com.googler.python 1.0.0

package/python3.4.2/lib/python3.4/test/test_subprocess.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2474 @@
+import unittest
+from test import script_helper
+from test import support
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import signal
+import io
+import locale
+import os
+import errno
+import tempfile
+import time
+import re
+import selectors
+import sysconfig
+import warnings
+import select
+import shutil
+import gc
+import textwrap
+
+try:
+    import threading
+except ImportError:
+    threading = None
+
+mswindows = (sys.platform == "win32")
+
+#
+# Depends on the following external programs: Python
+#
+
+if mswindows:
+    SETBINARY = ('import msvcrt; msvcrt.setmode(sys.stdout.fileno(), '
+                                                'os.O_BINARY);')
+else:
+    SETBINARY = ''
+
+
+try:
+    mkstemp = tempfile.mkstemp
+except AttributeError:
+    # tempfile.mkstemp is not available
+    def mkstemp():
+        """Replacement for mkstemp, calling mktemp."""
+        fname = tempfile.mktemp()
+        return os.open(fname, os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREAT), fname
+
+
+class BaseTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        # Try to minimize the number of children we have so this test
+        # doesn't crash on some buildbots (Alphas in particular).
+        support.reap_children()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        for inst in subprocess._active:
+            inst.wait()
+        subprocess._cleanup()
+        self.assertFalse(subprocess._active, "subprocess._active not empty")
+
+    def assertStderrEqual(self, stderr, expected, msg=None):
+        # In a debug build, stuff like "[6580 refs]" is printed to stderr at
+        # shutdown time.  That frustrates tests trying to check stderr produced
+        # from a spawned Python process.
+        actual = support.strip_python_stderr(stderr)
+        # strip_python_stderr also strips whitespace, so we do too.
+        expected = expected.strip()
+        self.assertEqual(actual, expected, msg)
+
+
+class PopenTestException(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class PopenExecuteChildRaises(subprocess.Popen):
+    """Popen subclass for testing cleanup of subprocess.PIPE filehandles when
+    _execute_child fails.
+    """
+    def _execute_child(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        raise PopenTestException("Forced Exception for Test")
+
+
+class ProcessTestCase(BaseTestCase):
+
+    def test_io_buffered_by_default(self):
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", "import sys; sys.exit(0)"],
+                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+        try:
+            self.assertIsInstance(p.stdin, io.BufferedIOBase)
+            self.assertIsInstance(p.stdout, io.BufferedIOBase)
+            self.assertIsInstance(p.stderr, io.BufferedIOBase)
+        finally:
+            p.stdin.close()
+            p.stdout.close()
+            p.stderr.close()
+            p.wait()
+
+    def test_io_unbuffered_works(self):
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", "import sys; sys.exit(0)"],
+                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE, bufsize=0)
+        try:
+            self.assertIsInstance(p.stdin, io.RawIOBase)
+            self.assertIsInstance(p.stdout, io.RawIOBase)
+            self.assertIsInstance(p.stderr, io.RawIOBase)
+        finally:
+            p.stdin.close()
+            p.stdout.close()
+            p.stderr.close()
+            p.wait()
+
+    def test_call_seq(self):
+        # call() function with sequence argument
+        rc = subprocess.call([sys.executable, "-c",
+                              "import sys; sys.exit(47)"])
+        self.assertEqual(rc, 47)
+
+    def test_call_timeout(self):
+        # call() function with timeout argument; we want to test that the child
+        # process gets killed when the timeout expires.  If the child isn't
+        # killed, this call will deadlock since subprocess.call waits for the
+        # child.
+        self.assertRaises(subprocess.TimeoutExpired, subprocess.call,
+                          [sys.executable, "-c", "while True: pass"],
+                          timeout=0.1)
+
+    def test_check_call_zero(self):
+        # check_call() function with zero return code
+        rc = subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, "-c",
+                                    "import sys; sys.exit(0)"])
+        self.assertEqual(rc, 0)
+
+    def test_check_call_nonzero(self):
+        # check_call() function with non-zero return code
+        with self.assertRaises(subprocess.CalledProcessError) as c:
+            subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, "-c",
+                                   "import sys; sys.exit(47)"])
+        self.assertEqual(c.exception.returncode, 47)
+
+    def test_check_output(self):
+        # check_output() function with zero return code
+        output = subprocess.check_output(
+                [sys.executable, "-c", "print('BDFL')"])
+        self.assertIn(b'BDFL', output)
+
+    def test_check_output_nonzero(self):
+        # check_call() function with non-zero return code
+        with self.assertRaises(subprocess.CalledProcessError) as c:
+            subprocess.check_output(
+                    [sys.executable, "-c", "import sys; sys.exit(5)"])
+        self.assertEqual(c.exception.returncode, 5)
+
+    def test_check_output_stderr(self):
+        # check_output() function stderr redirected to stdout
+        output = subprocess.check_output(
+                [sys.executable, "-c", "import sys; sys.stderr.write('BDFL')"],
+                stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
+        self.assertIn(b'BDFL', output)
+
+    def test_check_output_stdin_arg(self):
+        # check_output() can be called with stdin set to a file
+        tf = tempfile.TemporaryFile()
+        self.addCleanup(tf.close)
+        tf.write(b'pear')
+        tf.seek(0)
+        output = subprocess.check_output(
+                [sys.executable, "-c",
+                 "import sys; sys.stdout.write(sys.stdin.read().upper())"],
+                stdin=tf)
+        self.assertIn(b'PEAR', output)
+
+    def test_check_output_input_arg(self):
+        # check_output() can be called with input set to a string
+        output = subprocess.check_output(
+                [sys.executable, "-c",
+                 "import sys; sys.stdout.write(sys.stdin.read().upper())"],
+                input=b'pear')
+        self.assertIn(b'PEAR', output)
+
+    def test_check_output_stdout_arg(self):
+        # check_output() refuses to accept 'stdout' argument
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as c:
+            output = subprocess.check_output(
+                    [sys.executable, "-c", "print('will not be run')"],
+                    stdout=sys.stdout)
+            self.fail("Expected ValueError when stdout arg supplied.")
+        self.assertIn('stdout', c.exception.args[0])
+
+    def test_check_output_stdin_with_input_arg(self):
+        # check_output() refuses to accept 'stdin' with 'input'
+        tf = tempfile.TemporaryFile()
+        self.addCleanup(tf.close)
+        tf.write(b'pear')
+        tf.seek(0)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as c:
+            output = subprocess.check_output(
+                    [sys.executable, "-c", "print('will not be run')"],
+                    stdin=tf, input=b'hare')
+            self.fail("Expected ValueError when stdin and input args supplied.")
+        self.assertIn('stdin', c.exception.args[0])
+        self.assertIn('input', c.exception.args[0])
+
+    def test_check_output_timeout(self):
+        # check_output() function with timeout arg
+        with self.assertRaises(subprocess.TimeoutExpired) as c:
+            output = subprocess.check_output(
+                    [sys.executable, "-c",
+                     "import sys, time\n"
+                     "sys.stdout.write('BDFL')\n"
+                     "sys.stdout.flush()\n"
+                     "time.sleep(3600)"],
+                    # Some heavily loaded buildbots (sparc Debian 3.x) require
+                    # this much time to start and print.
+                    timeout=3)
+            self.fail("Expected TimeoutExpired.")
+        self.assertEqual(c.exception.output, b'BDFL')
+
+    def test_call_kwargs(self):
+        # call() function with keyword args
+        newenv = os.environ.copy()
+        newenv["FRUIT"] = "banana"
+        rc = subprocess.call([sys.executable, "-c",
+                              'import sys, os;'
+                              'sys.exit(os.getenv("FRUIT")=="banana")'],
+                             env=newenv)
+        self.assertEqual(rc, 1)
+
+    def test_invalid_args(self):
+        # Popen() called with invalid arguments should raise TypeError
+        # but Popen.__del__ should not complain (issue #12085)
+        with support.captured_stderr() as s:
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, subprocess.Popen, invalid_arg_name=1)
+            argcount = subprocess.Popen.__init__.__code__.co_argcount
+            too_many_args = [0] * (argcount + 1)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, subprocess.Popen, *too_many_args)
+        self.assertEqual(s.getvalue(), '')
+
+    def test_stdin_none(self):
+        # .stdin is None when not redirected
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", 'print("banana")'],
+                         stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stderr.close)
+        p.wait()
+        self.assertEqual(p.stdin, None)
+
+    def test_stdout_none(self):
+        # .stdout is None when not redirected, and the child's stdout will
+        # be inherited from the parent.  In order to test this we run a
+        # subprocess in a subprocess:
+        # this_test
+        #   \-- subprocess created by this test (parent)
+        #          \-- subprocess created by the parent subprocess (child)
+        # The parent doesn't specify stdout, so the child will use the
+        # parent's stdout.  This test checks that the message printed by the
+        # child goes to the parent stdout.  The parent also checks that the
+        # child's stdout is None.  See #11963.
+        code = ('import sys; from subprocess import Popen, PIPE;'
+                'p = Popen([sys.executable, "-c", "print(\'test_stdout_none\')"],'
+                '          stdin=PIPE, stderr=PIPE);'
+                'p.wait(); assert p.stdout is None;')
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", code],
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stderr.close)
+        out, err = p.communicate()
+        self.assertEqual(p.returncode, 0, err)
+        self.assertEqual(out.rstrip(), b'test_stdout_none')
+
+    def test_stderr_none(self):
+        # .stderr is None when not redirected
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", 'print("banana")'],
+                         stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdin.close)
+        p.wait()
+        self.assertEqual(p.stderr, None)
+
+    def _assert_python(self, pre_args, **kwargs):
+        # We include sys.exit() to prevent the test runner from hanging
+        # whenever python is found.
+        args = pre_args + ["import sys; sys.exit(47)"]
+        p = subprocess.Popen(args, **kwargs)
+        p.wait()
+        self.assertEqual(47, p.returncode)
+
+    def test_executable(self):
+        # Check that the executable argument works.
+        #
+        # On Unix (non-Mac and non-Windows), Python looks at args[0] to
+        # determine where its standard library is, so we need the directory
+        # of args[0] to be valid for the Popen() call to Python to succeed.
+        # See also issue #16170 and issue #7774.
+        doesnotexist = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.executable),
+                                    "doesnotexist")
+        self._assert_python([doesnotexist, "-c"], executable=sys.executable)
+
+    def test_executable_takes_precedence(self):
+        # Check that the executable argument takes precedence over args[0].
+        #
+        # Verify first that the call succeeds without the executable arg.
+        pre_args = [sys.executable, "-c"]
+        self._assert_python(pre_args)
+        self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, self._assert_python, pre_args,
+                          executable="doesnotexist")
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(mswindows, "executable argument replaces shell")
+    def test_executable_replaces_shell(self):
+        # Check that the executable argument replaces the default shell
+        # when shell=True.
+        self._assert_python([], executable=sys.executable, shell=True)
+
+    # For use in the test_cwd* tests below.
+    def _normalize_cwd(self, cwd):
+        # Normalize an expected cwd (for Tru64 support).
+        # We can't use os.path.realpath since it doesn't expand Tru64 {memb}
+        # strings.  See bug #1063571.
