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com.googler.python 1.0.0

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package/python3.4.2/lib/python3.4/test/test_xml_etree.py ADDED Viewed

@@ -0,0 +1,2587 @@
+# IMPORTANT: the same tests are run from "test_xml_etree_c" in order
+# to ensure consistency between the C implementation and the Python
+# implementation.
+#
+# For this purpose, the module-level "ET" symbol is temporarily
+# monkey-patched when running the "test_xml_etree_c" test suite.
+import html
+import io
+import operator
+import pickle
+import sys
+import types
+import unittest
+import weakref
+from itertools import product
+from test import support
+from test.support import TESTFN, findfile, import_fresh_module, gc_collect
+# pyET is the pure-Python implementation.
+#
+# ET is pyET in test_xml_etree and is the C accelerated version in
+# test_xml_etree_c.
+pyET = None
+ET = None
+SIMPLE_XMLFILE = findfile("simple.xml", subdir="xmltestdata")
+try:
+    SIMPLE_XMLFILE.encode("utf-8")
+except UnicodeEncodeError:
+    raise unittest.SkipTest("filename is not encodable to utf8")
+SIMPLE_NS_XMLFILE = findfile("simple-ns.xml", subdir="xmltestdata")
+SAMPLE_XML = """\
+<body>
+  <tag class='a'>text</tag>
+  <tag class='b' />
+  <section>
+    <tag class='b' id='inner'>subtext</tag>
+  </section>
+</body>
+"""
+SAMPLE_SECTION = """\
+<section>
+  <tag class='b' id='inner'>subtext</tag>
+  <nexttag />
+  <nextsection>
+    <tag />
+  </nextsection>
+</section>
+"""
+SAMPLE_XML_NS = """
+<body xmlns="http://effbot.org/ns">
+  <tag>text</tag>
+  <tag />
+  <section>
+    <tag>subtext</tag>
+  </section>
+</body>
+"""
+SAMPLE_XML_NS_ELEMS = """
+<root>
+<h:table xmlns:h="hello">
+  <h:tr>
+    <h:td>Apples</h:td>
+    <h:td>Bananas</h:td>
+  </h:tr>
+</h:table>
+<f:table xmlns:f="foo">
+  <f:name>African Coffee Table</f:name>
+  <f:width>80</f:width>
+  <f:length>120</f:length>
+</f:table>
+</root>
+"""
+ENTITY_XML = """\
+<!DOCTYPE points [
+<!ENTITY % user-entities SYSTEM 'user-entities.xml'>
+%user-entities;
+]>
+<document>&entity;</document>
+"""
+class ModuleTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    # TODO: this should be removed once we get rid of the global module vars
+    def test_sanity(self):
+        # Import sanity.
+        from xml.etree import ElementTree
+        from xml.etree import ElementInclude
+        from xml.etree import ElementPath
+def serialize(elem, to_string=True, encoding='unicode', **options):
+    if encoding != 'unicode':
+        file = io.BytesIO()
+    else:
+        file = io.StringIO()
+    tree = ET.ElementTree(elem)
+    tree.write(file, encoding=encoding, **options)
+    if to_string:
+        return file.getvalue()
+    else:
+        file.seek(0)
+        return file
+def summarize_list(seq):
+    return [elem.tag for elem in seq]
+class ElementTestCase:
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls):
+        cls.modules = {pyET, ET}
+    def pickleRoundTrip(self, obj, name, dumper, loader):
+        save_m = sys.modules[name]
+        try:
+            sys.modules[name] = dumper
+            temp = pickle.dumps(obj)
+            sys.modules[name] = loader
+            result = pickle.loads(temp)
+        except pickle.PicklingError as pe:
+            # pyET must be second, because pyET may be (equal to) ET.
+            human = dict([(ET, "cET"), (pyET, "pyET")])
+            raise support.TestFailed("Failed to round-trip %r from %r to %r"
+                                     % (obj,
+                                        human.get(dumper, dumper),
+                                        human.get(loader, loader))) from pe
+        finally:
+            sys.modules[name] = save_m
+        return result
+    def assertEqualElements(self, alice, bob):
+        self.assertIsInstance(alice, (ET.Element, pyET.Element))
+        self.assertIsInstance(bob, (ET.Element, pyET.Element))
+        self.assertEqual(len(list(alice)), len(list(bob)))
+        for x, y in zip(alice, bob):
+            self.assertEqualElements(x, y)
+        properties = operator.attrgetter('tag', 'tail', 'text', 'attrib')
+        self.assertEqual(properties(alice), properties(bob))
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------
+# element tree tests
+class ElementTreeTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def serialize_check(self, elem, expected):
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem), expected)
+    def test_interface(self):
+        # Test element tree interface.
+        def check_string(string):
+            len(string)
+            for char in string:
+                self.assertEqual(len(char), 1,
+                        msg="expected one-character string, got %r" % char)
+            new_string = string + ""
+            new_string = string + " "
+            string[:0]
+        def check_mapping(mapping):
+            len(mapping)
+            keys = mapping.keys()
+            items = mapping.items()
+            for key in keys:
+                item = mapping[key]
+            mapping["key"] = "value"
+            self.assertEqual(mapping["key"], "value",
+                    msg="expected value string, got %r" % mapping["key"])
+        def check_element(element):
+            self.assertTrue(ET.iselement(element), msg="not an element")
+            self.assertTrue(hasattr(element, "tag"), msg="no tag member")
+            self.assertTrue(hasattr(element, "attrib"), msg="no attrib member")
+            self.assertTrue(hasattr(element, "text"), msg="no text member")
+            self.assertTrue(hasattr(element, "tail"), msg="no tail member")
+            check_string(element.tag)
+            check_mapping(element.attrib)
+            if element.text is not None:
+                check_string(element.text)
+            if element.tail is not None:
+                check_string(element.tail)
+            for elem in element:
+                check_element(elem)
+        element = ET.Element("tag")
+        check_element(element)
+        tree = ET.ElementTree(element)
+        check_element(tree.getroot())
+        element = ET.Element("t\xe4g", key="value")
+        tree = ET.ElementTree(element)
+        self.assertRegex(repr(element), r"^<Element 't\xe4g' at 0x.*>$")
+        element = ET.Element("tag", key="value")
+        # Make sure all standard element methods exist.
+        def check_method(method):
+            self.assertTrue(hasattr(method, '__call__'),
+                    msg="%s not callable" % method)
+        check_method(element.append)
+        check_method(element.extend)
+        check_method(element.insert)
+        check_method(element.remove)
+        check_method(element.getchildren)
+        check_method(element.find)
+        check_method(element.iterfind)
+        check_method(element.findall)
+        check_method(element.findtext)
+        check_method(element.clear)
+        check_method(element.get)
+        check_method(element.set)
+        check_method(element.keys)
+        check_method(element.items)
+        check_method(element.iter)
+        check_method(element.itertext)
+        check_method(element.getiterator)
+        # These methods return an iterable. See bug 6472.
+        def check_iter(it):
+            check_method(it.__next__)
+        check_iter(element.iterfind("tag"))
+        check_iter(element.iterfind("*"))
+        check_iter(tree.iterfind("tag"))
+        check_iter(tree.iterfind("*"))
+        # These aliases are provided:
+        self.assertEqual(ET.XML, ET.fromstring)
+        self.assertEqual(ET.PI, ET.ProcessingInstruction)
+    def test_simpleops(self):
+        # Basic method sanity checks.
+        elem = ET.XML("<body><tag/></body>")
+        self.serialize_check(elem, '<body><tag /></body>')
+        e = ET.Element("tag2")
+        elem.append(e)
+        self.serialize_check(elem, '<body><tag /><tag2 /></body>')
+        elem.remove(e)
+        self.serialize_check(elem, '<body><tag /></body>')
+        elem.insert(0, e)
+        self.serialize_check(elem, '<body><tag2 /><tag /></body>')
+        elem.remove(e)
+        elem.extend([e])
+        self.serialize_check(elem, '<body><tag /><tag2 /></body>')
+        elem.remove(e)
+        element = ET.Element("tag", key="value")
+        self.serialize_check(element, '<tag key="value" />') # 1
+        subelement = ET.Element("subtag")
+        element.append(subelement)
+        self.serialize_check(element, '<tag key="value"><subtag /></tag>') # 2
+        element.insert(0, subelement)
+        self.serialize_check(element,
+                '<tag key="value"><subtag /><subtag /></tag>') # 3
+        element.remove(subelement)
+        self.serialize_check(element, '<tag key="value"><subtag /></tag>') # 4
+        element.remove(subelement)
+        self.serialize_check(element, '<tag key="value" />') # 5
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cm:
+            element.remove(subelement)
+        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception), 'list.remove(x): x not in list')
+        self.serialize_check(element, '<tag key="value" />') # 6
+        element[0:0] = [subelement, subelement, subelement]
+        self.serialize_check(element[1], '<subtag />')
+        self.assertEqual(element[1:9], [element[1], element[2]])
+        self.assertEqual(element[:9:2], [element[0], element[2]])
+        del element[1:2]
+        self.serialize_check(element,
+                '<tag key="value"><subtag /><subtag /></tag>')
+    def test_cdata(self):
+        # Test CDATA handling (etc).
+        self.serialize_check(ET.XML("<tag>hello</tag>"),
+                '<tag>hello</tag>')
+        self.serialize_check(ET.XML("<tag>&#104;&#101;&#108;&#108;&#111;</tag>"),
+                '<tag>hello</tag>')
+        self.serialize_check(ET.XML("<tag><![CDATA[hello]]></tag>"),
+                '<tag>hello</tag>')
+    def test_file_init(self):
+        stringfile = io.BytesIO(SAMPLE_XML.encode("utf-8"))
+        tree = ET.ElementTree(file=stringfile)
+        self.assertEqual(tree.find("tag").tag, 'tag')
+        self.assertEqual(tree.find("section/tag").tag, 'tag')
+        tree = ET.ElementTree(file=SIMPLE_XMLFILE)
+        self.assertEqual(tree.find("element").tag, 'element')
+        self.assertEqual(tree.find("element/../empty-element").tag,
+                'empty-element')
+    def test_path_cache(self):
+        # Check that the path cache behaves sanely.
+        from xml.etree import ElementPath
+        elem = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML)
+        for i in range(10): ET.ElementTree(elem).find('./'+str(i))
+        cache_len_10 = len(ElementPath._cache)
+        for i in range(10): ET.ElementTree(elem).find('./'+str(i))
+        self.assertEqual(len(ElementPath._cache), cache_len_10)
+        for i in range(20): ET.ElementTree(elem).find('./'+str(i))
+        self.assertGreater(len(ElementPath._cache), cache_len_10)
+        for i in range(600): ET.ElementTree(elem).find('./'+str(i))
+        self.assertLess(len(ElementPath._cache), 500)
+    def test_copy(self):
+        # Test copy handling (etc).
+        import copy
+        e1 = ET.XML("<tag>hello<foo/></tag>")
+        e2 = copy.copy(e1)
+        e3 = copy.deepcopy(e1)
+        e1.find("foo").tag = "bar"
+        self.serialize_check(e1, '<tag>hello<bar /></tag>')
+        self.serialize_check(e2, '<tag>hello<bar /></tag>')
+        self.serialize_check(e3, '<tag>hello<foo /></tag>')
+    def test_attrib(self):
+        # Test attribute handling.
