = 0;
+        FileType type = kWalFile;  // initialize
+        if (ParseFileName(file, &number, &type) && type == kDescriptorFile) {
+          uint64_t bytes;
+          s = env_->GetFileSize(DescriptorFileName(dbname_, number), &bytes);
+          if (s.ok() && bytes != 0) {
+            // Found non-empty MANIFEST (descriptor log), thus best-efforts
+            // recovery does not have to treat the db as empty.
+            manifest_path = dbname_ + "/" + file;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (s.IsNotFound()) {
+      if (immutable_db_options_.create_if_missing) {
+        s = NewDB(&files_in_dbname);
+        is_new_db = true;
+        if (!s.ok()) {
+          return s;
+        }
+      } else {
+        return Status::InvalidArgument(
+            current_fname, "does not exist (create_if_missing is false)");
+      }
+    } else if (s.ok()) {
+      if (immutable_db_options_.error_if_exists) {
+        return Status::InvalidArgument(dbname_,
+                                       "exists (error_if_exists is true)");
+      }
+    } else {
+      // Unexpected error reading file
+      assert(s.IsIOError());
+      return s;
+    }
+    // Verify compatibility of file_options_ and filesystem
+    {
+      std::unique_ptr<FSRandomAccessFile> idfile;
+      FileOptions customized_fs(file_options_);
+      customized_fs.use_direct_reads |=
+          immutable_db_options_.use_direct_io_for_flush_and_compaction;
+      const std::string& fname =
+          manifest_path.empty() ? current_fname : manifest_path;
+      s = fs_->NewRandomAccessFile(fname, customized_fs, &idfile, nullptr);
+      if (!s.ok()) {
+        std::string error_str = s.ToString();
+        // Check if unsupported Direct I/O is the root cause
+        customized_fs.use_direct_reads = false;
+        s = fs_->NewRandomAccessFile(fname, customized_fs, &idfile, nullptr);
+        if (s.ok()) {
+          return Status::InvalidArgument(
+              "Direct I/O is not supported by the specified DB.");
+        } else {
+          return Status::InvalidArgument(
+              "Found options incompatible with filesystem", error_str.c_str());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  } else if (immutable_db_options_.best_efforts_recovery) {
+    assert(files_in_dbname.empty());
+    IOOptions io_opts;
+    io_opts.do_not_recurse = true;
+    Status s = immutable_db_options_.fs->GetChildren(
+        dbname_, io_opts, &files_in_dbname, /*IODebugContext*=*/nullptr);
+    if (s.IsNotFound()) {
+      return Status::InvalidArgument(dbname_,
+                                     "does not exist (open for read only)");
+    } else if (s.IsIOError()) {
+      return s;
+    }
+    assert(s.ok());
+  }
+  assert(db_id_.empty());
+  Status s;
+  bool missing_table_file = false;
+  if (!immutable_db_options_.best_efforts_recovery) {
+    s = versions_->Recover(column_families, read_only, &db_id_);
+  } else {
+    assert(!files_in_dbname.empty());
+    s = versions_->TryRecover(column_families, read_only, files_in_dbname,
+                              &db_id_, &missing_table_file);
+    if (s.ok()) {
+      // TryRecover may delete previous column_family_set_.
+      column_family_memtables_.reset(
+          new ColumnFamilyMemTablesImpl(versions_->GetColumnFamilySet()));
+    }
+  }
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+  if (s.ok() && !read_only) {
+    for (auto cfd : *versions_->GetColumnFamilySet()) {
+      // Try to trivially move files down the LSM tree to start from bottommost
+      // level when level_compaction_dynamic_level_bytes is enabled. This should
+      // only be useful when user is migrating to turning on this option.
+      // If a user is migrating from Level Compaction with a smaller level
+      // multiplier or from Universal Compaction, there may be too many
+      // non-empty levels and the trivial moves here are not sufficed for
+      // migration. Additional compactions are needed to drain unnecessary
+      // levels.
+      //
+      // Note that this step moves files down LSM without consulting
+      // SSTPartitioner. Further compactions are still needed if
+      // the user wants to partition SST files.
+      // Note that files moved in this step may not respect the compression
+      // option in target level.
+      if (cfd->ioptions()->compaction_style ==
+              CompactionStyle::kCompactionStyleLevel &&
+          cfd->ioptions()->level_compaction_dynamic_level_bytes &&
+          !cfd->GetLatestMutableCFOptions()->disable_auto_compactions) {
+        int to_level = cfd->ioptions()->num_levels - 1;
+        // last level is reserved
+        // allow_ingest_behind does not support Level Compaction,
+        // and per_key_placement can have infinite compaction loop for Level
+        // Compaction. Adjust to_level here just to be safe.
+        if (cfd->ioptions()->allow_ingest_behind ||
+            cfd->ioptions()->preclude_last_level_data_seconds > 0) {
+          to_level -= 1;
+        }
+        // Whether this column family has a level trivially moved
+        bool moved = false;
+        // Fill the LSM starting from to_level and going up one level at a time.
+        // Some loop invariants (when last level is not reserved):
+        // - levels in (from_level, to_level] are empty, and
+        // - levels in (to_level, last_level] are non-empty.
+        for (int from_level = to_level; from_level >= 0; --from_level) {
+          const std::vector<FileMetaData*>& level_files =
+              cfd->current()->storage_info()->LevelFiles(from_level);
+          if (level_files.empty() || from_level == 0) {
+            continue;
+          }
+          assert(from_level <= to_level);
+          // Trivial move files from `from_level` to `to_level`
+          if (from_level < to_level) {
+            if (!moved) {
+              // lsm_state will look like "[1,2,3,4,5,6,0]" for an LSM with
+              // 7 levels
+              std::string lsm_state = "[";
+              for (int i = 0; i < cfd->ioptions()->num_levels; ++i) {
+                lsm_state += std::to_string(
+                    cfd->current()->storage_info()->NumLevelFiles(i));
+                if (i < cfd->ioptions()->num_levels - 1) {
+                  lsm_state += ",";
+                }
+              }
+              lsm_state += "]";
+              ROCKS_LOG_WARN(immutable_db_options_.info_log,
+                             "[%s] Trivially move files down the LSM when open "
+                             "with level_compaction_dynamic_level_bytes=true,"
+                             " lsm_state: %s (Files are moved only if DB "
+                             "Recovery is successful).",
+                             cfd->GetName().c_str(), lsm_state.c_str());
+              moved = true;
+            }
+            ROCKS_LOG_WARN(
+                immutable_db_options_.info_log,
+                "[%s] Moving %zu files from from_level-%d to from_level-%d",
+                cfd->GetName().c_str(), level_files.size(), from_level,
+                to_level);
+            VersionEdit edit;
+            edit.SetColumnFamily(cfd->GetID());
+            for (const FileMetaData* f : level_files) {
+              edit.DeleteFile(from_level, f->fd.GetNumber());
+              edit.AddFile(to_level, f->fd.GetNumber(), f->fd.GetPathId(),
+                           f->fd.GetFileSize(), f->smallest, f->largest,
+                           f->fd.smallest_seqno, f->fd.largest_seqno,
+                           f->marked_for_compaction,
+                           f->temperature,  // this can be different from
+                                            // `last_level_temperature`
+                           f->oldest_blob_file_number, f->oldest_ancester_time,
+                           f->file_creation_time, f->epoch_number,
+                           f->file_checksum, f->file_checksum_func_name,
+                           f->unique_id, f->compensated_range_deletion_size,
+                           f->tail_size);
+              ROCKS_LOG_WARN(immutable_db_options_.info_log,
+                             "[%s] Moving #%" PRIu64
+                             " from from_level-%d to from_level-%d %" PRIu64
+                             " bytes\n",
+                             cfd->GetName().c_str(), f->fd.GetNumber(),
+                             from_level, to_level, f->fd.GetFileSize());
+            }
+            recovery_ctx->UpdateVersionEdits(cfd, edit);
+          }
+          --to_level;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  s = SetupDBId(read_only, recovery_ctx);
+  ROCKS_LOG_INFO(immutable_db_options_.info_log, "DB ID: %s\n", db_id_.c_str());
+  if (s.ok() && !read_only) {
+    s = DeleteUnreferencedSstFiles(recovery_ctx);
+  }
+
+  if (immutable_db_options_.paranoid_checks && s.ok()) {
+    s = CheckConsistency();
+  }
+  if (s.ok() && !read_only) {
+    // TODO: share file descriptors (FSDirectory) with SetDirectories above
+    std::map<std::string, std::shared_ptr<FSDirectory>> created_dirs;
+    for (auto cfd : *versions_->GetColumnFamilySet()) {
+      s = cfd->AddDirectories(&created_dirs);
+      if (!s.ok()) {
+        return s;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  std::vector<std::string> files_in_wal_dir;
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    // Initial max_total_in_memory_state_ before recovery wals. Log recovery
+    // may check this value to decide whether to flush.