+        original_cwd = os.getcwd()
+        os.chdir(cwd)
+        cwd = os.getcwd()
+        os.chdir(original_cwd)
+        return cwd
+
+    # For use in the test_cwd* tests below.
+    def _split_python_path(self):
+        # Return normalized (python_dir, python_base).
+        python_path = os.path.realpath(sys.executable)
+        return os.path.split(python_path)
+
+    # For use in the test_cwd* tests below.
+    def _assert_cwd(self, expected_cwd, python_arg, **kwargs):
+        # Invoke Python via Popen, and assert that (1) the call succeeds,
+        # and that (2) the current working directory of the child process
+        # matches *expected_cwd*.
+        p = subprocess.Popen([python_arg, "-c",
+                              "import os, sys; "
+                              "sys.stdout.write(os.getcwd()); "
+                              "sys.exit(47)"],
+                              stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                              **kwargs)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
+        p.wait()
+        self.assertEqual(47, p.returncode)
+        normcase = os.path.normcase
+        self.assertEqual(normcase(expected_cwd),
+                         normcase(p.stdout.read().decode("utf-8")))
+
+    def test_cwd(self):
+        # Check that cwd changes the cwd for the child process.
+        temp_dir = tempfile.gettempdir()
+        temp_dir = self._normalize_cwd(temp_dir)
+        self._assert_cwd(temp_dir, sys.executable, cwd=temp_dir)
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(mswindows, "pending resolution of issue #15533")
+    def test_cwd_with_relative_arg(self):
+        # Check that Popen looks for args[0] relative to cwd if args[0]
+        # is relative.
+        python_dir, python_base = self._split_python_path()
+        rel_python = os.path.join(os.curdir, python_base)
+        with support.temp_cwd() as wrong_dir:
+            # Before calling with the correct cwd, confirm that the call fails
+            # without cwd and with the wrong cwd.
+            self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, subprocess.Popen,
+                              [rel_python])
+            self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, subprocess.Popen,
+                              [rel_python], cwd=wrong_dir)
+            python_dir = self._normalize_cwd(python_dir)
+            self._assert_cwd(python_dir, rel_python, cwd=python_dir)
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(mswindows, "pending resolution of issue #15533")
+    def test_cwd_with_relative_executable(self):
+        # Check that Popen looks for executable relative to cwd if executable
+        # is relative (and that executable takes precedence over args[0]).
+        python_dir, python_base = self._split_python_path()
+        rel_python = os.path.join(os.curdir, python_base)
+        doesntexist = "somethingyoudonthave"
+        with support.temp_cwd() as wrong_dir:
+            # Before calling with the correct cwd, confirm that the call fails
+            # without cwd and with the wrong cwd.
+            self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, subprocess.Popen,
+                              [doesntexist], executable=rel_python)
+            self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, subprocess.Popen,
+                              [doesntexist], executable=rel_python,
+                              cwd=wrong_dir)
+            python_dir = self._normalize_cwd(python_dir)
+            self._assert_cwd(python_dir, doesntexist, executable=rel_python,
+                             cwd=python_dir)
+
+    def test_cwd_with_absolute_arg(self):
+        # Check that Popen can find the executable when the cwd is wrong
+        # if args[0] is an absolute path.
+        python_dir, python_base = self._split_python_path()
+        abs_python = os.path.join(python_dir, python_base)
+        rel_python = os.path.join(os.curdir, python_base)
+        with script_helper.temp_dir() as wrong_dir:
+            # Before calling with an absolute path, confirm that using a
+            # relative path fails.
+            self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, subprocess.Popen,
+                              [rel_python], cwd=wrong_dir)
+            wrong_dir = self._normalize_cwd(wrong_dir)
+            self._assert_cwd(wrong_dir, abs_python, cwd=wrong_dir)
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.base_prefix != sys.prefix,
+                     'Test is not venv-compatible')
+    def test_executable_with_cwd(self):
+        python_dir, python_base = self._split_python_path()
+        python_dir = self._normalize_cwd(python_dir)
+        self._assert_cwd(python_dir, "somethingyoudonthave",
+                         executable=sys.executable, cwd=python_dir)
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.base_prefix != sys.prefix,
+                     'Test is not venv-compatible')
+    @unittest.skipIf(sysconfig.is_python_build(),
+                     "need an installed Python. See #7774")
+    def test_executable_without_cwd(self):
+        # For a normal installation, it should work without 'cwd'
+        # argument.  For test runs in the build directory, see #7774.
+        self._assert_cwd(os.getcwd(), "somethingyoudonthave",
+                         executable=sys.executable)
+
+    def test_stdin_pipe(self):
+        # stdin redirection
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                         'import sys; sys.exit(sys.stdin.read() == "pear")'],
+                        stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
+        p.stdin.write(b"pear")
+        p.stdin.close()
+        p.wait()
+        self.assertEqual(p.returncode, 1)
+
+    def test_stdin_filedes(self):
+        # stdin is set to open file descriptor
+        tf = tempfile.TemporaryFile()
+        self.addCleanup(tf.close)
+        d = tf.fileno()
+        os.write(d, b"pear")
+        os.lseek(d, 0, 0)
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                         'import sys; sys.exit(sys.stdin.read() == "pear")'],
+                         stdin=d)
+        p.wait()
+        self.assertEqual(p.returncode, 1)
+
+    def test_stdin_fileobj(self):
+        # stdin is set to open file object
+        tf = tempfile.TemporaryFile()
+        self.addCleanup(tf.close)
+        tf.write(b"pear")
+        tf.seek(0)
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                         'import sys; sys.exit(sys.stdin.read() == "pear")'],
+                         stdin=tf)
+        p.wait()
+        self.assertEqual(p.returncode, 1)
+
+    def test_stdout_pipe(self):
+        # stdout redirection
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                          'import sys; sys.stdout.write("orange")'],
+                         stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
+        self.assertEqual(p.stdout.read(), b"orange")
+
+    def test_stdout_filedes(self):
+        # stdout is set to open file descriptor
+        tf = tempfile.TemporaryFile()
+        self.addCleanup(tf.close)
+        d = tf.fileno()
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                          'import sys; sys.stdout.write("orange")'],
+                         stdout=d)
+        p.wait()
+        os.lseek(d, 0, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(os.read(d, 1024), b"orange")
+
+    def test_stdout_fileobj(self):
+        # stdout is set to open file object
+        tf = tempfile.TemporaryFile()
+        self.addCleanup(tf.close)
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                          'import sys; sys.stdout.write("orange")'],
+                         stdout=tf)
+        p.wait()
+        tf.seek(0)
+        self.assertEqual(tf.read(), b"orange")
+
+    def test_stderr_pipe(self):
+        # stderr redirection
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                          'import sys; sys.stderr.write("strawberry")'],
+                         stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stderr.close)
+        self.assertStderrEqual(p.stderr.read(), b"strawberry")
+
+    def test_stderr_filedes(self):
+        # stderr is set to open file descriptor
+        tf = tempfile.TemporaryFile()
+        self.addCleanup(tf.close)
+        d = tf.fileno()
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                          'import sys; sys.stderr.write("strawberry")'],
+                         stderr=d)
+        p.wait()
+        os.lseek(d, 0, 0)
+        self.assertStderrEqual(os.read(d, 1024), b"strawberry")
+
+    def test_stderr_fileobj(self):
+        # stderr is set to open file object
+        tf = tempfile.TemporaryFile()
+        self.addCleanup(tf.close)
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                          'import sys; sys.stderr.write("strawberry")'],
+                         stderr=tf)
+        p.wait()
+        tf.seek(0)
+        self.assertStderrEqual(tf.read(), b"strawberry")
+
+    def test_stdout_stderr_pipe(self):
+        # capture stdout and stderr to the same pipe
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                              'import sys;'
+                              'sys.stdout.write("apple");'
+                              'sys.stdout.flush();'
+                              'sys.stderr.write("orange")'],
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
+        self.assertStderrEqual(p.stdout.read(), b"appleorange")
+
+    def test_stdout_stderr_file(self):
+        # capture stdout and stderr to the same open file
+        tf = tempfile.TemporaryFile()
+        self.addCleanup(tf.close)
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                              'import sys;'
+                              'sys.stdout.write("apple");'
+                              'sys.stdout.flush();'
+                              'sys.stderr.write("orange")'],
+                             stdout=tf,
+                             stderr=tf)
+        p.wait()
+        tf.seek(0)
+        self.assertStderrEqual(tf.read(), b"appleorange")
+
+    def test_stdout_filedes_of_stdout(self):
+        # stdout is set to 1 (#1531862).
+        # To avoid printing the text on stdout, we do something similar to
+        # test_stdout_none (see above).  The parent subprocess calls the child
+        # subprocess passing stdout=1, and this test uses stdout=PIPE in
+        # order to capture and check the output of the parent. See #11963.
+        code = ('import sys, subprocess; '
+                'rc = subprocess.call([sys.executable, "-c", '
+                '    "import os, sys; sys.exit(os.write(sys.stdout.fileno(), '
+                     'b\'test with stdout=1\'))"], stdout=1); '
+                'assert rc == 18')
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", code],
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stderr.close)
+        out, err = p.communicate()
+        self.assertEqual(p.returncode, 0, err)
+        self.assertEqual(out.rstrip(), b'test with stdout=1')
+
+    def test_stdout_devnull(self):
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                              'for i in range(10240):'
+                              'print("x" * 1024)'],
+                              stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
+        p.wait()
+        self.assertEqual(p.stdout, None)
+
+    def test_stderr_devnull(self):
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                              'import sys\n'
+                              'for i in range(10240):'
+                              'sys.stderr.write("x" * 1024)'],
+                              stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
+        p.wait()
+        self.assertEqual(p.stderr, None)
+
+    def test_stdin_devnull(self):
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                              'import sys;'
+                              'sys.stdin.read(1)'],
+                              stdin=subprocess.DEVNULL)
+        p.wait()
+        self.assertEqual(p.stdin, None)
+
+    def test_env(self):
+        newenv = os.environ.copy()
+        newenv["FRUIT"] = "orange"
+        with subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                               'import sys,os;'
+                               'sys.stdout.write(os.getenv("FRUIT"))'],
+                              stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                              env=newenv) as p:
+            stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
+            self.assertEqual(stdout, b"orange")
+
+    # Windows requires at least the SYSTEMROOT environment variable to start
+    # Python
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == 'win32',
+                     'cannot test an empty env on Windows')
+    @unittest.skipIf(sysconfig.get_config_var('Py_ENABLE_SHARED') is not None,
+                     'the python library cannot be loaded '
+                     'with an empty environment')
+    def test_empty_env(self):
+        with subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                               'import os; '
+                               'print(list(os.environ.keys()))'],
+                              stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                              env={}) as p:
+            stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
+            self.assertIn(stdout.strip(),
+                (b"[]",
+                 # Mac OS X adds __CF_USER_TEXT_ENCODING variable to an empty
+                 # environment
+                 b"['__CF_USER_TEXT_ENCODING']"))
+
+    def test_communicate_stdin(self):
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                              'import sys;'
+                              'sys.exit(sys.stdin.read() == "pear")'],
+                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
+        p.communicate(b"pear")
+        self.assertEqual(p.returncode, 1)
+
+    def test_communicate_stdout(self):
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                              'import sys; sys.stdout.write("pineapple")'],
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+        (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate()
+        self.assertEqual(stdout, b"pineapple")
+        self.assertEqual(stderr, None)
+
+    def test_communicate_stderr(self):
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                              'import sys; sys.stderr.write("pineapple")'],
+                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+        (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate()
+        self.assertEqual(stdout, None)
+        self.assertStderrEqual(stderr, b"pineapple")
+
+    def test_communicate(self):
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                              'import sys,os;'
+                              'sys.stderr.write("pineapple");'
+                              'sys.stdout.write(sys.stdin.read())'],
+                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stderr.close)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdin.close)
+        (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate(b"banana")
+        self.assertEqual(stdout, b"banana")
+        self.assertStderrEqual(stderr, b"pineapple")
+
+    def test_communicate_timeout(self):
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                              'import sys,os,time;'
+                              'sys.stderr.write("pineapple\\n");'
+                              'time.sleep(1);'
+                              'sys.stderr.write("pear\\n");'
+                              'sys.stdout.write(sys.stdin.read())'],
+                             universal_newlines=True,
+                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+        self.assertRaises(subprocess.TimeoutExpired, p.communicate, "banana",
+                          timeout=0.3)
+        # Make sure we can keep waiting for it, and that we get the whole output
+        # after it completes.