+        elem = ET.Element("tag")
+        elem.get("key") # 1.1
+        self.assertEqual(elem.get("key", "default"), 'default') # 1.2
+        elem.set("key", "value")
+        self.assertEqual(elem.get("key"), 'value') # 1.3
+        elem = ET.Element("tag", key="value")
+        self.assertEqual(elem.get("key"), 'value') # 2.1
+        self.assertEqual(elem.attrib, {'key': 'value'}) # 2.2
+        attrib = {"key": "value"}
+        elem = ET.Element("tag", attrib)
+        attrib.clear() # check for aliasing issues
+        self.assertEqual(elem.get("key"), 'value') # 3.1
+        self.assertEqual(elem.attrib, {'key': 'value'}) # 3.2
+        attrib = {"key": "value"}
+        elem = ET.Element("tag", **attrib)
+        attrib.clear() # check for aliasing issues
+        self.assertEqual(elem.get("key"), 'value') # 4.1
+        self.assertEqual(elem.attrib, {'key': 'value'}) # 4.2
+        elem = ET.Element("tag", {"key": "other"}, key="value")
+        self.assertEqual(elem.get("key"), 'value') # 5.1
+        self.assertEqual(elem.attrib, {'key': 'value'}) # 5.2
+        elem = ET.Element('test')
+        elem.text = "aa"
+        elem.set('testa', 'testval')
+        elem.set('testb', 'test2')
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(elem),
+                b'<test testa="testval" testb="test2">aa</test>')
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(elem.keys()), ['testa', 'testb'])
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(elem.items()),
+                [('testa', 'testval'), ('testb', 'test2')])
+        self.assertEqual(elem.attrib['testb'], 'test2')
+        elem.attrib['testb'] = 'test1'
+        elem.attrib['testc'] = 'test2'
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(elem),
+                b'<test testa="testval" testb="test1" testc="test2">aa</test>')
+    def test_makeelement(self):
+        # Test makeelement handling.
+        elem = ET.Element("tag")
+        attrib = {"key": "value"}
+        subelem = elem.makeelement("subtag", attrib)
+        self.assertIsNot(subelem.attrib, attrib, msg="attrib aliasing")
+        elem.append(subelem)
+        self.serialize_check(elem, '<tag><subtag key="value" /></tag>')
+        elem.clear()
+        self.serialize_check(elem, '<tag />')
+        elem.append(subelem)
+        self.serialize_check(elem, '<tag><subtag key="value" /></tag>')
+        elem.extend([subelem, subelem])
+        self.serialize_check(elem,
+            '<tag><subtag key="value" /><subtag key="value" /><subtag key="value" /></tag>')
+        elem[:] = [subelem]
+        self.serialize_check(elem, '<tag><subtag key="value" /></tag>')
+        elem[:] = tuple([subelem])
+        self.serialize_check(elem, '<tag><subtag key="value" /></tag>')
+    def test_parsefile(self):
+        # Test parsing from file.
+        tree = ET.parse(SIMPLE_XMLFILE)
+        stream = io.StringIO()
+        tree.write(stream, encoding='unicode')
+        self.assertEqual(stream.getvalue(),
+                '<root>\n'
+                '   <element key="value">text</element>\n'
+                '   <element>text</element>tail\n'
+                '   <empty-element />\n'
+                '</root>')
+        tree = ET.parse(SIMPLE_NS_XMLFILE)
+        stream = io.StringIO()
+        tree.write(stream, encoding='unicode')
+        self.assertEqual(stream.getvalue(),
+                '<ns0:root xmlns:ns0="namespace">\n'
+                '   <ns0:element key="value">text</ns0:element>\n'
+                '   <ns0:element>text</ns0:element>tail\n'
+                '   <ns0:empty-element />\n'
+                '</ns0:root>')
+        with open(SIMPLE_XMLFILE) as f:
+            data = f.read()
+        parser = ET.XMLParser()
+        self.assertRegex(parser.version, r'^Expat ')
+        parser.feed(data)
+        self.serialize_check(parser.close(),
+                '<root>\n'
+                '   <element key="value">text</element>\n'
+                '   <element>text</element>tail\n'
+                '   <empty-element />\n'
+                '</root>')
+        target = ET.TreeBuilder()
+        parser = ET.XMLParser(target=target)
+        parser.feed(data)
+        self.serialize_check(parser.close(),
+                '<root>\n'
+                '   <element key="value">text</element>\n'
+                '   <element>text</element>tail\n'
+                '   <empty-element />\n'
+                '</root>')
+    def test_parseliteral(self):
+        element = ET.XML("<html><body>text</body></html>")
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(element, encoding='unicode'),
+                '<html><body>text</body></html>')
+        element = ET.fromstring("<html><body>text</body></html>")
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(element, encoding='unicode'),
+                '<html><body>text</body></html>')
+        sequence = ["<html><body>", "text</bo", "dy></html>"]
+        element = ET.fromstringlist(sequence)
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(element),
+                b'<html><body>text</body></html>')
+        self.assertEqual(b"".join(ET.tostringlist(element)),
+                b'<html><body>text</body></html>')
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(element, "ascii"),
+                b"<?xml version='1.0' encoding='ascii'?>\n"
+                b"<html><body>text</body></html>")
+        _, ids = ET.XMLID("<html><body>text</body></html>")
+        self.assertEqual(len(ids), 0)
+        _, ids = ET.XMLID("<html><body id='body'>text</body></html>")
+        self.assertEqual(len(ids), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(ids["body"].tag, 'body')
+    def test_iterparse(self):
+        # Test iterparse interface.
+        iterparse = ET.iterparse
+        context = iterparse(SIMPLE_XMLFILE)
+        action, elem = next(context)
+        self.assertEqual((action, elem.tag), ('end', 'element'))
+        self.assertEqual([(action, elem.tag) for action, elem in context], [
+                ('end', 'element'),
+                ('end', 'empty-element'),
+                ('end', 'root'),
+            ])
+        self.assertEqual(context.root.tag, 'root')
+        context = iterparse(SIMPLE_NS_XMLFILE)
+        self.assertEqual([(action, elem.tag) for action, elem in context], [
+                ('end', '{namespace}element'),
+                ('end', '{namespace}element'),
+                ('end', '{namespace}empty-element'),
+                ('end', '{namespace}root'),
+            ])
+        events = ()
+        context = iterparse(SIMPLE_XMLFILE, events)
+        self.assertEqual([(action, elem.tag) for action, elem in context], [])
+        events = ()
+        context = iterparse(SIMPLE_XMLFILE, events=events)
+        self.assertEqual([(action, elem.tag) for action, elem in context], [])
+        events = ("start", "end")
+        context = iterparse(SIMPLE_XMLFILE, events)
+        self.assertEqual([(action, elem.tag) for action, elem in context], [
+                ('start', 'root'),
+                ('start', 'element'),
+                ('end', 'element'),
+                ('start', 'element'),
+                ('end', 'element'),
+                ('start', 'empty-element'),
+                ('end', 'empty-element'),
+                ('end', 'root'),
+            ])
+        events = ("start", "end", "start-ns", "end-ns")
+        context = iterparse(SIMPLE_NS_XMLFILE, events)
+        self.assertEqual([(action, elem.tag) if action in ("start", "end")
+                                             else (action, elem)
+                          for action, elem in context], [
+                ('start-ns', ('', 'namespace')),
+                ('start', '{namespace}root'),
+                ('start', '{namespace}element'),
+                ('end', '{namespace}element'),
+                ('start', '{namespace}element'),
+                ('end', '{namespace}element'),
+                ('start', '{namespace}empty-element'),
+                ('end', '{namespace}empty-element'),
+                ('end', '{namespace}root'),
+                ('end-ns', None),
+            ])
+        events = ('start-ns', 'end-ns')
+        context = iterparse(io.StringIO(r"<root xmlns=''/>"), events)
+        res = [action for action, elem in context]
+        self.assertEqual(res, ['start-ns', 'end-ns'])
+        events = ("start", "end", "bogus")
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cm:
+            with open(SIMPLE_XMLFILE, "rb") as f:
+                iterparse(f, events)
+        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception), "unknown event 'bogus'")
+        source = io.BytesIO(
+            b"<?xml version='1.0' encoding='iso-8859-1'?>\n"
+            b"<body xmlns='http://&#233;ffbot.org/ns'\n"
+            b"      xmlns:cl\xe9='http://effbot.org/ns'>text</body>\n")
+        events = ("start-ns",)
+        context = iterparse(source, events)
+        self.assertEqual([(action, elem) for action, elem in context], [
+                ('start-ns', ('', 'http://\xe9ffbot.org/ns')),
+                ('start-ns', ('cl\xe9', 'http://effbot.org/ns')),
+            ])
+        source = io.StringIO("<document />junk")
+        it = iterparse(source)
+        action, elem = next(it)
+        self.assertEqual((action, elem.tag), ('end', 'document'))
+        with self.assertRaises(ET.ParseError) as cm:
+            next(it)
+        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
+                'junk after document element: line 1, column 12')
+    def test_writefile(self):
+        elem = ET.Element("tag")
+        elem.text = "text"
+        self.serialize_check(elem, '<tag>text</tag>')
+        ET.SubElement(elem, "subtag").text = "subtext"
+        self.serialize_check(elem, '<tag>text<subtag>subtext</subtag></tag>')
+        # Test tag suppression
+        elem.tag = None
+        self.serialize_check(elem, 'text<subtag>subtext</subtag>')
+        elem.insert(0, ET.Comment("comment"))
+        self.serialize_check(elem,
+                'text<!--comment--><subtag>subtext</subtag>')     # assumes 1.3
+        elem[0] = ET.PI("key", "value")
+        self.serialize_check(elem, 'text<?key value?><subtag>subtext</subtag>')
+    def test_custom_builder(self):
+        # Test parser w. custom builder.