+    max_total_in_memory_state_ = 0;
+    for (auto cfd : *versions_->GetColumnFamilySet()) {
+      auto* mutable_cf_options = cfd->GetLatestMutableCFOptions();
+      max_total_in_memory_state_ += mutable_cf_options->write_buffer_size *
+                                    mutable_cf_options->max_write_buffer_number;
+    }
+
+    SequenceNumber next_sequence(kMaxSequenceNumber);
+    default_cf_handle_ = new ColumnFamilyHandleImpl(
+        versions_->GetColumnFamilySet()->GetDefault(), this, &mutex_);
+    default_cf_internal_stats_ = default_cf_handle_->cfd()->internal_stats();
+
+    // Recover from all newer log files than the ones named in the
+    // descriptor (new log files may have been added by the previous
+    // incarnation without registering them in the descriptor).
+    //
+    // Note that prev_log_number() is no longer used, but we pay
+    // attention to it in case we are recovering a database
+    // produced by an older version of rocksdb.
+    auto wal_dir = immutable_db_options_.GetWalDir();
+    if (!immutable_db_options_.best_efforts_recovery) {
+      IOOptions io_opts;
+      io_opts.do_not_recurse = true;
+      s = immutable_db_options_.fs->GetChildren(
+          wal_dir, io_opts, &files_in_wal_dir, /*IODebugContext*=*/nullptr);
+    }
+    if (s.IsNotFound()) {
+      return Status::InvalidArgument("wal_dir not found", wal_dir);
+    } else if (!s.ok()) {
+      return s;
+    }
+
+    std::unordered_map<uint64_t, std::string> wal_files;
+    for (const auto& file : files_in_wal_dir) {
+      uint64_t number;
+      FileType type;
+      if (ParseFileName(file, &number, &type) && type == kWalFile) {
+        if (is_new_db) {
+          return Status::Corruption(
+              "While creating a new Db, wal_dir contains "
+              "existing log file: ",
+              file);
+        } else {
+          wal_files[number] = LogFileName(wal_dir, number);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (immutable_db_options_.track_and_verify_wals_in_manifest) {
+      if (!immutable_db_options_.best_efforts_recovery) {
+        // Verify WALs in MANIFEST.
+        s = versions_->GetWalSet().CheckWals(env_, wal_files);
+      }  // else since best effort recovery does not recover from WALs, no need
+         // to check WALs.
+    } else if (!versions_->GetWalSet().GetWals().empty()) {
+      // Tracking is disabled, clear previously tracked WALs from MANIFEST,
+      // otherwise, in the future, if WAL tracking is enabled again,
+      // since the WALs deleted when WAL tracking is disabled are not persisted
+      // into MANIFEST, WAL check may fail.
+      VersionEdit edit;
+      WalNumber max_wal_number =
+          versions_->GetWalSet().GetWals().rbegin()->first;
+      edit.DeleteWalsBefore(max_wal_number + 1);
+      assert(recovery_ctx != nullptr);
+      assert(versions_->GetColumnFamilySet() != nullptr);
+      recovery_ctx->UpdateVersionEdits(
+          versions_->GetColumnFamilySet()->GetDefault(), edit);
+    }
+    if (!s.ok()) {
+      return s;
+    }
+
+    if (!wal_files.empty()) {
+      if (error_if_wal_file_exists) {
+        return Status::Corruption(
+            "The db was opened in readonly mode with error_if_wal_file_exists"
+            "flag but a WAL file already exists");
+      } else if (error_if_data_exists_in_wals) {
+        for (auto& wal_file : wal_files) {
+          uint64_t bytes;
+          s = env_->GetFileSize(wal_file.second, &bytes);
+          if (s.ok()) {
+            if (bytes > 0) {
+              return Status::Corruption(
+                  "error_if_data_exists_in_wals is set but there are data "
+                  " in WAL files.");
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (!wal_files.empty()) {
+      // Recover in the order in which the wals were generated
+      std::vector<uint64_t> wals;
+      wals.reserve(wal_files.size());
+      for (const auto& wal_file : wal_files) {
+        wals.push_back(wal_file.first);
+      }
+      std::sort(wals.begin(), wals.end());
+
+      bool corrupted_wal_found = false;
+      s = RecoverLogFiles(wals, &next_sequence, read_only, &corrupted_wal_found,
+                          recovery_ctx);
+      if (corrupted_wal_found && recovered_seq != nullptr) {
+        *recovered_seq = next_sequence;
+      }
+      if (!s.ok()) {
+        // Clear memtables if recovery failed
+        for (auto cfd : *versions_->GetColumnFamilySet()) {
+          cfd->CreateNewMemtable(*cfd->GetLatestMutableCFOptions(),
+                                 kMaxSequenceNumber);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (read_only) {
+    // If we are opening as read-only, we need to update options_file_number_
+    // to reflect the most recent OPTIONS file. It does not matter for regular
+    // read-write db instance because options_file_number_ will later be
+    // updated to versions_->NewFileNumber() in RenameTempFileToOptionsFile.
+    std::vector<std::string> filenames;
+    if (s.ok()) {
+      const std::string normalized_dbname = NormalizePath(dbname_);
+      const std::string normalized_wal_dir =
+          NormalizePath(immutable_db_options_.GetWalDir());
+      if (immutable_db_options_.best_efforts_recovery) {
+        filenames = std::move(files_in_dbname);
+      } else if (normalized_dbname == normalized_wal_dir) {
+        filenames = std::move(files_in_wal_dir);
+      } else {
+        IOOptions io_opts;
+        io_opts.do_not_recurse = true;
+        s = immutable_db_options_.fs->GetChildren(
+            GetName(), io_opts, &filenames, /*IODebugContext*=*/nullptr);
+      }
+    }
+    if (s.ok()) {
+      uint64_t number = 0;
+      uint64_t options_file_number = 0;
+      FileType type;
+      for (const auto& fname : filenames) {
+        if (ParseFileName(fname, &number, &type) && type == kOptionsFile) {
+          options_file_number = std::max(number, options_file_number);
+        }
+      }
+      versions_->options_file_number_ = options_file_number;
+      uint64_t options_file_size = 0;
+      if (options_file_number > 0) {
+        s = env_->GetFileSize(OptionsFileName(GetName(), options_file_number),
+                              &options_file_size);
+      }
+      versions_->options_file_size_ = options_file_size;
+    }
+  }
+  return s;
+}
+
+Status DBImpl::PersistentStatsProcessFormatVersion() {
+  mutex_.AssertHeld();
+  Status s;
+  // persist version when stats CF doesn't exist
+  bool should_persist_format_version = !persistent_stats_cfd_exists_;
+  mutex_.Unlock();
+  if (persistent_stats_cfd_exists_) {
+    // Check persistent stats format version compatibility. Drop and recreate
+    // persistent stats CF if format version is incompatible
+    uint64_t format_version_recovered = 0;
+    Status s_format = DecodePersistentStatsVersionNumber(
+        this, StatsVersionKeyType::kFormatVersion, &format_version_recovered);
+    uint64_t compatible_version_recovered = 0;
+    Status s_compatible = DecodePersistentStatsVersionNumber(
+        this, StatsVersionKeyType::kCompatibleVersion,
+        &compatible_version_recovered);
+    // abort reading from existing stats CF if any of following is true:
+    // 1. failed to read format version or compatible version from disk
+    // 2. sst's format version is greater than current format version, meaning
+    // this sst is encoded with a newer RocksDB release, and current compatible
+    // version is below the sst's compatible version
+    if (!s_format.ok() || !s_compatible.ok() ||
+        (kStatsCFCurrentFormatVersion < format_version_recovered &&
+         kStatsCFCompatibleFormatVersion < compatible_version_recovered)) {
+      if (!s_format.ok() || !s_compatible.ok()) {
+        ROCKS_LOG_WARN(
+            immutable_db_options_.info_log,
+            "Recreating persistent stats column family since reading "
+            "persistent stats version key failed. Format key: %s, compatible "
+            "key: %s",
+            s_format.ToString().c_str(), s_compatible.ToString().c_str());
+      } else {
+        ROCKS_LOG_WARN(
+            immutable_db_options_.info_log,
+            "Recreating persistent stats column family due to corrupted or "
+            "incompatible format version. Recovered format: %" PRIu64
+            "; recovered format compatible since: %" PRIu64 "\n",
+            format_version_recovered, compatible_version_recovered);
+      }
+      s = DropColumnFamily(persist_stats_cf_handle_);
+      if (s.ok()) {
+        s = DestroyColumnFamilyHandle(persist_stats_cf_handle_);
+      }
+      ColumnFamilyHandle* handle = nullptr;
+      if (s.ok()) {
+        ColumnFamilyOptions cfo;
+        OptimizeForPersistentStats(&cfo);
+        s = CreateColumnFamily(cfo, kPersistentStatsColumnFamilyName, &handle);
+      }
+      if (s.ok()) {
+        persist_stats_cf_handle_ = static_cast<ColumnFamilyHandleImpl*>(handle);
+        // should also persist version here because old stats CF is discarded
+        should_persist_format_version = true;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if (should_persist_format_version) {
+    // Persistent stats CF being created for the first time, need to write
+    // format version key
+    WriteBatch batch;
+    if (s.ok()) {
+      s = batch.Put(persist_stats_cf_handle_, kFormatVersionKeyString,
+                    std::to_string(kStatsCFCurrentFormatVersion));
+    }
+    if (s.ok()) {
+      s = batch.Put(persist_stats_cf_handle_, kCompatibleVersionKeyString,
+                    std::to_string(kStatsCFCompatibleFormatVersion));
+    }
+    if (s.ok()) {
+      WriteOptions wo;
+      wo.low_pri = true;
+      wo.no_slowdown = true;
+      wo.sync = false;
+      s = Write(wo, &batch);
+    }
+  }
+  mutex_.Lock();
+  return s;
+}
+
+Status DBImpl::InitPersistStatsColumnFamily() {
+  mutex_.AssertHeld();
+  assert(!persist_stats_cf_handle_);
+  ColumnFamilyData* persistent_stats_cfd =
+      versions_->GetColumnFamilySet()->GetColumnFamily(
+          kPersistentStatsColumnFamilyName);
+  persistent_stats_cfd_exists_ = persistent_stats_cfd != nullptr;
+
+  Status s;
+  if (persistent_stats_cfd != nullptr) {
+    // We are recovering from a DB which already contains persistent stats CF,
+    // the CF is already created in VersionSet::ApplyOneVersionEdit, but
+    // column family handle was not. Need to explicitly create handle here.