+        (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate()
+        self.assertEqual(stdout, "banana")
+        self.assertStderrEqual(stderr.encode(), b"pineapple\npear\n")
+
+    def test_communicate_timeout_large_ouput(self):
+        # Test an expiring timeout while the child is outputting lots of data.
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                              'import sys,os,time;'
+                              'sys.stdout.write("a" * (64 * 1024));'
+                              'time.sleep(0.2);'
+                              'sys.stdout.write("a" * (64 * 1024));'
+                              'time.sleep(0.2);'
+                              'sys.stdout.write("a" * (64 * 1024));'
+                              'time.sleep(0.2);'
+                              'sys.stdout.write("a" * (64 * 1024));'],
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+        self.assertRaises(subprocess.TimeoutExpired, p.communicate, timeout=0.4)
+        (stdout, _) = p.communicate()
+        self.assertEqual(len(stdout), 4 * 64 * 1024)
+
+    # Test for the fd leak reported in http://bugs.python.org/issue2791.
+    def test_communicate_pipe_fd_leak(self):
+        for stdin_pipe in (False, True):
+            for stdout_pipe in (False, True):
+                for stderr_pipe in (False, True):
+                    options = {}
+                    if stdin_pipe:
+                        options['stdin'] = subprocess.PIPE
+                    if stdout_pipe:
+                        options['stdout'] = subprocess.PIPE
+                    if stderr_pipe:
+                        options['stderr'] = subprocess.PIPE
+                    if not options:
+                        continue
+                    p = subprocess.Popen((sys.executable, "-c", "pass"), **options)
+                    p.communicate()
+                    if p.stdin is not None:
+                        self.assertTrue(p.stdin.closed)
+                    if p.stdout is not None:
+                        self.assertTrue(p.stdout.closed)
+                    if p.stderr is not None:
+                        self.assertTrue(p.stderr.closed)
+
+    def test_communicate_returns(self):
+        # communicate() should return None if no redirection is active
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                              "import sys; sys.exit(47)"])
+        (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate()
+        self.assertEqual(stdout, None)
+        self.assertEqual(stderr, None)
+
+    def test_communicate_pipe_buf(self):
+        # communicate() with writes larger than pipe_buf
+        # This test will probably deadlock rather than fail, if
+        # communicate() does not work properly.
+        x, y = os.pipe()
+        os.close(x)
+        os.close(y)
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                              'import sys,os;'
+                              'sys.stdout.write(sys.stdin.read(47));'
+                              'sys.stderr.write("x" * %d);'
+                              'sys.stdout.write(sys.stdin.read())' %
+                              support.PIPE_MAX_SIZE],
+                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stderr.close)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdin.close)
+        string_to_write = b"a" * support.PIPE_MAX_SIZE
+        (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate(string_to_write)
+        self.assertEqual(stdout, string_to_write)
+
+    def test_writes_before_communicate(self):
+        # stdin.write before communicate()
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                              'import sys,os;'
+                              'sys.stdout.write(sys.stdin.read())'],
+                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stderr.close)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdin.close)
+        p.stdin.write(b"banana")
+        (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate(b"split")
+        self.assertEqual(stdout, b"bananasplit")
+        self.assertStderrEqual(stderr, b"")
+
+    def test_universal_newlines(self):
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                              'import sys,os;' + SETBINARY +
+                              'buf = sys.stdout.buffer;'
+                              'buf.write(sys.stdin.readline().encode());'
+                              'buf.flush();'
+                              'buf.write(b"line2\\n");'
+                              'buf.flush();'
+                              'buf.write(sys.stdin.read().encode());'
+                              'buf.flush();'
+                              'buf.write(b"line4\\n");'
+                              'buf.flush();'
+                              'buf.write(b"line5\\r\\n");'
+                              'buf.flush();'
+                              'buf.write(b"line6\\r");'
+                              'buf.flush();'
+                              'buf.write(b"\\nline7");'
+                              'buf.flush();'
+                              'buf.write(b"\\nline8");'],
+                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             universal_newlines=1)
+        p.stdin.write("line1\n")
+        p.stdin.flush()
+        self.assertEqual(p.stdout.readline(), "line1\n")
+        p.stdin.write("line3\n")
+        p.stdin.close()
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
+        self.assertEqual(p.stdout.readline(),
+                         "line2\n")
+        self.assertEqual(p.stdout.read(6),
+                         "line3\n")
+        self.assertEqual(p.stdout.read(),
+                         "line4\nline5\nline6\nline7\nline8")
+
+    def test_universal_newlines_communicate(self):
+        # universal newlines through communicate()
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                              'import sys,os;' + SETBINARY +
+                              'buf = sys.stdout.buffer;'
+                              'buf.write(b"line2\\n");'
+                              'buf.flush();'
+                              'buf.write(b"line4\\n");'
+                              'buf.flush();'
+                              'buf.write(b"line5\\r\\n");'
+                              'buf.flush();'
+                              'buf.write(b"line6\\r");'
+                              'buf.flush();'
+                              'buf.write(b"\\nline7");'
+                              'buf.flush();'
+                              'buf.write(b"\\nline8");'],
+                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             universal_newlines=1)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stderr.close)
+        (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate()
+        self.assertEqual(stdout,
+                         "line2\nline4\nline5\nline6\nline7\nline8")
+
+    def test_universal_newlines_communicate_stdin(self):
+        # universal newlines through communicate(), with only stdin
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                              'import sys,os;' + SETBINARY + textwrap.dedent('''
+                               s = sys.stdin.readline()
+                               assert s == "line1\\n", repr(s)
+                               s = sys.stdin.read()
+                               assert s == "line3\\n", repr(s)
+                              ''')],
+                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             universal_newlines=1)
+        (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate("line1\nline3\n")
+        self.assertEqual(p.returncode, 0)
+
+    def test_universal_newlines_communicate_input_none(self):
+        # Test communicate(input=None) with universal newlines.
+        #
+        # We set stdout to PIPE because, as of this writing, a different
+        # code path is tested when the number of pipes is zero or one.
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", "pass"],
+                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             universal_newlines=True)
+        p.communicate()
+        self.assertEqual(p.returncode, 0)
+
+    def test_universal_newlines_communicate_stdin_stdout_stderr(self):
+        # universal newlines through communicate(), with stdin, stdout, stderr
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                              'import sys,os;' + SETBINARY + textwrap.dedent('''
+                               s = sys.stdin.buffer.readline()
+                               sys.stdout.buffer.write(s)
+                               sys.stdout.buffer.write(b"line2\\r")
+                               sys.stderr.buffer.write(b"eline2\\n")
+                               s = sys.stdin.buffer.read()
+                               sys.stdout.buffer.write(s)
+                               sys.stdout.buffer.write(b"line4\\n")
+                               sys.stdout.buffer.write(b"line5\\r\\n")
+                               sys.stderr.buffer.write(b"eline6\\r")
+                               sys.stderr.buffer.write(b"eline7\\r\\nz")
+                              ''')],
+                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             universal_newlines=True)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stderr.close)
+        (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate("line1\nline3\n")
+        self.assertEqual(p.returncode, 0)
+        self.assertEqual("line1\nline2\nline3\nline4\nline5\n", stdout)
+        # Python debug build push something like "[42442 refs]\n"
+        # to stderr at exit of subprocess.
+        # Don't use assertStderrEqual because it strips CR and LF from output.
+        self.assertTrue(stderr.startswith("eline2\neline6\neline7\n"))
+
+    def test_universal_newlines_communicate_encodings(self):
+        # Check that universal newlines mode works for various encodings,
+        # in particular for encodings in the UTF-16 and UTF-32 families.
+        # See issue #15595.
+        #
+        # UTF-16 and UTF-32-BE are sufficient to check both with BOM and
+        # without, and UTF-16 and UTF-32.
+        import _bootlocale
+        for encoding in ['utf-16', 'utf-32-be']:
+            old_getpreferredencoding = _bootlocale.getpreferredencoding
+            # Indirectly via io.TextIOWrapper, Popen() defaults to
+            # locale.getpreferredencoding(False) and earlier in Python 3.2 to
+            # locale.getpreferredencoding().
+            def getpreferredencoding(do_setlocale=True):
+                return encoding
+            code = ("import sys; "
+                    r"sys.stdout.buffer.write('1\r\n2\r3\n4'.encode('%s'))" %
+                    encoding)
+            args = [sys.executable, '-c', code]
+            try:
+                _bootlocale.getpreferredencoding = getpreferredencoding
+                # We set stdin to be non-None because, as of this writing,
+                # a different code path is used when the number of pipes is
+                # zero or one.
+                popen = subprocess.Popen(args, universal_newlines=True,
+                                         stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+                                         stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+                stdout, stderr = popen.communicate(input='')
+            finally:
+                _bootlocale.getpreferredencoding = old_getpreferredencoding
+            self.assertEqual(stdout, '1\n2\n3\n4')
+
+    def test_no_leaking(self):
+        # Make sure we leak no resources
+        if not mswindows:
+            max_handles = 1026 # too much for most UNIX systems
+        else:
+            max_handles = 2050 # too much for (at least some) Windows setups
+        handles = []
+        tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+        try:
+            for i in range(max_handles):
+                try:
+                    tmpfile = os.path.join(tmpdir, support.TESTFN)
+                    handles.append(os.open(tmpfile, os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREAT))
+                except OSError as e:
+                    if e.errno != errno.EMFILE:
+                        raise
+                    break
+            else:
+                self.skipTest("failed to reach the file descriptor limit "
+                    "(tried %d)" % max_handles)
+            # Close a couple of them (should be enough for a subprocess)
+            for i in range(10):
+                os.close(handles.pop())
+            # Loop creating some subprocesses. If one of them leaks some fds,
+            # the next loop iteration will fail by reaching the max fd limit.