+        with open(SIMPLE_XMLFILE) as f:
+            data = f.read()
+        class Builder(list):
+            def start(self, tag, attrib):
+                self.append(("start", tag))
+            def end(self, tag):
+                self.append(("end", tag))
+            def data(self, text):
+                pass
+        builder = Builder()
+        parser = ET.XMLParser(target=builder)
+        parser.feed(data)
+        self.assertEqual(builder, [
+                ('start', 'root'),
+                ('start', 'element'),
+                ('end', 'element'),
+                ('start', 'element'),
+                ('end', 'element'),
+                ('start', 'empty-element'),
+                ('end', 'empty-element'),
+                ('end', 'root'),
+            ])
+        with open(SIMPLE_NS_XMLFILE) as f:
+            data = f.read()
+        class Builder(list):
+            def start(self, tag, attrib):
+                self.append(("start", tag))
+            def end(self, tag):
+                self.append(("end", tag))
+            def data(self, text):
+                pass
+            def pi(self, target, data):
+                self.append(("pi", target, data))
+            def comment(self, data):
+                self.append(("comment", data))
+        builder = Builder()
+        parser = ET.XMLParser(target=builder)
+        parser.feed(data)
+        self.assertEqual(builder, [
+                ('pi', 'pi', 'data'),
+                ('comment', ' comment '),
+                ('start', '{namespace}root'),
+                ('start', '{namespace}element'),
+                ('end', '{namespace}element'),
+                ('start', '{namespace}element'),
+                ('end', '{namespace}element'),
+                ('start', '{namespace}empty-element'),
+                ('end', '{namespace}empty-element'),
+                ('end', '{namespace}root'),
+            ])
+    def test_getchildren(self):
+        # Test Element.getchildren()
+        with open(SIMPLE_XMLFILE, "rb") as f:
+            tree = ET.parse(f)
+        self.assertEqual([summarize_list(elem.getchildren())
+                          for elem in tree.getroot().iter()], [
+                ['element', 'element', 'empty-element'],
+                [],
+                [],
+                [],
+            ])
+        self.assertEqual([summarize_list(elem.getchildren())
+                          for elem in tree.getiterator()], [
+                ['element', 'element', 'empty-element'],
+                [],
+                [],
+                [],
+            ])
+        elem = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML)
+        self.assertEqual(len(elem.getchildren()), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(len(elem[2].getchildren()), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(elem[:], elem.getchildren())
+        child1 = elem[0]
+        child2 = elem[2]
+        del elem[1:2]
+        self.assertEqual(len(elem.getchildren()), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(child1, elem[0])
+        self.assertEqual(child2, elem[1])
+        elem[0:2] = [child2, child1]
+        self.assertEqual(child2, elem[0])
+        self.assertEqual(child1, elem[1])
+        self.assertNotEqual(child1, elem[0])
+        elem.clear()
+        self.assertEqual(elem.getchildren(), [])
+    def test_writestring(self):
+        elem = ET.XML("<html><body>text</body></html>")
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(elem), b'<html><body>text</body></html>')
+        elem = ET.fromstring("<html><body>text</body></html>")
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(elem), b'<html><body>text</body></html>')
+    def test_encoding(self):
+        def check(encoding, body=''):
+            xml = ("<?xml version='1.0' encoding='%s'?><xml>%s</xml>" %
+                   (encoding, body))
+            self.assertEqual(ET.XML(xml.encode(encoding)).text, body)
+            self.assertEqual(ET.XML(xml).text, body)
+        check("ascii", 'a')
+        check("us-ascii", 'a')
+        check("iso-8859-1", '\xbd')
+        check("iso-8859-15", '\u20ac')
+        check("cp437", '\u221a')
+        check("mac-roman", '\u02da')
+        def xml(encoding):
+            return "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='%s'?><xml />" % encoding
+        def bxml(encoding):
+            return xml(encoding).encode(encoding)
+        supported_encodings = [
+            'ascii', 'utf-8', 'utf-8-sig', 'utf-16', 'utf-16be', 'utf-16le',
+            'iso8859-1', 'iso8859-2', 'iso8859-3', 'iso8859-4', 'iso8859-5',
+            'iso8859-6', 'iso8859-7', 'iso8859-8', 'iso8859-9', 'iso8859-10',
+            'iso8859-13', 'iso8859-14', 'iso8859-15', 'iso8859-16',
+            'cp437', 'cp720', 'cp737', 'cp775', 'cp850', 'cp852',
+            'cp855', 'cp856', 'cp857', 'cp858', 'cp860', 'cp861', 'cp862',
+            'cp863', 'cp865', 'cp866', 'cp869', 'cp874', 'cp1006', 'cp1125',
+            'cp1250', 'cp1251', 'cp1252', 'cp1253', 'cp1254', 'cp1255',
+            'cp1256', 'cp1257', 'cp1258',
+            'mac-cyrillic', 'mac-greek', 'mac-iceland', 'mac-latin2',
+            'mac-roman', 'mac-turkish',
+            'iso2022-jp', 'iso2022-jp-1', 'iso2022-jp-2', 'iso2022-jp-2004',
+            'iso2022-jp-3', 'iso2022-jp-ext',
+            'koi8-r', 'koi8-u',
+            'hz', 'ptcp154',
+        ]
+        for encoding in supported_encodings:
+            self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(ET.XML(bxml(encoding))), b'<xml />')
+        unsupported_ascii_compatible_encodings = [
+            'big5', 'big5hkscs',
+            'cp932', 'cp949', 'cp950',
+            'euc-jp', 'euc-jis-2004', 'euc-jisx0213', 'euc-kr',
+            'gb2312', 'gbk', 'gb18030',
+            'iso2022-kr', 'johab',
+            'shift-jis', 'shift-jis-2004', 'shift-jisx0213',
+            'utf-7',
+        ]
+        for encoding in unsupported_ascii_compatible_encodings:
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, ET.XML, bxml(encoding))
+        unsupported_ascii_incompatible_encodings = [
+            'cp037', 'cp424', 'cp500', 'cp864', 'cp875', 'cp1026', 'cp1140',
+            'utf_32', 'utf_32_be', 'utf_32_le',
+        ]
+        for encoding in unsupported_ascii_incompatible_encodings:
+            self.assertRaises(ET.ParseError, ET.XML, bxml(encoding))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ET.XML, xml('undefined').encode('ascii'))
+        self.assertRaises(LookupError, ET.XML, xml('xxx').encode('ascii'))
+    def test_methods(self):
+        # Test serialization methods.
+        e = ET.XML("<html><link/><script>1 &lt; 2</script></html>")
+        e.tail = "\n"
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(e),
+                '<html><link /><script>1 &lt; 2</script></html>\n')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(e, method=None),
+                '<html><link /><script>1 &lt; 2</script></html>\n')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(e, method="xml"),
+                '<html><link /><script>1 &lt; 2</script></html>\n')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(e, method="html"),
+                '<html><link><script>1 < 2</script></html>\n')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(e, method="text"), '1 < 2\n')
+    def test_issue18347(self):
+        e = ET.XML('<html><CamelCase>text</CamelCase></html>')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(e),
+                '<html><CamelCase>text</CamelCase></html>')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(e, method="html"),
+                '<html><CamelCase>text</CamelCase></html>')
+    def test_entity(self):
+        # Test entity handling.
+        # 1) good entities
+        e = ET.XML("<document title='&#x8230;'>test</document>")
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(e, encoding="us-ascii"),
+                b'<document title="&#33328;">test</document>')
+        self.serialize_check(e, '<document title="\u8230">test</document>')
+        # 2) bad entities
+        with self.assertRaises(ET.ParseError) as cm:
+            ET.XML("<document>&entity;</document>")
+        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
+                'undefined entity: line 1, column 10')
+        with self.assertRaises(ET.ParseError) as cm:
+            ET.XML(ENTITY_XML)
+        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
+                'undefined entity &entity;: line 5, column 10')
+        # 3) custom entity
+        parser = ET.XMLParser()
+        parser.entity["entity"] = "text"
+        parser.feed(ENTITY_XML)
+        root = parser.close()
+        self.serialize_check(root, '<document>text</document>')
+    def test_namespace(self):
+        # Test namespace issues.
+        # 1) xml namespace
+        elem = ET.XML("<tag xml:lang='en' />")
+        self.serialize_check(elem, '<tag xml:lang="en" />') # 1.1
+        # 2) other "well-known" namespaces
+        elem = ET.XML("<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf='http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#' />")
+        self.serialize_check(elem,
+            '<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" />') # 2.1
+        elem = ET.XML("<html:html xmlns:html='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml' />")
+        self.serialize_check(elem,
+            '<html:html xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" />') # 2.2
+        elem = ET.XML("<soap:Envelope xmlns:soap='http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope' />")
+        self.serialize_check(elem,
+            '<ns0:Envelope xmlns:ns0="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope" />') # 2.3
+        # 3) unknown namespaces
+        elem = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML_NS)
+        self.serialize_check(elem,
+            '<ns0:body xmlns:ns0="http://effbot.org/ns">\n'
+            '  <ns0:tag>text</ns0:tag>\n'
+            '  <ns0:tag />\n'
+            '  <ns0:section>\n'
+            '    <ns0:tag>subtext</ns0:tag>\n'
+            '  </ns0:section>\n'
+            '</ns0:body>')
+    def test_qname(self):
+        # Test QName handling.
+        # 1) decorated tags
+        elem = ET.Element("{uri}tag")
+        self.serialize_check(elem, '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri" />') # 1.1
+        elem = ET.Element(ET.QName("{uri}tag"))
+        self.serialize_check(elem, '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri" />') # 1.2
+        elem = ET.Element(ET.QName("uri", "tag"))
+        self.serialize_check(elem, '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri" />') # 1.3
+        elem = ET.Element(ET.QName("uri", "tag"))
+        subelem = ET.SubElement(elem, ET.QName("uri", "tag1"))
+        subelem = ET.SubElement(elem, ET.QName("uri", "tag2"))
+        self.serialize_check(elem,
+            '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri"><ns0:tag1 /><ns0:tag2 /></ns0:tag>') # 1.4
+        # 2) decorated attributes
+        elem.clear()
+        elem.attrib["{uri}key"] = "value"
+        self.serialize_check(elem,
+            '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri" ns0:key="value" />') # 2.1
+        elem.clear()
+        elem.attrib[ET.QName("{uri}key")] = "value"
+        self.serialize_check(elem,
+            '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri" ns0:key="value" />') # 2.2
+        # 3) decorated values are not converted by default, but the
+        # QName wrapper can be used for values
+        elem.clear()
+        elem.attrib["{uri}key"] = "{uri}value"
+        self.serialize_check(elem,
+            '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri" ns0:key="{uri}value" />') # 3.1
+        elem.clear()
+        elem.attrib["{uri}key"] = ET.QName("{uri}value")
+        self.serialize_check(elem,
+            '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri" ns0:key="ns0:value" />') # 3.2
+        elem.clear()
+        subelem = ET.Element("tag")
+        subelem.attrib["{uri1}key"] = ET.QName("{uri2}value")
+        elem.append(subelem)
+        elem.append(subelem)
+        self.serialize_check(elem,
+            '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri" xmlns:ns1="uri1" xmlns:ns2="uri2">'
+            '<tag ns1:key="ns2:value" />'
+            '<tag ns1:key="ns2:value" />'
+            '</ns0:tag>') # 3.3
+        # 4) Direct QName tests
+        self.assertEqual(str(ET.QName('ns', 'tag')), '{ns}tag')
+        self.assertEqual(str(ET.QName('{ns}tag')), '{ns}tag')
+        q1 = ET.QName('ns', 'tag')
+        q2 = ET.QName('ns', 'tag')
+        self.assertEqual(q1, q2)
+        q2 = ET.QName('ns', 'other-tag')
+        self.assertNotEqual(q1, q2)
+        self.assertNotEqual(q1, 'ns:tag')
+        self.assertEqual(q1, '{ns}tag')
+    def test_doctype_public(self):
+        # Test PUBLIC doctype.
+        elem = ET.XML('<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC'
+                ' "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"'
+                ' "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">'
+                '<html>text</html>')
+    def test_xpath_tokenizer(self):
+        # Test the XPath tokenizer.
+        from xml.etree import ElementPath
+        def check(p, expected):
+            self.assertEqual([op or tag
+                              for op, tag in ElementPath.xpath_tokenizer(p)],
+                             expected)
+        # tests from the xml specification
+        check("*", ['*'])
+        check("text()", ['text', '()'])
+        check("@name", ['@', 'name'])
+        check("@*", ['@', '*'])
+        check("para[1]", ['para', '[', '1', ']'])
+        check("para[last()]", ['para', '[', 'last', '()', ']'])
+        check("*/para", ['*', '/', 'para'])
+        check("/doc/chapter[5]/section[2]",
+              ['/', 'doc', '/', 'chapter', '[', '5', ']',
+               '/', 'section', '[', '2', ']'])
+        check("chapter//para", ['chapter', '//', 'para'])
+        check("//para", ['//', 'para'])
+        check("//olist/item", ['//', 'olist', '/', 'item'])
+        check(".", ['.'])
+        check(".//para", ['.', '//', 'para'])
+        check("..", ['..'])