+    persist_stats_cf_handle_ =
+        new ColumnFamilyHandleImpl(persistent_stats_cfd, this, &mutex_);
+  } else {
+    mutex_.Unlock();
+    ColumnFamilyHandle* handle = nullptr;
+    ColumnFamilyOptions cfo;
+    OptimizeForPersistentStats(&cfo);
+    s = CreateColumnFamily(cfo, kPersistentStatsColumnFamilyName, &handle);
+    persist_stats_cf_handle_ = static_cast<ColumnFamilyHandleImpl*>(handle);
+    mutex_.Lock();
+  }
+  return s;
+}
+
+Status DBImpl::LogAndApplyForRecovery(const RecoveryContext& recovery_ctx) {
+  mutex_.AssertHeld();
+  assert(versions_->descriptor_log_ == nullptr);
+  const ReadOptions read_options(Env::IOActivity::kDBOpen);
+  Status s = versions_->LogAndApply(
+      recovery_ctx.cfds_, recovery_ctx.mutable_cf_opts_, read_options,
+      recovery_ctx.edit_lists_, &mutex_, directories_.GetDbDir());
+  if (s.ok() && !(recovery_ctx.files_to_delete_.empty())) {
+    mutex_.Unlock();
+    for (const auto& fname : recovery_ctx.files_to_delete_) {
+      s = env_->DeleteFile(fname);
+      if (!s.ok()) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    mutex_.Lock();
+  }
+  return s;
+}
+
+void DBImpl::InvokeWalFilterIfNeededOnColumnFamilyToWalNumberMap() {
+  if (immutable_db_options_.wal_filter == nullptr) {
+    return;
+  }
+  assert(immutable_db_options_.wal_filter != nullptr);
+  WalFilter& wal_filter = *(immutable_db_options_.wal_filter);
+
+  std::map<std::string, uint32_t> cf_name_id_map;
+  std::map<uint32_t, uint64_t> cf_lognumber_map;
+  assert(versions_);
+  assert(versions_->GetColumnFamilySet());
+  for (auto cfd : *versions_->GetColumnFamilySet()) {
+    assert(cfd);
+    cf_name_id_map.insert(std::make_pair(cfd->GetName(), cfd->GetID()));
+    cf_lognumber_map.insert(std::make_pair(cfd->GetID(), cfd->GetLogNumber()));
+  }
+
+  wal_filter.ColumnFamilyLogNumberMap(cf_lognumber_map, cf_name_id_map);
+}
+
+bool DBImpl::InvokeWalFilterIfNeededOnWalRecord(uint64_t wal_number,
+                                                const std::string& wal_fname,
+                                                log::Reader::Reporter& reporter,
+                                                Status& status,
+                                                bool& stop_replay,
+                                                WriteBatch& batch) {
+  if (immutable_db_options_.wal_filter == nullptr) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  assert(immutable_db_options_.wal_filter != nullptr);
+  WalFilter& wal_filter = *(immutable_db_options_.wal_filter);
+
+  WriteBatch new_batch;
+  bool batch_changed = false;
+
+  bool process_current_record = true;
+
+  WalFilter::WalProcessingOption wal_processing_option =
+      wal_filter.LogRecordFound(wal_number, wal_fname, batch, &new_batch,
+                                &batch_changed);
+
+  switch (wal_processing_option) {
+    case WalFilter::WalProcessingOption::kContinueProcessing:
+      // do nothing, proceeed normally
+      break;
+    case WalFilter::WalProcessingOption::kIgnoreCurrentRecord:
+      // skip current record
+      process_current_record = false;
+      break;
+    case WalFilter::WalProcessingOption::kStopReplay:
+      // skip current record and stop replay
+      process_current_record = false;
+      stop_replay = true;
+      break;
+    case WalFilter::WalProcessingOption::kCorruptedRecord: {
+      status = Status::Corruption("Corruption reported by Wal Filter ",
+                                  wal_filter.Name());
+      MaybeIgnoreError(&status);
+      if (!status.ok()) {
+        process_current_record = false;
+        reporter.Corruption(batch.GetDataSize(), status);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    default: {
+      // logical error which should not happen. If RocksDB throws, we would
+      // just do `throw std::logic_error`.
+      assert(false);
+      status = Status::NotSupported(
+          "Unknown WalProcessingOption returned by Wal Filter ",
+          wal_filter.Name());
+      MaybeIgnoreError(&status);
+      if (!status.ok()) {
+        // Ignore the error with current record processing.
+        stop_replay = true;
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!process_current_record) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (batch_changed) {
+    // Make sure that the count in the new batch is
+    // within the orignal count.
+    int new_count = WriteBatchInternal::Count(&new_batch);
+    int original_count = WriteBatchInternal::Count(&batch);
+    if (new_count > original_count) {
+      ROCKS_LOG_FATAL(
+          immutable_db_options_.info_log,
+          "Recovering log #%" PRIu64
+          " mode %d log filter %s returned "
+          "more records (%d) than original (%d) which is not allowed. "
+          "Aborting recovery.",
+          wal_number, static_cast<int>(immutable_db_options_.wal_recovery_mode),
+          wal_filter.Name(), new_count, original_count);
+      status = Status::NotSupported(
+          "More than original # of records "
+          "returned by Wal Filter ",
+          wal_filter.Name());
+      return false;
+    }
+    // Set the same sequence number in the new_batch
+    // as the original batch.
+    WriteBatchInternal::SetSequence(&new_batch,
+                                    WriteBatchInternal::Sequence(&batch));
+    batch = new_batch;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// REQUIRES: wal_numbers are sorted in ascending order
+Status DBImpl::RecoverLogFiles(const std::vector<uint64_t>& wal_numbers,
+                               SequenceNumber* next_sequence, bool read_only,
+                               bool* corrupted_wal_found,
+                               RecoveryContext* recovery_ctx) {
+  struct LogReporter : public log::Reader::Reporter {
+    Env* env;
+    Logger* info_log;
+    const char* fname;
+    Status* status;  // nullptr if immutable_db_options_.paranoid_checks==false
+    void Corruption(size_t bytes, const Status& s) override {
+      ROCKS_LOG_WARN(info_log, "%s%s: dropping %d bytes; %s",
+                     (status == nullptr ? "(ignoring error) " : ""), fname,
+                     static_cast<int>(bytes), s.ToString().c_str());
+      if (status != nullptr && status->ok()) {
+        *status = s;
+      }
+    }
+  };
+
+  mutex_.AssertHeld();
+  Status status;
+  std::unordered_map<int, VersionEdit> version_edits;
+  // no need to refcount because iteration is under mutex
+  for (auto cfd : *versions_->GetColumnFamilySet()) {
+    VersionEdit edit;
+    edit.SetColumnFamily(cfd->GetID());
+    version_edits.insert({cfd->GetID(), edit});
+  }
+  int job_id = next_job_id_.fetch_add(1);
+  {
+    auto stream = event_logger_.Log();
+    stream << "job" << job_id << "event"
+           << "recovery_started";
+    stream << "wal_files";
+    stream.StartArray();
+    for (auto wal_number : wal_numbers) {
+      stream << wal_number;
+    }
+    stream.EndArray();
+  }
+
+  // No-op for immutable_db_options_.wal_filter == nullptr.
+  InvokeWalFilterIfNeededOnColumnFamilyToWalNumberMap();
+
+  bool stop_replay_by_wal_filter = false;
+  bool stop_replay_for_corruption = false;
+  bool flushed = false;
+  uint64_t corrupted_wal_number = kMaxSequenceNumber;
+  uint64_t min_wal_number = MinLogNumberToKeep();
+  if (!allow_2pc()) {
+    // In non-2pc mode, we skip WALs that do not back unflushed data.