+            for i in range(15):
+                p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                                      "import sys;"
+                                      "sys.stdout.write(sys.stdin.read())"],
+                                     stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+                                     stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                                     stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+                data = p.communicate(b"lime")[0]
+                self.assertEqual(data, b"lime")
+        finally:
+            for h in handles:
+                os.close(h)
+            shutil.rmtree(tmpdir)
+
+    def test_list2cmdline(self):
+        self.assertEqual(subprocess.list2cmdline(['a b c', 'd', 'e']),
+                         '"a b c" d e')
+        self.assertEqual(subprocess.list2cmdline(['ab"c', '\\', 'd']),
+                         'ab\\"c \\ d')
+        self.assertEqual(subprocess.list2cmdline(['ab"c', ' \\', 'd']),
+                         'ab\\"c " \\\\" d')
+        self.assertEqual(subprocess.list2cmdline(['a\\\\\\b', 'de fg', 'h']),
+                         'a\\\\\\b "de fg" h')
+        self.assertEqual(subprocess.list2cmdline(['a\\"b', 'c', 'd']),
+                         'a\\\\\\"b c d')
+        self.assertEqual(subprocess.list2cmdline(['a\\\\b c', 'd', 'e']),
+                         '"a\\\\b c" d e')
+        self.assertEqual(subprocess.list2cmdline(['a\\\\b\\ c', 'd', 'e']),
+                         '"a\\\\b\\ c" d e')
+        self.assertEqual(subprocess.list2cmdline(['ab', '']),
+                         'ab ""')
+
+    def test_poll(self):
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                              "import os; os.read(0, 1)"],
+                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdin.close)
+        self.assertIsNone(p.poll())
+        os.write(p.stdin.fileno(), b'A')
+        p.wait()
+        # Subsequent invocations should just return the returncode
+        self.assertEqual(p.poll(), 0)
+
+    def test_wait(self):
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", "pass"])
+        self.assertEqual(p.wait(), 0)
+        # Subsequent invocations should just return the returncode
+        self.assertEqual(p.wait(), 0)
+
+    def test_wait_timeout(self):
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable,
+                              "-c", "import time; time.sleep(0.3)"])
+        with self.assertRaises(subprocess.TimeoutExpired) as c:
+            p.wait(timeout=0.0001)
+        self.assertIn("0.0001", str(c.exception))  # For coverage of __str__.
+        # Some heavily loaded buildbots (sparc Debian 3.x) require this much
+        # time to start.
+        self.assertEqual(p.wait(timeout=3), 0)
+
+    def test_invalid_bufsize(self):
+        # an invalid type of the bufsize argument should raise
+        # TypeError.
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", "pass"], "orange")
+
+    def test_bufsize_is_none(self):
+        # bufsize=None should be the same as bufsize=0.
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", "pass"], None)
+        self.assertEqual(p.wait(), 0)
+        # Again with keyword arg
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", "pass"], bufsize=None)
+        self.assertEqual(p.wait(), 0)
+
+    def test_leaking_fds_on_error(self):
+        # see bug #5179: Popen leaks file descriptors to PIPEs if
+        # the child fails to execute; this will eventually exhaust
+        # the maximum number of open fds. 1024 seems a very common
+        # value for that limit, but Windows has 2048, so we loop
+        # 1024 times (each call leaked two fds).
+        for i in range(1024):
+            with self.assertRaises(OSError) as c:
+                subprocess.Popen(['nonexisting_i_hope'],
+                                 stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                                 stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+            # ignore errors that indicate the command was not found
+            if c.exception.errno not in (errno.ENOENT, errno.EACCES):
+                raise c.exception
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(threading is None, "threading required")
+    def test_double_close_on_error(self):
+        # Issue #18851
+        fds = []
+        def open_fds():
+            for i in range(20):
+                fds.extend(os.pipe())
+                time.sleep(0.001)
+        t = threading.Thread(target=open_fds)
+        t.start()
+        try:
+            with self.assertRaises(EnvironmentError):
+                subprocess.Popen(['nonexisting_i_hope'],
+                                 stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+                                 stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                                 stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+        finally:
+            t.join()
+            exc = None
+            for fd in fds:
+                # If a double close occurred, some of those fds will
+                # already have been closed by mistake, and os.close()
+                # here will raise.
+                try:
+                    os.close(fd)
+                except OSError as e:
+                    exc = e
+            if exc is not None:
+                raise exc
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(threading is None, "threading required")
+    def test_threadsafe_wait(self):
+        """Issue21291: Popen.wait() needs to be threadsafe for returncode."""
+        proc = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, '-c',
+                                 'import time; time.sleep(12)'])
+        self.assertEqual(proc.returncode, None)
+        results = []
+
+        def kill_proc_timer_thread():
+            results.append(('thread-start-poll-result', proc.poll()))
+            # terminate it from the thread and wait for the result.
+            proc.kill()
+            proc.wait()
+            results.append(('thread-after-kill-and-wait', proc.returncode))
+            # this wait should be a no-op given the above.
+            proc.wait()
+            results.append(('thread-after-second-wait', proc.returncode))
+
+        # This is a timing sensitive test, the failure mode is
+        # triggered when both the main thread and this thread are in
+        # the wait() call at once.  The delay here is to allow the
+        # main thread to most likely be blocked in its wait() call.
+        t = threading.Timer(0.2, kill_proc_timer_thread)
+        t.start()
+
+        if mswindows:
+            expected_errorcode = 1
+        else:
+            # Should be -9 because of the proc.kill() from the thread.
+            expected_errorcode = -9
+
+        # Wait for the process to finish; the thread should kill it
+        # long before it finishes on its own.  Supplying a timeout
+        # triggers a different code path for better coverage.
+        proc.wait(timeout=20)
+        self.assertEqual(proc.returncode, expected_errorcode,
+                         msg="unexpected result in wait from main thread")
+
+        # This should be a no-op with no change in returncode.
+        proc.wait()
+        self.assertEqual(proc.returncode, expected_errorcode,
+                         msg="unexpected result in second main wait.")
+
+        t.join()
+        # Ensure that all of the thread results are as expected.
+        # When a race condition occurs in wait(), the returncode could
+        # be set by the wrong thread that doesn't actually have it
+        # leading to an incorrect value.
+        self.assertEqual([('thread-start-poll-result', None),
+                          ('thread-after-kill-and-wait', expected_errorcode),
+                          ('thread-after-second-wait', expected_errorcode)],
+                         results)
+
+    def test_issue8780(self):
+        # Ensure that stdout is inherited from the parent
+        # if stdout=PIPE is not used
+        code = ';'.join((
+            'import subprocess, sys',
+            'retcode = subprocess.call('
+                "[sys.executable, '-c', 'print(\"Hello World!\")'])",
+            'assert retcode == 0'))
+        output = subprocess.check_output([sys.executable, '-c', code])
+        self.assertTrue(output.startswith(b'Hello World!'), ascii(output))
+
+    def test_handles_closed_on_exception(self):
+        # If CreateProcess exits with an error, ensure the
+        # duplicate output handles are released
+        ifhandle, ifname = mkstemp()
+        ofhandle, ofname = mkstemp()
+        efhandle, efname = mkstemp()
+        try:
+            subprocess.Popen (["*"], stdin=ifhandle, stdout=ofhandle,
+              stderr=efhandle)
+        except OSError:
+            os.close(ifhandle)
+            os.remove(ifname)
+            os.close(ofhandle)
+            os.remove(ofname)
+            os.close(efhandle)
+            os.remove(efname)
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(ifname))
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(ofname))
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(efname))
+
+    def test_communicate_epipe(self):
+        # Issue 10963: communicate() should hide EPIPE
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", 'pass'],
+                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stderr.close)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdin.close)
+        p.communicate(b"x" * 2**20)
+
+    def test_communicate_epipe_only_stdin(self):
+        # Issue 10963: communicate() should hide EPIPE
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", 'pass'],
+                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdin.close)
+        p.wait()
+        p.communicate(b"x" * 2**20)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(signal, 'SIGUSR1'),
+                         "Requires signal.SIGUSR1")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'kill'),
+                         "Requires os.kill")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'getppid'),
+                         "Requires os.getppid")
+    def test_communicate_eintr(self):
+        # Issue #12493: communicate() should handle EINTR
+        def handler(signum, frame):
+            pass
+        old_handler = signal.signal(signal.SIGUSR1, handler)
+        self.addCleanup(signal.signal, signal.SIGUSR1, old_handler)
+
+        args = [sys.executable, "-c",
+                'import os, signal;'
+                'os.kill(os.getppid(), signal.SIGUSR1)']
+        for stream in ('stdout', 'stderr'):
+            kw = {stream: subprocess.PIPE}
+            with subprocess.Popen(args, **kw) as process:
+                # communicate() will be interrupted by SIGUSR1
+                process.communicate()
+
+
+    # This test is Linux-ish specific for simplicity to at least have
+    # some coverage.  It is not a platform specific bug.
+    @unittest.skipUnless(os.path.isdir('/proc/%d/fd' % os.getpid()),
+                         "Linux specific")
+    def test_failed_child_execute_fd_leak(self):
+        """Test for the fork() failure fd leak reported in issue16327."""
+        fd_directory = '/proc/%d/fd' % os.getpid()
+        fds_before_popen = os.listdir(fd_directory)
+        with self.assertRaises(PopenTestException):
+            PopenExecuteChildRaises(
+                    [sys.executable, '-c', 'pass'], stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+                    stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+
+        # NOTE: This test doesn't verify that the real _execute_child
+        # does not close the file descriptors itself on the way out
+        # during an exception.  Code inspection has confirmed that.
+
+        fds_after_exception = os.listdir(fd_directory)
+        self.assertEqual(fds_before_popen, fds_after_exception)
+
+@unittest.skipIf(mswindows, "POSIX specific tests")
+class POSIXProcessTestCase(BaseTestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        super().setUp()
+        self._nonexistent_dir = "/_this/pa.th/does/not/exist"
+
+    def _get_chdir_exception(self):
+        try:
+            os.chdir(self._nonexistent_dir)
+        except OSError as e:
+            # This avoids hard coding the errno value or the OS perror()
+            # string and instead capture the exception that we want to see
+            # below for comparison.
+            desired_exception = e
+            desired_exception.strerror += ': ' + repr(self._nonexistent_dir)
+        else:
+            self.fail("chdir to nonexistant directory %s succeeded." %
+                      self._nonexistent_dir)
+        return desired_exception
+
+    def test_exception_cwd(self):
+        """Test error in the child raised in the parent for a bad cwd."""
+        desired_exception = self._get_chdir_exception()
+        try:
+            p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", ""],
+                                 cwd=self._nonexistent_dir)
+        except OSError as e:
+            # Test that the child process chdir failure actually makes
+            # it up to the parent process as the correct exception.
+            self.assertEqual(desired_exception.errno, e.errno)
+            self.assertEqual(desired_exception.strerror, e.strerror)
+        else:
+            self.fail("Expected OSError: %s" % desired_exception)
+
+    def test_exception_bad_executable(self):
+        """Test error in the child raised in the parent for a bad executable."""
+        desired_exception = self._get_chdir_exception()
+        try:
+            p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", ""],
+                                 executable=self._nonexistent_dir)
+        except OSError as e:
+            # Test that the child process exec failure actually makes
+            # it up to the parent process as the correct exception.
+            self.assertEqual(desired_exception.errno, e.errno)
+            self.assertEqual(desired_exception.strerror, e.strerror)
+        else:
+            self.fail("Expected OSError: %s" % desired_exception)
+
+    def test_exception_bad_args_0(self):
+        """Test error in the child raised in the parent for a bad args[0]."""
+        desired_exception = self._get_chdir_exception()
+        try:
+            p = subprocess.Popen([self._nonexistent_dir, "-c", ""])
+        except OSError as e:
+            # Test that the child process exec failure actually makes
+            # it up to the parent process as the correct exception.
+            self.assertEqual(desired_exception.errno, e.errno)
+            self.assertEqual(desired_exception.strerror, e.strerror)
+        else:
+            self.fail("Expected OSError: %s" % desired_exception)
+
+    def test_restore_signals(self):
+        # Code coverage for both values of restore_signals to make sure it
+        # at least does not blow up.
+        # A test for behavior would be complex.  Contributions welcome.
+        subprocess.call([sys.executable, "-c", ""], restore_signals=True)
+        subprocess.call([sys.executable, "-c", ""], restore_signals=False)
+
+    def test_start_new_session(self):
+        # For code coverage of calling setsid().  We don't care if we get an
+        # EPERM error from it depending on the test execution environment, that
+        # still indicates that it was called.
+        try:
+            output = subprocess.check_output(
+                    [sys.executable, "-c",
+                     "import os; print(os.getpgid(os.getpid()))"],
+                    start_new_session=True)
+        except OSError as e:
+            if e.errno != errno.EPERM:
+                raise
+        else:
+            parent_pgid = os.getpgid(os.getpid())
+            child_pgid = int(output)
+            self.assertNotEqual(parent_pgid, child_pgid)
+
+    def test_run_abort(self):
+        # returncode handles signal termination
+        with support.SuppressCrashReport():
+            p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                                  'import os; os.abort()'])
+            p.wait()
+        self.assertEqual(-p.returncode, signal.SIGABRT)
+
+    def test_preexec(self):
+        # DISCLAIMER: Setting environment variables is *not* a good use
+        # of a preexec_fn.  This is merely a test.
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                              'import sys,os;'
+                              'sys.stdout.write(os.getenv("FRUIT"))'],
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             preexec_fn=lambda: os.putenv("FRUIT", "apple"))
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
+        self.assertEqual(p.stdout.read(), b"apple")
+
+    def test_preexec_exception(self):
+        def raise_it():
+            raise ValueError("What if two swallows carried a coconut?")
+        try:
+            p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", ""],
+                                 preexec_fn=raise_it)
+        except subprocess.SubprocessError as e:
+            self.assertTrue(
+                    subprocess._posixsubprocess,
+                    "Expected a ValueError from the preexec_fn")
+        except ValueError as e:
+            self.assertIn("coconut", e.args[0])
+        else:
+            self.fail("Exception raised by preexec_fn did not make it "
+                      "to the parent process.")
+
+    class _TestExecuteChildPopen(subprocess.Popen):
+        """Used to test behavior at the end of _execute_child."""
+        def __init__(self, testcase, *args, **kwargs):
+            self._testcase = testcase
+            subprocess.Popen.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        def _execute_child(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            try:
+                subprocess.Popen._execute_child(self, *args, **kwargs)
+            finally:
+                # Open a bunch of file descriptors and verify that
+                # none of them are the same as the ones the Popen
+                # instance is using for stdin/stdout/stderr.
+                devzero_fds = [os.open("/dev/zero", os.O_RDONLY)
+                               for _ in range(8)]
+                try:
+                    for fd in devzero_fds:
+                        self._testcase.assertNotIn(
+                                fd, (self.stdin.fileno(), self.stdout.fileno(),
+                                     self.stderr.fileno()),
+                                msg="At least one fd was closed early.")
+                finally:
+                    for fd in devzero_fds:
+                        os.close(fd)
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(not os.path.exists("/dev/zero"), "/dev/zero required.")
+    def test_preexec_errpipe_does_not_double_close_pipes(self):
+        """Issue16140: Don't double close pipes on preexec error."""
+
+        def raise_it():
+            raise subprocess.SubprocessError(
+                    "force the _execute_child() errpipe_data path.")
+
+        with self.assertRaises(subprocess.SubprocessError):
+            self._TestExecuteChildPopen(
+                        self, [sys.executable, "-c", "pass"],
+                        stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                        stderr=subprocess.PIPE, preexec_fn=raise_it)
+
+    def test_preexec_gc_module_failure(self):
+        # This tests the code that disables garbage collection if the child
+        # process will execute any Python.
+        def raise_runtime_error():
+            raise RuntimeError("this shouldn't escape")
+        enabled = gc.isenabled()
+        orig_gc_disable = gc.disable
+        orig_gc_isenabled = gc.isenabled
+        try:
+            gc.disable()
+            self.assertFalse(gc.isenabled())
+            subprocess.call([sys.executable, '-c', ''],
+                            preexec_fn=lambda: None)
+            self.assertFalse(gc.isenabled(),
+                             "Popen enabled gc when it shouldn't.")
+
+            gc.enable()
+            self.assertTrue(gc.isenabled())
+            subprocess.call([sys.executable, '-c', ''],
+                            preexec_fn=lambda: None)
+            self.assertTrue(gc.isenabled(), "Popen left gc disabled.")
+
+            gc.disable = raise_runtime_error
+            self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, subprocess.Popen,
+                              [sys.executable, '-c', ''],
+                              preexec_fn=lambda: None)
+
+            del gc.isenabled  # force an AttributeError
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, subprocess.Popen,
+                              [sys.executable, '-c', ''],
+                              preexec_fn=lambda: None)
+        finally:
+            gc.disable = orig_gc_disable
+            gc.isenabled = orig_gc_isenabled
+            if not enabled:
+                gc.disable()
+
+    def test_args_string(self):
+        # args is a string
+        fd, fname = mkstemp()
+        # reopen in text mode
+        with open(fd, "w", errors="surrogateescape") as fobj:
+            fobj.write("#!/bin/sh\n")
+            fobj.write("exec '%s' -c 'import sys; sys.exit(47)'\n" %
+                       sys.executable)
+        os.chmod(fname, 0o700)
+        p = subprocess.Popen(fname)
+        p.wait()
+        os.remove(fname)
+        self.assertEqual(p.returncode, 47)
+
+    def test_invalid_args(self):
+        # invalid arguments should raise ValueError
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, subprocess.call,
+                          [sys.executable, "-c",
+                           "import sys; sys.exit(47)"],
+                          startupinfo=47)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, subprocess.call,
+                          [sys.executable, "-c",
+                           "import sys; sys.exit(47)"],
+                          creationflags=47)
+
+    def test_shell_sequence(self):
+        # Run command through the shell (sequence)
+        newenv = os.environ.copy()
+        newenv["FRUIT"] = "apple"
+        p = subprocess.Popen(["echo $FRUIT"], shell=1,
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             env=newenv)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
+        self.assertEqual(p.stdout.read().strip(b" \t\r\n\f"), b"apple")
+
+    def test_shell_string(self):
+        # Run command through the shell (string)
+        newenv = os.environ.copy()
+        newenv["FRUIT"] = "apple"
+        p = subprocess.Popen("echo $FRUIT", shell=1,
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             env=newenv)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
+        self.assertEqual(p.stdout.read().strip(b" \t\r\n\f"), b"apple")
+
+    def test_call_string(self):
+        # call() function with string argument on UNIX
+        fd, fname = mkstemp()
+        # reopen in text mode
+        with open(fd, "w", errors="surrogateescape") as fobj:
+            fobj.write("#!/bin/sh\n")
+            fobj.write("exec '%s' -c 'import sys; sys.exit(47)'\n" %
+                       sys.executable)
+        os.chmod(fname, 0o700)
+        rc = subprocess.call(fname)
+        os.remove(fname)
+        self.assertEqual(rc, 47)
+
+    def test_specific_shell(self):
+        # Issue #9265: Incorrect name passed as arg[0].
+        shells = []
+        for prefix in ['/bin', '/usr/bin/', '/usr/local/bin']:
+            for name in ['bash', 'ksh']:
+                sh = os.path.join(prefix, name)
+                if os.path.isfile(sh):
+                    shells.append(sh)
+        if not shells: # Will probably work for any shell but csh.
+            self.skipTest("bash or ksh required for this test")
+        sh = '/bin/sh'
+        if os.path.isfile(sh) and not os.path.islink(sh):
+            # Test will fail if /bin/sh is a symlink to csh.
+            shells.append(sh)
+        for sh in shells:
+            p = subprocess.Popen("echo $0", executable=sh, shell=True,
+                                 stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+            self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
+            self.assertEqual(p.stdout.read().strip(), bytes(sh, 'ascii'))
+
+    def _kill_process(self, method, *args):
+        # Do not inherit file handles from the parent.
+        # It should fix failures on some platforms.
+        # Also set the SIGINT handler to the default to make sure it's not
+        # being ignored (some tests rely on that.)
+        old_handler = signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, signal.default_int_handler)
+        try:
+            p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", """if 1:
+                                 import sys, time
+                                 sys.stdout.write('x\\n')
+                                 sys.stdout.flush()
+                                 time.sleep(30)
+                                 """],
+                                 close_fds=True,
+                                 stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+                                 stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                                 stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+        finally:
+            signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, old_handler)
+        # Wait for the interpreter to be completely initialized before
+        # sending any signal.
+        p.stdout.read(1)
+        getattr(p, method)(*args)
+        return p
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform.startswith(('netbsd', 'openbsd')),
+                     "Due to known OS bug (issue #16762)")
+    def _kill_dead_process(self, method, *args):
+        # Do not inherit file handles from the parent.
+        # It should fix failures on some platforms.
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", """if 1:
+                             import sys, time
+                             sys.stdout.write('x\\n')
+                             sys.stdout.flush()
+                             """],
+                             close_fds=True,
+                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+        # Wait for the interpreter to be completely initialized before
+        # sending any signal.