+        check("../@lang", ['..', '/', '@', 'lang'])
+        check("chapter[title]", ['chapter', '[', 'title', ']'])
+        check("employee[@secretary and @assistant]", ['employee',
+              '[', '@', 'secretary', '', 'and', '', '@', 'assistant', ']'])
+        # additional tests
+        check("{http://spam}egg", ['{http://spam}egg'])
+        check("./spam.egg", ['.', '/', 'spam.egg'])
+        check(".//{http://spam}egg", ['.', '//', '{http://spam}egg'])
+    def test_processinginstruction(self):
+        # Test ProcessingInstruction directly
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(ET.ProcessingInstruction('test', 'instruction')),
+                b'<?test instruction?>')
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(ET.PI('test', 'instruction')),
+                b'<?test instruction?>')
+        # Issue #2746
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(ET.PI('test', '<testing&>')),
+                b'<?test <testing&>?>')
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(ET.PI('test', '<testing&>\xe3'), 'latin-1'),
+                b"<?xml version='1.0' encoding='latin-1'?>\n"
+                b"<?test <testing&>\xe3?>")
+    def test_html_empty_elems_serialization(self):
+        # issue 15970
+        # from http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/index/elements.html
+        for element in ['AREA', 'BASE', 'BASEFONT', 'BR', 'COL', 'FRAME', 'HR',
+                        'IMG', 'INPUT', 'ISINDEX', 'LINK', 'META', 'PARAM']:
+            for elem in [element, element.lower()]:
+                expected = '<%s>' % elem
+                serialized = serialize(ET.XML('<%s />' % elem), method='html')
+                self.assertEqual(serialized, expected)
+                serialized = serialize(ET.XML('<%s></%s>' % (elem,elem)),
+                                       method='html')
+                self.assertEqual(serialized, expected)
+class XMLPullParserTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def _feed(self, parser, data, chunk_size=None):
+        if chunk_size is None:
+            parser.feed(data)
+        else:
+            for i in range(0, len(data), chunk_size):
+                parser.feed(data[i:i+chunk_size])
+    def assert_event_tags(self, parser, expected):
+        events = parser.read_events()
+        self.assertEqual([(action, elem.tag) for action, elem in events],
+                         expected)
+    def test_simple_xml(self):
+        for chunk_size in (None, 1, 5):
+            with self.subTest(chunk_size=chunk_size):
+                parser = ET.XMLPullParser()
+                self.assert_event_tags(parser, [])
+                self._feed(parser, "<!-- comment -->\n", chunk_size)
+                self.assert_event_tags(parser, [])
+                self._feed(parser,
+                           "<root>\n  <element key='value'>text</element",
+                           chunk_size)
+                self.assert_event_tags(parser, [])
+                self._feed(parser, ">\n", chunk_size)
+                self.assert_event_tags(parser, [('end', 'element')])
+                self._feed(parser, "<element>text</element>tail\n", chunk_size)
+                self._feed(parser, "<empty-element/>\n", chunk_size)
+                self.assert_event_tags(parser, [
+                    ('end', 'element'),
+                    ('end', 'empty-element'),
+                    ])
+                self._feed(parser, "</root>\n", chunk_size)
+                self.assert_event_tags(parser, [('end', 'root')])
+                self.assertIsNone(parser.close())
+    def test_feed_while_iterating(self):
+        parser = ET.XMLPullParser()
+        it = parser.read_events()
+        self._feed(parser, "<root>\n  <element key='value'>text</element>\n")
+        action, elem = next(it)
+        self.assertEqual((action, elem.tag), ('end', 'element'))
+        self._feed(parser, "</root>\n")
+        action, elem = next(it)
+        self.assertEqual((action, elem.tag), ('end', 'root'))
+        with self.assertRaises(StopIteration):
+            next(it)
+    def test_simple_xml_with_ns(self):
+        parser = ET.XMLPullParser()
+        self.assert_event_tags(parser, [])
+        self._feed(parser, "<!-- comment -->\n")
+        self.assert_event_tags(parser, [])
+        self._feed(parser, "<root xmlns='namespace'>\n")
+        self.assert_event_tags(parser, [])
+        self._feed(parser, "<element key='value'>text</element")
+        self.assert_event_tags(parser, [])
+        self._feed(parser, ">\n")
+        self.assert_event_tags(parser, [('end', '{namespace}element')])
+        self._feed(parser, "<element>text</element>tail\n")
+        self._feed(parser, "<empty-element/>\n")
+        self.assert_event_tags(parser, [
+            ('end', '{namespace}element'),
+            ('end', '{namespace}empty-element'),
+            ])
+        self._feed(parser, "</root>\n")
+        self.assert_event_tags(parser, [('end', '{namespace}root')])
+        self.assertIsNone(parser.close())
+    def test_ns_events(self):
+        parser = ET.XMLPullParser(events=('start-ns', 'end-ns'))
+        self._feed(parser, "<!-- comment -->\n")
+        self._feed(parser, "<root xmlns='namespace'>\n")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(parser.read_events()),
+            [('start-ns', ('', 'namespace'))])
+        self._feed(parser, "<element key='value'>text</element")
+        self._feed(parser, ">\n")
+        self._feed(parser, "<element>text</element>tail\n")
+        self._feed(parser, "<empty-element/>\n")
+        self._feed(parser, "</root>\n")
+        self.assertEqual(list(parser.read_events()), [('end-ns', None)])
+        self.assertIsNone(parser.close())
+    def test_events(self):
+        parser = ET.XMLPullParser(events=())
+        self._feed(parser, "<root/>\n")
+        self.assert_event_tags(parser, [])
+        parser = ET.XMLPullParser(events=('start', 'end'))
+        self._feed(parser, "<!-- comment -->\n")
+        self.assert_event_tags(parser, [])
+        self._feed(parser, "<root>\n")
+        self.assert_event_tags(parser, [('start', 'root')])
+        self._feed(parser, "<element key='value'>text</element")
+        self.assert_event_tags(parser, [('start', 'element')])
+        self._feed(parser, ">\n")
+        self.assert_event_tags(parser, [('end', 'element')])
+        self._feed(parser,
+                   "<element xmlns='foo'>text<empty-element/></element>tail\n")
+        self.assert_event_tags(parser, [
+            ('start', '{foo}element'),
+            ('start', '{foo}empty-element'),
+            ('end', '{foo}empty-element'),
+            ('end', '{foo}element'),
+            ])
+        self._feed(parser, "</root>")
+        self.assertIsNone(parser.close())
+        self.assert_event_tags(parser, [('end', 'root')])
+        parser = ET.XMLPullParser(events=('start',))
+        self._feed(parser, "<!-- comment -->\n")
+        self.assert_event_tags(parser, [])
+        self._feed(parser, "<root>\n")
+        self.assert_event_tags(parser, [('start', 'root')])
+        self._feed(parser, "<element key='value'>text</element")
+        self.assert_event_tags(parser, [('start', 'element')])
+        self._feed(parser, ">\n")
+        self.assert_event_tags(parser, [])
+        self._feed(parser,
+                   "<element xmlns='foo'>text<empty-element/></element>tail\n")
+        self.assert_event_tags(parser, [
+            ('start', '{foo}element'),
+            ('start', '{foo}empty-element'),
+            ])
+        self._feed(parser, "</root>")
+        self.assertIsNone(parser.close())
+    def test_events_sequence(self):
+        # Test that events can be some sequence that's not just a tuple or list
+        eventset = {'end', 'start'}
+        parser = ET.XMLPullParser(events=eventset)
+        self._feed(parser, "<foo>bar</foo>")
+        self.assert_event_tags(parser, [('start', 'foo'), ('end', 'foo')])
+        class DummyIter:
+            def __init__(self):
+                self.events = iter(['start', 'end', 'start-ns'])
+            def __iter__(self):
+                return self
+            def __next__(self):
+                return next(self.events)
+        parser = ET.XMLPullParser(events=DummyIter())
+        self._feed(parser, "<foo>bar</foo>")
+        self.assert_event_tags(parser, [('start', 'foo'), ('end', 'foo')])
+    def test_unknown_event(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            ET.XMLPullParser(events=('start', 'end', 'bogus'))
+#
+# xinclude tests (samples from appendix C of the xinclude specification)
+XINCLUDE = {}
+XINCLUDE["C1.xml"] = """\
+<?xml version='1.0'?>
+<document xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
+  <p>120 Mz is adequate for an average home user.</p>
+  <xi:include href="disclaimer.xml"/>
+</document>
+"""
+XINCLUDE["disclaimer.xml"] = """\
+<?xml version='1.0'?>
+<disclaimer>
+  <p>The opinions represented herein represent those of the individual
+  and should not be interpreted as official policy endorsed by this
+  organization.</p>
+</disclaimer>
+"""
+XINCLUDE["C2.xml"] = """\
+<?xml version='1.0'?>
+<document xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
+  <p>This document has been accessed
+  <xi:include href="count.txt" parse="text"/> times.</p>
+</document>
+"""
+XINCLUDE["count.txt"] = "324387"
+XINCLUDE["C2b.xml"] = """\
+<?xml version='1.0'?>
+<document xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
+  <p>This document has been <em>accessed</em>
+  <xi:include href="count.txt" parse="text"/> times.</p>
+</document>
+"""
+XINCLUDE["C3.xml"] = """\
+<?xml version='1.0'?>
+<document xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
+  <p>The following is the source of the "data.xml" resource:</p>
+  <example><xi:include href="data.xml" parse="text"/></example>
+</document>
+"""
+XINCLUDE["data.xml"] = """\
+<?xml version='1.0'?>
+<data>
+  <item><![CDATA[Brooks & Shields]]></item>
+</data>
+"""
+XINCLUDE["C5.xml"] = """\
+<?xml version='1.0'?>
+<div xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
+  <xi:include href="example.txt" parse="text">
+    <xi:fallback>
+      <xi:include href="fallback-example.txt" parse="text">
+        <xi:fallback><a href="mailto:bob@example.org">Report error</a></xi:fallback>
+      </xi:include>
+    </xi:fallback>
+  </xi:include>
+</div>
+"""
+XINCLUDE["default.xml"] = """\
+<?xml version='1.0'?>
+<document xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
+  <p>Example.</p>
+  <xi:include href="{}"/>
+</document>
+""".format(html.escape(SIMPLE_XMLFILE, True))
+#
+# badly formatted xi:include tags
+XINCLUDE_BAD = {}
+XINCLUDE_BAD["B1.xml"] = """\
+<?xml version='1.0'?>
+<document xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
+  <p>120 Mz is adequate for an average home user.</p>
+  <xi:include href="disclaimer.xml" parse="BAD_TYPE"/>
+</document>
+"""
+XINCLUDE_BAD["B2.xml"] = """\
+<?xml version='1.0'?>
+<div xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
+    <xi:fallback></xi:fallback>
+</div>
+"""
+class XIncludeTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def xinclude_loader(self, href, parse="xml", encoding=None):
+        try:
+            data = XINCLUDE[href]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise OSError("resource not found")
+        if parse == "xml":
+            data = ET.XML(data)
+        return data
+    def none_loader(self, href, parser, encoding=None):
+        return None
+    def _my_loader(self, href, parse):
+        # Used to avoid a test-dependency problem where the default loader
+        # of ElementInclude uses the pyET parser for cET tests.
+        if parse == 'xml':
+            with open(href, 'rb') as f:
+                return ET.parse(f).getroot()
+        else:
+            return None
+    def test_xinclude_default(self):
+        from xml.etree import ElementInclude
+        doc = self.xinclude_loader('default.xml')
+        ElementInclude.include(doc, self._my_loader)
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(doc),
+            '<document>\n'
+            '  <p>Example.</p>\n'
+            '  <root>\n'
+            '   <element key="value">text</element>\n'
+            '   <element>text</element>tail\n'
+            '   <empty-element />\n'
+            '</root>\n'
+            '</document>')
+    def test_xinclude(self):
+        from xml.etree import ElementInclude
+        # Basic inclusion example (XInclude C.1)
+        document = self.xinclude_loader("C1.xml")
+        ElementInclude.include(document, self.xinclude_loader)
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(document),
+            '<document>\n'
+            '  <p>120 Mz is adequate for an average home user.</p>\n'
+            '  <disclaimer>\n'
+            '  <p>The opinions represented herein represent those of the individual\n'
+            '  and should not be interpreted as official policy endorsed by this\n'
+            '  organization.</p>\n'
+            '</disclaimer>\n'
+            '</document>') # C1
+        # Textual inclusion example (XInclude C.2)
+        document = self.xinclude_loader("C2.xml")
+        ElementInclude.include(document, self.xinclude_loader)
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(document),
+            '<document>\n'
+            '  <p>This document has been accessed\n'
+            '  324387 times.</p>\n'
+            '</document>') # C2
+        # Textual inclusion after sibling element (based on modified XInclude C.2)
+        document = self.xinclude_loader("C2b.xml")
+        ElementInclude.include(document, self.xinclude_loader)
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(document),
+            '<document>\n'
+            '  <p>This document has been <em>accessed</em>\n'
+            '  324387 times.</p>\n'
+            '</document>') # C2b
+        # Textual inclusion of XML example (XInclude C.3)
+        document = self.xinclude_loader("C3.xml")
+        ElementInclude.include(document, self.xinclude_loader)
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(document),
+            '<document>\n'
+            '  <p>The following is the source of the "data.xml" resource:</p>\n'
+            "  <example>&lt;?xml version='1.0'?&gt;\n"
+            '&lt;data&gt;\n'
+            '  &lt;item&gt;&lt;![CDATA[Brooks &amp; Shields]]&gt;&lt;/item&gt;\n'
+            '&lt;/data&gt;\n'
+            '</example>\n'
+            '</document>') # C3
+        # Fallback example (XInclude C.5)
+        # Note! Fallback support is not yet implemented
+        document = self.xinclude_loader("C5.xml")
+        with self.assertRaises(OSError) as cm:
+            ElementInclude.include(document, self.xinclude_loader)
+        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception), 'resource not found')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(document),
+            '<div xmlns:ns0="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">\n'
+            '  <ns0:include href="example.txt" parse="text">\n'
+            '    <ns0:fallback>\n'
+            '      <ns0:include href="fallback-example.txt" parse="text">\n'
+            '        <ns0:fallback><a href="mailto:bob@example.org">Report error</a></ns0:fallback>\n'
+            '      </ns0:include>\n'
+            '    </ns0:fallback>\n'
+            '  </ns0:include>\n'
+            '</div>') # C5
+    def test_xinclude_failures(self):
+        from xml.etree import ElementInclude
+        # Test failure to locate included XML file.
