rocksdb-native 0.0.0

package/vendor/rocksdb/util/filter_bench.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,840 @@
+//  Copyright (c) 2011-present, Facebook, Inc.  All rights reserved.
+//  This source code is licensed under both the GPLv2 (found in the
+//  COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License
+//  (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).
+
+#if !defined(GFLAGS)
+#include <cstdio>
+int main() {
+  fprintf(stderr, "filter_bench requires gflags\n");
+  return 1;
+}
+#else
+
+#include <cinttypes>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "memory/arena.h"
+#include "port/port.h"
+#include "port/stack_trace.h"
+#include "rocksdb/cache.h"
+#include "rocksdb/env.h"
+#include "rocksdb/system_clock.h"
+#include "rocksdb/table.h"
+#include "table/block_based/filter_policy_internal.h"
+#include "table/block_based/full_filter_block.h"
+#include "table/block_based/mock_block_based_table.h"
+#include "table/plain/plain_table_bloom.h"
+#include "util/cast_util.h"
+#include "util/gflags_compat.h"
+#include "util/hash.h"
+#include "util/random.h"
+#include "util/stderr_logger.h"
+#include "util/stop_watch.h"
+#include "util/string_util.h"
+
+using GFLAGS_NAMESPACE::ParseCommandLineFlags;
+using GFLAGS_NAMESPACE::RegisterFlagValidator;
+using GFLAGS_NAMESPACE::SetUsageMessage;
+
+DEFINE_uint32(seed, 0, "Seed for random number generators");
+
+DEFINE_double(working_mem_size_mb, 200,
+              "MB of memory to get up to among all filters, unless "
+              "m_keys_total_max is specified.");
+
+DEFINE_uint32(average_keys_per_filter, 10000,
+              "Average number of keys per filter");
+
+DEFINE_double(vary_key_count_ratio, 0.4,
+              "Vary number of keys by up to +/- vary_key_count_ratio * "
+              "average_keys_per_filter.");
+
+DEFINE_uint32(key_size, 24, "Average number of bytes for each key");
+
+DEFINE_bool(vary_key_alignment, true,
+            "Whether to vary key alignment (default: at least 32-bit "
+            "alignment)");
+
+DEFINE_uint32(vary_key_size_log2_interval, 5,
+              "Use same key size 2^n times, then change. Key size varies from "
+              "-2 to +2 bytes vs. average, unless n>=30 to fix key size.");
+
+DEFINE_uint32(batch_size, 8, "Number of keys to group in each batch");
+
+DEFINE_double(bits_per_key, 10.0, "Bits per key setting for filters");
+
+DEFINE_double(m_queries, 200, "Millions of queries for each test mode");
+
+DEFINE_double(m_keys_total_max, 0,
+              "Maximum total keys added to filters, in millions. "
+              "0 (default) disables. Non-zero overrides working_mem_size_mb "
+              "option.");
+
+DEFINE_bool(use_full_block_reader, false,
+            "Use FullFilterBlockReader interface rather than FilterBitsReader");
+
+DEFINE_bool(use_plain_table_bloom, false,
+            "Use PlainTableBloom structure and interface rather than "
+            "FilterBitsReader/FullFilterBlockReader");
+
+DEFINE_bool(new_builder, false,
+            "Whether to create a new builder for each new filter");
+
+DEFINE_uint32(impl, 0,
+              "Select filter implementation. Without -use_plain_table_bloom:"
+              "0 = legacy full Bloom filter, "
+              "1 = format_version 5 Bloom filter, 2 = Ribbon128 filter. With "
+              "-use_plain_table_bloom: 0 = no locality, 1 = locality.");
+
+DEFINE_bool(net_includes_hashing, false,
+            "Whether query net ns/op times should include hashing. "
+            "(if not, dry run will include hashing) "
+            "(build times always include hashing)");
+
+DEFINE_bool(optimize_filters_for_memory, false,
+            "Setting for BlockBasedTableOptions::optimize_filters_for_memory");
+
+DEFINE_bool(detect_filter_construct_corruption, false,
+            "Setting for "
+            "BlockBasedTableOptions::detect_filter_construct_corruption");
+
+DEFINE_uint32(block_cache_capacity_MB, 8,
+              "Setting for "
+              "LRUCacheOptions::capacity");
+
+DEFINE_bool(charge_filter_construction, false,
+            "Setting for "
+            "CacheEntryRoleOptions::charged of"
+            "CacheEntryRole::kFilterConstruction");
+
+DEFINE_bool(strict_capacity_limit, false,
+            "Setting for "
+            "LRUCacheOptions::strict_capacity_limit");
+
+DEFINE_bool(quick, false, "Run more limited set of tests, fewer queries");
+
