com.googler.python 1.0.0

package/python3.4.2/lib/python3.4/test/support/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2241 @@
+"""Supporting definitions for the Python regression tests."""
+
+if __name__ != 'test.support':
+    raise ImportError('support must be imported from the test package')
+
+import collections.abc
+import contextlib
+import errno
+import fnmatch
+import functools
+import gc
+import importlib
+import importlib.util
+import logging.handlers
+import os
+import platform
+import re
+import shutil
+import socket
+import stat
+import struct
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import sysconfig
+import tempfile
+import time
+import unittest
+import warnings
+
+try:
+    import _thread, threading
+except ImportError:
+    _thread = None
+    threading = None
+try:
+    import multiprocessing.process
+except ImportError:
+    multiprocessing = None
+
+try:
+    import zlib
+except ImportError:
+    zlib = None
+
+try:
+    import gzip
+except ImportError:
+    gzip = None
+
+try:
+    import bz2
+except ImportError:
+    bz2 = None
+
+try:
+    import lzma
+except ImportError:
+    lzma = None
+
+try:
+    import resource
+except ImportError:
+    resource = None
+
+__all__ = [
+    # globals
+    "PIPE_MAX_SIZE", "verbose", "max_memuse", "use_resources", "failfast",
+    # exceptions
+    "Error", "TestFailed", "ResourceDenied",
+    # imports
+    "import_module", "import_fresh_module", "CleanImport",
+    # modules
+    "unload", "forget",
+    # io
+    "record_original_stdout", "get_original_stdout", "captured_stdout",
+    "captured_stdin", "captured_stderr",
+    # filesystem
+    "TESTFN", "SAVEDCWD", "unlink", "rmtree", "temp_cwd", "findfile",
+    "create_empty_file", "can_symlink", "fs_is_case_insensitive",
+    # unittest
+    "is_resource_enabled", "requires", "requires_freebsd_version",
+    "requires_linux_version", "requires_mac_ver", "check_syntax_error",
+    "TransientResource", "time_out", "socket_peer_reset", "ioerror_peer_reset",
+    "transient_internet", "BasicTestRunner", "run_unittest", "run_doctest",
+    "skip_unless_symlink", "requires_gzip", "requires_bz2", "requires_lzma",
+    "bigmemtest", "bigaddrspacetest", "cpython_only", "get_attribute",
+    "requires_IEEE_754", "skip_unless_xattr", "requires_zlib",
+    "anticipate_failure", "load_package_tests",
+    # sys
+    "is_jython", "check_impl_detail",
+    # network
+    "HOST", "IPV6_ENABLED", "find_unused_port", "bind_port", "open_urlresource",
+    # processes
+    'temp_umask', "reap_children",
+    # logging
+    "TestHandler",
+    # threads
+    "threading_setup", "threading_cleanup",
+    # miscellaneous
+    "check_warnings", "EnvironmentVarGuard", "run_with_locale", "swap_item",
+    "swap_attr", "Matcher", "set_memlimit", "SuppressCrashReport", "sortdict",
+    "run_with_tz",
+    ]
+
+class Error(Exception):
+    """Base class for regression test exceptions."""
+
+class TestFailed(Error):
+    """Test failed."""
+
+class ResourceDenied(unittest.SkipTest):
+    """Test skipped because it requested a disallowed resource.
+
+    This is raised when a test calls requires() for a resource that
+    has not be enabled.  It is used to distinguish between expected
+    and unexpected skips.
+    """
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def _ignore_deprecated_imports(ignore=True):
+    """Context manager to suppress package and module deprecation
+    warnings when importing them.
+
+    If ignore is False, this context manager has no effect.
+    """
+    if ignore:
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", ".+ (module|package)",
+                                    DeprecationWarning)
+            yield
+    else:
+        yield
+
+
+def import_module(name, deprecated=False, *, required_on=()):
+    """Import and return the module to be tested, raising SkipTest if
+    it is not available.
+
+    If deprecated is True, any module or package deprecation messages
+    will be suppressed. If a module is required on a platform but optional for
+    others, set required_on to an iterable of platform prefixes which will be
+    compared against sys.platform.
+    """
+    with _ignore_deprecated_imports(deprecated):
+        try:
+            return importlib.import_module(name)
+        except ImportError as msg:
+            if sys.platform.startswith(tuple(required_on)):
+                raise
+            raise unittest.SkipTest(str(msg))
+
+
+def _save_and_remove_module(name, orig_modules):
+    """Helper function to save and remove a module from sys.modules
+
+    Raise ImportError if the module can't be imported.
+    """
+    # try to import the module and raise an error if it can't be imported
+    if name not in sys.modules:
+        __import__(name)
+        del sys.modules[name]
+    for modname in list(sys.modules):
+        if modname == name or modname.startswith(name + '.'):
+            orig_modules[modname] = sys.modules[modname]
+            del sys.modules[modname]
+
+def _save_and_block_module(name, orig_modules):
+    """Helper function to save and block a module in sys.modules
+
+    Return True if the module was in sys.modules, False otherwise.
+    """
+    saved = True
+    try:
+        orig_modules[name] = sys.modules[name]
+    except KeyError:
+        saved = False
+    sys.modules[name] = None
+    return saved
+
+
+def anticipate_failure(condition):
+    """Decorator to mark a test that is known to be broken in some cases
+
+       Any use of this decorator should have a comment identifying the
+       associated tracker issue.
+    """
+    if condition:
+        return unittest.expectedFailure
+    return lambda f: f
+
+def load_package_tests(pkg_dir, loader, standard_tests, pattern):
+    """Generic load_tests implementation for simple test packages.
+
+    Most packages can implement load_tests using this function as follows:
+
+       def load_tests(*args):
+           return load_package_tests(os.path.dirname(__file__), *args)
+    """
+    if pattern is None:
+        pattern = "test*"
+    top_dir = os.path.dirname(              # Lib
+                  os.path.dirname(              # test
+                      os.path.dirname(__file__)))   # support
+    package_tests = loader.discover(start_dir=pkg_dir,
+                                    top_level_dir=top_dir,
+                                    pattern=pattern)
+    standard_tests.addTests(package_tests)
+    return standard_tests
+
+
+def import_fresh_module(name, fresh=(), blocked=(), deprecated=False):
+    """Import and return a module, deliberately bypassing sys.modules.
+
+    This function imports and returns a fresh copy of the named Python module
+    by removing the named module from sys.modules before doing the import.
+    Note that unlike reload, the original module is not affected by
+    this operation.
+
+    *fresh* is an iterable of additional module names that are also removed
+    from the sys.modules cache before doing the import.
+
+    *blocked* is an iterable of module names that are replaced with None
+    in the module cache during the import to ensure that attempts to import
+    them raise ImportError.
+
+    The named module and any modules named in the *fresh* and *blocked*
+    parameters are saved before starting the import and then reinserted into
+    sys.modules when the fresh import is complete.
+
+    Module and package deprecation messages are suppressed during this import
+    if *deprecated* is True.
+
+    This function will raise ImportError if the named module cannot be
+    imported.
+    """
+    # NOTE: test_heapq, test_json and test_warnings include extra sanity checks
+    # to make sure that this utility function is working as expected
+    with _ignore_deprecated_imports(deprecated):
+        # Keep track of modules saved for later restoration as well
+        # as those which just need a blocking entry removed
+        orig_modules = {}
+        names_to_remove = []
+        _save_and_remove_module(name, orig_modules)
+        try:
+            for fresh_name in fresh:
+                _save_and_remove_module(fresh_name, orig_modules)
+            for blocked_name in blocked:
+                if not _save_and_block_module(blocked_name, orig_modules):
+                    names_to_remove.append(blocked_name)
+            fresh_module = importlib.import_module(name)
+        except ImportError:
+            fresh_module = None
+        finally:
+            for orig_name, module in orig_modules.items():
+                sys.modules[orig_name] = module
+            for name_to_remove in names_to_remove:
+                del sys.modules[name_to_remove]
+        return fresh_module
+
+
+def get_attribute(obj, name):
+    """Get an attribute, raising SkipTest if AttributeError is raised."""
+    try:
+        attribute = getattr(obj, name)
+    except AttributeError:
+        raise unittest.SkipTest("object %r has no attribute %r" % (obj, name))
+    else:
+        return attribute
+
+verbose = 1              # Flag set to 0 by regrtest.py
+use_resources = None     # Flag set to [] by regrtest.py
+max_memuse = 0           # Disable bigmem tests (they will still be run with
+                         # small sizes, to make sure they work.)
+real_max_memuse = 0
+failfast = False
+match_tests = None
+
+# _original_stdout is meant to hold stdout at the time regrtest began.
+# This may be "the real" stdout, or IDLE's emulation of stdout, or whatever.
+# The point is to have some flavor of stdout the user can actually see.
+_original_stdout = None
+def record_original_stdout(stdout):
+    global _original_stdout
+    _original_stdout = stdout
+
+def get_original_stdout():
+    return _original_stdout or sys.stdout
+
+def unload(name):
+    try:
+        del sys.modules[name]
+    except KeyError:
+        pass
+
+if sys.platform.startswith("win"):
+    def _waitfor(func, pathname, waitall=False):
+        # Perform the operation
+        func(pathname)
+        # Now setup the wait loop
+        if waitall:
+            dirname = pathname
+        else:
+            dirname, name = os.path.split(pathname)
+            dirname = dirname or '.'