+    min_wal_number =
+        std::max(min_wal_number, versions_->MinLogNumberWithUnflushedData());
+  }
+  for (auto wal_number : wal_numbers) {
+    if (wal_number < min_wal_number) {
+      ROCKS_LOG_INFO(immutable_db_options_.info_log,
+                     "Skipping log #%" PRIu64
+                     " since it is older than min log to keep #%" PRIu64,
+                     wal_number, min_wal_number);
+      continue;
+    }
+    // The previous incarnation may not have written any MANIFEST
+    // records after allocating this log number.  So we manually
+    // update the file number allocation counter in VersionSet.
+    versions_->MarkFileNumberUsed(wal_number);
+    // Open the log file
+    std::string fname =
+        LogFileName(immutable_db_options_.GetWalDir(), wal_number);
+
+    ROCKS_LOG_INFO(immutable_db_options_.info_log,
+                   "Recovering log #%" PRIu64 " mode %d", wal_number,
+                   static_cast<int>(immutable_db_options_.wal_recovery_mode));
+    auto logFileDropped = [this, &fname]() {
+      uint64_t bytes;
+      if (env_->GetFileSize(fname, &bytes).ok()) {
+        auto info_log = immutable_db_options_.info_log.get();
+        ROCKS_LOG_WARN(info_log, "%s: dropping %d bytes", fname.c_str(),
+                       static_cast<int>(bytes));
+      }
+    };
+    if (stop_replay_by_wal_filter) {
+      logFileDropped();
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    std::unique_ptr<SequentialFileReader> file_reader;
+    {
+      std::unique_ptr<FSSequentialFile> file;
+      status = fs_->NewSequentialFile(
+          fname, fs_->OptimizeForLogRead(file_options_), &file, nullptr);
+      if (!status.ok()) {
+        MaybeIgnoreError(&status);
+        if (!status.ok()) {
+          return status;
+        } else {
+          // Fail with one log file, but that's ok.
+          // Try next one.
+          continue;
+        }
+      }
+      file_reader.reset(new SequentialFileReader(
+          std::move(file), fname, immutable_db_options_.log_readahead_size,
+          io_tracer_));
+    }
+
+    // Create the log reader.
+    LogReporter reporter;
+    reporter.env = env_;
+    reporter.info_log = immutable_db_options_.info_log.get();
+    reporter.fname = fname.c_str();
+    if (!immutable_db_options_.paranoid_checks ||
+        immutable_db_options_.wal_recovery_mode ==
+            WALRecoveryMode::kSkipAnyCorruptedRecords) {
+      reporter.status = nullptr;
+    } else {
+      reporter.status = &status;
+    }
+    // We intentially make log::Reader do checksumming even if
+    // paranoid_checks==false so that corruptions cause entire commits
+    // to be skipped instead of propagating bad information (like overly
+    // large sequence numbers).
+    log::Reader reader(immutable_db_options_.info_log, std::move(file_reader),
+                       &reporter, true /*checksum*/, wal_number);
+
+    // Determine if we should tolerate incomplete records at the tail end of the
+    // Read all the records and add to a memtable
+    std::string scratch;
+    Slice record;
+
+    TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("DBImpl::RecoverLogFiles:BeforeReadWal",
+                             /*arg=*/nullptr);
+    uint64_t record_checksum;
+    while (!stop_replay_by_wal_filter &&
+           reader.ReadRecord(&record, &scratch,
+                             immutable_db_options_.wal_recovery_mode,
+                             &record_checksum) &&
+           status.ok()) {
+      if (record.size() < WriteBatchInternal::kHeader) {
+        reporter.Corruption(record.size(),
+                            Status::Corruption("log record too small"));
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      // We create a new batch and initialize with a valid prot_info_ to store
+      // the data checksums
+      WriteBatch batch;
+
+      status = WriteBatchInternal::SetContents(&batch, record);
+      if (!status.ok()) {
+        return status;
+      }
+      TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK(
+          "DBImpl::RecoverLogFiles:BeforeUpdateProtectionInfo:batch", &batch);
+      TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK(
+          "DBImpl::RecoverLogFiles:BeforeUpdateProtectionInfo:checksum",
+          &record_checksum);
+      status = WriteBatchInternal::UpdateProtectionInfo(
+          &batch, 8 /* bytes_per_key */, &record_checksum);
+      if (!status.ok()) {
+        return status;
+      }
+
+      SequenceNumber sequence = WriteBatchInternal::Sequence(&batch);
+
+      if (immutable_db_options_.wal_recovery_mode ==
+          WALRecoveryMode::kPointInTimeRecovery) {
+        // In point-in-time recovery mode, if sequence id of log files are
+        // consecutive, we continue recovery despite corruption. This could
+        // happen when we open and write to a corrupted DB, where sequence id
+        // will start from the last sequence id we recovered.
+        if (sequence == *next_sequence) {
+          stop_replay_for_corruption = false;
+        }
+        if (stop_replay_for_corruption) {
+          logFileDropped();
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+
+      // For the default case of wal_filter == nullptr, always performs no-op
+      // and returns true.
+      if (!InvokeWalFilterIfNeededOnWalRecord(wal_number, fname, reporter,
+                                              status, stop_replay_by_wal_filter,
+                                              batch)) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      // If column family was not found, it might mean that the WAL write
+      // batch references to the column family that was dropped after the
+      // insert. We don't want to fail the whole write batch in that case --
+      // we just ignore the update.
+      // That's why we set ignore missing column families to true
+      bool has_valid_writes = false;
+      status = WriteBatchInternal::InsertInto(
+          &batch, column_family_memtables_.get(), &flush_scheduler_,
+          &trim_history_scheduler_, true, wal_number, this,
+          false /* concurrent_memtable_writes */, next_sequence,
+          &has_valid_writes, seq_per_batch_, batch_per_txn_);
+      MaybeIgnoreError(&status);
+      if (!status.ok()) {
+        // We are treating this as a failure while reading since we read valid
+        // blocks that do not form coherent data
+        reporter.Corruption(record.size(), status);
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      if (has_valid_writes && !read_only) {
+        // we can do this because this is called before client has access to the
+        // DB and there is only a single thread operating on DB
+        ColumnFamilyData* cfd;
+
+        while ((cfd = flush_scheduler_.TakeNextColumnFamily()) != nullptr) {
+          cfd->UnrefAndTryDelete();
+          // If this asserts, it means that InsertInto failed in
+          // filtering updates to already-flushed column families
+          assert(cfd->GetLogNumber() <= wal_number);
+          auto iter = version_edits.find(cfd->GetID());
+          assert(iter != version_edits.end());
+          VersionEdit* edit = &iter->second;
+          status = WriteLevel0TableForRecovery(job_id, cfd, cfd->mem(), edit);
+          if (!status.ok()) {
+            // Reflect errors immediately so that conditions like full
+            // file-systems cause the DB::Open() to fail.
+            return status;
+          }
+          flushed = true;
+
+          cfd->CreateNewMemtable(*cfd->GetLatestMutableCFOptions(),
+                                 *next_sequence);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (!status.ok()) {
+      if (status.IsNotSupported()) {
+        // We should not treat NotSupported as corruption. It is rather a clear
+        // sign that we are processing a WAL that is produced by an incompatible
+        // version of the code.
+        return status;
+      }
+      if (immutable_db_options_.wal_recovery_mode ==
+          WALRecoveryMode::kSkipAnyCorruptedRecords) {
+        // We should ignore all errors unconditionally
+        status = Status::OK();
+      } else if (immutable_db_options_.wal_recovery_mode ==
+                 WALRecoveryMode::kPointInTimeRecovery) {
+        if (status.IsIOError()) {
+          ROCKS_LOG_ERROR(immutable_db_options_.info_log,
+                          "IOError during point-in-time reading log #%" PRIu64
+                          " seq #%" PRIu64
+                          ". %s. This likely mean loss of synced WAL, "
+                          "thus recovery fails.",
+                          wal_number, *next_sequence,
+                          status.ToString().c_str());
+          return status;
+        }
+        // We should ignore the error but not continue replaying
+        status = Status::OK();
+        stop_replay_for_corruption = true;
+        corrupted_wal_number = wal_number;
+        if (corrupted_wal_found != nullptr) {
+          *corrupted_wal_found = true;
+        }
+        ROCKS_LOG_INFO(immutable_db_options_.info_log,
+                       "Point in time recovered to log #%" PRIu64
+                       " seq #%" PRIu64,
+                       wal_number, *next_sequence);
+      } else {
+        assert(immutable_db_options_.wal_recovery_mode ==
+                   WALRecoveryMode::kTolerateCorruptedTailRecords ||
+               immutable_db_options_.wal_recovery_mode ==
+                   WALRecoveryMode::kAbsoluteConsistency);
+        return status;
+      }
+    }
+
+    flush_scheduler_.Clear();
+    trim_history_scheduler_.Clear();
+    auto last_sequence = *next_sequence - 1;
+    if ((*next_sequence != kMaxSequenceNumber) &&
+        (versions_->LastSequence() <= last_sequence)) {
+      versions_->SetLastAllocatedSequence(last_sequence);
+      versions_->SetLastPublishedSequence(last_sequence);
+      versions_->SetLastSequence(last_sequence);
+    }
+  }
+  // Compare the corrupted log number to all columnfamily's current log number.