+DEFINE_bool(best_case, false, "Run limited tests only for best-case");
+
+DEFINE_bool(allow_bad_fp_rate, false, "Continue even if FP rate is bad");
+
+DEFINE_bool(legend, false,
+            "Print more information about interpreting results instead of "
+            "running tests");
+
+DEFINE_uint32(runs, 1, "Number of times to rebuild and run benchmark tests");
+
+void _always_assert_fail(int line, const char *file, const char *expr) {
+  fprintf(stderr, "%s: %d: Assertion %s failed\n", file, line, expr);
+  abort();
+}
+
+#define ALWAYS_ASSERT(cond) \
+  ((cond) ? (void)0 : ::_always_assert_fail(__LINE__, __FILE__, #cond))
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+// This could affect build times enough that we should not include it for
+// accurate speed tests
+#define PREDICT_FP_RATE
+#endif
+
+using ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Arena;
+using ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::BlockContents;
+using ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::BloomFilterPolicy;
+using ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::BloomHash;
+using ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::BloomLikeFilterPolicy;
+using ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::BuiltinFilterBitsBuilder;
+using ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::CachableEntry;
+using ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Cache;
+using ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::CacheEntryRole;
+using ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::CacheEntryRoleOptions;
+using ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::EncodeFixed32;
+using ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Env;
+using ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::FastRange32;
+using ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::FilterBitsReader;
+using ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::FilterBuildingContext;
+using ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::FilterPolicy;
+using ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::FullFilterBlockReader;
+using ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::GetSliceHash;
+using ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::GetSliceHash64;
+using ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Lower32of64;
+using ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::LRUCacheOptions;
+using ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ParsedFullFilterBlock;
+using ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::PlainTableBloomV1;
+using ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Random32;
+using ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Slice;
+using ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::static_cast_with_check;
+using ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Status;
+using ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::StderrLogger;
+using ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::mock::MockBlockBasedTableTester;
+
+struct KeyMaker {
+  KeyMaker(size_t avg_size)
+      : smallest_size_(avg_size -
+                       (FLAGS_vary_key_size_log2_interval >= 30 ? 2 : 0)),
+        buf_size_(avg_size + 11),  // pad to vary key size and alignment
+        buf_(new char[buf_size_]) {
+    memset(buf_.get(), 0, buf_size_);
+    assert(smallest_size_ > 8);
+  }
+  size_t smallest_size_;
+  size_t buf_size_;
+  std::unique_ptr<char[]> buf_;
+
+  // Returns a unique(-ish) key based on the given parameter values. Each
+  // call returns a Slice from the same buffer so previously returned
+  // Slices should be considered invalidated.
+  Slice Get(uint32_t filter_num, uint32_t val_num) {
+    size_t start = FLAGS_vary_key_alignment ? val_num % 4 : 0;
+    size_t len = smallest_size_;
+    if (FLAGS_vary_key_size_log2_interval < 30) {
+      // To get range [avg_size - 2, avg_size + 2]
+      // use range [smallest_size, smallest_size + 4]
+      len += FastRange32(
+          (val_num >> FLAGS_vary_key_size_log2_interval) * 1234567891, 5);
+    }
+    char *data = buf_.get() + start;
+    // Populate key data such that all data makes it into a key of at
+    // least 8 bytes. We also don't want all the within-filter key
+    // variance confined to a contiguous 32 bits, because then a 32 bit
+    // hash function can "cheat" the false positive rate by
+    // approximating a perfect hash.