+        p.stdout.read(1)
+        # The process should end after this
+        time.sleep(1)
+        # This shouldn't raise even though the child is now dead
+        getattr(p, method)(*args)
+        p.communicate()
+
+    def test_send_signal(self):
+        p = self._kill_process('send_signal', signal.SIGINT)
+        _, stderr = p.communicate()
+        self.assertIn(b'KeyboardInterrupt', stderr)
+        self.assertNotEqual(p.wait(), 0)
+
+    def test_kill(self):
+        p = self._kill_process('kill')
+        _, stderr = p.communicate()
+        self.assertStderrEqual(stderr, b'')
+        self.assertEqual(p.wait(), -signal.SIGKILL)
+
+    def test_terminate(self):
+        p = self._kill_process('terminate')
+        _, stderr = p.communicate()
+        self.assertStderrEqual(stderr, b'')
+        self.assertEqual(p.wait(), -signal.SIGTERM)
+
+    def test_send_signal_dead(self):
+        # Sending a signal to a dead process
+        self._kill_dead_process('send_signal', signal.SIGINT)
+
+    def test_kill_dead(self):
+        # Killing a dead process
+        self._kill_dead_process('kill')
+
+    def test_terminate_dead(self):
+        # Terminating a dead process
+        self._kill_dead_process('terminate')
+
+    def _save_fds(self, save_fds):
+        fds = []
+        for fd in save_fds:
+            inheritable = os.get_inheritable(fd)
+            saved = os.dup(fd)
+            fds.append((fd, saved, inheritable))
+        return fds
+
+    def _restore_fds(self, fds):
+        for fd, saved, inheritable in fds:
+            os.dup2(saved, fd, inheritable=inheritable)
+            os.close(saved)
+
+    def check_close_std_fds(self, fds):
+        # Issue #9905: test that subprocess pipes still work properly with
+        # some standard fds closed
+        stdin = 0
+        saved_fds = self._save_fds(fds)
+        for fd, saved, inheritable in saved_fds:
+            if fd == 0:
+                stdin = saved
+                break
+        try:
+            for fd in fds:
+                os.close(fd)
+            out, err = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                              'import sys;'
+                              'sys.stdout.write("apple");'
+                              'sys.stdout.flush();'
+                              'sys.stderr.write("orange")'],
+                       stdin=stdin,
+                       stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                       stderr=subprocess.PIPE).communicate()
+            err = support.strip_python_stderr(err)
+            self.assertEqual((out, err), (b'apple', b'orange'))
+        finally:
+            self._restore_fds(saved_fds)
+
+    def test_close_fd_0(self):
+        self.check_close_std_fds([0])
+
+    def test_close_fd_1(self):
+        self.check_close_std_fds([1])
+
+    def test_close_fd_2(self):
+        self.check_close_std_fds([2])
+
+    def test_close_fds_0_1(self):
+        self.check_close_std_fds([0, 1])
+
+    def test_close_fds_0_2(self):
+        self.check_close_std_fds([0, 2])
+
+    def test_close_fds_1_2(self):
+        self.check_close_std_fds([1, 2])
+
+    def test_close_fds_0_1_2(self):
+        # Issue #10806: test that subprocess pipes still work properly with
+        # all standard fds closed.
+        self.check_close_std_fds([0, 1, 2])
+
+    def test_small_errpipe_write_fd(self):
+        """Issue #15798: Popen should work when stdio fds are available."""
+        new_stdin = os.dup(0)
+        new_stdout = os.dup(1)
+        try:
+            os.close(0)
+            os.close(1)
+
+            # Side test: if errpipe_write fails to have its CLOEXEC
+            # flag set this should cause the parent to think the exec
+            # failed.  Extremely unlikely: everyone supports CLOEXEC.
+            subprocess.Popen([
+                    sys.executable, "-c",
+                    "print('AssertionError:0:CLOEXEC failure.')"]).wait()
+        finally:
+            # Restore original stdin and stdout
+            os.dup2(new_stdin, 0)
+            os.dup2(new_stdout, 1)
+            os.close(new_stdin)
+            os.close(new_stdout)
+
+    def test_remapping_std_fds(self):
+        # open up some temporary files
+        temps = [mkstemp() for i in range(3)]
+        try:
+            temp_fds = [fd for fd, fname in temps]
+
+            # unlink the files -- we won't need to reopen them
+            for fd, fname in temps:
+                os.unlink(fname)
+
+            # write some data to what will become stdin, and rewind
+            os.write(temp_fds[1], b"STDIN")
+            os.lseek(temp_fds[1], 0, 0)
+
+            # move the standard file descriptors out of the way
+            saved_fds = self._save_fds(range(3))
+            try:
+                # duplicate the file objects over the standard fd's
+                for fd, temp_fd in enumerate(temp_fds):
+                    os.dup2(temp_fd, fd)
+
+                # now use those files in the "wrong" order, so that subprocess
+                # has to rearrange them in the child
+                p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                    'import sys; got = sys.stdin.read();'
+                    'sys.stdout.write("got %s"%got); sys.stderr.write("err")'],
+                    stdin=temp_fds[1],
+                    stdout=temp_fds[2],
+                    stderr=temp_fds[0])
+                p.wait()
+            finally:
+                self._restore_fds(saved_fds)
+
+            for fd in temp_fds:
+                os.lseek(fd, 0, 0)
+
+            out = os.read(temp_fds[2], 1024)
+            err = support.strip_python_stderr(os.read(temp_fds[0], 1024))
+            self.assertEqual(out, b"got STDIN")
+            self.assertEqual(err, b"err")
+
+        finally:
+            for fd in temp_fds:
+                os.close(fd)
+
+    def check_swap_fds(self, stdin_no, stdout_no, stderr_no):
+        # open up some temporary files
+        temps = [mkstemp() for i in range(3)]
+        temp_fds = [fd for fd, fname in temps]
+        try:
+            # unlink the files -- we won't need to reopen them
+            for fd, fname in temps:
+                os.unlink(fname)
+
+            # save a copy of the standard file descriptors
+            saved_fds = self._save_fds(range(3))
+            try:
+                # duplicate the temp files over the standard fd's 0, 1, 2
+                for fd, temp_fd in enumerate(temp_fds):
+                    os.dup2(temp_fd, fd)
+
+                # write some data to what will become stdin, and rewind
+                os.write(stdin_no, b"STDIN")
+                os.lseek(stdin_no, 0, 0)
+
+                # now use those files in the given order, so that subprocess
+                # has to rearrange them in the child
+                p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                    'import sys; got = sys.stdin.read();'
+                    'sys.stdout.write("got %s"%got); sys.stderr.write("err")'],
+                    stdin=stdin_no,
+                    stdout=stdout_no,
+                    stderr=stderr_no)
+                p.wait()
+
+                for fd in temp_fds:
+                    os.lseek(fd, 0, 0)
+
+                out = os.read(stdout_no, 1024)
+                err = support.strip_python_stderr(os.read(stderr_no, 1024))
+            finally:
+                self._restore_fds(saved_fds)
+
+            self.assertEqual(out, b"got STDIN")
+            self.assertEqual(err, b"err")
+
+        finally:
+            for fd in temp_fds:
+                os.close(fd)
+
+    # When duping fds, if there arises a situation where one of the fds is
+    # either 0, 1 or 2, it is possible that it is overwritten (#12607).
+    # This tests all combinations of this.
+    def test_swap_fds(self):
+        self.check_swap_fds(0, 1, 2)
+        self.check_swap_fds(0, 2, 1)
+        self.check_swap_fds(1, 0, 2)
+        self.check_swap_fds(1, 2, 0)
+        self.check_swap_fds(2, 0, 1)
+        self.check_swap_fds(2, 1, 0)
+
+    def test_surrogates_error_message(self):
+        def prepare():
+            raise ValueError("surrogate:\uDCff")
+
+        try:
+            subprocess.call(
+                [sys.executable, "-c", "pass"],
+                preexec_fn=prepare)
+        except ValueError as err:
+            # Pure Python implementations keeps the message
+            self.assertIsNone(subprocess._posixsubprocess)
+            self.assertEqual(str(err), "surrogate:\uDCff")
+        except subprocess.SubprocessError as err:
+            # _posixsubprocess uses a default message
+            self.assertIsNotNone(subprocess._posixsubprocess)
+            self.assertEqual(str(err), "Exception occurred in preexec_fn.")
+        else:
+            self.fail("Expected ValueError or subprocess.SubprocessError")
+
+    def test_undecodable_env(self):
+        for key, value in (('test', 'abc\uDCFF'), ('test\uDCFF', '42')):
+            encoded_value = value.encode("ascii", "surrogateescape")
+
+            # test str with surrogates
+            script = "import os; print(ascii(os.getenv(%s)))" % repr(key)
+            env = os.environ.copy()
+            env[key] = value
+            # Use C locale to get ASCII for the locale encoding to force
+            # surrogate-escaping of \xFF in the child process; otherwise it can
+            # be decoded as-is if the default locale is latin-1.
+            env['LC_ALL'] = 'C'
+            if sys.platform.startswith("aix"):
+                # On AIX, the C locale uses the Latin1 encoding
+                decoded_value = encoded_value.decode("latin1", "surrogateescape")
+            else:
+                # On other UNIXes, the C locale uses the ASCII encoding
+                decoded_value = value
+            stdout = subprocess.check_output(
+                [sys.executable, "-c", script],
+                env=env)
+            stdout = stdout.rstrip(b'\n\r')
+            self.assertEqual(stdout.decode('ascii'), ascii(decoded_value))
+
+            # test bytes
+            key = key.encode("ascii", "surrogateescape")
+            script = "import os; print(ascii(os.getenvb(%s)))" % repr(key)
+            env = os.environ.copy()
+            env[key] = encoded_value
+            stdout = subprocess.check_output(
+                [sys.executable, "-c", script],
+                env=env)
+            stdout = stdout.rstrip(b'\n\r')
+            self.assertEqual(stdout.decode('ascii'), ascii(encoded_value))
+
+    def test_bytes_program(self):
+        abs_program = os.fsencode(sys.executable)
+        path, program = os.path.split(sys.executable)
+        program = os.fsencode(program)
+
+        # absolute bytes path
+        exitcode = subprocess.call([abs_program, "-c", "pass"])
+        self.assertEqual(exitcode, 0)
+
+        # absolute bytes path as a string
+        cmd = b"'" + abs_program + b"' -c pass"
+        exitcode = subprocess.call(cmd, shell=True)
+        self.assertEqual(exitcode, 0)
+
+        # bytes program, unicode PATH
+        env = os.environ.copy()
+        env["PATH"] = path
+        exitcode = subprocess.call([program, "-c", "pass"], env=env)
+        self.assertEqual(exitcode, 0)
+
+        # bytes program, bytes PATH
+        envb = os.environb.copy()
+        envb[b"PATH"] = os.fsencode(path)
+        exitcode = subprocess.call([program, "-c", "pass"], env=envb)
+        self.assertEqual(exitcode, 0)
+
+    def test_pipe_cloexec(self):
+        sleeper = support.findfile("input_reader.py", subdir="subprocessdata")
+        fd_status = support.findfile("fd_status.py", subdir="subprocessdata")
+
+        p1 = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, sleeper],
+                              stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                              stderr=subprocess.PIPE, close_fds=False)
+
+        self.addCleanup(p1.communicate, b'')
+
+        p2 = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, fd_status],
+                              stdout=subprocess.PIPE, close_fds=False)
+
+        output, error = p2.communicate()
+        result_fds = set(map(int, output.split(b',')))
+        unwanted_fds = set([p1.stdin.fileno(), p1.stdout.fileno(),
+                            p1.stderr.fileno()])
+
+        self.assertFalse(result_fds & unwanted_fds,
+                         "Expected no fds from %r to be open in child, "
+                         "found %r" %
+                              (unwanted_fds, result_fds & unwanted_fds))
+
+    def test_pipe_cloexec_real_tools(self):
+        qcat = support.findfile("qcat.py", subdir="subprocessdata")
+        qgrep = support.findfile("qgrep.py", subdir="subprocessdata")
+
+        subdata = b'zxcvbn'
+        data = subdata * 4 + b'\n'
+
+        p1 = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, qcat],
+                              stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                              close_fds=False)
+
+        p2 = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, qgrep, subdata],
+                              stdin=p1.stdout, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                              close_fds=False)
+
+        self.addCleanup(p1.wait)
+        self.addCleanup(p2.wait)
+        def kill_p1():
+            try:
+                p1.terminate()
+            except ProcessLookupError:
+                pass
+        def kill_p2():
+            try:
+                p2.terminate()
+            except ProcessLookupError:
+                pass
+        self.addCleanup(kill_p1)
+        self.addCleanup(kill_p2)
+
+        p1.stdin.write(data)
+        p1.stdin.close()
+
+        readfiles, ignored1, ignored2 = select.select([p2.stdout], [], [], 10)
+
+        self.assertTrue(readfiles, "The child hung")
+        self.assertEqual(p2.stdout.read(), data)
+
+        p1.stdout.close()
+        p2.stdout.close()
+
+    def test_close_fds(self):
+        fd_status = support.findfile("fd_status.py", subdir="subprocessdata")
+
+        fds = os.pipe()
+        self.addCleanup(os.close, fds[0])
+        self.addCleanup(os.close, fds[1])
+
+        open_fds = set(fds)
+        # add a bunch more fds
+        for _ in range(9):
+            fd = os.open("/dev/null", os.O_RDONLY)
+            self.addCleanup(os.close, fd)
+            open_fds.add(fd)
+
+        for fd in open_fds:
+            os.set_inheritable(fd, True)
+
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, fd_status],
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE, close_fds=False)
+        output, ignored = p.communicate()
+        remaining_fds = set(map(int, output.split(b',')))
+
+        self.assertEqual(remaining_fds & open_fds, open_fds,
+                         "Some fds were closed")
+
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, fd_status],
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE, close_fds=True)
+        output, ignored = p.communicate()
+        remaining_fds = set(map(int, output.split(b',')))
+
+        self.assertFalse(remaining_fds & open_fds,
+                         "Some fds were left open")
+        self.assertIn(1, remaining_fds, "Subprocess failed")
+
+        # Keep some of the fd's we opened open in the subprocess.
+        # This tests _posixsubprocess.c's proper handling of fds_to_keep.
+        fds_to_keep = set(open_fds.pop() for _ in range(8))
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, fd_status],
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE, close_fds=True,
+                             pass_fds=())
+        output, ignored = p.communicate()
+        remaining_fds = set(map(int, output.split(b',')))
+
+        self.assertFalse(remaining_fds & fds_to_keep & open_fds,
+                         "Some fds not in pass_fds were left open")
+        self.assertIn(1, remaining_fds, "Subprocess failed")
+
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform.startswith("freebsd") and
+                     os.stat("/dev").st_dev == os.stat("/dev/fd").st_dev,
+                     "Requires fdescfs mounted on /dev/fd on FreeBSD.")
+    def test_close_fds_when_max_fd_is_lowered(self):
+        """Confirm that issue21618 is fixed (may fail under valgrind)."""
+        fd_status = support.findfile("fd_status.py", subdir="subprocessdata")
+
+        # This launches the meat of the test in a child process to
+        # avoid messing with the larger unittest processes maximum
+        # number of file descriptors.
+        #  This process launches:
+        #  +--> Process that lowers its RLIMIT_NOFILE aftr setting up
+        #    a bunch of high open fds above the new lower rlimit.
+        #    Those are reported via stdout before launching a new
+        #    process with close_fds=False to run the actual test:
+        #    +--> The TEST: This one launches a fd_status.py
+        #      subprocess with close_fds=True so we can find out if
+        #      any of the fds above the lowered rlimit are still open.
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, '-c', textwrap.dedent(
+        '''
+        import os, resource, subprocess, sys, textwrap
+        open_fds = set()
+        # Add a bunch more fds to pass down.
+        for _ in range(40):
+            fd = os.open("/dev/null", os.O_RDONLY)
+            open_fds.add(fd)
+
+        # Leave a two pairs of low ones available for use by the
+        # internal child error pipe and the stdout pipe.
+        # We also leave 10 more open as some Python buildbots run into
+        # "too many open files" errors during the test if we do not.
+        for fd in sorted(open_fds)[:14]:
+            os.close(fd)
+            open_fds.remove(fd)
+
+        for fd in open_fds:
+            #self.addCleanup(os.close, fd)
+            os.set_inheritable(fd, True)
+
+        max_fd_open = max(open_fds)
+
+        # Communicate the open_fds to the parent unittest.TestCase process.
+        print(','.join(map(str, sorted(open_fds))))
+        sys.stdout.flush()
+
+        rlim_cur, rlim_max = resource.getrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_NOFILE)
+        try:
+            # 29 is lower than the highest fds we are leaving open.
+            resource.setrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_NOFILE, (29, rlim_max))
+            # Launch a new Python interpreter with our low fd rlim_cur that
+            # inherits open fds above that limit.  It then uses subprocess
+            # with close_fds=True to get a report of open fds in the child.
+            # An explicit list of fds to check is passed to fd_status.py as
+            # letting fd_status rely on its default logic would miss the
+            # fds above rlim_cur as it normally only checks up to that limit.
+            subprocess.Popen(
+                [sys.executable, '-c',
+                 textwrap.dedent("""
+                     import subprocess, sys
+                     subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, %r] +
+                                      [str(x) for x in range({max_fd})],
+                                      close_fds=True).wait()
+                     """.format(max_fd=max_fd_open+1))],
+                close_fds=False).wait()
+        finally:
+            resource.setrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_NOFILE, (rlim_cur, rlim_max))
+        ''' % fd_status)], stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+
+        output, unused_stderr = p.communicate()
+        output_lines = output.splitlines()
+        self.assertEqual(len(output_lines), 2,
+                         msg="expected exactly two lines of output:\n%r" % output)
+        opened_fds = set(map(int, output_lines[0].strip().split(b',')))
+        remaining_fds = set(map(int, output_lines[1].strip().split(b',')))
+
+        self.assertFalse(remaining_fds & opened_fds,
+                         msg="Some fds were left open.")
+
+
+    # Mac OS X Tiger (10.4) has a kernel bug: sometimes, the file
+    # descriptor of a pipe closed in the parent process is valid in the
+    # child process according to fstat(), but the mode of the file
+    # descriptor is invalid, and read or write raise an error.
+    @support.requires_mac_ver(10, 5)
+    def test_pass_fds(self):
+        fd_status = support.findfile("fd_status.py", subdir="subprocessdata")
+
+        open_fds = set()
+
+        for x in range(5):
+            fds = os.pipe()
+            self.addCleanup(os.close, fds[0])
+            self.addCleanup(os.close, fds[1])
+            os.set_inheritable(fds[0], True)
+            os.set_inheritable(fds[1], True)
+            open_fds.update(fds)
+
+        for fd in open_fds:
+            p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, fd_status],
+                                 stdout=subprocess.PIPE, close_fds=True,
+                                 pass_fds=(fd, ))
+            output, ignored = p.communicate()
+
+            remaining_fds = set(map(int, output.split(b',')))
+            to_be_closed = open_fds - {fd}
+
+            self.assertIn(fd, remaining_fds, "fd to be passed not passed")
+            self.assertFalse(remaining_fds & to_be_closed,
+                             "fd to be closed passed")
+
+            # pass_fds overrides close_fds with a warning.
+            with self.assertWarns(RuntimeWarning) as context:
+                self.assertFalse(subprocess.call(
+                        [sys.executable, "-c", "import sys; sys.exit(0)"],
+                        close_fds=False, pass_fds=(fd, )))
+            self.assertIn('overriding close_fds', str(context.warning))
+
+    def test_pass_fds_inheritable(self):
+        script = support.findfile("fd_status.py", subdir="subprocessdata")
+
+        inheritable, non_inheritable = os.pipe()
+        self.addCleanup(os.close, inheritable)
+        self.addCleanup(os.close, non_inheritable)
+        os.set_inheritable(inheritable, True)
+        os.set_inheritable(non_inheritable, False)
+        pass_fds = (inheritable, non_inheritable)
+        args = [sys.executable, script]
+        args += list(map(str, pass_fds))
+
+        p = subprocess.Popen(args,
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE, close_fds=True,
+                             pass_fds=pass_fds)
+        output, ignored = p.communicate()
+        fds = set(map(int, output.split(b',')))
+
+        # the inheritable file descriptor must be inherited, so its inheritable
+        # flag must be set in the child process after fork() and before exec()
+        self.assertEqual(fds, set(pass_fds), "output=%a" % output)
+
+        # inheritable flag must not be changed in the parent process
+        self.assertEqual(os.get_inheritable(inheritable), True)
+        self.assertEqual(os.get_inheritable(non_inheritable), False)
+
+    def test_stdout_stdin_are_single_inout_fd(self):
+        with io.open(os.devnull, "r+") as inout:
+            p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", "import sys; sys.exit(0)"],
+                                 stdout=inout, stdin=inout)
+            p.wait()
+
+    def test_stdout_stderr_are_single_inout_fd(self):
+        with io.open(os.devnull, "r+") as inout:
+            p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", "import sys; sys.exit(0)"],
+                                 stdout=inout, stderr=inout)
+            p.wait()
+
+    def test_stderr_stdin_are_single_inout_fd(self):
+        with io.open(os.devnull, "r+") as inout:
+            p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", "import sys; sys.exit(0)"],
+                                 stderr=inout, stdin=inout)
+            p.wait()
+
+    def test_wait_when_sigchild_ignored(self):
+        # NOTE: sigchild_ignore.py may not be an effective test on all OSes.
+        sigchild_ignore = support.findfile("sigchild_ignore.py",
+                                           subdir="subprocessdata")
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, sigchild_ignore],
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+        stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
+        self.assertEqual(0, p.returncode, "sigchild_ignore.py exited"
+                         " non-zero with this error:\n%s" %
+                         stderr.decode('utf-8'))
+
+    def test_select_unbuffered(self):
+        # Issue #11459: bufsize=0 should really set the pipes as
+        # unbuffered (and therefore let select() work properly).
+        select = support.import_module("select")
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                              'import sys;'
+                              'sys.stdout.write("apple")'],
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             bufsize=0)
+        f = p.stdout
+        self.addCleanup(f.close)
+        try:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(4), b"appl")
+            self.assertIn(f, select.select([f], [], [], 0.0)[0])
+        finally:
+            p.wait()
+
+    def test_zombie_fast_process_del(self):
+        # Issue #12650: on Unix, if Popen.__del__() was called before the
+        # process exited, it wouldn't be added to subprocess._active, and would
+        # remain a zombie.
+        # spawn a Popen, and delete its reference before it exits
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                              'import sys, time;'
+                              'time.sleep(0.2)'],
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stderr.close)
+        ident = id(p)
+        pid = p.pid
+        del p
+        # check that p is in the active processes list
+        self.assertIn(ident, [id(o) for o in subprocess._active])
+
+    def test_leak_fast_process_del_killed(self):
+        # Issue #12650: on Unix, if Popen.__del__() was called before the
+        # process exited, and the process got killed by a signal, it would never
+        # be removed from subprocess._active, which triggered a FD and memory
+        # leak.
+        # spawn a Popen, delete its reference and kill it
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                              'import time;'
+                              'time.sleep(3)'],
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stderr.close)
+        ident = id(p)
+        pid = p.pid
+        del p
+        os.kill(pid, signal.SIGKILL)
+        # check that p is in the active processes list
+        self.assertIn(ident, [id(o) for o in subprocess._active])
+
+        # let some time for the process to exit, and create a new Popen: this
+        # should trigger the wait() of p
+        time.sleep(0.2)
+        with self.assertRaises(OSError) as c:
+            with subprocess.Popen(['nonexisting_i_hope'],
+                                  stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                                  stderr=subprocess.PIPE) as proc:
+                pass
+        # p should have been wait()ed on, and removed from the _active list
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, os.waitpid, pid, 0)
+        self.assertNotIn(ident, [id(o) for o in subprocess._active])
+
+    def test_close_fds_after_preexec(self):
+        fd_status = support.findfile("fd_status.py", subdir="subprocessdata")
+
+        # this FD is used as dup2() target by preexec_fn, and should be closed
+        # in the child process
+        fd = os.dup(1)
+        self.addCleanup(os.close, fd)
+
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, fd_status],
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE, close_fds=True,
+                             preexec_fn=lambda: os.dup2(1, fd))
+        output, ignored = p.communicate()
+
+        remaining_fds = set(map(int, output.split(b',')))
+
+        self.assertNotIn(fd, remaining_fds)
+
+
+@unittest.skipUnless(mswindows, "Windows specific tests")
+class Win32ProcessTestCase(BaseTestCase):
+
+    def test_startupinfo(self):
+        # startupinfo argument
+        # We uses hardcoded constants, because we do not want to
+        # depend on win32all.
+        STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW = 1
+        SW_MAXIMIZE = 3
+        startupinfo = subprocess.STARTUPINFO()
+        startupinfo.dwFlags = STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW
+        startupinfo.wShowWindow = SW_MAXIMIZE
+        # Since Python is a console process, it won't be affected
+        # by wShowWindow, but the argument should be silently
+        # ignored
+        subprocess.call([sys.executable, "-c", "import sys; sys.exit(0)"],
+                        startupinfo=startupinfo)
+
+    def test_creationflags(self):
+        # creationflags argument
+        CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE = 16
+        sys.stderr.write("    a DOS box should flash briefly ...\n")
+        subprocess.call(sys.executable +
+                        ' -c "import time; time.sleep(0.25)"',
+                        creationflags=CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE)
+
+    def test_invalid_args(self):
+        # invalid arguments should raise ValueError
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, subprocess.call,
+                          [sys.executable, "-c",
+                           "import sys; sys.exit(47)"],
+                          preexec_fn=lambda: 1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, subprocess.call,
+                          [sys.executable, "-c",
+                           "import sys; sys.exit(47)"],
+                          stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                          close_fds=True)
+
+    def test_close_fds(self):
+        # close file descriptors
+        rc = subprocess.call([sys.executable, "-c",
+                              "import sys; sys.exit(47)"],
+                              close_fds=True)
+        self.assertEqual(rc, 47)
+
+    def test_shell_sequence(self):
+        # Run command through the shell (sequence)
+        newenv = os.environ.copy()
+        newenv["FRUIT"] = "physalis"
+        p = subprocess.Popen(["set"], shell=1,
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             env=newenv)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
+        self.assertIn(b"physalis", p.stdout.read())
+
+    def test_shell_string(self):
+        # Run command through the shell (string)
+        newenv = os.environ.copy()
+        newenv["FRUIT"] = "physalis"
+        p = subprocess.Popen("set", shell=1,
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             env=newenv)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
+        self.assertIn(b"physalis", p.stdout.read())
+
+    def test_call_string(self):
+        # call() function with string argument on Windows
+        rc = subprocess.call(sys.executable +
+                             ' -c "import sys; sys.exit(47)"')
+        self.assertEqual(rc, 47)
+
+    def _kill_process(self, method, *args):
+        # Some win32 buildbot raises EOFError if stdin is inherited
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", """if 1:
+                             import sys, time
+                             sys.stdout.write('x\\n')
+                             sys.stdout.flush()
+                             time.sleep(30)
+                             """],
+                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stderr.close)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdin.close)
+        # Wait for the interpreter to be completely initialized before
+        # sending any signal.
+        p.stdout.read(1)
+        getattr(p, method)(*args)
+        _, stderr = p.communicate()
+        self.assertStderrEqual(stderr, b'')
+        returncode = p.wait()
+        self.assertNotEqual(returncode, 0)
+
+    def _kill_dead_process(self, method, *args):
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c", """if 1:
+                             import sys, time
+                             sys.stdout.write('x\\n')
+                             sys.stdout.flush()
+                             sys.exit(42)
+                             """],
+                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stderr.close)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdin.close)
+        # Wait for the interpreter to be completely initialized before
+        # sending any signal.
+        p.stdout.read(1)
+        # The process should end after this
+        time.sleep(1)
+        # This shouldn't raise even though the child is now dead
+        getattr(p, method)(*args)
+        _, stderr = p.communicate()
+        self.assertStderrEqual(stderr, b'')
+        rc = p.wait()
+        self.assertEqual(rc, 42)
+
+    def test_send_signal(self):
+        self._kill_process('send_signal', signal.SIGTERM)
+
+    def test_kill(self):
+        self._kill_process('kill')
+
+    def test_terminate(self):
+        self._kill_process('terminate')
+
+    def test_send_signal_dead(self):
+        self._kill_dead_process('send_signal', signal.SIGTERM)
+
+    def test_kill_dead(self):
+        self._kill_dead_process('kill')
+
+    def test_terminate_dead(self):
+        self._kill_dead_process('terminate')
+
+class CommandTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_getoutput(self):
+        self.assertEqual(subprocess.getoutput('echo xyzzy'), 'xyzzy')
+        self.assertEqual(subprocess.getstatusoutput('echo xyzzy'),
+                         (0, 'xyzzy'))
+
+        # we use mkdtemp in the next line to create an empty directory
+        # under our exclusive control; from that, we can invent a pathname
+        # that we _know_ won't exist.  This is guaranteed to fail.
+        dir = None
+        try:
+            dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+            name = os.path.join(dir, "foo")
+            status, output = subprocess.getstatusoutput(
+                ("type " if mswindows else "cat ") + name)
+            self.assertNotEqual(status, 0)
+        finally:
+            if dir is not None:
+                os.rmdir(dir)
+
+
+@unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(selectors, 'PollSelector'),
+                     "Test needs selectors.PollSelector")
+class ProcessTestCaseNoPoll(ProcessTestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.orig_selector = subprocess._PopenSelector
+        subprocess._PopenSelector = selectors.SelectSelector
+        ProcessTestCase.setUp(self)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        subprocess._PopenSelector = self.orig_selector
+        ProcessTestCase.tearDown(self)
+
+
+class HelperFunctionTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    @unittest.skipIf(mswindows, "errno and EINTR make no sense on windows")
+    def test_eintr_retry_call(self):
+        record_calls = []
+        def fake_os_func(*args):
+            record_calls.append(args)
+            if len(record_calls) == 2:
+                raise OSError(errno.EINTR, "fake interrupted system call")
+            return tuple(reversed(args))
+
+        self.assertEqual((999, 256),
+                         subprocess._eintr_retry_call(fake_os_func, 256, 999))
+        self.assertEqual([(256, 999)], record_calls)
+        # This time there will be an EINTR so it will loop once.
+        self.assertEqual((666,),
+                         subprocess._eintr_retry_call(fake_os_func, 666))
+        self.assertEqual([(256, 999), (666,), (666,)], record_calls)
+
+
+@unittest.skipUnless(mswindows, "Windows-specific tests")
+class CommandsWithSpaces (BaseTestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        super().setUp()
+        f, fname = mkstemp(".py", "te st")
+        self.fname = fname.lower ()
+        os.write(f, b"import sys;"
+                    b"sys.stdout.write('%d %s' % (len(sys.argv), [a.lower () for a in sys.argv]))"
+        )
+        os.close(f)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        os.remove(self.fname)
+        super().tearDown()
+
+    def with_spaces(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        kwargs['stdout'] = subprocess.PIPE
+        p = subprocess.Popen(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.addCleanup(p.stdout.close)
+        self.assertEqual(
+          p.stdout.read ().decode("mbcs"),
+          "2 [%r, 'ab cd']" % self.fname
+        )
+
+    def test_shell_string_with_spaces(self):
+        # call() function with string argument with spaces on Windows
+        self.with_spaces('"%s" "%s" "%s"' % (sys.executable, self.fname,
+                                             "ab cd"), shell=1)
+
+    def test_shell_sequence_with_spaces(self):
+        # call() function with sequence argument with spaces on Windows
+        self.with_spaces([sys.executable, self.fname, "ab cd"], shell=1)
+
+    def test_noshell_string_with_spaces(self):
+        # call() function with string argument with spaces on Windows
+        self.with_spaces('"%s" "%s" "%s"' % (sys.executable, self.fname,
+                             "ab cd"))
+
+    def test_noshell_sequence_with_spaces(self):
+        # call() function with sequence argument with spaces on Windows
+        self.with_spaces([sys.executable, self.fname, "ab cd"])
+
+
+class ContextManagerTests(BaseTestCase):
+
+    def test_pipe(self):
+        with subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                               "import sys;"
+                               "sys.stdout.write('stdout');"
+                               "sys.stderr.write('stderr');"],
+                              stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                              stderr=subprocess.PIPE) as proc:
+            self.assertEqual(proc.stdout.read(), b"stdout")
+            self.assertStderrEqual(proc.stderr.read(), b"stderr")
+
+        self.assertTrue(proc.stdout.closed)
+        self.assertTrue(proc.stderr.closed)
+
+    def test_returncode(self):
+        with subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                               "import sys; sys.exit(100)"]) as proc:
+            pass
+        # __exit__ calls wait(), so the returncode should be set
+        self.assertEqual(proc.returncode, 100)
+
+    def test_communicate_stdin(self):
+        with subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                              "import sys;"
+                              "sys.exit(sys.stdin.read() == 'context')"],
+                             stdin=subprocess.PIPE) as proc:
+            proc.communicate(b"context")
+            self.assertEqual(proc.returncode, 1)
+
+    def test_invalid_args(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError) as c:
+            with subprocess.Popen(['nonexisting_i_hope'],
+                                  stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                                  stderr=subprocess.PIPE) as proc:
+                pass
+
+
+def test_main():
+    unit_tests = (ProcessTestCase,
+                  POSIXProcessTestCase,
+                  Win32ProcessTestCase,
+                  CommandTests,
+                  ProcessTestCaseNoPoll,
+                  HelperFunctionTests,
+                  CommandsWithSpaces,
+                  ContextManagerTests,
+                  )
+
+    support.run_unittest(*unit_tests)
+    support.reap_children()
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()