+  // Abort Open() if any column family's log number is greater than
+  // the corrupted log number, which means CF contains data beyond the point of
+  // corruption. This could during PIT recovery when the WAL is corrupted and
+  // some (but not all) CFs are flushed
+  // Exclude the PIT case where no log is dropped after the corruption point.
+  // This is to cover the case for empty wals after corrupted log, in which we
+  // don't reset stop_replay_for_corruption.
+  if (stop_replay_for_corruption == true &&
+      (immutable_db_options_.wal_recovery_mode ==
+           WALRecoveryMode::kPointInTimeRecovery ||
+       immutable_db_options_.wal_recovery_mode ==
+           WALRecoveryMode::kTolerateCorruptedTailRecords)) {
+    for (auto cfd : *versions_->GetColumnFamilySet()) {
+      // One special case cause cfd->GetLogNumber() > corrupted_wal_number but
+      // the CF is still consistent: If a new column family is created during
+      // the flush and the WAL sync fails at the same time, the new CF points to
+      // the new WAL but the old WAL is curropted. Since the new CF is empty, it
+      // is still consistent. We add the check of CF sst file size to avoid the
+      // false positive alert.
+
+      // Note that, the check of (cfd->GetLiveSstFilesSize() > 0) may leads to
+      // the ignorance of a very rare inconsistency case caused in data
+      // canclation. One CF is empty due to KV deletion. But those operations
+      // are in the WAL. If the WAL is corrupted, the status of this CF might
+      // not be consistent with others. However, the consistency check will be
+      // bypassed due to empty CF.
+      // TODO: a better and complete implementation is needed to ensure strict
+      // consistency check in WAL recovery including hanlding the tailing
+      // issues.
+      if (cfd->GetLogNumber() > corrupted_wal_number &&
+          cfd->GetLiveSstFilesSize() > 0) {
+        ROCKS_LOG_ERROR(immutable_db_options_.info_log,
+                        "Column family inconsistency: SST file contains data"
+                        " beyond the point of corruption.");
+        return Status::Corruption("SST file is ahead of WALs in CF " +
+                                  cfd->GetName());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // True if there's any data in the WALs; if not, we can skip re-processing
+  // them later
+  bool data_seen = false;
+  if (!read_only) {
+    // no need to refcount since client still doesn't have access
+    // to the DB and can not drop column families while we iterate
+    const WalNumber max_wal_number = wal_numbers.back();
+    for (auto cfd : *versions_->GetColumnFamilySet()) {
+      auto iter = version_edits.find(cfd->GetID());
+      assert(iter != version_edits.end());
+      VersionEdit* edit = &iter->second;
+
+      if (cfd->GetLogNumber() > max_wal_number) {
+        // Column family cfd has already flushed the data
+        // from all wals. Memtable has to be empty because
+        // we filter the updates based on wal_number
+        // (in WriteBatch::InsertInto)
+        assert(cfd->mem()->GetFirstSequenceNumber() == 0);
+        assert(edit->NumEntries() == 0);
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK(
+          "DBImpl::RecoverLogFiles:BeforeFlushFinalMemtable", /*arg=*/nullptr);
+
+      // flush the final memtable (if non-empty)
+      if (cfd->mem()->GetFirstSequenceNumber() != 0) {
+        // If flush happened in the middle of recovery (e.g. due to memtable
+        // being full), we flush at the end. Otherwise we'll need to record
+        // where we were on last flush, which make the logic complicated.
+        if (flushed || !immutable_db_options_.avoid_flush_during_recovery) {
+          status = WriteLevel0TableForRecovery(job_id, cfd, cfd->mem(), edit);
+          if (!status.ok()) {
+            // Recovery failed
+            break;
+          }
+          flushed = true;
+
+          cfd->CreateNewMemtable(*cfd->GetLatestMutableCFOptions(),
+                                 versions_->LastSequence());
+        }
+        data_seen = true;
+      }
+
+      // Update the log number info in the version edit corresponding to this
+      // column family. Note that the version edits will be written to MANIFEST
+      // together later.
+      // writing wal_number in the manifest means that any log file
+      // with number strongly less than (wal_number + 1) is already
+      // recovered and should be ignored on next reincarnation.
+      // Since we already recovered max_wal_number, we want all wals
+      // with numbers `<= max_wal_number` (includes this one) to be ignored
+      if (flushed || cfd->mem()->GetFirstSequenceNumber() == 0) {
+        edit->SetLogNumber(max_wal_number + 1);
+      }
+    }
+    if (status.ok()) {
+      // we must mark the next log number as used, even though it's
+      // not actually used. that is because VersionSet assumes
+      // VersionSet::next_file_number_ always to be strictly greater than any
+      // log number
+      versions_->MarkFileNumberUsed(max_wal_number + 1);
+      assert(recovery_ctx != nullptr);
+
+      for (auto* cfd : *versions_->GetColumnFamilySet()) {
+        auto iter = version_edits.find(cfd->GetID());
+        assert(iter != version_edits.end());
+        recovery_ctx->UpdateVersionEdits(cfd, iter->second);
+      }
+
+      if (flushed || !data_seen) {
+        VersionEdit wal_deletion;
+        if (immutable_db_options_.track_and_verify_wals_in_manifest) {
+          wal_deletion.DeleteWalsBefore(max_wal_number + 1);
+        }
+        if (!allow_2pc()) {
+          // In non-2pc mode, flushing the memtables of the column families
+          // means we can advance min_log_number_to_keep.
+          wal_deletion.SetMinLogNumberToKeep(max_wal_number + 1);
+        }
+        assert(versions_->GetColumnFamilySet() != nullptr);
+        recovery_ctx->UpdateVersionEdits(
+            versions_->GetColumnFamilySet()->GetDefault(), wal_deletion);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (status.ok()) {
+    if (data_seen && !flushed) {
+      status = RestoreAliveLogFiles(wal_numbers);
+    } else if (!wal_numbers.empty()) {  // If there's no data in the WAL, or we
+                                        // flushed all the data, still
+      // truncate the log file. If the process goes into a crash loop before
+      // the file is deleted, the preallocated space will never get freed.
+      const bool truncate = !read_only;
+      GetLogSizeAndMaybeTruncate(wal_numbers.back(), truncate, nullptr)
+          .PermitUncheckedError();
+    }
+  }
+
+  event_logger_.Log() << "job" << job_id << "event"
+                      << "recovery_finished";
+
+  return status;
+}
+
+Status DBImpl::GetLogSizeAndMaybeTruncate(uint64_t wal_number, bool truncate,
+                                          LogFileNumberSize* log_ptr) {
+  LogFileNumberSize log(wal_number);
+  std::string fname =
+      LogFileName(immutable_db_options_.GetWalDir(), wal_number);
+  Status s;
+  // This gets the appear size of the wals, not including preallocated space.
+  s = env_->GetFileSize(fname, &log.size);
+  TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("DBImpl::GetLogSizeAndMaybeTruncate:0", /*arg=*/&s);
+  if (s.ok() && truncate) {
+    std::unique_ptr<FSWritableFile> last_log;
+    Status truncate_status = fs_->ReopenWritableFile(
+        fname,
+        fs_->OptimizeForLogWrite(
+            file_options_,
+            BuildDBOptions(immutable_db_options_, mutable_db_options_)),
+        &last_log, nullptr);
+    if (truncate_status.ok()) {
+      truncate_status = last_log->Truncate(log.size, IOOptions(), nullptr);
+    }
+    if (truncate_status.ok()) {
+      truncate_status = last_log->Close(IOOptions(), nullptr);
+    }
+    // Not a critical error if fail to truncate.
+    if (!truncate_status.ok() && !truncate_status.IsNotSupported()) {
+      ROCKS_LOG_WARN(immutable_db_options_.info_log,
+                     "Failed to truncate log #%" PRIu64 ": %s", wal_number,
+                     truncate_status.ToString().c_str());
+    }
+  }
+  if (log_ptr) {
+    *log_ptr = log;
+  }
+  return s;
+}
+
+Status DBImpl::RestoreAliveLogFiles(const std::vector<uint64_t>& wal_numbers) {
+  if (wal_numbers.empty()) {
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+  Status s;
+  mutex_.AssertHeld();
+  assert(immutable_db_options_.avoid_flush_during_recovery);
+  // Mark these as alive so they'll be considered for deletion later by
+  // FindObsoleteFiles()
+  total_log_size_ = 0;
+  log_empty_ = false;
+  uint64_t min_wal_with_unflushed_data =
+      versions_->MinLogNumberWithUnflushedData();
+  for (auto wal_number : wal_numbers) {
+    if (!allow_2pc() && wal_number < min_wal_with_unflushed_data) {
+      // In non-2pc mode, the WAL files not backing unflushed data are not
+      // alive, thus should not be added to the alive_log_files_.