+    EncodeFixed32(data, val_num);
+    EncodeFixed32(data + 4, filter_num + val_num);
+    // ensure clearing leftovers from different alignment
+    EncodeFixed32(data + 8, 0);
+    return Slice(data, len);
+  }
+};
+
+void PrintWarnings() {
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__OPTIMIZE__)
+  fprintf(stdout,
+          "WARNING: Optimization is disabled: benchmarks unnecessarily slow\n");
+#endif
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  fprintf(stdout,
+          "WARNING: Assertions are enabled; benchmarks unnecessarily slow\n");
+#endif
+}
+
+void PrintError(const char *error) { fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: %s\n", error); }
+
+struct FilterInfo {
+  uint32_t filter_id_ = 0;
+  std::unique_ptr<const char[]> owner_;
+  Slice filter_;
+  Status filter_construction_status = Status::OK();
+  uint32_t keys_added_ = 0;
+  std::unique_ptr<FilterBitsReader> reader_;
+  std::unique_ptr<FullFilterBlockReader> full_block_reader_;
+  std::unique_ptr<PlainTableBloomV1> plain_table_bloom_;
+  uint64_t outside_queries_ = 0;
+  uint64_t false_positives_ = 0;
+};
+
+enum TestMode {
+  kSingleFilter,
+  kBatchPrepared,
+  kBatchUnprepared,
+  kFiftyOneFilter,
+  kEightyTwentyFilter,
+  kRandomFilter,
+};
+
+static const std::vector<TestMode> allTestModes = {
+    kSingleFilter,   kBatchPrepared,      kBatchUnprepared,
+    kFiftyOneFilter, kEightyTwentyFilter, kRandomFilter,
+};
+
+static const std::vector<TestMode> quickTestModes = {
+    kSingleFilter,
+    kRandomFilter,
+};
+
+static const std::vector<TestMode> bestCaseTestModes = {
+    kSingleFilter,
+};
+
+const char *TestModeToString(TestMode tm) {
+  switch (tm) {
+    case kSingleFilter:
+      return "Single filter";
+    case kBatchPrepared:
+      return "Batched, prepared";
+    case kBatchUnprepared:
+      return "Batched, unprepared";
+    case kFiftyOneFilter:
+      return "Skewed 50% in 1%";
+    case kEightyTwentyFilter:
+      return "Skewed 80% in 20%";
+    case kRandomFilter:
+      return "Random filter";
+  }
+  return "Bad TestMode";
+}
+
+// Do just enough to keep some data dependence for the
+// compiler / CPU
+static uint32_t DryRunNoHash(Slice &s) {
+  uint32_t sz = static_cast<uint32_t>(s.size());
+  if (sz >= 4) {
+    return sz + s.data()[3];
+  } else {
+    return sz;
+  }
+}
+
+static uint32_t DryRunHash32(Slice &s) {
+  // Same perf characteristics as GetSliceHash()
+  return BloomHash(s);
+}
+
+static uint32_t DryRunHash64(Slice &s) {
+  return Lower32of64(GetSliceHash64(s));
+}
+
+const std::shared_ptr<const FilterPolicy> &GetPolicy() {
+  static std::shared_ptr<const FilterPolicy> policy;
+  if (!policy) {
+    policy = BloomLikeFilterPolicy::Create(
+        BloomLikeFilterPolicy::GetAllFixedImpls().at(FLAGS_impl),
+        FLAGS_bits_per_key);
+  }
+  return policy;
+}
+
+struct FilterBench : public MockBlockBasedTableTester {
+  std::vector<KeyMaker> kms_;
+  std::vector<FilterInfo> infos_;
+  Random32 random_;
+  std::ostringstream fp_rate_report_;
+  Arena arena_;
+  double m_queries_;
+  StderrLogger stderr_logger_;
+
+  FilterBench()
+      : MockBlockBasedTableTester(GetPolicy()),
+        random_(FLAGS_seed),
+        m_queries_(0) {
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < FLAGS_batch_size; ++i) {
+      kms_.emplace_back(FLAGS_key_size < 8 ? 8 : FLAGS_key_size);
+    }
+    ioptions_.logger = &stderr_logger_;
+    table_options_.optimize_filters_for_memory =
+        FLAGS_optimize_filters_for_memory;
+    table_options_.detect_filter_construct_corruption =
+        FLAGS_detect_filter_construct_corruption;
+    table_options_.cache_usage_options.options_overrides.insert(
+        {CacheEntryRole::kFilterConstruction,
+         {/*.charged = */ FLAGS_charge_filter_construction
+              ? CacheEntryRoleOptions::Decision::kEnabled
+              : CacheEntryRoleOptions::Decision::kDisabled}});
+    if (FLAGS_charge_filter_construction) {