+        document = ET.XML(XINCLUDE["C1.xml"])
+        with self.assertRaises(ElementInclude.FatalIncludeError) as cm:
+            ElementInclude.include(document, loader=self.none_loader)
+        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
+                "cannot load 'disclaimer.xml' as 'xml'")
+        # Test failure to locate included text file.
+        document = ET.XML(XINCLUDE["C2.xml"])
+        with self.assertRaises(ElementInclude.FatalIncludeError) as cm:
+            ElementInclude.include(document, loader=self.none_loader)
+        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
+                "cannot load 'count.txt' as 'text'")
+        # Test bad parse type.
+        document = ET.XML(XINCLUDE_BAD["B1.xml"])
+        with self.assertRaises(ElementInclude.FatalIncludeError) as cm:
+            ElementInclude.include(document, loader=self.none_loader)
+        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
+                "unknown parse type in xi:include tag ('BAD_TYPE')")
+        # Test xi:fallback outside xi:include.
+        document = ET.XML(XINCLUDE_BAD["B2.xml"])
+        with self.assertRaises(ElementInclude.FatalIncludeError) as cm:
+            ElementInclude.include(document, loader=self.none_loader)
+        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
+                "xi:fallback tag must be child of xi:include "
+                "('{http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude}fallback')")
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------
+# reported bugs
+class BugsTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_bug_xmltoolkit21(self):
+        # marshaller gives obscure errors for non-string values
+        def check(elem):
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as cm:
+                serialize(elem)
+            self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
+                    'cannot serialize 123 (type int)')
+        elem = ET.Element(123)
+        check(elem) # tag
+        elem = ET.Element("elem")
+        elem.text = 123
+        check(elem) # text
+        elem = ET.Element("elem")
+        elem.tail = 123
+        check(elem) # tail
+        elem = ET.Element("elem")
+        elem.set(123, "123")
+        check(elem) # attribute key
+        elem = ET.Element("elem")
+        elem.set("123", 123)
+        check(elem) # attribute value
+    def test_bug_xmltoolkit25(self):
+        # typo in ElementTree.findtext
+        elem = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML)
+        tree = ET.ElementTree(elem)
+        self.assertEqual(tree.findtext("tag"), 'text')
+        self.assertEqual(tree.findtext("section/tag"), 'subtext')
+    def test_bug_xmltoolkit28(self):
+        # .//tag causes exceptions
+        tree = ET.XML("<doc><table><tbody/></table></doc>")
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(tree.findall(".//thead")), [])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(tree.findall(".//tbody")), ['tbody'])
+    def test_bug_xmltoolkitX1(self):
+        # dump() doesn't flush the output buffer
+        tree = ET.XML("<doc><table><tbody/></table></doc>")
+        with support.captured_stdout() as stdout:
+            ET.dump(tree)
+            self.assertEqual(stdout.getvalue(), '<doc><table><tbody /></table></doc>\n')
+    def test_bug_xmltoolkit39(self):
+        # non-ascii element and attribute names doesn't work
+        tree = ET.XML(b"<?xml version='1.0' encoding='iso-8859-1'?><t\xe4g />")
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(tree, "utf-8"), b'<t\xc3\xa4g />')
+        tree = ET.XML(b"<?xml version='1.0' encoding='iso-8859-1'?>"
+                      b"<tag \xe4ttr='v&#228;lue' />")
+        self.assertEqual(tree.attrib, {'\xe4ttr': 'v\xe4lue'})
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(tree, "utf-8"),
+                b'<tag \xc3\xa4ttr="v\xc3\xa4lue" />')
+        tree = ET.XML(b"<?xml version='1.0' encoding='iso-8859-1'?>"
+                      b'<t\xe4g>text</t\xe4g>')
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(tree, "utf-8"),
+                b'<t\xc3\xa4g>text</t\xc3\xa4g>')
+        tree = ET.Element("t\u00e4g")
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(tree, "utf-8"), b'<t\xc3\xa4g />')
+        tree = ET.Element("tag")
+        tree.set("\u00e4ttr", "v\u00e4lue")
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(tree, "utf-8"),
+                b'<tag \xc3\xa4ttr="v\xc3\xa4lue" />')
+    def test_bug_xmltoolkit54(self):
+        # problems handling internally defined entities
+        e = ET.XML("<!DOCTYPE doc [<!ENTITY ldots '&#x8230;'>]>"
+                   '<doc>&ldots;</doc>')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(e, encoding="us-ascii"),
+                b'<doc>&#33328;</doc>')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(e), '<doc>\u8230</doc>')
+    def test_bug_xmltoolkit55(self):
+        # make sure we're reporting the first error, not the last
+        with self.assertRaises(ET.ParseError) as cm:
+            ET.XML(b"<!DOCTYPE doc SYSTEM 'doc.dtd'>"
+                   b'<doc>&ldots;&ndots;&rdots;</doc>')
+        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
+                'undefined entity &ldots;: line 1, column 36')
+    def test_bug_xmltoolkit60(self):
+        # Handle crash in stream source.
+        class ExceptionFile:
+            def read(self, x):
+                raise OSError
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, ET.parse, ExceptionFile())
+    def test_bug_xmltoolkit62(self):
+        # Don't crash when using custom entities.
+        ENTITIES = {'rsquo': '\u2019', 'lsquo': '\u2018'}
+        parser = ET.XMLParser()
+        parser.entity.update(ENTITIES)
+        parser.feed("""<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE patent-application-publication SYSTEM "pap-v15-2001-01-31.dtd" []>
+<patent-application-publication>
+<subdoc-abstract>
+<paragraph id="A-0001" lvl="0">A new cultivar of Begonia plant named &lsquo;BCT9801BEG&rsquo;.</paragraph>
+</subdoc-abstract>
+</patent-application-publication>""")
+        t = parser.close()
+        self.assertEqual(t.find('.//paragraph').text,
+            'A new cultivar of Begonia plant named \u2018BCT9801BEG\u2019.')
+    def test_bug_xmltoolkit63(self):
+        # Check reference leak.
+        def xmltoolkit63():
+            tree = ET.TreeBuilder()
+            tree.start("tag", {})
+            tree.data("text")
+            tree.end("tag")
+        xmltoolkit63()
+        count = sys.getrefcount(None)
+        for i in range(1000):
+            xmltoolkit63()
+        self.assertEqual(sys.getrefcount(None), count)
+    def test_bug_200708_newline(self):
+        # Preserve newlines in attributes.
+        e = ET.Element('SomeTag', text="def _f():\n  return 3\n")
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(e),
+                b'<SomeTag text="def _f():&#10;  return 3&#10;" />')
+        self.assertEqual(ET.XML(ET.tostring(e)).get("text"),
+                'def _f():\n  return 3\n')
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(ET.XML(ET.tostring(e))),
+                b'<SomeTag text="def _f():&#10;  return 3&#10;" />')
+    def test_bug_200708_close(self):
+        # Test default builder.
+        parser = ET.XMLParser() # default
+        parser.feed("<element>some text</element>")
+        self.assertEqual(parser.close().tag, 'element')
+        # Test custom builder.
+        class EchoTarget:
+            def close(self):
+                return ET.Element("element") # simulate root
+        parser = ET.XMLParser(EchoTarget())
+        parser.feed("<element>some text</element>")
+        self.assertEqual(parser.close().tag, 'element')
+    def test_bug_200709_default_namespace(self):
+        e = ET.Element("{default}elem")
+        s = ET.SubElement(e, "{default}elem")
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(e, default_namespace="default"), # 1
+                '<elem xmlns="default"><elem /></elem>')
+        e = ET.Element("{default}elem")
+        s = ET.SubElement(e, "{default}elem")
+        s = ET.SubElement(e, "{not-default}elem")
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(e, default_namespace="default"), # 2
+            '<elem xmlns="default" xmlns:ns1="not-default">'
+            '<elem />'
+            '<ns1:elem />'
+            '</elem>')
+        e = ET.Element("{default}elem")
+        s = ET.SubElement(e, "{default}elem")
+        s = ET.SubElement(e, "elem") # unprefixed name
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cm:
+            serialize(e, default_namespace="default") # 3
+        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
+                'cannot use non-qualified names with default_namespace option')
+    def test_bug_200709_register_namespace(self):
+        e = ET.Element("{http://namespace.invalid/does/not/exist/}title")
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(e),
+            b'<ns0:title xmlns:ns0="http://namespace.invalid/does/not/exist/" />')
+        ET.register_namespace("foo", "http://namespace.invalid/does/not/exist/")
+        e = ET.Element("{http://namespace.invalid/does/not/exist/}title")
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(e),
+            b'<foo:title xmlns:foo="http://namespace.invalid/does/not/exist/" />')
+        # And the Dublin Core namespace is in the default list:
+        e = ET.Element("{http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/}title")
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(e),
+            b'<dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" />')
+    def test_bug_200709_element_comment(self):
+        # Not sure if this can be fixed, really (since the serializer needs
+        # ET.Comment, not cET.comment).
+        a = ET.Element('a')
+        a.append(ET.Comment('foo'))
+        self.assertEqual(a[0].tag, ET.Comment)
+        a = ET.Element('a')
+        a.append(ET.PI('foo'))
+        self.assertEqual(a[0].tag, ET.PI)
+    def test_bug_200709_element_insert(self):
+        a = ET.Element('a')
+        b = ET.SubElement(a, 'b')
+        c = ET.SubElement(a, 'c')
+        d = ET.Element('d')
+        a.insert(0, d)
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(a), ['d', 'b', 'c'])
+        a.insert(-1, d)
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(a), ['d', 'b', 'd', 'c'])
+    def test_bug_200709_iter_comment(self):
+        a = ET.Element('a')
+        b = ET.SubElement(a, 'b')
+        comment_b = ET.Comment("TEST-b")
+        b.append(comment_b)
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(a.iter(ET.Comment)), [ET.Comment])
+    # --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # reported on bugs.python.org
+    def test_bug_1534630(self):
+        bob = ET.TreeBuilder()
+        e = bob.data("data")
+        e = bob.start("tag", {})
+        e = bob.end("tag")
+        e = bob.close()
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(e), '<tag />')
+    def test_issue6233(self):
+        e = ET.XML(b"<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>"
+                   b'<body>t\xc3\xa3g</body>')
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(e, 'ascii'),
+                b"<?xml version='1.0' encoding='ascii'?>\n"
+                b'<body>t&#227;g</body>')
+        e = ET.XML(b"<?xml version='1.0' encoding='iso-8859-1'?>"
+                   b'<body>t\xe3g</body>')
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(e, 'ascii'),
+                b"<?xml version='1.0' encoding='ascii'?>\n"
+                b'<body>t&#227;g</body>')
+    def test_issue3151(self):
+        e = ET.XML('<prefix:localname xmlns:prefix="${stuff}"/>')
+        self.assertEqual(e.tag, '{${stuff}}localname')
+        t = ET.ElementTree(e)
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(e), b'<ns0:localname xmlns:ns0="${stuff}" />')
+    def test_issue6565(self):
+        elem = ET.XML("<body><tag/></body>")
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(elem), ['tag'])
+        newelem = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML)
+        elem[:] = newelem[:]
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(elem), ['tag', 'tag', 'section'])
+    def test_issue10777(self):
+        # Registering a namespace twice caused a "dictionary changed size during
+        # iteration" bug.
+        ET.register_namespace('test10777', 'http://myuri/')
+        ET.register_namespace('test10777', 'http://myuri/')
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------
+class BasicElementTest(ElementTestCase, unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_augmentation_type_errors(self):
+        e = ET.Element('joe')
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, e.append, 'b')
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, e.extend, [ET.Element('bar'), 'foo'])
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, e.insert, 0, 'foo')
+    def test_cyclic_gc(self):
+        class Dummy:
+            pass
+        # Test the shortest cycle: d->element->d
+        d = Dummy()
+        d.dummyref = ET.Element('joe', attr=d)
+        wref = weakref.ref(d)
+        del d
+        gc_collect()
+        self.assertIsNone(wref())
+        # A longer cycle: d->e->e2->d
+        e = ET.Element('joe')
+        d = Dummy()
+        d.dummyref = e
+        wref = weakref.ref(d)
+        e2 = ET.SubElement(e, 'foo', attr=d)
+        del d, e, e2
+        gc_collect()
+        self.assertIsNone(wref())
+        # A cycle between Element objects as children of one another
+        # e1->e2->e3->e1
+        e1 = ET.Element('e1')
+        e2 = ET.Element('e2')
+        e3 = ET.Element('e3')
+        e1.append(e2)
+        e2.append(e2)
+        e3.append(e1)
+        wref = weakref.ref(e1)
+        del e1, e2, e3
+        gc_collect()
+        self.assertIsNone(wref())
+    def test_weakref(self):
+        flag = False
+        def wref_cb(w):
+            nonlocal flag
+            flag = True
+        e = ET.Element('e')
+        wref = weakref.ref(e, wref_cb)
+        self.assertEqual(wref().tag, 'e')
+        del e
+        self.assertEqual(flag, True)
+        self.assertEqual(wref(), None)
+    def test_get_keyword_args(self):
+        e1 = ET.Element('foo' , x=1, y=2, z=3)
+        self.assertEqual(e1.get('x', default=7), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(e1.get('w', default=7), 7)
+    def test_pickle(self):
+        # issue #16076: the C implementation wasn't pickleable.
+        for dumper, loader in product(self.modules, repeat=2):
+            e = dumper.Element('foo', bar=42)
+            e.text = "text goes here"
+            e.tail = "opposite of head"
+            dumper.SubElement(e, 'child').append(dumper.Element('grandchild'))
+            e.append(dumper.Element('child'))
+            e.findall('.//grandchild')[0].set('attr', 'other value')
+            e2 = self.pickleRoundTrip(e, 'xml.etree.ElementTree',
+                                      dumper, loader)
+            self.assertEqual(e2.tag, 'foo')
+            self.assertEqual(e2.attrib['bar'], 42)
+            self.assertEqual(len(e2), 2)
+            self.assertEqualElements(e, e2)
+    def test_pickle_issue18997(self):
+        for dumper, loader in product(self.modules, repeat=2):
+            XMLTEXT = """<?xml version="1.0"?>
+                <group><dogs>4</dogs>
+                </group>"""
+            e1 = dumper.fromstring(XMLTEXT)
+            if hasattr(e1, '__getstate__'):
+                self.assertEqual(e1.__getstate__()['tag'], 'group')
+            e2 = self.pickleRoundTrip(e1, 'xml.etree.ElementTree', dumper, loader)
+            self.assertEqual(e2.tag, 'group')
+            self.assertEqual(e2[0].tag, 'dogs')
+class ElementTreeTypeTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_istype(self):
+        self.assertIsInstance(ET.ParseError, type)
+        self.assertIsInstance(ET.QName, type)
+        self.assertIsInstance(ET.ElementTree, type)
+        self.assertIsInstance(ET.Element, type)
+        self.assertIsInstance(ET.TreeBuilder, type)
+        self.assertIsInstance(ET.XMLParser, type)
+    def test_Element_subclass_trivial(self):
+        class MyElement(ET.Element):
+            pass
+        mye = MyElement('foo')
+        self.assertIsInstance(mye, ET.Element)
+        self.assertIsInstance(mye, MyElement)
+        self.assertEqual(mye.tag, 'foo')
+        # test that attribute assignment works (issue 14849)
+        mye.text = "joe"
+        self.assertEqual(mye.text, "joe")
+    def test_Element_subclass_constructor(self):
+        class MyElement(ET.Element):
+            def __init__(self, tag, attrib={}, **extra):
+                super(MyElement, self).__init__(tag + '__', attrib, **extra)
+        mye = MyElement('foo', {'a': 1, 'b': 2}, c=3, d=4)
+        self.assertEqual(mye.tag, 'foo__')
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(mye.items()),
+            [('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3), ('d', 4)])
+    def test_Element_subclass_new_method(self):
+        class MyElement(ET.Element):
+            def newmethod(self):
+                return self.tag
+        mye = MyElement('joe')
+        self.assertEqual(mye.newmethod(), 'joe')
+class ElementFindTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_find_simple(self):
+        e = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML)
+        self.assertEqual(e.find('tag').tag, 'tag')
+        self.assertEqual(e.find('section/tag').tag, 'tag')
+        self.assertEqual(e.find('./tag').tag, 'tag')
+        e[2] = ET.XML(SAMPLE_SECTION)
+        self.assertEqual(e.find('section/nexttag').tag, 'nexttag')
+        self.assertEqual(e.findtext('./tag'), 'text')
+        self.assertEqual(e.findtext('section/tag'), 'subtext')
+        # section/nexttag is found but has no text
+        self.assertEqual(e.findtext('section/nexttag'), '')
+        self.assertEqual(e.findtext('section/nexttag', 'default'), '')
+        # tog doesn't exist and 'default' kicks in
+        self.assertIsNone(e.findtext('tog'))
+        self.assertEqual(e.findtext('tog', 'default'), 'default')
+        # Issue #16922
+        self.assertEqual(ET.XML('<tag><empty /></tag>').findtext('empty'), '')
+    def test_find_xpath(self):
+        LINEAR_XML = '''
+        <body>
+            <tag class='a'/>
+            <tag class='b'/>
+            <tag class='c'/>
+            <tag class='d'/>
+        </body>'''
+        e = ET.XML(LINEAR_XML)
+        # Test for numeric indexing and last()
+        self.assertEqual(e.find('./tag[1]').attrib['class'], 'a')
+        self.assertEqual(e.find('./tag[2]').attrib['class'], 'b')
+        self.assertEqual(e.find('./tag[last()]').attrib['class'], 'd')
+        self.assertEqual(e.find('./tag[last()-1]').attrib['class'], 'c')
+        self.assertEqual(e.find('./tag[last()-2]').attrib['class'], 'b')
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, 'XPath', e.find, './tag[0]')
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, 'XPath', e.find, './tag[-1]')
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, 'XPath', e.find, './tag[last()-0]')
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, 'XPath', e.find, './tag[last()+1]')
+    def test_findall(self):
+        e = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML)
+        e[2] = ET.XML(SAMPLE_SECTION)
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('.')), ['body'])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('tag')), ['tag', 'tag'])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('tog')), [])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('tog/foo')), [])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('*')),
+            ['tag', 'tag', 'section'])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('.//tag')),
+            ['tag'] * 4)
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('section/tag')), ['tag'])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('section//tag')), ['tag'] * 2)
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('section/*')),
+            ['tag', 'nexttag', 'nextsection'])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('section//*')),
+            ['tag', 'nexttag', 'nextsection', 'tag'])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('section/.//*')),
+            ['tag', 'nexttag', 'nextsection', 'tag'])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('*/*')),
+            ['tag', 'nexttag', 'nextsection'])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('*//*')),
+            ['tag', 'nexttag', 'nextsection', 'tag'])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('*/tag')), ['tag'])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('*/./tag')), ['tag'])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('./tag')), ['tag'] * 2)
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('././tag')), ['tag'] * 2)
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('.//tag[@class]')),
+            ['tag'] * 3)
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('.//tag[@class="a"]')),
+            ['tag'])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('.//tag[@class="b"]')),
+            ['tag'] * 2)
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('.//tag[@id]')),
+            ['tag'])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('.//section[tag]')),
+            ['section'])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('.//section[element]')), [])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('../tag')), [])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('section/../tag')),
+            ['tag'] * 2)
+        self.assertEqual(e.findall('section//'), e.findall('section//*'))
+    def test_test_find_with_ns(self):
+        e = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML_NS)
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('tag')), [])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            summarize_list(e.findall("{http://effbot.org/ns}tag")),
+            ['{http://effbot.org/ns}tag'] * 2)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            summarize_list(e.findall(".//{http://effbot.org/ns}tag")),
+            ['{http://effbot.org/ns}tag'] * 3)
+    def test_findall_different_nsmaps(self):
+        root = ET.XML('''
+            <a xmlns:x="X" xmlns:y="Y">
+                <x:b><c/></x:b>
+                <b/>
+                <c><x:b/><b/></c><y:b/>
+            </a>''')
+        nsmap = {'xx': 'X'}
+        self.assertEqual(len(root.findall(".//xx:b", namespaces=nsmap)), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(root.findall(".//b", namespaces=nsmap)), 2)
+        nsmap = {'xx': 'Y'}
+        self.assertEqual(len(root.findall(".//xx:b", namespaces=nsmap)), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(root.findall(".//b", namespaces=nsmap)), 2)
+    def test_bad_find(self):
+        e = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, 'cannot use absolute path'):
+            e.findall('/tag')
+    def test_find_through_ElementTree(self):
+        e = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML)
+        self.assertEqual(ET.ElementTree(e).find('tag').tag, 'tag')
+        self.assertEqual(ET.ElementTree(e).findtext('tag'), 'text')
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(ET.ElementTree(e).findall('tag')),
+            ['tag'] * 2)
+        # this produces a warning
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(ET.ElementTree(e).findall('//tag')),
+            ['tag'] * 3)
+class ElementIterTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def _ilist(self, elem, tag=None):
+        return summarize_list(elem.iter(tag))
+    def test_basic(self):
+        doc = ET.XML("<html><body>this is a <i>paragraph</i>.</body>..</html>")
+        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(doc), ['html', 'body', 'i'])
+        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(doc.find('body')), ['body', 'i'])
+        self.assertEqual(next(doc.iter()).tag, 'html')
+        self.assertEqual(''.join(doc.itertext()), 'this is a paragraph...')
+        self.assertEqual(''.join(doc.find('body').itertext()),
+            'this is a paragraph.')
+        self.assertEqual(next(doc.itertext()), 'this is a ')
+        # iterparse should return an iterator
+        sourcefile = serialize(doc, to_string=False)
+        self.assertEqual(next(ET.iterparse(sourcefile))[0], 'end')
+        # With an explitit parser too (issue #9708)
+        sourcefile = serialize(doc, to_string=False)
+        parser = ET.XMLParser(target=ET.TreeBuilder())
+        self.assertEqual(next(ET.iterparse(sourcefile, parser=parser))[0],
+                         'end')
+        tree = ET.ElementTree(None)
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, tree.iter)
+        # Issue #16913
+        doc = ET.XML("<root>a&amp;<sub>b&amp;</sub>c&amp;</root>")
+        self.assertEqual(''.join(doc.itertext()), 'a&b&c&')
+    def test_corners(self):
+        # single root, no subelements
+        a = ET.Element('a')
+        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(a), ['a'])
+        # one child
+        b = ET.SubElement(a, 'b')
+        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(a), ['a', 'b'])
+        # one child and one grandchild
+        c = ET.SubElement(b, 'c')
+        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(a), ['a', 'b', 'c'])
+        # two children, only first with grandchild
+        d = ET.SubElement(a, 'd')
+        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(a), ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
+        # replace first child by second
+        a[0] = a[1]
+        del a[1]
+        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(a), ['a', 'd'])
+    def test_iter_by_tag(self):
+        doc = ET.XML('''
+            <document>
+                <house>
+                    <room>bedroom1</room>
+                    <room>bedroom2</room>
+                </house>
+                <shed>nothing here
+                </shed>
+                <house>
+                    <room>bedroom8</room>
+                </house>
+            </document>''')
+        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(doc, 'room'), ['room'] * 3)
+        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(doc, 'house'), ['house'] * 2)
+        # test that iter also accepts 'tag' as a keyword arg
+        self.assertEqual(
+            summarize_list(doc.iter(tag='room')),
+            ['room'] * 3)
+        # make sure both tag=None and tag='*' return all tags
+        all_tags = ['document', 'house', 'room', 'room',
+                    'shed', 'house', 'room']
+        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(doc), all_tags)
+        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(doc, '*'), all_tags)
+class TreeBuilderTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    sample1 = ('<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC'
+        ' "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"'
+        ' "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">'
+        '<html>text<div>subtext</div>tail</html>')
+    sample2 = '''<toplevel>sometext</toplevel>'''
+    def _check_sample1_element(self, e):
+        self.assertEqual(e.tag, 'html')
+        self.assertEqual(e.text, 'text')
+        self.assertEqual(e.tail, None)
+        self.assertEqual(e.attrib, {})
+        children = list(e)
+        self.assertEqual(len(children), 1)
+        child = children[0]
+        self.assertEqual(child.tag, 'div')
+        self.assertEqual(child.text, 'subtext')
+        self.assertEqual(child.tail, 'tail')
+        self.assertEqual(child.attrib, {})
+    def test_dummy_builder(self):
+        class BaseDummyBuilder:
+            def close(self):
+                return 42
+        class DummyBuilder(BaseDummyBuilder):
+            data = start = end = lambda *a: None
+        parser = ET.XMLParser(target=DummyBuilder())
+        parser.feed(self.sample1)
+        self.assertEqual(parser.close(), 42)
+        parser = ET.XMLParser(target=BaseDummyBuilder())
+        parser.feed(self.sample1)
+        self.assertEqual(parser.close(), 42)
+        parser = ET.XMLParser(target=object())
+        parser.feed(self.sample1)
+        self.assertIsNone(parser.close())
+    def test_treebuilder_elementfactory_none(self):
+        parser = ET.XMLParser(target=ET.TreeBuilder(element_factory=None))
+        parser.feed(self.sample1)
+        e = parser.close()
+        self._check_sample1_element(e)
+    def test_subclass(self):
+        class MyTreeBuilder(ET.TreeBuilder):
+            def foobar(self, x):
+                return x * 2
+        tb = MyTreeBuilder()
+        self.assertEqual(tb.foobar(10), 20)
+        parser = ET.XMLParser(target=tb)
+        parser.feed(self.sample1)
+        e = parser.close()
+        self._check_sample1_element(e)
+    def test_element_factory(self):
+        lst = []
+        def myfactory(tag, attrib):
+            nonlocal lst
+            lst.append(tag)
+            return ET.Element(tag, attrib)
+        tb = ET.TreeBuilder(element_factory=myfactory)
+        parser = ET.XMLParser(target=tb)
+        parser.feed(self.sample2)
+        parser.close()
+        self.assertEqual(lst, ['toplevel'])
+    def _check_element_factory_class(self, cls):
+        tb = ET.TreeBuilder(element_factory=cls)
+        parser = ET.XMLParser(target=tb)
+        parser.feed(self.sample1)
+        e = parser.close()
+        self.assertIsInstance(e, cls)
+        self._check_sample1_element(e)
+    def test_element_factory_subclass(self):
+        class MyElement(ET.Element):
+            pass
+        self._check_element_factory_class(MyElement)
+    def test_element_factory_pure_python_subclass(self):
+        # Mimick SimpleTAL's behaviour (issue #16089): both versions of
+        # TreeBuilder should be able to cope with a subclass of the
+        # pure Python Element class.
+        base = ET._Element_Py
+        # Not from a C extension
+        self.assertEqual(base.__module__, 'xml.etree.ElementTree')
+        # Force some multiple inheritance with a C class to make things
+        # more interesting.
+        class MyElement(base, ValueError):
+            pass
+        self._check_element_factory_class(MyElement)
+    def test_doctype(self):
+        class DoctypeParser:
+            _doctype = None
+            def doctype(self, name, pubid, system):
+                self._doctype = (name, pubid, system)
+            def close(self):
+                return self._doctype
+        parser = ET.XMLParser(target=DoctypeParser())
+        parser.feed(self.sample1)
+        self.assertEqual(parser.close(),
+            ('html', '-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN',
+             'http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd'))
+class XMLParserTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    sample1 = b'<file><line>22</line></file>'
+    sample2 = (b'<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC'
+        b' "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"'
+        b' "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">'
+        b'<html>text</html>')
+    sample3 = ('<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>\n'
+        '<money value="$\xa3\u20ac\U0001017b">$\xa3\u20ac\U0001017b</money>')
+    def _check_sample_element(self, e):
+        self.assertEqual(e.tag, 'file')
+        self.assertEqual(e[0].tag, 'line')
+        self.assertEqual(e[0].text, '22')
+    def test_constructor_args(self):
+        # Positional args. The first (html) is not supported, but should be
+        # nevertheless correctly accepted.
+        parser = ET.XMLParser(None, ET.TreeBuilder(), 'utf-8')
+        parser.feed(self.sample1)
+        self._check_sample_element(parser.close())
+        # Now as keyword args.
+        parser2 = ET.XMLParser(encoding='utf-8',
+                               html=[{}],
+                               target=ET.TreeBuilder())
+        parser2.feed(self.sample1)
+        self._check_sample_element(parser2.close())
+    def test_subclass(self):
+        class MyParser(ET.XMLParser):
+            pass
+        parser = MyParser()
+        parser.feed(self.sample1)
+        self._check_sample_element(parser.close())
+    def test_subclass_doctype(self):
+        _doctype = None
+        class MyParserWithDoctype(ET.XMLParser):
+            def doctype(self, name, pubid, system):
+                nonlocal _doctype
+                _doctype = (name, pubid, system)
+        parser = MyParserWithDoctype()
+        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+            parser.feed(self.sample2)
+        parser.close()
+        self.assertEqual(_doctype,
+            ('html', '-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN',
+             'http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd'))
+    def test_parse_string(self):
+        parser = ET.XMLParser(target=ET.TreeBuilder())
+        parser.feed(self.sample3)
+        e = parser.close()
+        self.assertEqual(e.tag, 'money')
+        self.assertEqual(e.attrib['value'], '$\xa3\u20ac\U0001017b')
+        self.assertEqual(e.text, '$\xa3\u20ac\U0001017b')
+class NamespaceParseTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_find_with_namespace(self):
+        nsmap = {'h': 'hello', 'f': 'foo'}
+        doc = ET.fromstring(SAMPLE_XML_NS_ELEMS)
+        self.assertEqual(len(doc.findall('{hello}table', nsmap)), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(doc.findall('.//{hello}td', nsmap)), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(doc.findall('.//{foo}name', nsmap)), 1)
+class ElementSlicingTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def _elem_tags(self, elemlist):
+        return [e.tag for e in elemlist]
+    def _subelem_tags(self, elem):
+        return self._elem_tags(list(elem))
+    def _make_elem_with_children(self, numchildren):
+        """Create an Element with a tag 'a', with the given amount of children
+           named 'a0', 'a1' ... and so on.
+        """
+        e = ET.Element('a')
+        for i in range(numchildren):
+            ET.SubElement(e, 'a%s' % i)
+        return e
+    def test_getslice_single_index(self):
+        e = self._make_elem_with_children(10)
+        self.assertEqual(e[1].tag, 'a1')
+        self.assertEqual(e[-2].tag, 'a8')
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: e[12])
+    def test_getslice_range(self):
+        e = self._make_elem_with_children(6)
+        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[3:]), ['a3', 'a4', 'a5'])
+        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[3:6]), ['a3', 'a4', 'a5'])
+        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[3:16]), ['a3', 'a4', 'a5'])
+        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[3:5]), ['a3', 'a4'])
+        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[3:-1]), ['a3', 'a4'])
+        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[:2]), ['a0', 'a1'])
+    def test_getslice_steps(self):
+        e = self._make_elem_with_children(10)
+        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[8:10:1]), ['a8', 'a9'])
+        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[::3]), ['a0', 'a3', 'a6', 'a9'])
+        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[::8]), ['a0', 'a8'])
+        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[1::8]), ['a1', 'a9'])
+    def test_getslice_negative_steps(self):
+        e = self._make_elem_with_children(4)
+        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[::-1]), ['a3', 'a2', 'a1', 'a0'])
+        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[::-2]), ['a3', 'a1'])
+    def test_delslice(self):
+        e = self._make_elem_with_children(4)
+        del e[0:2]
+        self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), ['a2', 'a3'])
+        e = self._make_elem_with_children(4)
+        del e[0:]
+        self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), [])
+        e = self._make_elem_with_children(4)
+        del e[::-1]
+        self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), [])
+        e = self._make_elem_with_children(4)
+        del e[::-2]
+        self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), ['a0', 'a2'])
+        e = self._make_elem_with_children(4)
+        del e[1::2]
+        self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), ['a0', 'a2'])
+        e = self._make_elem_with_children(2)
+        del e[::2]
+        self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), ['a1'])
+class IOTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def tearDown(self):
+        support.unlink(TESTFN)
+    def test_encoding(self):
+        # Test encoding issues.
+        elem = ET.Element("tag")
+        elem.text = "abc"
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem), '<tag>abc</tag>')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="utf-8"),
+                b'<tag>abc</tag>')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="us-ascii"),
+                b'<tag>abc</tag>')
+        for enc in ("iso-8859-1", "utf-16", "utf-32"):
+            self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding=enc),
+                    ("<?xml version='1.0' encoding='%s'?>\n"
+                     "<tag>abc</tag>" % enc).encode(enc))
+        elem = ET.Element("tag")
+        elem.text = "<&\"\'>"
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem), '<tag>&lt;&amp;"\'&gt;</tag>')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="utf-8"),
+                b'<tag>&lt;&amp;"\'&gt;</tag>')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="us-ascii"),
+                b'<tag>&lt;&amp;"\'&gt;</tag>')
+        for enc in ("iso-8859-1", "utf-16", "utf-32"):
+            self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding=enc),
+                    ("<?xml version='1.0' encoding='%s'?>\n"
+                     "<tag>&lt;&amp;\"'&gt;</tag>" % enc).encode(enc))
+        elem = ET.Element("tag")
+        elem.attrib["key"] = "<&\"\'>"
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem), '<tag key="&lt;&amp;&quot;\'&gt;" />')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="utf-8"),
+                b'<tag key="&lt;&amp;&quot;\'&gt;" />')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="us-ascii"),
+                b'<tag key="&lt;&amp;&quot;\'&gt;" />')
+        for enc in ("iso-8859-1", "utf-16", "utf-32"):
+            self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding=enc),
+                    ("<?xml version='1.0' encoding='%s'?>\n"
+                     "<tag key=\"&lt;&amp;&quot;'&gt;\" />" % enc).encode(enc))
+        elem = ET.Element("tag")
+        elem.text = '\xe5\xf6\xf6<>'
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem), '<tag>\xe5\xf6\xf6&lt;&gt;</tag>')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="utf-8"),
+                b'<tag>\xc3\xa5\xc3\xb6\xc3\xb6&lt;&gt;</tag>')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="us-ascii"),
+                b'<tag>&#229;&#246;&#246;&lt;&gt;</tag>')
+        for enc in ("iso-8859-1", "utf-16", "utf-32"):
+            self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding=enc),
+                    ("<?xml version='1.0' encoding='%s'?>\n"
+                     "<tag>åöö&lt;&gt;</tag>" % enc).encode(enc))
+        elem = ET.Element("tag")
+        elem.attrib["key"] = '\xe5\xf6\xf6<>'
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem), '<tag key="\xe5\xf6\xf6&lt;&gt;" />')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="utf-8"),
+                b'<tag key="\xc3\xa5\xc3\xb6\xc3\xb6&lt;&gt;" />')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="us-ascii"),
+                b'<tag key="&#229;&#246;&#246;&lt;&gt;" />')
+        for enc in ("iso-8859-1", "utf-16", "utf-16le", "utf-16be", "utf-32"):
+            self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding=enc),
+                    ("<?xml version='1.0' encoding='%s'?>\n"
+                     "<tag key=\"åöö&lt;&gt;\" />" % enc).encode(enc))
+    def test_write_to_filename(self):
+        tree = ET.ElementTree(ET.XML('''<site />'''))
+        tree.write(TESTFN)
+        with open(TESTFN, 'rb') as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b'''<site />''')
+    def test_write_to_text_file(self):
+        tree = ET.ElementTree(ET.XML('''<site />'''))
+        with open(TESTFN, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            tree.write(f, encoding='unicode')
+            self.assertFalse(f.closed)
+        with open(TESTFN, 'rb') as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b'''<site />''')
+    def test_write_to_binary_file(self):
+        tree = ET.ElementTree(ET.XML('''<site />'''))
+        with open(TESTFN, 'wb') as f:
+            tree.write(f)
+            self.assertFalse(f.closed)
+        with open(TESTFN, 'rb') as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b'''<site />''')
+    def test_write_to_binary_file_with_bom(self):
+        tree = ET.ElementTree(ET.XML('''<site />'''))
+        # test BOM writing to buffered file
+        with open(TESTFN, 'wb') as f:
+            tree.write(f, encoding='utf-16')
+            self.assertFalse(f.closed)
+        with open(TESTFN, 'rb') as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(),
+                    '''<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-16'?>\n'''
+                    '''<site />'''.encode("utf-16"))
+        # test BOM writing to non-buffered file
+        with open(TESTFN, 'wb', buffering=0) as f:
+            tree.write(f, encoding='utf-16')
+            self.assertFalse(f.closed)
+        with open(TESTFN, 'rb') as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(),
+                    '''<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-16'?>\n'''
+                    '''<site />'''.encode("utf-16"))
+    def test_read_from_stringio(self):
+        tree = ET.ElementTree()
+        stream = io.StringIO('''<?xml version="1.0"?><site></site>''')
+        tree.parse(stream)
+        self.assertEqual(tree.getroot().tag, 'site')
+    def test_write_to_stringio(self):
+        tree = ET.ElementTree(ET.XML('''<site />'''))
+        stream = io.StringIO()
+        tree.write(stream, encoding='unicode')
+        self.assertEqual(stream.getvalue(), '''<site />''')
+    def test_read_from_bytesio(self):
+        tree = ET.ElementTree()
+        raw = io.BytesIO(b'''<?xml version="1.0"?><site></site>''')
+        tree.parse(raw)
+        self.assertEqual(tree.getroot().tag, 'site')
+    def test_write_to_bytesio(self):
+        tree = ET.ElementTree(ET.XML('''<site />'''))
+        raw = io.BytesIO()
+        tree.write(raw)
+        self.assertEqual(raw.getvalue(), b'''<site />''')
+    class dummy:
+        pass
+    def test_read_from_user_text_reader(self):
+        stream = io.StringIO('''<?xml version="1.0"?><site></site>''')
+        reader = self.dummy()
+        reader.read = stream.read
+        tree = ET.ElementTree()
+        tree.parse(reader)
+        self.assertEqual(tree.getroot().tag, 'site')
+    def test_write_to_user_text_writer(self):
+        tree = ET.ElementTree(ET.XML('''<site />'''))
+        stream = io.StringIO()
+        writer = self.dummy()
+        writer.write = stream.write
+        tree.write(writer, encoding='unicode')
+        self.assertEqual(stream.getvalue(), '''<site />''')
+    def test_read_from_user_binary_reader(self):
+        raw = io.BytesIO(b'''<?xml version="1.0"?><site></site>''')
+        reader = self.dummy()
+        reader.read = raw.read
+        tree = ET.ElementTree()
+        tree.parse(reader)
+        self.assertEqual(tree.getroot().tag, 'site')
+        tree = ET.ElementTree()
+    def test_write_to_user_binary_writer(self):
+        tree = ET.ElementTree(ET.XML('''<site />'''))
+        raw = io.BytesIO()
+        writer = self.dummy()
+        writer.write = raw.write
+        tree.write(writer)
+        self.assertEqual(raw.getvalue(), b'''<site />''')
+    def test_write_to_user_binary_writer_with_bom(self):
+        tree = ET.ElementTree(ET.XML('''<site />'''))
+        raw = io.BytesIO()
+        writer = self.dummy()
+        writer.write = raw.write
+        writer.seekable = lambda: True
+        writer.tell = raw.tell
+        tree.write(writer, encoding="utf-16")
+        self.assertEqual(raw.getvalue(),
+                '''<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-16'?>\n'''
+                '''<site />'''.encode("utf-16"))
+    def test_tostringlist_invariant(self):
+        root = ET.fromstring('<tag>foo</tag>')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ET.tostring(root, 'unicode'),
+            ''.join(ET.tostringlist(root, 'unicode')))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ET.tostring(root, 'utf-16'),
+            b''.join(ET.tostringlist(root, 'utf-16')))
+    def test_short_empty_elements(self):
+        root = ET.fromstring('<tag>a<x />b<y></y>c</tag>')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ET.tostring(root, 'unicode'),
+            '<tag>a<x />b<y />c</tag>')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ET.tostring(root, 'unicode', short_empty_elements=True),
+            '<tag>a<x />b<y />c</tag>')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ET.tostring(root, 'unicode', short_empty_elements=False),
+            '<tag>a<x></x>b<y></y>c</tag>')
+class ParseErrorTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_subclass(self):
+        self.assertIsInstance(ET.ParseError(), SyntaxError)
+    def _get_error(self, s):
+        try:
+            ET.fromstring(s)
+        except ET.ParseError as e:
+            return e
+    def test_error_position(self):
+        self.assertEqual(self._get_error('foo').position, (1, 0))
+        self.assertEqual(self._get_error('<tag>&foo;</tag>').position, (1, 5))
+        self.assertEqual(self._get_error('foobar<').position, (1, 6))
+    def test_error_code(self):
+        import xml.parsers.expat.errors as ERRORS
+        self.assertEqual(self._get_error('foo').code,
+                ERRORS.codes[ERRORS.XML_ERROR_SYNTAX])
+class KeywordArgsTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    # Test various issues with keyword arguments passed to ET.Element
+    # constructor and methods
+    def test_issue14818(self):
+        x = ET.XML("<a>foo</a>")
+        self.assertEqual(x.find('a', None),
+                         x.find(path='a', namespaces=None))
+        self.assertEqual(x.findtext('a', None, None),
+                         x.findtext(path='a', default=None, namespaces=None))
+        self.assertEqual(x.findall('a', None),
+                         x.findall(path='a', namespaces=None))
+        self.assertEqual(list(x.iterfind('a', None)),
+                         list(x.iterfind(path='a', namespaces=None)))
+        self.assertEqual(ET.Element('a').attrib, {})
+        elements = [
+            ET.Element('a', dict(href="#", id="foo")),
+            ET.Element('a', attrib=dict(href="#", id="foo")),
+            ET.Element('a', dict(href="#"), id="foo"),
+            ET.Element('a', href="#", id="foo"),
+            ET.Element('a', dict(href="#", id="foo"), href="#", id="foo"),
+        ]
+        for e in elements:
+            self.assertEqual(e.tag, 'a')
+            self.assertEqual(e.attrib, dict(href="#", id="foo"))
+        e2 = ET.SubElement(elements[0], 'foobar', attrib={'key1': 'value1'})
+        self.assertEqual(e2.attrib['key1'], 'value1')
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'must be dict, not str'):
+            ET.Element('a', "I'm not a dict")
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'must be dict, not str'):
+            ET.Element('a', attrib="I'm not a dict")
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------
+class NoAcceleratorTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        if not pyET:
+            raise unittest.SkipTest('only for the Python version')
+    # Test that the C accelerator was not imported for pyET
+    def test_correct_import_pyET(self):
+        # The type of methods defined in Python code is types.FunctionType,
+        # while the type of methods defined inside _elementtree is
+        # <class 'wrapper_descriptor'>
+        self.assertIsInstance(pyET.Element.__init__, types.FunctionType)
+        self.assertIsInstance(pyET.XMLParser.__init__, types.FunctionType)
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------
+class CleanContext(object):
+    """Provide default namespace mapping and path cache."""
+    checkwarnings = None
+    def __init__(self, quiet=False):
+        if sys.flags.optimize >= 2:
+            # under -OO, doctests cannot be run and therefore not all warnings
+            # will be emitted
+            quiet = True
+        deprecations = (
+            # Search behaviour is broken if search path starts with "/".
+            ("This search is broken in 1.3 and earlier, and will be fixed "
+             "in a future version.  If you rely on the current behaviour, "
+             "change it to '.+'", FutureWarning),
+            # Element.getchildren() and Element.getiterator() are deprecated.
+            ("This method will be removed in future versions.  "
+             "Use .+ instead.", DeprecationWarning),
+            ("This method will be removed in future versions.  "
+             "Use .+ instead.", PendingDeprecationWarning))
+        self.checkwarnings = support.check_warnings(*deprecations, quiet=quiet)
+    def __enter__(self):
+        from xml.etree import ElementPath
+        self._nsmap = ET.register_namespace._namespace_map
+        # Copy the default namespace mapping
+        self._nsmap_copy = self._nsmap.copy()
+        # Copy the path cache (should be empty)
+        self._path_cache = ElementPath._cache
+        ElementPath._cache = self._path_cache.copy()
+        self.checkwarnings.__enter__()
+    def __exit__(self, *args):
+        from xml.etree import ElementPath
+        # Restore mapping and path cache
+        self._nsmap.clear()
+        self._nsmap.update(self._nsmap_copy)
+        ElementPath._cache = self._path_cache
+        self.checkwarnings.__exit__(*args)
+def test_main(module=None):
+    # When invoked without a module, runs the Python ET tests by loading pyET.
+    # Otherwise, uses the given module as the ET.
+    global pyET
+    pyET = import_fresh_module('xml.etree.ElementTree',
+                               blocked=['_elementtree'])
+    if module is None:
+        module = pyET
+    global ET
+    ET = module
+    test_classes = [
+        ModuleTest,
+        ElementSlicingTest,
+        BasicElementTest,
+        ElementTreeTest,
+        IOTest,
+        ParseErrorTest,
+        XIncludeTest,
+        ElementTreeTypeTest,
+        ElementFindTest,
+        ElementIterTest,
+        TreeBuilderTest,
+        XMLParserTest,
+        XMLPullParserTest,
+        BugsTest,
+        ]
+    # These tests will only run for the pure-Python version that doesn't import
+    # _elementtree. We can't use skipUnless here, because pyET is filled in only
+    # after the module is loaded.
+    if pyET is not ET:
+        test_classes.extend([
+            NoAcceleratorTest,
+            ])
+    try:
+        # XXX the C module should give the same warnings as the Python module
+        with CleanContext(quiet=(pyET is not ET)):
+            support.run_unittest(*test_classes)
+    finally:
+        # don't interfere with subsequent tests
+        ET = pyET = None
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    test_main()