+      continue;
+    }
+    // We preallocate space for wals, but then after a crash and restart, those
+    // preallocated space are not needed anymore. It is likely only the last
+    // log has such preallocated space, so we only truncate for the last log.
+    LogFileNumberSize log;
+    s = GetLogSizeAndMaybeTruncate(
+        wal_number, /*truncate=*/(wal_number == wal_numbers.back()), &log);
+    if (!s.ok()) {
+      break;
+    }
+    total_log_size_ += log.size;
+    alive_log_files_.push_back(log);
+  }
+  return s;
+}
+
+Status DBImpl::WriteLevel0TableForRecovery(int job_id, ColumnFamilyData* cfd,
+                                           MemTable* mem, VersionEdit* edit) {
+  mutex_.AssertHeld();
+  assert(cfd);
+  assert(cfd->imm());
+  // The immutable memtable list must be empty.
+  assert(std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max() ==
+         cfd->imm()->GetEarliestMemTableID());
+
+  const uint64_t start_micros = immutable_db_options_.clock->NowMicros();
+
+  FileMetaData meta;
+  std::vector<BlobFileAddition> blob_file_additions;
+
+  std::unique_ptr<std::list<uint64_t>::iterator> pending_outputs_inserted_elem(
+      new std::list<uint64_t>::iterator(
+          CaptureCurrentFileNumberInPendingOutputs()));
+  meta.fd = FileDescriptor(versions_->NewFileNumber(), 0, 0);
+  ReadOptions ro;
+  ro.total_order_seek = true;
+  ro.io_activity = Env::IOActivity::kDBOpen;
+  Arena arena;
+  Status s;
+  TableProperties table_properties;
+  {
+    ScopedArenaIterator iter(mem->NewIterator(ro, &arena));
+    ROCKS_LOG_DEBUG(immutable_db_options_.info_log,
+                    "[%s] [WriteLevel0TableForRecovery]"
+                    " Level-0 table #%" PRIu64 ": started",
+                    cfd->GetName().c_str(), meta.fd.GetNumber());
+
+    // Get the latest mutable cf options while the mutex is still locked
+    const MutableCFOptions mutable_cf_options =
+        *cfd->GetLatestMutableCFOptions();
+    bool paranoid_file_checks =
+        cfd->GetLatestMutableCFOptions()->paranoid_file_checks;
+
+    int64_t _current_time = 0;
+    immutable_db_options_.clock->GetCurrentTime(&_current_time)
+        .PermitUncheckedError();  // ignore error
+    const uint64_t current_time = static_cast<uint64_t>(_current_time);
+    meta.oldest_ancester_time = current_time;
+    meta.epoch_number = cfd->NewEpochNumber();
+    {
+      auto write_hint = cfd->CalculateSSTWriteHint(0);
+      mutex_.Unlock();
+
+      SequenceNumber earliest_write_conflict_snapshot;
+      std::vector<SequenceNumber> snapshot_seqs =
+          snapshots_.GetAll(&earliest_write_conflict_snapshot);
+      auto snapshot_checker = snapshot_checker_.get();
+      if (use_custom_gc_ && snapshot_checker == nullptr) {
+        snapshot_checker = DisableGCSnapshotChecker::Instance();
+      }
+      std::vector<std::unique_ptr<FragmentedRangeTombstoneIterator>>
+          range_del_iters;
+      auto range_del_iter =
+          // This is called during recovery, where a live memtable is flushed
+          // directly. In this case, no fragmented tombstone list is cached in
+          // this memtable yet.
+          mem->NewRangeTombstoneIterator(ro, kMaxSequenceNumber,
+                                         false /* immutable_memtable */);
+      if (range_del_iter != nullptr) {
+        range_del_iters.emplace_back(range_del_iter);
+      }
+
+      IOStatus io_s;
+      TableBuilderOptions tboptions(
+          *cfd->ioptions(), mutable_cf_options, cfd->internal_comparator(),
+          cfd->int_tbl_prop_collector_factories(),
+          GetCompressionFlush(*cfd->ioptions(), mutable_cf_options),
+          mutable_cf_options.compression_opts, cfd->GetID(), cfd->GetName(),
+          0 /* level */, false /* is_bottommost */,
+          TableFileCreationReason::kRecovery, 0 /* oldest_key_time */,
+          0 /* file_creation_time */, db_id_, db_session_id_,
+          0 /* target_file_size */, meta.fd.GetNumber());
+      SeqnoToTimeMapping empty_seqno_time_mapping;
+      Version* version = cfd->current();
+      version->Ref();
+      const ReadOptions read_option(Env::IOActivity::kDBOpen);
+      s = BuildTable(
+          dbname_, versions_.get(), immutable_db_options_, tboptions,
+          file_options_for_compaction_, read_option, cfd->table_cache(),
+          iter.get(), std::move(range_del_iters), &meta, &blob_file_additions,
+          snapshot_seqs, earliest_write_conflict_snapshot, kMaxSequenceNumber,
+          snapshot_checker, paranoid_file_checks, cfd->internal_stats(), &io_s,
+          io_tracer_, BlobFileCreationReason::kRecovery,
+          empty_seqno_time_mapping, &event_logger_, job_id, Env::IO_HIGH,
+          nullptr /* table_properties */, write_hint,
+          nullptr /*full_history_ts_low*/, &blob_callback_, version);
+      version->Unref();
+      LogFlush(immutable_db_options_.info_log);
+      ROCKS_LOG_DEBUG(immutable_db_options_.info_log,
+                      "[%s] [WriteLevel0TableForRecovery]"
+                      " Level-0 table #%" PRIu64 ": %" PRIu64 " bytes %s",
+                      cfd->GetName().c_str(), meta.fd.GetNumber(),
+                      meta.fd.GetFileSize(), s.ToString().c_str());
+      mutex_.Lock();
+
+      // TODO(AR) is this ok?
+      if (!io_s.ok() && s.ok()) {
+        s = io_s;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  ReleaseFileNumberFromPendingOutputs(pending_outputs_inserted_elem);
+
+  // Note that if file_size is zero, the file has been deleted and
+  // should not be added to the manifest.
+  const bool has_output = meta.fd.GetFileSize() > 0;
+
+  constexpr int level = 0;
+
+  if (s.ok() && has_output) {
+    edit->AddFile(
+        level, meta.fd.GetNumber(), meta.fd.GetPathId(), meta.fd.GetFileSize(),
+        meta.smallest, meta.largest, meta.fd.smallest_seqno,
+        meta.fd.largest_seqno, meta.marked_for_compaction, meta.temperature,
+        meta.oldest_blob_file_number, meta.oldest_ancester_time,
+        meta.file_creation_time, meta.epoch_number, meta.file_checksum,
+        meta.file_checksum_func_name, meta.unique_id,
+        meta.compensated_range_deletion_size, meta.tail_size);
+
+    for (const auto& blob : blob_file_additions) {
+      edit->AddBlobFile(blob);
+    }
+  }
+
+  InternalStats::CompactionStats stats(CompactionReason::kFlush, 1);
+  stats.micros = immutable_db_options_.clock->NowMicros() - start_micros;
+
+  if (has_output) {
+    stats.bytes_written = meta.fd.GetFileSize();
+    stats.num_output_files = 1;
+  }
+
+  const auto& blobs = edit->GetBlobFileAdditions();
+  for (const auto& blob : blobs) {
+    stats.bytes_written_blob += blob.GetTotalBlobBytes();
+  }
+
+  stats.num_output_files_blob = static_cast<int>(blobs.size());
+
+  cfd->internal_stats()->AddCompactionStats(level, Env::Priority::USER, stats);
+  cfd->internal_stats()->AddCFStats(
+      InternalStats::BYTES_FLUSHED,
+      stats.bytes_written + stats.bytes_written_blob);
+  RecordTick(stats_, COMPACT_WRITE_BYTES, meta.fd.GetFileSize());
+  return s;
+}
+
+Status DB::Open(const Options& options, const std::string& dbname, DB** dbptr) {
+  DBOptions db_options(options);
+  ColumnFamilyOptions cf_options(options);
+  std::vector<ColumnFamilyDescriptor> column_families;
+  column_families.push_back(
+      ColumnFamilyDescriptor(kDefaultColumnFamilyName, cf_options));
+  if (db_options.persist_stats_to_disk) {
+    column_families.push_back(
+        ColumnFamilyDescriptor(kPersistentStatsColumnFamilyName, cf_options));
+  }
+  std::vector<ColumnFamilyHandle*> handles;
+  Status s = DB::Open(db_options, dbname, column_families, &handles, dbptr);
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    if (db_options.persist_stats_to_disk) {
+      assert(handles.size() == 2);
+    } else {
+      assert(handles.size() == 1);
+    }
+    // i can delete the handle since DBImpl is always holding a reference to
+    // default column family
+    if (db_options.persist_stats_to_disk && handles[1] != nullptr) {
+      delete handles[1];
+    }
+    delete handles[0];
+  }
+  return s;
+}
+
+Status DB::Open(const DBOptions& db_options, const std::string& dbname,
+                const std::vector<ColumnFamilyDescriptor>& column_families,
+                std::vector<ColumnFamilyHandle*>* handles, DB** dbptr) {
+  const bool kSeqPerBatch = true;
+  const bool kBatchPerTxn = true;
+  ThreadStatusUtil::SetEnableTracking(db_options.enable_thread_tracking);
+  ThreadStatusUtil::SetThreadOperation(ThreadStatus::OperationType::OP_DBOPEN);
+  Status s = DBImpl::Open(db_options, dbname, column_families, handles, dbptr,
+                          !kSeqPerBatch, kBatchPerTxn);
+  ThreadStatusUtil::ResetThreadStatus();
+  return s;
+}
+
+// TODO: Implement the trimming in flush code path.