+      table_options_.no_block_cache = false;
+      LRUCacheOptions lo;
+      lo.capacity = FLAGS_block_cache_capacity_MB * 1024 * 1024;
+      lo.num_shard_bits = 0;  // 2^0 shard
+      lo.strict_capacity_limit = FLAGS_strict_capacity_limit;
+      std::shared_ptr<Cache> cache(NewLRUCache(lo));
+      table_options_.block_cache = cache;
+    }
+  }
+
+  void Go();
+
+  double RandomQueryTest(uint32_t inside_threshold, bool dry_run,
+                         TestMode mode);
+};
+
+void FilterBench::Go() {
+  if (FLAGS_use_plain_table_bloom && FLAGS_use_full_block_reader) {
+    throw std::runtime_error(
+        "Can't combine -use_plain_table_bloom and -use_full_block_reader");
+  }
+  if (FLAGS_use_plain_table_bloom) {
+    if (FLAGS_impl > 1) {
+      throw std::runtime_error(
+          "-impl must currently be >= 0 and <= 1 for Plain table");
+    }
+  } else {
+    if (FLAGS_impl > 2) {
+      throw std::runtime_error(
+          "-impl must currently be >= 0 and <= 2 for Block-based table");
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (FLAGS_vary_key_count_ratio < 0.0 || FLAGS_vary_key_count_ratio > 1.0) {
+    throw std::runtime_error("-vary_key_count_ratio must be >= 0.0 and <= 1.0");
+  }
+
+  // For example, average_keys_per_filter = 100, vary_key_count_ratio = 0.1.
+  // Varys up to +/- 10 keys. variance_range = 21 (generating value 0..20).
+  // variance_offset = 10, so value - offset average value is always 0.
+  const uint32_t variance_range =
+      1 + 2 * static_cast<uint32_t>(FLAGS_vary_key_count_ratio *
+                                    FLAGS_average_keys_per_filter);
+  const uint32_t variance_offset = variance_range / 2;
+
+  const std::vector<TestMode> &testModes = FLAGS_best_case ? bestCaseTestModes
+                                           : FLAGS_quick   ? quickTestModes
+                                                           : allTestModes;
+
+  m_queries_ = FLAGS_m_queries;
+  double working_mem_size_mb = FLAGS_working_mem_size_mb;
+  if (FLAGS_quick) {
+    m_queries_ /= 7.0;
+  } else if (FLAGS_best_case) {
+    m_queries_ /= 3.0;
+    working_mem_size_mb /= 10.0;
+  }
+
+  std::cout << "Building..." << std::endl;
+
+  std::unique_ptr<BuiltinFilterBitsBuilder> builder;
+
+  size_t total_memory_used = 0;
+  size_t total_size = 0;
+  size_t total_keys_added = 0;
+#ifdef PREDICT_FP_RATE
+  double weighted_predicted_fp_rate = 0.0;
+#endif
+  size_t max_total_keys;
+  size_t max_mem;
+  if (FLAGS_m_keys_total_max > 0) {
+    max_total_keys = static_cast<size_t>(1000000 * FLAGS_m_keys_total_max);
+    max_mem = SIZE_MAX;
+  } else {
+    max_total_keys = SIZE_MAX;
+    max_mem = static_cast<size_t>(1024 * 1024 * working_mem_size_mb);
+  }
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::StopWatchNano timer(
+      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::SystemClock::Default().get(), true);
+
+  infos_.clear();
+  while ((working_mem_size_mb == 0 || total_size < max_mem) &&
+         total_keys_added < max_total_keys) {
+    uint32_t filter_id = random_.Next();
+    uint32_t keys_to_add = FLAGS_average_keys_per_filter +
+                           FastRange32(random_.Next(), variance_range) -
+                           variance_offset;
+    if (max_total_keys - total_keys_added < keys_to_add) {
+      keys_to_add = static_cast<uint32_t>(max_total_keys - total_keys_added);
+    }
+    infos_.emplace_back();
+    FilterInfo &info = infos_.back();
+    info.filter_id_ = filter_id;
+    info.keys_added_ = keys_to_add;
+    if (FLAGS_use_plain_table_bloom) {
+      info.plain_table_bloom_.reset(new PlainTableBloomV1());
+      info.plain_table_bloom_->SetTotalBits(
+          &arena_, static_cast<uint32_t>(keys_to_add * FLAGS_bits_per_key),
+          FLAGS_impl, 0 /*huge_page*/, nullptr /*logger*/);
+      for (uint32_t i = 0; i < keys_to_add; ++i) {
+        uint32_t hash = GetSliceHash(kms_[0].Get(filter_id, i));
+        info.plain_table_bloom_->AddHash(hash);