+        # Check for `pathname` to be removed from the filesystem.
+        # The exponential backoff of the timeout amounts to a total
+        # of ~1 second after which the deletion is probably an error
+        # anyway.
+        # Testing on a i7@4.3GHz shows that usually only 1 iteration is
+        # required when contention occurs.
+        timeout = 0.001
+        while timeout < 1.0:
+            # Note we are only testing for the existence of the file(s) in
+            # the contents of the directory regardless of any security or
+            # access rights.  If we have made it this far, we have sufficient
+            # permissions to do that much using Python's equivalent of the
+            # Windows API FindFirstFile.
+            # Other Windows APIs can fail or give incorrect results when
+            # dealing with files that are pending deletion.
+            L = os.listdir(dirname)
+            if not (L if waitall else name in L):
+                return
+            # Increase the timeout and try again
+            time.sleep(timeout)
+            timeout *= 2
+        warnings.warn('tests may fail, delete still pending for ' + pathname,
+                      RuntimeWarning, stacklevel=4)
+
+    def _unlink(filename):
+        _waitfor(os.unlink, filename)
+
+    def _rmdir(dirname):
+        _waitfor(os.rmdir, dirname)
+
+    def _rmtree(path):
+        def _rmtree_inner(path):
+            for name in os.listdir(path):
+                fullname = os.path.join(path, name)
+                try:
+                    mode = os.lstat(fullname).st_mode
+                except OSError as exc:
+                    print("support.rmtree(): os.lstat(%r) failed with %s" % (fullname, exc),
+                          file=sys.__stderr__)
+                    mode = 0
+                if stat.S_ISDIR(mode):
+                    _waitfor(_rmtree_inner, fullname, waitall=True)
+                    os.rmdir(fullname)
+                else:
+                    os.unlink(fullname)
+        _waitfor(_rmtree_inner, path, waitall=True)
+        _waitfor(os.rmdir, path)
+else:
+    _unlink = os.unlink
+    _rmdir = os.rmdir
+    _rmtree = shutil.rmtree
+
+def unlink(filename):
+    try:
+        _unlink(filename)
+    except (FileNotFoundError, NotADirectoryError):
+        pass
+
+def rmdir(dirname):
+    try:
+        _rmdir(dirname)
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        pass
+
+def rmtree(path):
+    try:
+        _rmtree(path)
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        pass
+
+def make_legacy_pyc(source):
+    """Move a PEP 3147 pyc/pyo file to its legacy pyc/pyo location.
+
+    The choice of .pyc or .pyo extension is done based on the __debug__ flag
+    value.
+
+    :param source: The file system path to the source file.  The source file
+        does not need to exist, however the PEP 3147 pyc file must exist.
+    :return: The file system path to the legacy pyc file.
+    """
+    pyc_file = importlib.util.cache_from_source(source)
+    up_one = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(source))
+    legacy_pyc = os.path.join(up_one, source + ('c' if __debug__ else 'o'))
+    os.rename(pyc_file, legacy_pyc)
+    return legacy_pyc
+
+def forget(modname):
+    """'Forget' a module was ever imported.
+
+    This removes the module from sys.modules and deletes any PEP 3147 or
+    legacy .pyc and .pyo files.
+    """
+    unload(modname)
+    for dirname in sys.path:
+        source = os.path.join(dirname, modname + '.py')
+        # It doesn't matter if they exist or not, unlink all possible
+        # combinations of PEP 3147 and legacy pyc and pyo files.
+        unlink(source + 'c')
+        unlink(source + 'o')
+        unlink(importlib.util.cache_from_source(source, debug_override=True))
+        unlink(importlib.util.cache_from_source(source, debug_override=False))
+
+# Check whether a gui is actually available
+def _is_gui_available():
+    if hasattr(_is_gui_available, 'result'):
+        return _is_gui_available.result
+    reason = None
+    if sys.platform.startswith('win'):
+        # if Python is running as a service (such as the buildbot service),
+        # gui interaction may be disallowed
+        import ctypes
+        import ctypes.wintypes
+        UOI_FLAGS = 1
+        WSF_VISIBLE = 0x0001
+        class USEROBJECTFLAGS(ctypes.Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("fInherit", ctypes.wintypes.BOOL),
+                        ("fReserved", ctypes.wintypes.BOOL),
+                        ("dwFlags", ctypes.wintypes.DWORD)]
+        dll = ctypes.windll.user32
+        h = dll.GetProcessWindowStation()
+        if not h:
+            raise ctypes.WinError()
+        uof = USEROBJECTFLAGS()
+        needed = ctypes.wintypes.DWORD()
+        res = dll.GetUserObjectInformationW(h,
+            UOI_FLAGS,
+            ctypes.byref(uof),
+            ctypes.sizeof(uof),
+            ctypes.byref(needed))
+        if not res:
+            raise ctypes.WinError()
+        if not bool(uof.dwFlags & WSF_VISIBLE):
+            reason = "gui not available (WSF_VISIBLE flag not set)"
+    elif sys.platform == 'darwin':
+        # The Aqua Tk implementations on OS X can abort the process if
+        # being called in an environment where a window server connection
+        # cannot be made, for instance when invoked by a buildbot or ssh
+        # process not running under the same user id as the current console
+        # user.  To avoid that, raise an exception if the window manager
+        # connection is not available.
+        from ctypes import cdll, c_int, pointer, Structure
+        from ctypes.util import find_library
+
+        app_services = cdll.LoadLibrary(find_library("ApplicationServices"))
+
+        if app_services.CGMainDisplayID() == 0:
+            reason = "gui tests cannot run without OS X window manager"
+        else:
+            class ProcessSerialNumber(Structure):
+                _fields_ = [("highLongOfPSN", c_int),
+                            ("lowLongOfPSN", c_int)]
+            psn = ProcessSerialNumber()
+            psn_p = pointer(psn)
+            if (  (app_services.GetCurrentProcess(psn_p) < 0) or
+                  (app_services.SetFrontProcess(psn_p) < 0) ):
+                reason = "cannot run without OS X gui process"
+
+    # check on every platform whether tkinter can actually do anything
+    # but skip the test on OS X because it can cause segfaults in Cocoa Tk
+    # when running regrtest with the -j option (multiple threads/subprocesses)
+    if (not reason) and (sys.platform != 'darwin'):
+        try:
+            from tkinter import Tk
+            root = Tk()
+            root.destroy()
+        except Exception as e:
+            err_string = str(e)
+            if len(err_string) > 50:
+                err_string = err_string[:50] + ' [...]'
+            reason = 'Tk unavailable due to {}: {}'.format(type(e).__name__,
+                                                           err_string)
+
+    _is_gui_available.reason = reason
+    _is_gui_available.result = not reason
+
+    return _is_gui_available.result
+
+def is_resource_enabled(resource):
+    """Test whether a resource is enabled.
+
+    Known resources are set by regrtest.py.  If not running under regrtest.py,
+    all resources are assumed enabled unless use_resources has been set.
+    """
+    return use_resources is None or resource in use_resources
+
+def requires(resource, msg=None):
+    """Raise ResourceDenied if the specified resource is not available."""
+    if resource == 'gui' and not _is_gui_available():
+        raise ResourceDenied(_is_gui_available.reason)
+    if not is_resource_enabled(resource):
+        if msg is None:
+            msg = "Use of the %r resource not enabled" % resource
+        raise ResourceDenied(msg)
+
+def _requires_unix_version(sysname, min_version):
+    """Decorator raising SkipTest if the OS is `sysname` and the version is less
+    than `min_version`.
+
+    For example, @_requires_unix_version('FreeBSD', (7, 2)) raises SkipTest if
+    the FreeBSD version is less than 7.2.
+    """
+    def decorator(func):
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(*args, **kw):
+            if platform.system() == sysname:
+                version_txt = platform.release().split('-', 1)[0]
+                try:
+                    version = tuple(map(int, version_txt.split('.')))
+                except ValueError:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    if version < min_version:
+                        min_version_txt = '.'.join(map(str, min_version))
+                        raise unittest.SkipTest(
+                            "%s version %s or higher required, not %s"
+                            % (sysname, min_version_txt, version_txt))
+            return func(*args, **kw)
+        wrapper.min_version = min_version
+        return wrapper
+    return decorator
+
+def requires_freebsd_version(*min_version):
+    """Decorator raising SkipTest if the OS is FreeBSD and the FreeBSD version is
+    less than `min_version`.
+
+    For example, @requires_freebsd_version(7, 2) raises SkipTest if the FreeBSD
+    version is less than 7.2.
+    """
+    return _requires_unix_version('FreeBSD', min_version)
+
+def requires_linux_version(*min_version):
+    """Decorator raising SkipTest if the OS is Linux and the Linux version is
+    less than `min_version`.
+
+    For example, @requires_linux_version(2, 6, 32) raises SkipTest if the Linux
+    version is less than 2.6.32.
+    """
+    return _requires_unix_version('Linux', min_version)
+
+def requires_mac_ver(*min_version):
+    """Decorator raising SkipTest if the OS is Mac OS X and the OS X
+    version if less than min_version.