+// TODO: Perform trimming before inserting into memtable during recovery.
+// TODO: Pick files with max_timestamp > trim_ts by each file's timestamp meta
+// info, and handle only these files to reduce io.
+Status DB::OpenAndTrimHistory(
+    const DBOptions& db_options, const std::string& dbname,
+    const std::vector<ColumnFamilyDescriptor>& column_families,
+    std::vector<ColumnFamilyHandle*>* handles, DB** dbptr,
+    std::string trim_ts) {
+  assert(dbptr != nullptr);
+  assert(handles != nullptr);
+  auto validate_options = [&db_options] {
+    if (db_options.avoid_flush_during_recovery) {
+      return Status::InvalidArgument(
+          "avoid_flush_during_recovery incompatible with "
+          "OpenAndTrimHistory");
+    }
+    return Status::OK();
+  };
+  auto s = validate_options();
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  DB* db = nullptr;
+  s = DB::Open(db_options, dbname, column_families, handles, &db);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+  assert(db);
+  CompactRangeOptions options;
+  options.bottommost_level_compaction =
+      BottommostLevelCompaction::kForceOptimized;
+  auto db_impl = static_cast_with_check<DBImpl>(db);
+  for (auto handle : *handles) {
+    assert(handle != nullptr);
+    auto cfh = static_cast_with_check<ColumnFamilyHandleImpl>(handle);
+    auto cfd = cfh->cfd();
+    assert(cfd != nullptr);
+    // Only compact column families with timestamp enabled
+    if (cfd->user_comparator() != nullptr &&
+        cfd->user_comparator()->timestamp_size() > 0) {
+      s = db_impl->CompactRangeInternal(options, handle, nullptr, nullptr,
+                                        trim_ts);
+      if (!s.ok()) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  auto clean_op = [&handles, &db] {
+    for (auto handle : *handles) {
+      auto temp_s = db->DestroyColumnFamilyHandle(handle);
+      assert(temp_s.ok());
+    }
+    handles->clear();
+    delete db;
+  };
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    clean_op();
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  *dbptr = db;
+  return s;
+}
+
+IOStatus DBImpl::CreateWAL(uint64_t log_file_num, uint64_t recycle_log_number,
+                           size_t preallocate_block_size,
+                           log::Writer** new_log) {
+  IOStatus io_s;
+  std::unique_ptr<FSWritableFile> lfile;
+
+  DBOptions db_options =
+      BuildDBOptions(immutable_db_options_, mutable_db_options_);
+  FileOptions opt_file_options =
+      fs_->OptimizeForLogWrite(file_options_, db_options);
+  std::string wal_dir = immutable_db_options_.GetWalDir();
+  std::string log_fname = LogFileName(wal_dir, log_file_num);
+
+  if (recycle_log_number) {
+    ROCKS_LOG_INFO(immutable_db_options_.info_log,
+                   "reusing log %" PRIu64 " from recycle list\n",
+                   recycle_log_number);
+    std::string old_log_fname = LogFileName(wal_dir, recycle_log_number);
+    TEST_SYNC_POINT("DBImpl::CreateWAL:BeforeReuseWritableFile1");
+    TEST_SYNC_POINT("DBImpl::CreateWAL:BeforeReuseWritableFile2");
+    io_s = fs_->ReuseWritableFile(log_fname, old_log_fname, opt_file_options,
+                                  &lfile, /*dbg=*/nullptr);
+  } else {
+    io_s = NewWritableFile(fs_.get(), log_fname, &lfile, opt_file_options);
+  }
+
+  if (io_s.ok()) {
+    lfile->SetWriteLifeTimeHint(CalculateWALWriteHint());
+    lfile->SetPreallocationBlockSize(preallocate_block_size);
+
+    const auto& listeners = immutable_db_options_.listeners;
+    FileTypeSet tmp_set = immutable_db_options_.checksum_handoff_file_types;
+    std::unique_ptr<WritableFileWriter> file_writer(new WritableFileWriter(
+        std::move(lfile), log_fname, opt_file_options,
+        immutable_db_options_.clock, io_tracer_, nullptr /* stats */, listeners,
+        nullptr, tmp_set.Contains(FileType::kWalFile),
+        tmp_set.Contains(FileType::kWalFile)));
+    *new_log = new log::Writer(std::move(file_writer), log_file_num,
+                               immutable_db_options_.recycle_log_file_num > 0,
+                               immutable_db_options_.manual_wal_flush,
+                               immutable_db_options_.wal_compression);
+    io_s = (*new_log)->AddCompressionTypeRecord();
+  }
+  return io_s;
+}
+
+Status DBImpl::Open(const DBOptions& db_options, const std::string& dbname,
+                    const std::vector<ColumnFamilyDescriptor>& column_families,
+                    std::vector<ColumnFamilyHandle*>* handles, DB** dbptr,
+                    const bool seq_per_batch, const bool batch_per_txn) {
+  Status s = ValidateOptionsByTable(db_options, column_families);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  s = ValidateOptions(db_options, column_families);
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  *dbptr = nullptr;
+  assert(handles);
+  handles->clear();
+
+  size_t max_write_buffer_size = 0;
+  for (auto cf : column_families) {
+    max_write_buffer_size =
+        std::max(max_write_buffer_size, cf.options.write_buffer_size);
+  }
+
+  DBImpl* impl = new DBImpl(db_options, dbname, seq_per_batch, batch_per_txn);
+  if (!impl->immutable_db_options_.info_log) {
+    s = impl->init_logger_creation_s_;
+    delete impl;
+    return s;
+  } else {
+    assert(impl->init_logger_creation_s_.ok());
+  }
+  s = impl->env_->CreateDirIfMissing(impl->immutable_db_options_.GetWalDir());
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    std::vector<std::string> paths;
+    for (auto& db_path : impl->immutable_db_options_.db_paths) {
+      paths.emplace_back(db_path.path);
+    }
+    for (auto& cf : column_families) {
+      for (auto& cf_path : cf.options.cf_paths) {
+        paths.emplace_back(cf_path.path);
+      }
+    }
+    for (auto& path : paths) {
+      s = impl->env_->CreateDirIfMissing(path);
+      if (!s.ok()) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // For recovery from NoSpace() error, we can only handle
+    // the case where the database is stored in a single path
+    if (paths.size() <= 1) {
+      impl->error_handler_.EnableAutoRecovery();
+    }
+  }
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    s = impl->CreateArchivalDirectory();
+  }
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    delete impl;
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  impl->wal_in_db_path_ = impl->immutable_db_options_.IsWalDirSameAsDBPath();
+  RecoveryContext recovery_ctx;
+  impl->mutex_.Lock();
+
+  // Handles create_if_missing, error_if_exists
+  uint64_t recovered_seq(kMaxSequenceNumber);
+  s = impl->Recover(column_families, false /* read_only */,
+                    false /* error_if_wal_file_exists */,
+                    false /* error_if_data_exists_in_wals */, &recovered_seq,
+                    &recovery_ctx);
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    uint64_t new_log_number = impl->versions_->NewFileNumber();
+    log::Writer* new_log = nullptr;
+    const size_t preallocate_block_size =
+        impl->GetWalPreallocateBlockSize(max_write_buffer_size);
+    s = impl->CreateWAL(new_log_number, 0 /*recycle_log_number*/,
+                        preallocate_block_size, &new_log);
+    if (s.ok()) {
+      InstrumentedMutexLock wl(&impl->log_write_mutex_);
+      impl->logfile_number_ = new_log_number;
+      assert(new_log != nullptr);
+      assert(impl->logs_.empty());
+      impl->logs_.emplace_back(new_log_number, new_log);
+    }
+
+    if (s.ok()) {
+      impl->alive_log_files_.push_back(
+          DBImpl::LogFileNumberSize(impl->logfile_number_));
+      // In WritePrepared there could be gap in sequence numbers. This breaks
+      // the trick we use in kPointInTimeRecovery which assumes the first seq in
+      // the log right after the corrupted log is one larger than the last seq
+      // we read from the wals. To let this trick keep working, we add a dummy
+      // entry with the expected sequence to the first log right after recovery.