+      }
+      info.filter_ = info.plain_table_bloom_->GetRawData();
+    } else {
+      if (!builder) {
+        builder.reset(
+            static_cast_with_check<BuiltinFilterBitsBuilder>(GetBuilder()));
+      }
+      for (uint32_t i = 0; i < keys_to_add; ++i) {
+        builder->AddKey(kms_[0].Get(filter_id, i));
+      }
+      info.filter_ =
+          builder->Finish(&info.owner_, &info.filter_construction_status);
+      if (info.filter_construction_status.ok()) {
+        info.filter_construction_status =
+            builder->MaybePostVerify(info.filter_);
+      }
+      if (!info.filter_construction_status.ok()) {
+        PrintError(info.filter_construction_status.ToString().c_str());
+      }
+#ifdef PREDICT_FP_RATE
+      weighted_predicted_fp_rate +=
+          keys_to_add *
+          builder->EstimatedFpRate(keys_to_add, info.filter_.size());
+#endif
+      if (FLAGS_new_builder) {
+        builder.reset();
+      }
+      info.reader_.reset(
+          table_options_.filter_policy->GetFilterBitsReader(info.filter_));
+      CachableEntry<ParsedFullFilterBlock> block(
+          new ParsedFullFilterBlock(table_options_.filter_policy.get(),
+                                    BlockContents(info.filter_)),
+          nullptr /* cache */, nullptr /* cache_handle */,
+          true /* own_value */);
+      info.full_block_reader_.reset(
+          new FullFilterBlockReader(table_.get(), std::move(block)));
+    }
+    total_size += info.filter_.size();
+#ifdef ROCKSDB_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE
+    total_memory_used +=
+        malloc_usable_size(const_cast<char *>(info.filter_.data()));
+#endif  // ROCKSDB_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE
+    total_keys_added += keys_to_add;
+  }
+
+  uint64_t elapsed_nanos = timer.ElapsedNanos();
+  double ns = double(elapsed_nanos) / total_keys_added;
+  std::cout << "Build avg ns/key: " << ns << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "Number of filters: " << infos_.size() << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "Total size (MB): " << total_size / 1024.0 / 1024.0 << std::endl;
+  if (total_memory_used > 0) {
+    std::cout << "Reported total allocated memory (MB): "
+              << total_memory_used / 1024.0 / 1024.0 << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Reported internal fragmentation: "
+              << (total_memory_used - total_size) * 100.0 / total_size << "%"
+              << std::endl;
+  }
+
+  double bpk = total_size * 8.0 / total_keys_added;
+  std::cout << "Bits/key stored: " << bpk << std::endl;
+#ifdef PREDICT_FP_RATE
+  std::cout << "Predicted FP rate %: "
+            << 100.0 * (weighted_predicted_fp_rate / total_keys_added)
+            << std::endl;
+#endif
+  if (!FLAGS_quick && !FLAGS_best_case) {
+    double tolerable_rate = std::pow(2.0, -(bpk - 1.0) / (1.4 + bpk / 50.0));
+    std::cout << "Best possible FP rate %: " << 100.0 * std::pow(2.0, -bpk)
+              << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Tolerable FP rate %: " << 100.0 * tolerable_rate << std::endl;
+
+    std::cout << "----------------------------" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Verifying..." << std::endl;
+
+    uint32_t outside_q_per_f =
+        static_cast<uint32_t>(m_queries_ * 1000000 / infos_.size());
+    uint64_t fps = 0;
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < infos_.size(); ++i) {
+      FilterInfo &info = infos_[i];
+      for (uint32_t j = 0; j < info.keys_added_; ++j) {
+        if (FLAGS_use_plain_table_bloom) {
+          uint32_t hash = GetSliceHash(kms_[0].Get(info.filter_id_, j));
+          ALWAYS_ASSERT(info.plain_table_bloom_->MayContainHash(hash));
+        } else {
+          ALWAYS_ASSERT(
+              info.reader_->MayMatch(kms_[0].Get(info.filter_id_, j)));
+        }
+      }
+      for (uint32_t j = 0; j < outside_q_per_f; ++j) {
+        if (FLAGS_use_plain_table_bloom) {
+          uint32_t hash =
+              GetSliceHash(kms_[0].Get(info.filter_id_, j | 0x80000000));
+          fps += info.plain_table_bloom_->MayContainHash(hash);
+        } else {
+          fps += info.reader_->MayMatch(
+              kms_[0].Get(info.filter_id_, j | 0x80000000));
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    std::cout << " No FNs :)" << std::endl;
+    double prelim_rate = double(fps) / outside_q_per_f / infos_.size();
+    std::cout << " Prelim FP rate %: " << (100.0 * prelim_rate) << std::endl;
+
+    if (!FLAGS_allow_bad_fp_rate) {
+      ALWAYS_ASSERT(prelim_rate < tolerable_rate);
+    }
+  }
+
+  std::cout << "----------------------------" << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "Mixed inside/outside queries..." << std::endl;
+  // 50% each inside and outside
+  uint32_t inside_threshold = UINT32_MAX / 2;
+  for (TestMode tm : testModes) {
+    random_.Seed(FLAGS_seed + 1);
+    double f = RandomQueryTest(inside_threshold, /*dry_run*/ false, tm);
+    random_.Seed(FLAGS_seed + 1);
+    double d = RandomQueryTest(inside_threshold, /*dry_run*/ true, tm);
+    std::cout << "  " << TestModeToString(tm) << " net ns/op: " << (f - d)
+              << std::endl;
+  }
+
+  if (!FLAGS_quick) {
+    std::cout << "----------------------------" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Inside queries (mostly)..." << std::endl;
+    // Do about 95% inside queries rather than 100% so that branch predictor
+    // can't give itself an artifically crazy advantage.
+    inside_threshold = UINT32_MAX / 20 * 19;
+    for (TestMode tm : testModes) {
+      random_.Seed(FLAGS_seed + 1);
+      double f = RandomQueryTest(inside_threshold, /*dry_run*/ false, tm);
+      random_.Seed(FLAGS_seed + 1);
+      double d = RandomQueryTest(inside_threshold, /*dry_run*/ true, tm);
+      std::cout << "  " << TestModeToString(tm) << " net ns/op: " << (f - d)
+                << std::endl;
+    }
+
+    std::cout << "----------------------------" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Outside queries (mostly)..." << std::endl;
+    // Do about 95% outside queries rather than 100% so that branch predictor
+    // can't give itself an artifically crazy advantage.
+    inside_threshold = UINT32_MAX / 20;
+    for (TestMode tm : testModes) {
+      random_.Seed(FLAGS_seed + 2);
+      double f = RandomQueryTest(inside_threshold, /*dry_run*/ false, tm);
+      random_.Seed(FLAGS_seed + 2);
+      double d = RandomQueryTest(inside_threshold, /*dry_run*/ true, tm);
+      std::cout << "  " << TestModeToString(tm) << " net ns/op: " << (f - d)
+                << std::endl;
+    }
+  }
+  std::cout << fp_rate_report_.str();
+
+  std::cout << "----------------------------" << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "Done. (For more info, run with -legend or -help.)" << std::endl;
+}
+
+double FilterBench::RandomQueryTest(uint32_t inside_threshold, bool dry_run,
+                                    TestMode mode) {
+  for (auto &info : infos_) {
+    info.outside_queries_ = 0;
+    info.false_positives_ = 0;
+  }
+
+  auto dry_run_hash_fn = DryRunNoHash;
+  if (!FLAGS_net_includes_hashing) {
+    if (FLAGS_impl == 0 || FLAGS_use_plain_table_bloom) {
+      dry_run_hash_fn = DryRunHash32;
+    } else {
+      dry_run_hash_fn = DryRunHash64;
+    }
+  }
+
+  uint32_t num_infos = static_cast<uint32_t>(infos_.size());
+  uint32_t dry_run_hash = 0;
+  uint64_t max_queries = static_cast<uint64_t>(m_queries_ * 1000000 + 0.50);
+  // Some filters may be considered secondary in order to implement skewed
+  // queries. num_primary_filters is the number that are to be treated as
+  // equal, and any remainder will be treated as secondary.
+  uint32_t num_primary_filters = num_infos;
+  // The proportion (when divided by 2^32 - 1) of filter queries going to
+  // the primary filters (default = all). The remainder of queries are
+  // against secondary filters.
+  uint32_t primary_filter_threshold = 0xffffffff;
+  if (mode == kSingleFilter) {
+    // 100% of queries to 1 filter
+    num_primary_filters = 1;
+  } else if (mode == kFiftyOneFilter) {
+    if (num_infos < 50) {
+      return 0.0;  // skip
+    }
+    // 50% of queries
+    primary_filter_threshold /= 2;
+    // to 1% of filters
+    num_primary_filters = (num_primary_filters + 99) / 100;
+  } else if (mode == kEightyTwentyFilter) {
+    if (num_infos < 5) {
+      return 0.0;  // skip
+    }
+    // 80% of queries
+    primary_filter_threshold = primary_filter_threshold / 5 * 4;
+    // to 20% of filters
+    num_primary_filters = (num_primary_filters + 4) / 5;
+  } else if (mode == kRandomFilter) {
+    if (num_infos == 1) {
+      return 0.0;  // skip
+    }
+  }
+  uint32_t batch_size = 1;
+  std::unique_ptr<Slice[]> batch_slices;
+  std::unique_ptr<Slice *[]> batch_slice_ptrs;
+  std::unique_ptr<bool[]> batch_results;
+  if (mode == kBatchPrepared || mode == kBatchUnprepared) {
+    batch_size = static_cast<uint32_t>(kms_.size());
+  }
+
+  batch_slices.reset(new Slice[batch_size]);
+  batch_slice_ptrs.reset(new Slice *[batch_size]);
+  batch_results.reset(new bool[batch_size]);
+  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < batch_size; ++i) {
+    batch_results[i] = false;
+    batch_slice_ptrs[i] = &batch_slices[i];
+  }
+
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::StopWatchNano timer(
+      ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::SystemClock::Default().get(), true);
+
+  for (uint64_t q = 0; q < max_queries; q += batch_size) {
+    bool inside_this_time = random_.Next() <= inside_threshold;
+
+    uint32_t filter_index;
+    if (random_.Next() <= primary_filter_threshold) {
+      filter_index = random_.Uniformish(num_primary_filters);
+    } else {
+      // secondary
+      filter_index = num_primary_filters +
+                     random_.Uniformish(num_infos - num_primary_filters);
+    }
+    FilterInfo &info = infos_[filter_index];
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < batch_size; ++i) {
+      if (inside_this_time) {
+        batch_slices[i] =
+            kms_[i].Get(info.filter_id_, random_.Uniformish(info.keys_added_));
+      } else {
+        batch_slices[i] =
+            kms_[i].Get(info.filter_id_, random_.Uniformish(info.keys_added_) |
+                                             uint32_t{0x80000000});
+        info.outside_queries_++;
+      }
+    }
+    // TODO: implement batched interface to full block reader
+    // TODO: implement batched interface to plain table bloom
+    if (mode == kBatchPrepared && !FLAGS_use_full_block_reader &&
+        !FLAGS_use_plain_table_bloom) {
+      for (uint32_t i = 0; i < batch_size; ++i) {
+        batch_results[i] = false;
+      }
+      if (dry_run) {
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < batch_size; ++i) {
+          batch_results[i] = true;
+          dry_run_hash += dry_run_hash_fn(batch_slices[i]);
+        }
+      } else {
+        info.reader_->MayMatch(batch_size, batch_slice_ptrs.get(),
+                               batch_results.get());
+      }
+      for (uint32_t i = 0; i < batch_size; ++i) {
+        if (inside_this_time) {
+          ALWAYS_ASSERT(batch_results[i]);
+        } else {
+          info.false_positives_ += batch_results[i];
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      for (uint32_t i = 0; i < batch_size; ++i) {
+        bool may_match;
+        if (FLAGS_use_plain_table_bloom) {
+          if (dry_run) {
+            dry_run_hash += dry_run_hash_fn(batch_slices[i]);
+            may_match = true;
+          } else {
+            uint32_t hash = GetSliceHash(batch_slices[i]);
+            may_match = info.plain_table_bloom_->MayContainHash(hash);
+          }
+        } else if (FLAGS_use_full_block_reader) {
+          if (dry_run) {
+            dry_run_hash += dry_run_hash_fn(batch_slices[i]);
+            may_match = true;
+          } else {
+            may_match = info.full_block_reader_->KeyMayMatch(
+                batch_slices[i],
+                /*no_io=*/false, /*const_ikey_ptr=*/nullptr,
+                /*get_context=*/nullptr,
+                /*lookup_context=*/nullptr, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::ReadOptions());
+          }
+        } else {
+          if (dry_run) {
+            dry_run_hash += dry_run_hash_fn(batch_slices[i]);
+            may_match = true;
+          } else {
+            may_match = info.reader_->MayMatch(batch_slices[i]);
+          }
+        }
+        if (inside_this_time) {
+          ALWAYS_ASSERT(may_match);
+        } else {
+          info.false_positives_ += may_match;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  uint64_t elapsed_nanos = timer.ElapsedNanos();
+  double ns = double(elapsed_nanos) / max_queries;
+
+  if (!FLAGS_quick) {
+    if (dry_run) {
+      // Printing part of hash prevents dry run components from being optimized
+      // away by compiler
+      std::cout << "    Dry run (" << std::hex << (dry_run_hash & 0xfffff)
+                << std::dec << ") ";
+    } else {
+      std::cout << "    Gross filter    ";
+    }
+    std::cout << "ns/op: " << ns << std::endl;
+  }
+
+  if (!dry_run) {
+    fp_rate_report_.str("");
+    uint64_t q = 0;
+    uint64_t fp = 0;
+    double worst_fp_rate = 0.0;
+    double best_fp_rate = 1.0;
+    for (auto &info : infos_) {
+      q += info.outside_queries_;
+      fp += info.false_positives_;
+      if (info.outside_queries_ > 0) {
+        double fp_rate = double(info.false_positives_) / info.outside_queries_;
+        worst_fp_rate = std::max(worst_fp_rate, fp_rate);
+        best_fp_rate = std::min(best_fp_rate, fp_rate);
+      }
+    }
+    fp_rate_report_ << "    Average FP rate %: " << 100.0 * fp / q << std::endl;
+    if (!FLAGS_quick && !FLAGS_best_case) {
+      fp_rate_report_ << "    Worst   FP rate %: " << 100.0 * worst_fp_rate
+                      << std::endl;
+      fp_rate_report_ << "    Best    FP rate %: " << 100.0 * best_fp_rate
+                      << std::endl;
+      fp_rate_report_ << "    Best possible bits/key: "
+                      << -std::log(double(fp) / q) / std::log(2.0) << std::endl;
+    }
+  }
+  return ns;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv) {
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::port::InstallStackTraceHandler();
+  SetUsageMessage(std::string("\nUSAGE:\n") + std::string(argv[0]) +
+                  " [-quick] [OTHER OPTIONS]...");
+  ParseCommandLineFlags(&argc, &argv, true);
+
+  PrintWarnings();
+
+  if (FLAGS_legend) {
+    std::cout
+        << "Legend:" << std::endl
+        << "  \"Inside\" - key that was added to filter" << std::endl
+        << "  \"Outside\" - key that was not added to filter" << std::endl
+        << "  \"FN\" - false negative query (must not happen)" << std::endl
+        << "  \"FP\" - false positive query (OK at low rate)" << std::endl
+        << "  \"Dry run\" - cost of testing and hashing overhead." << std::endl
+        << "  \"Gross filter\" - cost of filter queries including testing "
+        << "\n     and hashing overhead." << std::endl
+        << "  \"net\" - best estimate of time in filter operation, without "
+        << "\n     testing and hashing overhead (gross filter - dry run)"
+        << std::endl
+        << "  \"ns/op\" - nanoseconds per operation (key query or add)"
+        << std::endl
+        << "  \"Single filter\" - essentially minimum cost, assuming filter"
+        << "\n     fits easily in L1 CPU cache." << std::endl
+        << "  \"Batched, prepared\" - several queries at once against a"
+        << "\n     randomly chosen filter, using multi-query interface."
+        << std::endl
+        << "  \"Batched, unprepared\" - similar, but using serial calls"
+        << "\n     to single query interface." << std::endl
+        << "  \"Random filter\" - a filter is chosen at random as target"
+        << "\n     of each query." << std::endl
+        << "  \"Skewed X% in Y%\" - like \"Random filter\" except Y% of"
+        << "\n      the filters are designated as \"hot\" and receive X%"
+        << "\n      of queries." << std::endl;
+  } else {
+    FilterBench b;
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < FLAGS_runs; ++i) {
+      b.Go();
+      FLAGS_seed += 100;
+      b.random_.Seed(FLAGS_seed);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+#endif  // !defined(GFLAGS)