+
+    For example, @requires_mac_ver(10, 5) raises SkipTest if the OS X version
+    is lesser than 10.5.
+    """
+    def decorator(func):
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(*args, **kw):
+            if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+                version_txt = platform.mac_ver()[0]
+                try:
+                    version = tuple(map(int, version_txt.split('.')))
+                except ValueError:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    if version < min_version:
+                        min_version_txt = '.'.join(map(str, min_version))
+                        raise unittest.SkipTest(
+                            "Mac OS X %s or higher required, not %s"
+                            % (min_version_txt, version_txt))
+            return func(*args, **kw)
+        wrapper.min_version = min_version
+        return wrapper
+    return decorator
+
+
+# Don't use "localhost", since resolving it uses the DNS under recent
+# Windows versions (see issue #18792).
+HOST = "127.0.0.1"
+HOSTv6 = "::1"
+
+
+def find_unused_port(family=socket.AF_INET, socktype=socket.SOCK_STREAM):
+    """Returns an unused port that should be suitable for binding.  This is
+    achieved by creating a temporary socket with the same family and type as
+    the 'sock' parameter (default is AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM), and binding it to
+    the specified host address (defaults to 0.0.0.0) with the port set to 0,
+    eliciting an unused ephemeral port from the OS.  The temporary socket is
+    then closed and deleted, and the ephemeral port is returned.
+
+    Either this method or bind_port() should be used for any tests where a
+    server socket needs to be bound to a particular port for the duration of
+    the test.  Which one to use depends on whether the calling code is creating
+    a python socket, or if an unused port needs to be provided in a constructor
+    or passed to an external program (i.e. the -accept argument to openssl's
+    s_server mode).  Always prefer bind_port() over find_unused_port() where
+    possible.  Hard coded ports should *NEVER* be used.  As soon as a server
+    socket is bound to a hard coded port, the ability to run multiple instances
+    of the test simultaneously on the same host is compromised, which makes the
+    test a ticking time bomb in a buildbot environment. On Unix buildbots, this
+    may simply manifest as a failed test, which can be recovered from without
+    intervention in most cases, but on Windows, the entire python process can
+    completely and utterly wedge, requiring someone to log in to the buildbot
+    and manually kill the affected process.
+
+    (This is easy to reproduce on Windows, unfortunately, and can be traced to
+    the SO_REUSEADDR socket option having different semantics on Windows versus
+    Unix/Linux.  On Unix, you can't have two AF_INET SOCK_STREAM sockets bind,
+    listen and then accept connections on identical host/ports.  An EADDRINUSE
+    OSError will be raised at some point (depending on the platform and
+    the order bind and listen were called on each socket).
+
+    However, on Windows, if SO_REUSEADDR is set on the sockets, no EADDRINUSE
+    will ever be raised when attempting to bind two identical host/ports. When
+    accept() is called on each socket, the second caller's process will steal
+    the port from the first caller, leaving them both in an awkwardly wedged
+    state where they'll no longer respond to any signals or graceful kills, and
+    must be forcibly killed via OpenProcess()/TerminateProcess().
+
+    The solution on Windows is to use the SO_EXCLUSIVEADDRUSE socket option
+    instead of SO_REUSEADDR, which effectively affords the same semantics as
+    SO_REUSEADDR on Unix.  Given the propensity of Unix developers in the Open
+    Source world compared to Windows ones, this is a common mistake.  A quick
+    look over OpenSSL's 0.9.8g source shows that they use SO_REUSEADDR when
+    openssl.exe is called with the 's_server' option, for example. See
+    http://bugs.python.org/issue2550 for more info.  The following site also
+    has a very thorough description about the implications of both REUSEADDR
+    and EXCLUSIVEADDRUSE on Windows:
+    http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms740621(VS.85).aspx)
+
+    XXX: although this approach is a vast improvement on previous attempts to
+    elicit unused ports, it rests heavily on the assumption that the ephemeral
+    port returned to us by the OS won't immediately be dished back out to some
+    other process when we close and delete our temporary socket but before our
+    calling code has a chance to bind the returned port.  We can deal with this
+    issue if/when we come across it.
+    """
+
+    tempsock = socket.socket(family, socktype)
+    port = bind_port(tempsock)
+    tempsock.close()
+    del tempsock
+    return port
+
+def bind_port(sock, host=HOST):
+    """Bind the socket to a free port and return the port number.  Relies on
+    ephemeral ports in order to ensure we are using an unbound port.  This is
+    important as many tests may be running simultaneously, especially in a
+    buildbot environment.  This method raises an exception if the sock.family
+    is AF_INET and sock.type is SOCK_STREAM, *and* the socket has SO_REUSEADDR
+    or SO_REUSEPORT set on it.  Tests should *never* set these socket options
+    for TCP/IP sockets.  The only case for setting these options is testing
+    multicasting via multiple UDP sockets.
+
+    Additionally, if the SO_EXCLUSIVEADDRUSE socket option is available (i.e.
+    on Windows), it will be set on the socket.  This will prevent anyone else
+    from bind()'ing to our host/port for the duration of the test.
+    """
+
+    if sock.family == socket.AF_INET and sock.type == socket.SOCK_STREAM:
+        if hasattr(socket, 'SO_REUSEADDR'):
+            if sock.getsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR) == 1:
+                raise TestFailed("tests should never set the SO_REUSEADDR "   \
+                                 "socket option on TCP/IP sockets!")
+        if hasattr(socket, 'SO_REUSEPORT'):
+            try:
+                if sock.getsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEPORT) == 1:
+                    raise TestFailed("tests should never set the SO_REUSEPORT "   \
+                                     "socket option on TCP/IP sockets!")
+            except OSError:
+                # Python's socket module was compiled using modern headers
+                # thus defining SO_REUSEPORT but this process is running
+                # under an older kernel that does not support SO_REUSEPORT.
+                pass
+        if hasattr(socket, 'SO_EXCLUSIVEADDRUSE'):
+            sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_EXCLUSIVEADDRUSE, 1)
+
+    sock.bind((host, 0))
+    port = sock.getsockname()[1]
+    return port
+
+def _is_ipv6_enabled():
+    """Check whether IPv6 is enabled on this host."""
+    if socket.has_ipv6:
+        sock = None
+        try:
+            sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+            sock.bind((HOSTv6, 0))
+            return True
+        except OSError:
+            pass
+        finally:
+            if sock:
+                sock.close()
+    return False
+
+IPV6_ENABLED = _is_ipv6_enabled()
+
+
+# A constant likely larger than the underlying OS pipe buffer size, to
+# make writes blocking.
+# Windows limit seems to be around 512 B, and many Unix kernels have a
+# 64 KiB pipe buffer size or 16 * PAGE_SIZE: take a few megs to be sure.
+# (see issue #17835 for a discussion of this number).
+PIPE_MAX_SIZE = 4 * 1024 * 1024 + 1
+
+# A constant likely larger than the underlying OS socket buffer size, to make
+# writes blocking.
+# The socket buffer sizes can usually be tuned system-wide (e.g. through sysctl
+# on Linux), or on a per-socket basis (SO_SNDBUF/SO_RCVBUF). See issue #18643
+# for a discussion of this number).
+SOCK_MAX_SIZE = 16 * 1024 * 1024 + 1
+
+# decorator for skipping tests on non-IEEE 754 platforms
+requires_IEEE_754 = unittest.skipUnless(
+    float.__getformat__("double").startswith("IEEE"),
+    "test requires IEEE 754 doubles")
+
+requires_zlib = unittest.skipUnless(zlib, 'requires zlib')
+
+requires_gzip = unittest.skipUnless(gzip, 'requires gzip')
+
+requires_bz2 = unittest.skipUnless(bz2, 'requires bz2')
+
+requires_lzma = unittest.skipUnless(lzma, 'requires lzma')
+
+is_jython = sys.platform.startswith('java')
+
+# Filename used for testing
+if os.name == 'java':
+    # Jython disallows @ in module names
+    TESTFN = '$test'
+else:
+    TESTFN = '@test'
+
+# Disambiguate TESTFN for parallel testing, while letting it remain a valid
+# module name.
+TESTFN = "{}_{}_tmp".format(TESTFN, os.getpid())
+
+# FS_NONASCII: non-ASCII character encodable by os.fsencode(),
+# or None if there is no such character.
+FS_NONASCII = None
+for character in (
+    # First try printable and common characters to have a readable filename.
+    # For each character, the encoding list are just example of encodings able
+    # to encode the character (the list is not exhaustive).
+
+    # U+00E6 (Latin Small Letter Ae): cp1252, iso-8859-1
+    '\u00E6',
+    # U+0130 (Latin Capital Letter I With Dot Above): cp1254, iso8859_3
+    '\u0130',
+    # U+0141 (Latin Capital Letter L With Stroke): cp1250, cp1257
+    '\u0141',
+    # U+03C6 (Greek Small Letter Phi): cp1253
+    '\u03C6',
+    # U+041A (Cyrillic Capital Letter Ka): cp1251
+    '\u041A',
+    # U+05D0 (Hebrew Letter Alef): Encodable to cp424
+    '\u05D0',
+    # U+060C (Arabic Comma): cp864, cp1006, iso8859_6, mac_arabic
+    '\u060C',
+    # U+062A (Arabic Letter Teh): cp720
+    '\u062A',
+    # U+0E01 (Thai Character Ko Kai): cp874
+    '\u0E01',
+
+    # Then try more "special" characters. "special" because they may be
+    # interpreted or displayed differently depending on the exact locale
+    # encoding and the font.
+
+    # U+00A0 (No-Break Space)
+    '\u00A0',
+    # U+20AC (Euro Sign)
+    '\u20AC',
+):
+    try:
+        os.fsdecode(os.fsencode(character))
+    except UnicodeError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        FS_NONASCII = character
+        break
+
+# TESTFN_UNICODE is a non-ascii filename
+TESTFN_UNICODE = TESTFN + "-\xe0\xf2\u0258\u0141\u011f"
+if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+    # In Mac OS X's VFS API file names are, by definition, canonically
+    # decomposed Unicode, encoded using UTF-8. See QA1173:
+    # http://developer.apple.com/mac/library/qa/qa2001/qa1173.html
+    import unicodedata
+    TESTFN_UNICODE = unicodedata.normalize('NFD', TESTFN_UNICODE)
+TESTFN_ENCODING = sys.getfilesystemencoding()
+
+# TESTFN_UNENCODABLE is a filename (str type) that should *not* be able to be
+# encoded by the filesystem encoding (in strict mode). It can be None if we
+# cannot generate such filename.
+TESTFN_UNENCODABLE = None
+if os.name in ('nt', 'ce'):
+    # skip win32s (0) or Windows 9x/ME (1)
+    if sys.getwindowsversion().platform >= 2:
+        # Different kinds of characters from various languages to minimize the
+        # probability that the whole name is encodable to MBCS (issue #9819)
+        TESTFN_UNENCODABLE = TESTFN + "-\u5171\u0141\u2661\u0363\uDC80"
+        try:
+            TESTFN_UNENCODABLE.encode(TESTFN_ENCODING)
+        except UnicodeEncodeError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            print('WARNING: The filename %r CAN be encoded by the filesystem encoding (%s). '
+                  'Unicode filename tests may not be effective'
+                  % (TESTFN_UNENCODABLE, TESTFN_ENCODING))
+            TESTFN_UNENCODABLE = None
+# Mac OS X denies unencodable filenames (invalid utf-8)
+elif sys.platform != 'darwin':
+    try:
+        # ascii and utf-8 cannot encode the byte 0xff
+        b'\xff'.decode(TESTFN_ENCODING)
+    except UnicodeDecodeError:
+        # 0xff will be encoded using the surrogate character u+DCFF
+        TESTFN_UNENCODABLE = TESTFN \
+            + b'-\xff'.decode(TESTFN_ENCODING, 'surrogateescape')
+    else:
+        # File system encoding (eg. ISO-8859-* encodings) can encode
+        # the byte 0xff. Skip some unicode filename tests.
+        pass
+
+# TESTFN_UNDECODABLE is a filename (bytes type) that should *not* be able to be
+# decoded from the filesystem encoding (in strict mode). It can be None if we
+# cannot generate such filename (ex: the latin1 encoding can decode any byte
+# sequence). On UNIX, TESTFN_UNDECODABLE can be decoded by os.fsdecode() thanks
+# to the surrogateescape error handler (PEP 383), but not from the filesystem
+# encoding in strict mode.
+TESTFN_UNDECODABLE = None
+for name in (
+    # b'\xff' is not decodable by os.fsdecode() with code page 932. Windows
+    # accepts it to create a file or a directory, or don't accept to enter to
+    # such directory (when the bytes name is used). So test b'\xe7' first: it is
+    # not decodable from cp932.
+    b'\xe7w\xf0',
+    # undecodable from ASCII, UTF-8
+    b'\xff',
+    # undecodable from iso8859-3, iso8859-6, iso8859-7, cp424, iso8859-8, cp856
+    # and cp857
+    b'\xae\xd5'
+    # undecodable from UTF-8 (UNIX and Mac OS X)
+    b'\xed\xb2\x80', b'\xed\xb4\x80',
+    # undecodable from shift_jis, cp869, cp874, cp932, cp1250, cp1251, cp1252,
+    # cp1253, cp1254, cp1255, cp1257, cp1258
+    b'\x81\x98',
+):
+    try:
+        name.decode(TESTFN_ENCODING)
+    except UnicodeDecodeError:
+        TESTFN_UNDECODABLE = os.fsencode(TESTFN) + name
+        break
+
+if FS_NONASCII:
+    TESTFN_NONASCII = TESTFN + '-' + FS_NONASCII
+else:
+    TESTFN_NONASCII = None
+
+# Save the initial cwd
+SAVEDCWD = os.getcwd()
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def temp_dir(path=None, quiet=False):
+    """Return a context manager that creates a temporary directory.
+
+    Arguments:
+
+      path: the directory to create temporarily.  If omitted or None,
+        defaults to creating a temporary directory using tempfile.mkdtemp.
+
+      quiet: if False (the default), the context manager raises an exception
+        on error.  Otherwise, if the path is specified and cannot be
+        created, only a warning is issued.
+
+    """
+    dir_created = False
+    if path is None:
+        path = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+        dir_created = True
+        path = os.path.realpath(path)
+    else:
+        try:
+            os.mkdir(path)
+            dir_created = True
+        except OSError:
+            if not quiet:
+                raise
+            warnings.warn('tests may fail, unable to create temp dir: ' + path,
+                          RuntimeWarning, stacklevel=3)
+    try:
+        yield path
+    finally:
+        if dir_created:
+            shutil.rmtree(path)
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def change_cwd(path, quiet=False):
+    """Return a context manager that changes the current working directory.
+
+    Arguments:
+
+      path: the directory to use as the temporary current working directory.
+
+      quiet: if False (the default), the context manager raises an exception
+        on error.  Otherwise, it issues only a warning and keeps the current
+        working directory the same.
+
+    """
+    saved_dir = os.getcwd()
+    try:
+        os.chdir(path)
+    except OSError:
+        if not quiet:
+            raise
+        warnings.warn('tests may fail, unable to change CWD to: ' + path,
+                      RuntimeWarning, stacklevel=3)
+    try:
+        yield os.getcwd()
+    finally:
+        os.chdir(saved_dir)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def temp_cwd(name='tempcwd', quiet=False):
+    """
+    Context manager that temporarily creates and changes the CWD.
+
+    The function temporarily changes the current working directory
+    after creating a temporary directory in the current directory with
+    name *name*.  If *name* is None, the temporary directory is
+    created using tempfile.mkdtemp.
+
+    If *quiet* is False (default) and it is not possible to
+    create or change the CWD, an error is raised.  If *quiet* is True,
+    only a warning is raised and the original CWD is used.
+
+    """
+    with temp_dir(path=name, quiet=quiet) as temp_path:
+        with change_cwd(temp_path, quiet=quiet) as cwd_dir:
+            yield cwd_dir
+
+if hasattr(os, "umask"):
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def temp_umask(umask):
+        """Context manager that temporarily sets the process umask."""
+        oldmask = os.umask(umask)
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            os.umask(oldmask)
+
+# TEST_HOME_DIR refers to the top level directory of the "test" package
+# that contains Python's regression test suite
+TEST_SUPPORT_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
+TEST_HOME_DIR = os.path.dirname(TEST_SUPPORT_DIR)
+
+# TEST_DATA_DIR is used as a target download location for remote resources
+TEST_DATA_DIR = os.path.join(TEST_HOME_DIR, "data")
+
+def findfile(filename, subdir=None):
+    """Try to find a file on sys.path or in the test directory.  If it is not
+    found the argument passed to the function is returned (this does not
+    necessarily signal failure; could still be the legitimate path).
+
+    Setting *subdir* indicates a relative path to use to find the file
+    rather than looking directly in the path directories.
+    """
+    if os.path.isabs(filename):
+        return filename
+    if subdir is not None:
+        filename = os.path.join(subdir, filename)
+    path = [TEST_HOME_DIR] + sys.path
+    for dn in path:
+        fn = os.path.join(dn, filename)
+        if os.path.exists(fn): return fn
+    return filename
+
+def create_empty_file(filename):
+    """Create an empty file. If the file already exists, truncate it."""
+    fd = os.open(filename, os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT | os.O_TRUNC)
+    os.close(fd)
+
+def sortdict(dict):
+    "Like repr(dict), but in sorted order."
+    items = sorted(dict.items())
+    reprpairs = ["%r: %r" % pair for pair in items]
+    withcommas = ", ".join(reprpairs)
+    return "{%s}" % withcommas
+
+def make_bad_fd():
+    """
+    Create an invalid file descriptor by opening and closing a file and return
+    its fd.
+    """
+    file = open(TESTFN, "wb")
+    try:
+        return file.fileno()
+    finally:
+        file.close()
+        unlink(TESTFN)
+
+def check_syntax_error(testcase, statement):
+    testcase.assertRaises(SyntaxError, compile, statement,
+                          '<test string>', 'exec')
+
+def open_urlresource(url, *args, **kw):
+    import urllib.request, urllib.parse
+
+    check = kw.pop('check', None)
+
+    filename = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)[2].split('/')[-1] # '/': it's URL!
+
+    fn = os.path.join(TEST_DATA_DIR, filename)
+
+    def check_valid_file(fn):
+        f = open(fn, *args, **kw)
+        if check is None:
+            return f
+        elif check(f):
+            f.seek(0)
+            return f
+        f.close()
+
+    if os.path.exists(fn):
+        f = check_valid_file(fn)
+        if f is not None:
+            return f
+        unlink(fn)
+
+    # Verify the requirement before downloading the file
+    requires('urlfetch')
+
+    print('\tfetching %s ...' % url, file=get_original_stdout())
+    f = urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=15)
+    try:
+        with open(fn, "wb") as out:
+            s = f.read()
+            while s:
+                out.write(s)
+                s = f.read()
+    finally:
+        f.close()
+
+    f = check_valid_file(fn)
+    if f is not None:
+        return f
+    raise TestFailed('invalid resource %r' % fn)
+
+
+class WarningsRecorder(object):
+    """Convenience wrapper for the warnings list returned on
+       entry to the warnings.catch_warnings() context manager.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, warnings_list):
+        self._warnings = warnings_list
+        self._last = 0
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        if len(self._warnings) > self._last:
+            return getattr(self._warnings[-1], attr)
+        elif attr in warnings.WarningMessage._WARNING_DETAILS:
+            return None
+        raise AttributeError("%r has no attribute %r" % (self, attr))
+
+    @property
+    def warnings(self):
+        return self._warnings[self._last:]
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self._last = len(self._warnings)
+
+
+def _filterwarnings(filters, quiet=False):
+    """Catch the warnings, then check if all the expected
+    warnings have been raised and re-raise unexpected warnings.
+    If 'quiet' is True, only re-raise the unexpected warnings.
+    """
+    # Clear the warning registry of the calling module
+    # in order to re-raise the warnings.
+    frame = sys._getframe(2)
+    registry = frame.f_globals.get('__warningregistry__')
+    if registry:
+        registry.clear()
+    with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+        # Set filter "always" to record all warnings.  Because
+        # test_warnings swap the module, we need to look up in
+        # the sys.modules dictionary.
+        sys.modules['warnings'].simplefilter("always")
+        yield WarningsRecorder(w)
+    # Filter the recorded warnings
+    reraise = list(w)
+    missing = []
+    for msg, cat in filters:
+        seen = False
+        for w in reraise[:]:
+            warning = w.message
+            # Filter out the matching messages
+            if (re.match(msg, str(warning), re.I) and
+                issubclass(warning.__class__, cat)):
+                seen = True
+                reraise.remove(w)
+        if not seen and not quiet:
+            # This filter caught nothing
+            missing.append((msg, cat.__name__))
+    if reraise:
+        raise AssertionError("unhandled warning %s" % reraise[0])
+    if missing:
+        raise AssertionError("filter (%r, %s) did not catch any warning" %
+                             missing[0])
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def check_warnings(*filters, **kwargs):
+    """Context manager to silence warnings.
+
+    Accept 2-tuples as positional arguments:
+        ("message regexp", WarningCategory)
+
+    Optional argument:
+     - if 'quiet' is True, it does not fail if a filter catches nothing
+        (default True without argument,
+         default False if some filters are defined)
+
+    Without argument, it defaults to:
+        check_warnings(("", Warning), quiet=True)
+    """
+    quiet = kwargs.get('quiet')
+    if not filters:
+        filters = (("", Warning),)
+        # Preserve backward compatibility
+        if quiet is None:
+            quiet = True
+    return _filterwarnings(filters, quiet)
+
+
+class CleanImport(object):
+    """Context manager to force import to return a new module reference.
+
+    This is useful for testing module-level behaviours, such as
+    the emission of a DeprecationWarning on import.
+
+    Use like this:
+
+        with CleanImport("foo"):
+            importlib.import_module("foo") # new reference
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *module_names):
+        self.original_modules = sys.modules.copy()
+        for module_name in module_names:
+            if module_name in sys.modules:
+                module = sys.modules[module_name]
+                # It is possible that module_name is just an alias for
+                # another module (e.g. stub for modules renamed in 3.x).
+                # In that case, we also need delete the real module to clear
+                # the import cache.
+                if module.__name__ != module_name:
+                    del sys.modules[module.__name__]
+                del sys.modules[module_name]
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *ignore_exc):
+        sys.modules.update(self.original_modules)
+
+
+class EnvironmentVarGuard(collections.abc.MutableMapping):
+
+    """Class to help protect the environment variable properly.  Can be used as
+    a context manager."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._environ = os.environ
+        self._changed = {}
+
+    def __getitem__(self, envvar):
+        return self._environ[envvar]
+
+    def __setitem__(self, envvar, value):
+        # Remember the initial value on the first access
+        if envvar not in self._changed:
+            self._changed[envvar] = self._environ.get(envvar)
+        self._environ[envvar] = value
+
+    def __delitem__(self, envvar):
+        # Remember the initial value on the first access
+        if envvar not in self._changed:
+            self._changed[envvar] = self._environ.get(envvar)
+        if envvar in self._environ:
+            del self._environ[envvar]
+
+    def keys(self):
+        return self._environ.keys()
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._environ)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._environ)
+
+    def set(self, envvar, value):
+        self[envvar] = value
+
+    def unset(self, envvar):
+        del self[envvar]
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *ignore_exc):
+        for (k, v) in self._changed.items():
+            if v is None:
+                if k in self._environ:
+                    del self._environ[k]
+            else:
+                self._environ[k] = v
+        os.environ = self._environ
+
+
+class DirsOnSysPath(object):
+    """Context manager to temporarily add directories to sys.path.
+
+    This makes a copy of sys.path, appends any directories given
+    as positional arguments, then reverts sys.path to the copied
+    settings when the context ends.
+
+    Note that *all* sys.path modifications in the body of the
+    context manager, including replacement of the object,
+    will be reverted at the end of the block.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *paths):
+        self.original_value = sys.path[:]
+        self.original_object = sys.path
+        sys.path.extend(paths)
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *ignore_exc):
+        sys.path = self.original_object
+        sys.path[:] = self.original_value
+
+
+class TransientResource(object):
+
+    """Raise ResourceDenied if an exception is raised while the context manager
+    is in effect that matches the specified exception and attributes."""
+
+    def __init__(self, exc, **kwargs):
+        self.exc = exc
+        self.attrs = kwargs
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type_=None, value=None, traceback=None):
+        """If type_ is a subclass of self.exc and value has attributes matching
+        self.attrs, raise ResourceDenied.  Otherwise let the exception
+        propagate (if any)."""
+        if type_ is not None and issubclass(self.exc, type_):
+            for attr, attr_value in self.attrs.items():
+                if not hasattr(value, attr):
+                    break
+                if getattr(value, attr) != attr_value:
+                    break
+            else:
+                raise ResourceDenied("an optional resource is not available")
+
+# Context managers that raise ResourceDenied when various issues
+# with the Internet connection manifest themselves as exceptions.
+# XXX deprecate these and use transient_internet() instead
+time_out = TransientResource(OSError, errno=errno.ETIMEDOUT)
+socket_peer_reset = TransientResource(OSError, errno=errno.ECONNRESET)
+ioerror_peer_reset = TransientResource(OSError, errno=errno.ECONNRESET)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def transient_internet(resource_name, *, timeout=30.0, errnos=()):
+    """Return a context manager that raises ResourceDenied when various issues
+    with the Internet connection manifest themselves as exceptions."""
+    default_errnos = [
+        ('ECONNREFUSED', 111),
+        ('ECONNRESET', 104),
+        ('EHOSTUNREACH', 113),
+        ('ENETUNREACH', 101),
+        ('ETIMEDOUT', 110),
+    ]
+    default_gai_errnos = [
+        ('EAI_AGAIN', -3),
+        ('EAI_FAIL', -4),
+        ('EAI_NONAME', -2),
+        ('EAI_NODATA', -5),
+        # Encountered when trying to resolve IPv6-only hostnames
+        ('WSANO_DATA', 11004),
+    ]
+
+    denied = ResourceDenied("Resource %r is not available" % resource_name)
+    captured_errnos = errnos
+    gai_errnos = []
+    if not captured_errnos:
+        captured_errnos = [getattr(errno, name, num)
+                           for (name, num) in default_errnos]
+        gai_errnos = [getattr(socket, name, num)
+                      for (name, num) in default_gai_errnos]
+
+    def filter_error(err):
+        n = getattr(err, 'errno', None)
+        if (isinstance(err, socket.timeout) or
+            (isinstance(err, socket.gaierror) and n in gai_errnos) or
+            n in captured_errnos):
+            if not verbose:
+                sys.stderr.write(denied.args[0] + "\n")
+            raise denied from err
+
+    old_timeout = socket.getdefaulttimeout()
+    try:
+        if timeout is not None:
+            socket.setdefaulttimeout(timeout)
+        yield
+    except OSError as err:
+        # urllib can wrap original socket errors multiple times (!), we must
+        # unwrap to get at the original error.
+        while True:
+            a = err.args
+            if len(a) >= 1 and isinstance(a[0], OSError):
+                err = a[0]
+            # The error can also be wrapped as args[1]:
+            #    except socket.error as msg:
+            #        raise OSError('socket error', msg).with_traceback(sys.exc_info()[2])
+            elif len(a) >= 2 and isinstance(a[1], OSError):
+                err = a[1]
+            else:
+                break
+        filter_error(err)
+        raise
+    # XXX should we catch generic exceptions and look for their
+    # __cause__ or __context__?
+    finally:
+        socket.setdefaulttimeout(old_timeout)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def captured_output(stream_name):
+    """Return a context manager used by captured_stdout/stdin/stderr
+    that temporarily replaces the sys stream *stream_name* with a StringIO."""
+    import io
+    orig_stdout = getattr(sys, stream_name)
+    setattr(sys, stream_name, io.StringIO())
+    try:
+        yield getattr(sys, stream_name)
+    finally:
+        setattr(sys, stream_name, orig_stdout)
+
+def captured_stdout():
+    """Capture the output of sys.stdout:
+
+       with captured_stdout() as stdout:
+           print("hello")
+       self.assertEqual(stdout.getvalue(), "hello\n")
+    """
+    return captured_output("stdout")
+
+def captured_stderr():
+    """Capture the output of sys.stderr:
+
+       with captured_stderr() as stderr:
+           print("hello", file=sys.stderr)
+       self.assertEqual(stderr.getvalue(), "hello\n")
+    """
+    return captured_output("stderr")
+
+def captured_stdin():
+    """Capture the input to sys.stdin:
+
+       with captured_stdin() as stdin:
+           stdin.write('hello\n')
+           stdin.seek(0)
+           # call test code that consumes from sys.stdin
+           captured = input()
+       self.assertEqual(captured, "hello")
+    """
+    return captured_output("stdin")
+
+
+def gc_collect():
+    """Force as many objects as possible to be collected.
+
+    In non-CPython implementations of Python, this is needed because timely
+    deallocation is not guaranteed by the garbage collector.  (Even in CPython
+    this can be the case in case of reference cycles.)  This means that __del__
+    methods may be called later than expected and weakrefs may remain alive for
+    longer than expected.  This function tries its best to force all garbage
+    objects to disappear.
+    """
+    gc.collect()
+    if is_jython:
+        time.sleep(0.1)
+    gc.collect()
+    gc.collect()
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def disable_gc():
+    have_gc = gc.isenabled()
+    gc.disable()
+    try:
+        yield
+    finally:
+        if have_gc:
+            gc.enable()
+
+
+def python_is_optimized():
+    """Find if Python was built with optimizations."""
+    cflags = sysconfig.get_config_var('PY_CFLAGS') or ''
+    final_opt = ""
+    for opt in cflags.split():
+        if opt.startswith('-O'):
+            final_opt = opt
+    return final_opt != '' and final_opt != '-O0'
+
+
+_header = 'nP'
+_align = '0n'
+if hasattr(sys, "gettotalrefcount"):
+    _header = '2P' + _header
+    _align = '0P'
+_vheader = _header + 'n'
+
+def calcobjsize(fmt):
+    return struct.calcsize(_header + fmt + _align)
+
+def calcvobjsize(fmt):
+    return struct.calcsize(_vheader + fmt + _align)
+
+
+_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC = 1<<14
+_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE = 1<<9
+
+def check_sizeof(test, o, size):
+    import _testcapi
+    result = sys.getsizeof(o)
+    # add GC header size
+    if ((type(o) == type) and (o.__flags__ & _TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE) or\
+        ((type(o) != type) and (type(o).__flags__ & _TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC))):
+        size += _testcapi.SIZEOF_PYGC_HEAD
+    msg = 'wrong size for %s: got %d, expected %d' \
+            % (type(o), result, size)
+    test.assertEqual(result, size, msg)
+
+#=======================================================================
+# Decorator for running a function in a different locale, correctly resetting
+# it afterwards.
+
+def run_with_locale(catstr, *locales):
+    def decorator(func):
+        def inner(*args, **kwds):
+            try:
+                import locale
+                category = getattr(locale, catstr)
+                orig_locale = locale.setlocale(category)
+            except AttributeError:
+                # if the test author gives us an invalid category string
+                raise
+            except:
+                # cannot retrieve original locale, so do nothing
+                locale = orig_locale = None
+            else:
+                for loc in locales:
+                    try:
+                        locale.setlocale(category, loc)
+                        break
+                    except:
+                        pass
+
+            # now run the function, resetting the locale on exceptions
+            try:
+                return func(*args, **kwds)
+            finally:
+                if locale and orig_locale:
+                    locale.setlocale(category, orig_locale)
+        inner.__name__ = func.__name__
+        inner.__doc__ = func.__doc__
+        return inner
+    return decorator
+
+#=======================================================================
+# Decorator for running a function in a specific timezone, correctly
+# resetting it afterwards.
+
+def run_with_tz(tz):
+    def decorator(func):
+        def inner(*args, **kwds):
+            try:
+                tzset = time.tzset
+            except AttributeError:
+                raise unittest.SkipTest("tzset required")
+            if 'TZ' in os.environ:
+                orig_tz = os.environ['TZ']
+            else:
+                orig_tz = None
+            os.environ['TZ'] = tz
+            tzset()
+
+            # now run the function, resetting the tz on exceptions
+            try:
+                return func(*args, **kwds)
+            finally:
+                if orig_tz is None:
+                    del os.environ['TZ']
+                else:
+                    os.environ['TZ'] = orig_tz
+                time.tzset()
+
+        inner.__name__ = func.__name__
+        inner.__doc__ = func.__doc__
+        return inner
+    return decorator
+
+#=======================================================================
+# Big-memory-test support. Separate from 'resources' because memory use
+# should be configurable.
+
+# Some handy shorthands. Note that these are used for byte-limits as well
+# as size-limits, in the various bigmem tests
+_1M = 1024*1024
+_1G = 1024 * _1M
+_2G = 2 * _1G
+_4G = 4 * _1G
+
+MAX_Py_ssize_t = sys.maxsize
+
+def set_memlimit(limit):
+    global max_memuse
+    global real_max_memuse
+    sizes = {
+        'k': 1024,
+        'm': _1M,
+        'g': _1G,
+        't': 1024*_1G,
+    }
+    m = re.match(r'(\d+(\.\d+)?) (K|M|G|T)b?$', limit,
+                 re.IGNORECASE | re.VERBOSE)
+    if m is None:
+        raise ValueError('Invalid memory limit %r' % (limit,))
+    memlimit = int(float(m.group(1)) * sizes[m.group(3).lower()])
+    real_max_memuse = memlimit
+    if memlimit > MAX_Py_ssize_t:
+        memlimit = MAX_Py_ssize_t
+    if memlimit < _2G - 1:
+        raise ValueError('Memory limit %r too low to be useful' % (limit,))
+    max_memuse = memlimit
+
+class _MemoryWatchdog:
+    """An object which periodically watches the process' memory consumption
+    and prints it out.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.procfile = '/proc/{pid}/statm'.format(pid=os.getpid())
+        self.started = False
+
+    def start(self):
+        try:
+            f = open(self.procfile, 'r')
+        except OSError as e:
+            warnings.warn('/proc not available for stats: {}'.format(e),
+                          RuntimeWarning)
+            sys.stderr.flush()
+            return
+
+        watchdog_script = findfile("memory_watchdog.py")
+        self.mem_watchdog = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, watchdog_script],
+                                             stdin=f, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
+        f.close()
+        self.started = True
+
+    def stop(self):
+        if self.started:
+            self.mem_watchdog.terminate()
+            self.mem_watchdog.wait()
+
+
+def bigmemtest(size, memuse, dry_run=True):
+    """Decorator for bigmem tests.
+
+    'minsize' is the minimum useful size for the test (in arbitrary,
+    test-interpreted units.) 'memuse' is the number of 'bytes per size' for
+    the test, or a good estimate of it.
+
+    if 'dry_run' is False, it means the test doesn't support dummy runs
+    when -M is not specified.
+    """
+    def decorator(f):
+        def wrapper(self):
+            size = wrapper.size
+            memuse = wrapper.memuse
+            if not real_max_memuse:
+                maxsize = 5147
+            else:
+                maxsize = size
+
+            if ((real_max_memuse or not dry_run)
+                and real_max_memuse < maxsize * memuse):
+                raise unittest.SkipTest(
+                    "not enough memory: %.1fG minimum needed"
+                    % (size * memuse / (1024 ** 3)))
+
+            if real_max_memuse and verbose:
+                print()
+                print(" ... expected peak memory use: {peak:.1f}G"
+                      .format(peak=size * memuse / (1024 ** 3)))
+                watchdog = _MemoryWatchdog()
+                watchdog.start()
+            else:
+                watchdog = None
+
+            try:
+                return f(self, maxsize)
+            finally:
+                if watchdog:
+                    watchdog.stop()
+
+        wrapper.size = size
+        wrapper.memuse = memuse
+        return wrapper
+    return decorator
+
+def bigaddrspacetest(f):
+    """Decorator for tests that fill the address space."""
+    def wrapper(self):
+        if max_memuse < MAX_Py_ssize_t:
+            if MAX_Py_ssize_t >= 2**63 - 1 and max_memuse >= 2**31:
+                raise unittest.SkipTest(
+                    "not enough memory: try a 32-bit build instead")
+            else:
+                raise unittest.SkipTest(
+                    "not enough memory: %.1fG minimum needed"
+                    % (MAX_Py_ssize_t / (1024 ** 3)))
+        else:
+            return f(self)
+    return wrapper
+
+#=======================================================================
+# unittest integration.
+
+class BasicTestRunner:
+    def run(self, test):
+        result = unittest.TestResult()
+        test(result)
+        return result
+
+def _id(obj):
+    return obj
+
+def requires_resource(resource):
+    if resource == 'gui' and not _is_gui_available():
+        return unittest.skip(_is_gui_available.reason)
+    if is_resource_enabled(resource):
+        return _id
+    else:
+        return unittest.skip("resource {0!r} is not enabled".format(resource))
+
+def cpython_only(test):
+    """
+    Decorator for tests only applicable on CPython.
+    """
+    return impl_detail(cpython=True)(test)
+
+def impl_detail(msg=None, **guards):
+    if check_impl_detail(**guards):
+        return _id
+    if msg is None:
+        guardnames, default = _parse_guards(guards)
+        if default:
+            msg = "implementation detail not available on {0}"
+        else:
+            msg = "implementation detail specific to {0}"
+        guardnames = sorted(guardnames.keys())
+        msg = msg.format(' or '.join(guardnames))
+    return unittest.skip(msg)
+
+def _parse_guards(guards):
+    # Returns a tuple ({platform_name: run_me}, default_value)
+    if not guards:
+        return ({'cpython': True}, False)
+    is_true = list(guards.values())[0]
+    assert list(guards.values()) == [is_true] * len(guards)   # all True or all False
+    return (guards, not is_true)
+
+# Use the following check to guard CPython's implementation-specific tests --
+# or to run them only on the implementation(s) guarded by the arguments.
+def check_impl_detail(**guards):
+    """This function returns True or False depending on the host platform.
+       Examples:
+          if check_impl_detail():               # only on CPython (default)
+          if check_impl_detail(jython=True):    # only on Jython
+          if check_impl_detail(cpython=False):  # everywhere except on CPython
+    """
+    guards, default = _parse_guards(guards)
+    return guards.get(platform.python_implementation().lower(), default)
+
+
+def no_tracing(func):
+    """Decorator to temporarily turn off tracing for the duration of a test."""
+    if not hasattr(sys, 'gettrace'):
+        return func
+    else:
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+            original_trace = sys.gettrace()
+            try:
+                sys.settrace(None)
+                return func(*args, **kwargs)
+            finally:
+                sys.settrace(original_trace)
+        return wrapper
+
+
+def refcount_test(test):
+    """Decorator for tests which involve reference counting.
+
+    To start, the decorator does not run the test if is not run by CPython.
+    After that, any trace function is unset during the test to prevent
+    unexpected refcounts caused by the trace function.
+
+    """
+    return no_tracing(cpython_only(test))
+
+
+def _filter_suite(suite, pred):
+    """Recursively filter test cases in a suite based on a predicate."""
+    newtests = []
+    for test in suite._tests:
+        if isinstance(test, unittest.TestSuite):
+            _filter_suite(test, pred)
+            newtests.append(test)
+        else:
+            if pred(test):
+                newtests.append(test)
+    suite._tests = newtests
+
+def _run_suite(suite):
+    """Run tests from a unittest.TestSuite-derived class."""
+    if verbose:
+        runner = unittest.TextTestRunner(sys.stdout, verbosity=2,
+                                         failfast=failfast)
+    else:
+        runner = BasicTestRunner()
+
+    result = runner.run(suite)
+    if not result.wasSuccessful():
+        if len(result.errors) == 1 and not result.failures:
+            err = result.errors[0][1]
+        elif len(result.failures) == 1 and not result.errors:
+            err = result.failures[0][1]
+        else:
+            err = "multiple errors occurred"
+            if not verbose: err += "; run in verbose mode for details"
+        raise TestFailed(err)
+
+
+def run_unittest(*classes):
+    """Run tests from unittest.TestCase-derived classes."""
+    valid_types = (unittest.TestSuite, unittest.TestCase)
+    suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+    for cls in classes:
+        if isinstance(cls, str):
+            if cls in sys.modules:
+                suite.addTest(unittest.findTestCases(sys.modules[cls]))
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("str arguments must be keys in sys.modules")
+        elif isinstance(cls, valid_types):
+            suite.addTest(cls)
+        else:
+            suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(cls))
+    def case_pred(test):
+        if match_tests is None:
+            return True
+        for name in test.id().split("."):
+            if fnmatch.fnmatchcase(name, match_tests):
+                return True
+        return False
+    _filter_suite(suite, case_pred)
+    _run_suite(suite)
+
+#=======================================================================
+# Check for the presence of docstrings.
+
+# Rather than trying to enumerate all the cases where docstrings may be
+# disabled, we just check for that directly
+
+def _check_docstrings():
+    """Just used to check if docstrings are enabled"""
+
+MISSING_C_DOCSTRINGS = (check_impl_detail() and
+                        sys.platform != 'win32' and
+                        not sysconfig.get_config_var('WITH_DOC_STRINGS'))
+
+HAVE_DOCSTRINGS = (_check_docstrings.__doc__ is not None and
+                   not MISSING_C_DOCSTRINGS)
+
+requires_docstrings = unittest.skipUnless(HAVE_DOCSTRINGS,
+                                          "test requires docstrings")
+
+
+#=======================================================================
+# doctest driver.
+
+def run_doctest(module, verbosity=None, optionflags=0):
+    """Run doctest on the given module.  Return (#failures, #tests).
+
+    If optional argument verbosity is not specified (or is None), pass
+    support's belief about verbosity on to doctest.  Else doctest's
+    usual behavior is used (it searches sys.argv for -v).
+    """
+
+    import doctest
+
+    if verbosity is None:
+        verbosity = verbose
+    else:
+        verbosity = None
+
+    f, t = doctest.testmod(module, verbose=verbosity, optionflags=optionflags)
+    if f:
+        raise TestFailed("%d of %d doctests failed" % (f, t))
+    if verbose:
+        print('doctest (%s) ... %d tests with zero failures' %
+              (module.__name__, t))
+    return f, t
+
+
+#=======================================================================
+# Support for saving and restoring the imported modules.
+
+def modules_setup():
+    return sys.modules.copy(),
+
+def modules_cleanup(oldmodules):
+    # Encoders/decoders are registered permanently within the internal
+    # codec cache. If we destroy the corresponding modules their
+    # globals will be set to None which will trip up the cached functions.
+    encodings = [(k, v) for k, v in sys.modules.items()
+                 if k.startswith('encodings.')]
+    sys.modules.clear()
+    sys.modules.update(encodings)
+    # XXX: This kind of problem can affect more than just encodings. In particular
+    # extension modules (such as _ssl) don't cope with reloading properly.
+    # Really, test modules should be cleaning out the test specific modules they
+    # know they added (ala test_runpy) rather than relying on this function (as
+    # test_importhooks and test_pkg do currently).
+    # Implicitly imported *real* modules should be left alone (see issue 10556).
+    sys.modules.update(oldmodules)
+
+#=======================================================================
+# Threading support to prevent reporting refleaks when running regrtest.py -R
+
+# NOTE: we use thread._count() rather than threading.enumerate() (or the
+# moral equivalent thereof) because a threading.Thread object is still alive
+# until its __bootstrap() method has returned, even after it has been
+# unregistered from the threading module.
+# thread._count(), on the other hand, only gets decremented *after* the
+# __bootstrap() method has returned, which gives us reliable reference counts
+# at the end of a test run.
+
+def threading_setup():
+    if _thread:
+        return _thread._count(), threading._dangling.copy()
+    else:
+        return 1, ()
+
+def threading_cleanup(*original_values):
+    if not _thread:
+        return
+    _MAX_COUNT = 100
+    for count in range(_MAX_COUNT):
+        values = _thread._count(), threading._dangling
+        if values == original_values:
+            break
+        time.sleep(0.01)
+        gc_collect()
+    # XXX print a warning in case of failure?
+
+def reap_threads(func):
+    """Use this function when threads are being used.  This will
+    ensure that the threads are cleaned up even when the test fails.
+    If threading is unavailable this function does nothing.
+    """
+    if not _thread:
+        return func
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def decorator(*args):
+        key = threading_setup()
+        try:
+            return func(*args)
+        finally:
+            threading_cleanup(*key)
+    return decorator
+
+def reap_children():
+    """Use this function at the end of test_main() whenever sub-processes
+    are started.  This will help ensure that no extra children (zombies)
+    stick around to hog resources and create problems when looking
+    for refleaks.
+    """
+
+    # Reap all our dead child processes so we don't leave zombies around.
+    # These hog resources and might be causing some of the buildbots to die.
+    if hasattr(os, 'waitpid'):
+        any_process = -1
+        while True:
+            try:
+                # This will raise an exception on Windows.  That's ok.
+                pid, status = os.waitpid(any_process, os.WNOHANG)
+                if pid == 0:
+                    break
+            except:
+                break
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def swap_attr(obj, attr, new_val):
+    """Temporary swap out an attribute with a new object.
+
+    Usage:
+        with swap_attr(obj, "attr", 5):
+            ...
+
+        This will set obj.attr to 5 for the duration of the with: block,
+        restoring the old value at the end of the block. If `attr` doesn't
+        exist on `obj`, it will be created and then deleted at the end of the
+        block.
+    """
+    if hasattr(obj, attr):
+        real_val = getattr(obj, attr)
+        setattr(obj, attr, new_val)
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            setattr(obj, attr, real_val)
+    else:
+        setattr(obj, attr, new_val)
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            delattr(obj, attr)
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def swap_item(obj, item, new_val):
+    """Temporary swap out an item with a new object.
+
+    Usage:
+        with swap_item(obj, "item", 5):
+            ...
+
+        This will set obj["item"] to 5 for the duration of the with: block,
+        restoring the old value at the end of the block. If `item` doesn't
+        exist on `obj`, it will be created and then deleted at the end of the
+        block.
+    """
+    if item in obj:
+        real_val = obj[item]
+        obj[item] = new_val
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            obj[item] = real_val
+    else:
+        obj[item] = new_val
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            del obj[item]
+
+def strip_python_stderr(stderr):
+    """Strip the stderr of a Python process from potential debug output
+    emitted by the interpreter.
+
+    This will typically be run on the result of the communicate() method
+    of a subprocess.Popen object.
+    """
+    stderr = re.sub(br"\[\d+ refs, \d+ blocks\]\r?\n?", b"", stderr).strip()
+    return stderr
+
+def args_from_interpreter_flags():
+    """Return a list of command-line arguments reproducing the current
+    settings in sys.flags and sys.warnoptions."""
+    return subprocess._args_from_interpreter_flags()
+
+#============================================================
+# Support for assertions about logging.
+#============================================================
+
+class TestHandler(logging.handlers.BufferingHandler):
+    def __init__(self, matcher):
+        # BufferingHandler takes a "capacity" argument
+        # so as to know when to flush. As we're overriding
+        # shouldFlush anyway, we can set a capacity of zero.
+        # You can call flush() manually to clear out the
+        # buffer.
+        logging.handlers.BufferingHandler.__init__(self, 0)
+        self.matcher = matcher
+
+    def shouldFlush(self):
+        return False
+
+    def emit(self, record):
+        self.format(record)
+        self.buffer.append(record.__dict__)
+
+    def matches(self, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Look for a saved dict whose keys/values match the supplied arguments.
+        """
+        result = False
+        for d in self.buffer:
+            if self.matcher.matches(d, **kwargs):
+                result = True
+                break
+        return result
+
+class Matcher(object):
+
+    _partial_matches = ('msg', 'message')
+
+    def matches(self, d, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Try to match a single dict with the supplied arguments.
+
+        Keys whose values are strings and which are in self._partial_matches
+        will be checked for partial (i.e. substring) matches. You can extend
+        this scheme to (for example) do regular expression matching, etc.
+        """
+        result = True
+        for k in kwargs:
+            v = kwargs[k]
+            dv = d.get(k)
+            if not self.match_value(k, dv, v):
+                result = False
+                break
+        return result
+
+    def match_value(self, k, dv, v):
+        """
+        Try to match a single stored value (dv) with a supplied value (v).
+        """
+        if type(v) != type(dv):
+            result = False
+        elif type(dv) is not str or k not in self._partial_matches:
+            result = (v == dv)
+        else:
+            result = dv.find(v) >= 0
+        return result
+
+
+_can_symlink = None
+def can_symlink():
+    global _can_symlink
+    if _can_symlink is not None:
+        return _can_symlink
+    symlink_path = TESTFN + "can_symlink"
+    try:
+        os.symlink(TESTFN, symlink_path)
+        can = True
+    except (OSError, NotImplementedError, AttributeError):
+        can = False
+    else:
+        os.remove(symlink_path)
+    _can_symlink = can
+    return can
+
+def skip_unless_symlink(test):
+    """Skip decorator for tests that require functional symlink"""
+    ok = can_symlink()
+    msg = "Requires functional symlink implementation"
+    return test if ok else unittest.skip(msg)(test)
+
+_can_xattr = None
+def can_xattr():
+    global _can_xattr
+    if _can_xattr is not None:
+        return _can_xattr
+    if not hasattr(os, "setxattr"):
+        can = False
+    else:
+        tmp_fp, tmp_name = tempfile.mkstemp()
+        try:
+            with open(TESTFN, "wb") as fp:
+                try:
+                    # TESTFN & tempfile may use different file systems with
+                    # different capabilities
+                    os.setxattr(tmp_fp, b"user.test", b"")
+                    os.setxattr(fp.fileno(), b"user.test", b"")
+                    # Kernels < 2.6.39 don't respect setxattr flags.
+                    kernel_version = platform.release()
+                    m = re.match("2.6.(\d{1,2})", kernel_version)
+                    can = m is None or int(m.group(1)) >= 39
+                except OSError:
+                    can = False
+        finally:
+            unlink(TESTFN)
+            unlink(tmp_name)
+    _can_xattr = can
+    return can
+
+def skip_unless_xattr(test):
+    """Skip decorator for tests that require functional extended attributes"""
+    ok = can_xattr()
+    msg = "no non-broken extended attribute support"
+    return test if ok else unittest.skip(msg)(test)
+
+
+def fs_is_case_insensitive(directory):
+    """Detects if the file system for the specified directory is case-insensitive."""
+    base_fp, base_path = tempfile.mkstemp(dir=directory)
+    case_path = base_path.upper()
+    if case_path == base_path:
+        case_path = base_path.lower()
+    try:
+        return os.path.samefile(base_path, case_path)
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        return False
+    finally:
+        os.unlink(base_path)
+
+
+class SuppressCrashReport:
+    """Try to prevent a crash report from popping up.
+
+    On Windows, don't display the Windows Error Reporting dialog.  On UNIX,
+    disable the creation of coredump file.
+    """
+    old_value = None
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        """On Windows, disable Windows Error Reporting dialogs using
+        SetErrorMode.
+
+        On UNIX, try to save the previous core file size limit, then set
+        soft limit to 0.
+        """
+        if sys.platform.startswith('win'):
+            # see http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms680621.aspx
+            # GetErrorMode is not available on Windows XP and Windows Server 2003,
+            # but SetErrorMode returns the previous value, so we can use that
+            import ctypes
+            self._k32 = ctypes.windll.kernel32
+            SEM_NOGPFAULTERRORBOX = 0x02
+            self.old_value = self._k32.SetErrorMode(SEM_NOGPFAULTERRORBOX)
+            self._k32.SetErrorMode(self.old_value | SEM_NOGPFAULTERRORBOX)
+        else:
+            if resource is not None:
+                try:
+                    self.old_value = resource.getrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_CORE)
+                    resource.setrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_CORE,
+                                       (0, self.old_value[1]))
+                except (ValueError, OSError):
+                    pass
+            if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+                # Check if the 'Crash Reporter' on OSX was configured
+                # in 'Developer' mode and warn that it will get triggered
+                # when it is.
+                #
+                # This assumes that this context manager is used in tests
+                # that might trigger the next manager.
+                value = subprocess.Popen(['/usr/bin/defaults', 'read',
+                        'com.apple.CrashReporter', 'DialogType'],
+                        stdout=subprocess.PIPE).communicate()[0]
+                if value.strip() == b'developer':
+                    print("this test triggers the Crash Reporter, "
+                          "that is intentional", end='', flush=True)
+
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *ignore_exc):
+        """Restore Windows ErrorMode or core file behavior to initial value."""
+        if self.old_value is None:
+            return
+
+        if sys.platform.startswith('win'):
+            self._k32.SetErrorMode(self.old_value)
+        else:
+            if resource is not None:
+                try:
+                    resource.setrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_CORE, self.old_value)
+                except (ValueError, OSError):
+                    pass
+
+
+def patch(test_instance, object_to_patch, attr_name, new_value):
+    """Override 'object_to_patch'.'attr_name' with 'new_value'.
+
+    Also, add a cleanup procedure to 'test_instance' to restore
+    'object_to_patch' value for 'attr_name'.
+    The 'attr_name' should be a valid attribute for 'object_to_patch'.
+
+    """
+    # check that 'attr_name' is a real attribute for 'object_to_patch'
+    # will raise AttributeError if it does not exist
+    getattr(object_to_patch, attr_name)
+
+    # keep a copy of the old value
+    attr_is_local = False
+    try:
+        old_value = object_to_patch.__dict__[attr_name]
+    except (AttributeError, KeyError):
+        old_value = getattr(object_to_patch, attr_name, None)
+    else:
+        attr_is_local = True
+
+    # restore the value when the test is done
+    def cleanup():
+        if attr_is_local:
+            setattr(object_to_patch, attr_name, old_value)
+        else:
+            delattr(object_to_patch, attr_name)
+
+    test_instance.addCleanup(cleanup)
+
+    # actually override the attribute
+    setattr(object_to_patch, attr_name, new_value)
+
+
+def run_in_subinterp(code):
+    """
+    Run code in a subinterpreter. Raise unittest.SkipTest if the tracemalloc
+    module is enabled.
+    """
+    # Issue #10915, #15751: PyGILState_*() functions don't work with
+    # sub-interpreters, the tracemalloc module uses these functions internally
+    try:
+        import tracemalloc
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        if tracemalloc.is_tracing():
+            raise unittest.SkipTest("run_in_subinterp() cannot be used "
+                                     "if tracemalloc module is tracing "
+                                     "memory allocations")
+    import _testcapi
+    return _testcapi.run_in_subinterp(code)