+      // In non-WritePrepared case also the new log after recovery could be
+      // empty, and thus missing the consecutive seq hint to distinguish
+      // middle-log corruption to corrupted-log-remained-after-recovery. This
+      // case also will be addressed by a dummy write.
+      if (recovered_seq != kMaxSequenceNumber) {
+        WriteBatch empty_batch;
+        WriteBatchInternal::SetSequence(&empty_batch, recovered_seq);
+        WriteOptions write_options;
+        uint64_t log_used, log_size;
+        log::Writer* log_writer = impl->logs_.back().writer;
+        LogFileNumberSize& log_file_number_size = impl->alive_log_files_.back();
+
+        assert(log_writer->get_log_number() == log_file_number_size.number);
+        impl->mutex_.AssertHeld();
+        s = impl->WriteToWAL(empty_batch, log_writer, &log_used, &log_size,
+                             Env::IO_TOTAL, log_file_number_size);
+        if (s.ok()) {
+          // Need to fsync, otherwise it might get lost after a power reset.
+          s = impl->FlushWAL(false);
+          TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("DBImpl::Open::BeforeSyncWAL", /*arg=*/&s);
+          if (s.ok()) {
+            s = log_writer->file()->Sync(impl->immutable_db_options_.use_fsync);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    s = impl->LogAndApplyForRecovery(recovery_ctx);
+  }
+
+  if (s.ok() && impl->immutable_db_options_.persist_stats_to_disk) {
+    impl->mutex_.AssertHeld();
+    s = impl->InitPersistStatsColumnFamily();
+  }
+
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    // set column family handles
+    for (auto cf : column_families) {
+      auto cfd =
+          impl->versions_->GetColumnFamilySet()->GetColumnFamily(cf.name);
+      if (cfd != nullptr) {
+        handles->push_back(
+            new ColumnFamilyHandleImpl(cfd, impl, &impl->mutex_));
+        impl->NewThreadStatusCfInfo(cfd);
+      } else {
+        if (db_options.create_missing_column_families) {
+          // missing column family, create it
+          ColumnFamilyHandle* handle = nullptr;
+          impl->mutex_.Unlock();
+          s = impl->CreateColumnFamily(cf.options, cf.name, &handle);
+          impl->mutex_.Lock();
+          if (s.ok()) {
+            handles->push_back(handle);
+          } else {
+            break;
+          }
+        } else {
+          s = Status::InvalidArgument("Column family not found", cf.name);
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    SuperVersionContext sv_context(/* create_superversion */ true);
+    for (auto cfd : *impl->versions_->GetColumnFamilySet()) {
+      impl->InstallSuperVersionAndScheduleWork(
+          cfd, &sv_context, *cfd->GetLatestMutableCFOptions());
+    }
+    sv_context.Clean();
+  }
+
+  if (s.ok() && impl->immutable_db_options_.persist_stats_to_disk) {
+    // try to read format version
+    s = impl->PersistentStatsProcessFormatVersion();
+  }
+
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    for (auto cfd : *impl->versions_->GetColumnFamilySet()) {
+      if (!cfd->mem()->IsSnapshotSupported()) {
+        impl->is_snapshot_supported_ = false;
+      }
+      if (cfd->ioptions()->merge_operator != nullptr &&
+          !cfd->mem()->IsMergeOperatorSupported()) {
+        s = Status::InvalidArgument(
+            "The memtable of column family %s does not support merge operator "
+            "its options.merge_operator is non-null",
+            cfd->GetName().c_str());
+      }
+      if (!s.ok()) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  TEST_SYNC_POINT("DBImpl::Open:Opened");
+  Status persist_options_status;
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    // Persist RocksDB Options before scheduling the compaction.
+    // The WriteOptionsFile() will release and lock the mutex internally.
+    persist_options_status = impl->WriteOptionsFile(
+        false /*need_mutex_lock*/, false /*need_enter_write_thread*/);
+
+    *dbptr = impl;
+    impl->opened_successfully_ = true;
+    impl->DeleteObsoleteFiles();
+    TEST_SYNC_POINT("DBImpl::Open:AfterDeleteFiles");
+    impl->MaybeScheduleFlushOrCompaction();
+  } else {
+    persist_options_status.PermitUncheckedError();
+  }
+  impl->mutex_.Unlock();
+
+  auto sfm = static_cast<SstFileManagerImpl*>(
+      impl->immutable_db_options_.sst_file_manager.get());
+  if (s.ok() && sfm) {
+    // Set Statistics ptr for SstFileManager to dump the stats of
+    // DeleteScheduler.
+    sfm->SetStatisticsPtr(impl->immutable_db_options_.statistics);
+    ROCKS_LOG_INFO(impl->immutable_db_options_.info_log,
+                   "SstFileManager instance %p", sfm);
+
+    // Notify SstFileManager about all sst files that already exist in
+    // db_paths[0] and cf_paths[0] when the DB is opened.
+
+    // SstFileManagerImpl needs to know sizes of the files. For files whose size
+    // we already know (sst files that appear in manifest - typically that's the
+    // vast majority of all files), we'll pass the size to SstFileManager.
+    // For all other files SstFileManager will query the size from filesystem.
+
+    std::vector<ColumnFamilyMetaData> metadata;
+    impl->GetAllColumnFamilyMetaData(&metadata);
+
+    std::unordered_map<std::string, uint64_t> known_file_sizes;
+    for (const auto& md : metadata) {
+      for (const auto& lmd : md.levels) {
+        for (const auto& fmd : lmd.files) {
+          known_file_sizes[fmd.relative_filename] = fmd.size;
+        }
+      }
+      for (const auto& bmd : md.blob_files) {
+        std::string name = bmd.blob_file_name;
+        // The BlobMetaData.blob_file_name may start with "/".
+        if (!name.empty() && name[0] == '/') {
+          name = name.substr(1);
+        }
+        known_file_sizes[name] = bmd.blob_file_size;
+      }
+    }
+
+    std::vector<std::string> paths;
+    paths.emplace_back(impl->immutable_db_options_.db_paths[0].path);
+    for (auto& cf : column_families) {
+      if (!cf.options.cf_paths.empty()) {
+        paths.emplace_back(cf.options.cf_paths[0].path);
+      }
+    }
+    // Remove duplicate paths.
+    std::sort(paths.begin(), paths.end());
+    paths.erase(std::unique(paths.begin(), paths.end()), paths.end());
+    IOOptions io_opts;
+    io_opts.do_not_recurse = true;
+    for (auto& path : paths) {
+      std::vector<std::string> existing_files;
+      impl->immutable_db_options_.fs
+          ->GetChildren(path, io_opts, &existing_files,
+                        /*IODebugContext*=*/nullptr)
+          .PermitUncheckedError();  //**TODO: What do to on error?
+      for (auto& file_name : existing_files) {
+        uint64_t file_number;
+        FileType file_type;
+        std::string file_path = path + "/" + file_name;
+        if (ParseFileName(file_name, &file_number, &file_type) &&
+            (file_type == kTableFile || file_type == kBlobFile)) {
+          // TODO: Check for errors from OnAddFile?
+          if (known_file_sizes.count(file_name)) {
+            // We're assuming that each sst file name exists in at most one of
+            // the paths.
+            sfm->OnAddFile(file_path, known_file_sizes.at(file_name))
+                .PermitUncheckedError();
+          } else {
+            sfm->OnAddFile(file_path).PermitUncheckedError();
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Reserve some disk buffer space. This is a heuristic - when we run out
+    // of disk space, this ensures that there is atleast write_buffer_size
+    // amount of free space before we resume DB writes. In low disk space
+    // conditions, we want to avoid a lot of small L0 files due to frequent
+    // WAL write failures and resultant forced flushes
+    sfm->ReserveDiskBuffer(max_write_buffer_size,
+                           impl->immutable_db_options_.db_paths[0].path);
+  }
+
+
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    ROCKS_LOG_HEADER(impl->immutable_db_options_.info_log, "DB pointer %p",
+                     impl);
+    LogFlush(impl->immutable_db_options_.info_log);
+    if (!impl->WALBufferIsEmpty()) {
+      s = impl->FlushWAL(false);
+      if (s.ok()) {
+        // Sync is needed otherwise WAL buffered data might get lost after a
+        // power reset.
+        log::Writer* log_writer = impl->logs_.back().writer;
+        s = log_writer->file()->Sync(impl->immutable_db_options_.use_fsync);
+      }
+    }
+    if (s.ok() && !persist_options_status.ok()) {
+      s = Status::IOError(
+          "DB::Open() failed --- Unable to persist Options file",
+          persist_options_status.ToString());
+    }
+  }
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    ROCKS_LOG_WARN(impl->immutable_db_options_.info_log,
+                   "DB::Open() failed: %s", s.ToString().c_str());
+  }
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    s = impl->StartPeriodicTaskScheduler();
+  }
+
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    s = impl->RegisterRecordSeqnoTimeWorker();
+  }
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    for (auto* h : *handles) {
+      delete h;
+    }
+    handles->clear();
+    delete impl;
+    *dbptr = nullptr;
+  }
+  return s;
+}
+}  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE